{"id":1037,"date":"2017-07-30T15:11:00","date_gmt":"2017-07-30T12:11:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2017\/07\/30\/43-osmanli-devletinde-ekonomi-vergiler-toplum-hukuk-bilim-sanat-edebiyat\/"},"modified":"2017-07-30T15:11:00","modified_gmt":"2017-07-30T12:11:00","slug":"43-osmanli-devletinde-ekonomi-vergiler-toplum-hukuk-bilim-sanat-edebiyat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2017\/07\/30\/43-osmanli-devletinde-ekonomi-vergiler-toplum-hukuk-bilim-sanat-edebiyat\/","title":{"rendered":"43- OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130NDE EKONOM\u0130, VERG\u0130LER, TOPLUM, HUKUK, B\u0130L\u0130M, SANAT, EDEB\u0130YAT"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n<\/div>\n

EKONOM\u0130<\/span><\/b>

Ekonomik Hayat:<\/b>
\u2022Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde halk\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca ekonomik faaliyeti tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131r. Bununla birlikte sanayi alan\u0131nda da geli\u015fme <\/span>
\n<\/a>ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022\u00d6zellikle dokumac\u0131l\u0131k, dericilik, demir ve bak\u0131r i\u015flemecili\u011fi geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.
\u2022Zanaatkarlar Lonca denilen sendikalarda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015ftir.
\u2022Osmanl\u0131 m\u00e2liyesi, Orhan Bey zaman\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f, I. Murat zaman\u0131nda \u00c7andarl\u0131 Kara Halil Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan ilk mali te\u015fkilat kurulmu\u015ftur.
\u2022Maliye i\u015flerinin ba\u015f\u0131nda Rumeli birinci defterdar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\u2022Osman Bey zaman\u0131nda devlet ad\u0131na bak\u0131r para, Orhan Bey zaman\u0131nda g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f para, Fatih zaman\u0131nda alt\u0131n para bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Abd\u00fclmecit taraf\u0131ndan ilk ka\u011f\u0131t para olan kaime bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Toprak:<\/b>
\u2022Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde topraklar \u00fc\u00e7 gruba ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n\u2022M\u00fclk Topraklar: <\/b>Ki\u015filere ait olan bu topraklar, sahipleri taraf\u0131ndan sat\u0131labilir ve miras b\u0131rak\u0131labilirdi.<\/span><\/p>\n
\n\u2022\u00d6\u015friyye: M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara ait m\u00fclk arazi<\/span>
\n\u2022Haraciyye: Gayrim\u00fcslimlere ait m\u00fclk arazi<\/span>
<\/span><\/div>\n
\n\u2022Vak\u0131f Topraklar<\/b>: Gelirleri sosyal kurumlara b\u0131rak\u0131lan topraklard\u0131r. Bu topraklar vergiden muaf tutulmu\u015ftur.Vak\u0131f te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda bulunan ki\u015fiye \u201cm\u00fctevelli\u201d ismi verilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n\u2022Mir\u00ee Topraklar:<\/b> M\u00fclkiyeti devlete ait olan topraklard\u0131r. Bu topraklar, devlet taraf\u0131ndan, farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>Dirlik, pa\u015fmakl\u0131k, mukataa, yurtluk, ocakl\u0131k ve malikane miri toprak \u00e7a\u015fitleridir.<\/span><\/p>\n


Miri Topraklar<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n

\n
<\/b>Dirlik:<\/b> Devlet arazileri i\u00e7inde \u00f6nemli bir yeri olan bu topraklar\u0131n vergi gelirleri, devlet memurlar\u0131na, maa\u015f kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak tahsis edilirdi. Dirlik topraklar\u0131, gelirlerine g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r:
\u20221.Has: <\/b>100.000 ak\u00e7eden fazla y\u0131ll\u0131k geliri olan dirliklerdir. Bu topraklar\u0131n gelirleri padi\u015faha, Divan \u00fcyelerine, beylerbeylerine tahsis edilmi\u015ftir.
\u20222.Zeamet: <\/b>20.000 \u2013 100.000 ak\u00e7e aras\u0131nda y\u0131ll\u0131k geliri olan bu topraklar\u0131n gelirleri kad\u0131lar gibi orta dereceli devlet memurlar\u0131na tahsis edilmi\u015ftir.
\u20223.T\u0131mar: <\/b>3.000 \u2013 20.000 ak\u00e7e aras\u0131nda y\u0131ll\u0131k geliri olan topraklard\u0131r.

