{"id":1050,"date":"2017-07-28T17:28:00","date_gmt":"2017-07-28T14:28:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2017\/07\/28\/30-yeni-cagda-avrupa-cografi-kesifler-ronesans-reform-30-yil-savaslari-7-yil-savaslari\/"},"modified":"2017-07-28T17:28:00","modified_gmt":"2017-07-28T14:28:00","slug":"30-yeni-cagda-avrupa-cografi-kesifler-ronesans-reform-30-yil-savaslari-7-yil-savaslari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2017\/07\/28\/30-yeni-cagda-avrupa-cografi-kesifler-ronesans-reform-30-yil-savaslari-7-yil-savaslari\/","title":{"rendered":"30- YEN\u0130 \u00c7A\u011e’DA AVRUPA, CO\u011eRAF\u0130 KE\u015e\u0130FLER, R\u00d6NESANS, REFORM, 30 YIL SAVA\u015eLARI, 7 YIL SAVA\u015eLARI"},"content":{"rendered":"

YEN\u0130 \u00c7A\u011e’DA AVRUPA<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Genel Durum<\/b>
\u2022Yeni \u00c7a\u011f Fatih Sultan Mehmet’in 1453’de \u0130stanbul’u fethiyle ba\u015flayan ve 1789 Frans\u0131z \u0130htilaline kadar devam eden d\u00f6nemdir.<\/a>
\u2022Yeni \u00c7a\u011f’da Avrupa\u2019daki geli\u015fmelere yol a\u00e7an unsurlar \u015funlard\u0131r;
1.Barutun ate\u015fli silahlarda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131
2.Ka\u011f\u0131t ve matbaan\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131
3.Pusula, gemicilik ve haritac\u0131l\u0131kta geli\u015fme ya\u015fanmas\u0131<\/p>\n

Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler<\/b>
\u202215. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Avrupal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan yeni k\u0131talar ve adalar\u0131n ke\u015ffedilmesi ve yeni ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7lanan geli\u015fmelere Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler ad\u0131 verilir. <\/span><\/p>\n

\n
<\/span><\/div>\n
\nCo\u011frafi Ke\u015fiflerin Nedenleri<\/b>
1.Do\u011fu ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n (\u0130pek ve Baharat yollar\u0131) M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n elinde bulunmas\u0131.
2.Do\u011funun zenginliklerine ula\u015fma iste\u011fi.
3.Gemicilik ve co\u011frafya bilgilerinde ilerlemeler ya\u015fanmas\u0131
4.Okyanus \u015fartlar\u0131na dayan\u0131kl\u0131 gemilerin \u00fcretilmesi
5.Avrupal\u0131 soylular\u0131n maddi destek sa\u011flamalar\u0131
6.Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmak istemesi<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131lan Ke\u015fifler:<\/b>
\u2022Bartelmi Diaz 1487’de Afrika’n\u0131n g\u00fcney ucuna ula\u015fmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buraya \u00dcmit Burnu (F\u0131rt\u0131nalar Burnu) denilmi\u015f, daha sonra 1498’de Vasko D\u00f6 Gama taraf\u0131ndan \u00dcmit Burnu dola\u015f\u0131larak Hint Deniz yolu bulunmu\u015ftur.
\u2022Amerika ilk kez 1492