Dirlik Sistemi:<\/b>
\u2022Dirlik topraklar\u0131n\u0131n vergi gelirini alan ki\u015filer, gelirlerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kendilerine ay\u0131r\u0131p, geri kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile belli say\u0131da asker beslemekteydiler.
\u2022Dirlik sistemi ile,
\u2022Tar\u0131m \u00fcretiminde s\u00fcreklilik sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Hazineye y\u00fck olunmadan, b\u00fcy\u00fck ve kalabal\u0131k bir ordu haz\u0131rda tutulmu\u015ftur.
\u2022\u0130\u00e7 g\u00fcvenlik sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Memurlar\u0131n maa\u015f\u0131 hazineye dokunmadan \u00f6denmi\u015ftir.
\u2022Topraklar\u0131n; m\u00fclkiyeti devlete, i\u015fleme hakk\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcye, vergisi ise dirlik sahibine aittir.
\u2022Topra\u011f\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00fcst \u00fcste ekmeyen k\u00f6yl\u00fcden \u00e7ift bozan vergisi al\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nDi\u011fer Miri Topraklar<\/b>
\u2022Ocakl\u0131k:<\/b> Geliri kale muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131 ve tersane giderlerine ayr\u0131lan topraklard\u0131r.
\u2022Yurtluk:<\/b> Geliri s\u0131n\u0131r boylar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrkmenlere verilen topraklard\u0131r.
\u2022Pa\u015fmakl\u0131k: <\/b>Valide sultan, padi\u015fah k\u0131z karde\u015fleri ve hasekilere verilen topraklard\u0131r.
\u2022Mukataa (Havass-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun):<\/b> Geliri do\u011frudan devlet hazinesine giden topraklard\u0131r. Bu topraklar\u0131n vergileri m\u00fcltezimler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile iltizam usul\u00fcne g\u00f6re toplan\u0131rd\u0131.
\u2022 Malikane: <\/b>\u00dcst\u00fcn hizmetleri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda devlet g\u00f6revlilerine verilir. <\/span><\/div>\n
\n
<\/span>VERG\u0130LER<\/b><\/p>\n

\u015eeri Vergiler:<\/b>
\u2022\u00d6\u015f\u00fcr: <\/b>\u00d6\u015f\u00fcr “onda bir” demektir. Toprak sahibi M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan 1\/10 oran\u0131nda al\u0131nan \u00fcr\u00fcn vergisidir.
\u2022Hara\u00e7: <\/b>Toprak sahibi gayrim\u00fcslimlerden arazi b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne veya elde edilen \u00fcr\u00fcne g\u00f6re tayin edilen fakat genelde 1\/5 oran\u0131nda al\u0131nan vergidir.
\u2022Cizye: <\/b>Askerlik yapmamalar\u0131 ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman askerler taraf\u0131ndan korunmalar\u0131 sebebiyle gayrim\u00fcslimlerden al\u0131nan vergidir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rfi Vergiler:<\/b>
\u00c7ift: <\/b>M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin sipahiye verdikleri vergidir.
Avar\u0131z: <\/b>Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc durumlarda, sava\u015f giderlerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in toplanan vergidir. XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda s\u00fcrekli hale getirilmi\u015ftir.
A\u011fnam:<\/b> K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckba\u015f hayvanlar i\u00e7in al\u0131nan vergidir.
Bennak: <\/b>Evlilik vergisidir
M\u00fccerred:<\/b> Bekar erkeklerden al\u0131nan vergidir
\u0130spen\u00e7:<\/b> M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayanlara ait arazilerden al\u0131nan vergidir
\u00c7ift Resmi: <\/b>M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara ait arazilerden al\u0131nan vergidir
\u00c7ift bozan:<\/b> Topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ekmeyenlerden ve topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 terk edenlerden al\u0131nan vergidir
B\u00e2c: <\/b>Pazar esnaf\u0131ndan al\u0131nan vergidir.
\u0130htisap: <\/b>\u00c7ar\u015f\u0131, pazar, esnaf, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc, tart\u0131 vergisidir.
Derbent: <\/b>Yol, ge\u00e7it, k\u00f6pr\u00fclerden ge\u00e7enlerden al\u0131nan vergidir
Maden, g\u00fcmr\u00fck, orman, tuzla:<\/b> \u00c7e\u015fitli i\u015fletmelerden al\u0131nan vergidir.<\/p>\n

TOPLUM<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Toplumu:<\/b>
\u2022Osmanl\u0131 toplumu asker\u00ee z\u00fcmre (y\u00f6netenler) ve reaya (y\u00f6netilenler) \u015feklinde ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u00f6netenler (Askeri s\u0131n\u0131f);
\u2022Kalemiyye:<\/b> Devlet dairelerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan memur ve idarecilerdir. Reis\u00fclk\u00fcttap, defterdarlar, ni\u015fanc\u0131 bu grupta yer al\u0131r.
\u2022\u0130lmiyye:<\/b> Medreselerde yeti\u015fen bu s\u0131n\u0131fta \u015feyh\u00fclislam, kad\u0131lar, m\u00fcderrisler, kazasker ve din g\u00f6revlileri yer al\u0131r.
\u2022Seyfiyye:<\/b> Askeri s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131r. Sadrazam, beylerbeyi, sancak beyleri, kap\u0131kulu ve t\u0131marl\u0131 sipahiler ile b\u00fct\u00fcn askeri g\u00fc\u00e7ler bu s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u2022Reaya: Askeriye s\u0131n\u0131f taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen halkt\u0131r. Askeri s\u0131n\u0131ftan farkl\u0131 olarak devlete vergi verirler.<\/p>\n

HUKUK<\/span><\/b>

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde Hukuk:<\/b>
\u2022Osmanl\u0131 hukuku iki kaynaktan beslenmi\u015ftir. Bunlar, \u015feri (Kuran-\u0131 Kerim, Hadis, S\u00fcnnet ve K\u0131yas) ve \u00f6rfi hukuk kurallar\u0131d\u0131r.
\u2022\u00d6rfi hukuk kurallar\u0131, \u0130slam\u2019a ters d\u00fc\u015fmemesi ko\u015fuluyla y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck imkan\u0131 bulmu\u015ftur.
\u2022Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde ya\u015fayan gayrim\u00fcslimler, kendi aralar\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 kendi hukuk kurallar\u0131 ile \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemi\u015flerdir. Bu yap\u0131, hukuk birli\u011fini engellemi\u015ftir.
\u2022Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde kanunlar\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131 hale gelmesi Fatih D\u00f6nemi’nde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.
\u2022Kanuname-i \u00c2l-i Osman ile, \u00f6nceki kanunlar yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde bir araya getirilmi\u015ftir.
\u2022Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde mahkeme ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kad\u0131lar \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.
\u2022Kad\u0131lar, kazalar\u0131n idari i\u015fleri ile noterlik g\u00f6revlerini de yerine getirirlerdi.
\u2022Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi\u2019nden itibaren hukukta tam bir ikilik ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Tanzimat D\u00f6nemine kadar var olan \u015eeri ve \u00d6rfi Mahkemelerin yan\u0131na birde Cemaat ve Konsolosluk Mahkemeleri ile Nizamiye Mahkemeleri eklenmi\u015ftir.
\u2022M\u00fcsl\u00fcman teban\u0131n davalar\u0131na \u015eeri Mahkemelerde bak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Gayri M\u00fcslimlerin kendi aralar\u0131ndaki davalara Cemaat Mahkemeleri’nde bak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki davalara Konsolosluk Mahkemeleri’nde bak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u20221870’te Ahmet Cevdet Pa\u015fan\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki bir kurul taraf\u0131ndan Mecelle haz\u0131rland\u0131. Mecelle \u0130slam hukukuna dayal\u0131 bir medeni kanundur.
\u20221876’da ilk Osmanl\u0131 Anayasas\u0131 olan Kanunuesasi ilan edildi.<\/p>\n

B\u0130L\u0130M<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ndeki Bilim \u0130nsanlar\u0131:<\/b><\/p>\n

Evliya \u00c7elebi (Tarih – Co\u011frafya) (Seyahatname)<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131zade-i Rumi (Matematik – Astronomi)<\/p>\n

Molla Fenari (Mant\u0131k) (ilk \u015eeyh\u00fcl \u0130slam)<\/p>\n

Ahmet Cevdet Ra\u015fa (Tarih – Hukuk) (K\u0131sas-\u0131 Enbiya ve Tarih-i Cevdet)<\/p>\n

Zembili Ali Efendi (Din – Hukuk)<\/p>\n

\u0130bn-i Kemal (Din – Hukuk)<\/p>\n

Ebussuud Efendi (Din – Hukuk)<\/p>\n

Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u (Matematik) Sahn-\u0131 Seman Medresesinde ders vermek \u00fczere Orta Asya\u2019dan \u0130stanbul\u2019a getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Sinan Pa\u015fa (Matematik)<\/p>\n

Seydi Ali Reis (Co\u011frafya) (Mirat\u00fcl Memalik)<\/p>\n

Tak\u0131yyeddin Mehmet (Astronomi) (\u0130lk Rasathaneyi kuran)<\/p>\n

Katip \u00c7elebi (Tarih – Co\u011frafya) (Ke\u015ff’uz Z\u00fcnun ve Cihann\u00fcma)<\/p>\n

Piri Reis (Co\u011frafya) (Kitab-\u0131 Bahriye)<\/p>\n

Matrak\u00e7\u0131 Nasuh (Matematik)<\/p>\n

Ak\u015femseddin (T\u0131p) (Fatih’in Hocas\u0131)<\/p>\n

L\u00fctfi Pa\u015fa (Tarih)<\/p>\n

Naima (Tarih) (\u0130lk Vakan\u00fcvist)<\/p>\n

EDEB\u0130YAT VE SANAT<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde Edebiyat Ve Sanat:<\/b>
\u2022Osmanl\u0131lar divan, halk ve tasavvuf edebiyat\u0131na dair \u00f6nemli edebiyat\u00e7\u0131lar yeti\u015ftirmi\u015f ve \u00e7e\u015fitli eserler ortaya koymu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u2022Resim ve heykel sanatlar\u0131na ho\u015f bak\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde ebru, \u00e7inicilik, minyat\u00fcr, hat, oymac\u0131l\u0131k, cilt\u00e7ilik, s\u00fcslemecilik gibi sanatlar \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Edebiyat :<\/b>
\u2022Divan Edebiyat\u0131: Nevi, Nesim\u00ee, Ahmedi, Fuzul\u00ee, Bak\u00ee, Nef\u00ee, Nedim (Lale Devri\u2019nin \u00fcnl\u00fc \u015fairidir.)
\u2022Halk Edebiyat\u0131: Pir Sultan, \u00d6ks\u00fcz Dede, Karacao\u011flan, Dadalo\u011flu
\u2022Tasavvuf Edebiyat\u0131: Hac\u0131 Bayram, \u015eeyh Galip, Kaygusuz Abdal

Sanat :<\/b>
\u2022Minyat\u00fcrc\u00fcler: Matrak\u00e7\u0131 Nasuh Nigari, Nakka\u015f Osman, Levni
\u2022Hattatlar: \u015eeyh Hamdullah, Haf\u0131z Osman
\u2022Ressamlar: \u015eeker Ahmet Pa\u015fa, Osman Hamd\u0131 Bey (Kaplumba\u011fa Terbiyecisi)
\u2022M\u00fczisyenler: Abd\u00fclkadir Mera\u011fi, Itri, Dede Efendi<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Saraylar\u0131 :<\/b>
\u2022Bursa Saray\u0131: Orhan Bey D\u00f6neminde in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin ilk saray\u0131d\u0131r.
\u2022Edirne Saray\u0131: I. Murat D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Kurulu\u015f D\u00f6neminin en \u00f6nemli y\u00f6netim merkezidir.
\u2022Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131: Fatih Sultan Mehmet taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir.
\u2022\u0130shak Pa\u015fa Saray: Do\u011fu Beyaz\u0131t’ta B\u00f6lge Valisi \u0130shak Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan l784’te yapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Y\u0131ld\u0131z Saray\u0131: Sultan III. Selim taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi’nde Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin ana saray\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Dolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131: Abd\u00fclmecid D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde yap\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Beylerbeyi Saray\u0131: 1861 – 1865 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz taraf\u0131ndan Sarkis Balyan\u2019a yapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022\u00c7\u0131ra\u011fan Saray\u0131: 1871 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz taraf\u0131ndan Saray Mimar\u0131 Sarkis Balyan\u2019a yapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer \u00d6nemli Mimari Eserler :<\/b>
\u2022Hac\u0131 \u00d6zbek Camii (\u0130znik) \u0130lk Osmanl\u0131 Camii
\u2022S\u00fcleyman Pa\u015fa Medresesi (\u0130znik) \u0130lk Osmanl\u0131 medresesi
\u2022Fatih Camii (\u0130stanbul) \u0130stanbul’daki ilk Osmanl\u0131 camii
\u2022Haseki Camii (\u0130stanbul) Mimar Sinan’\u0131n ilk eseri
\u2022\u015eehzade Camii (\u0130stanbul) Mimar Sinan’\u0131n \u00e7\u0131rakl\u0131k eseri
\u2022S\u00fcleymaniye Camii (\u0130stanbul) Mimar Sinan’\u0131n kalfal\u0131k eseri
\u2022Selimiye Camii (Edirne) Mimar Sinan’\u0131n ustal\u0131k eseri<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\nYOUTUBE KANALIMIZA ABONE OLUN<\/span><\/a><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

EKONOM\u0130Ekonomik Hayat:\u2022Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde halk\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca ekonomik faaliyeti tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131r. 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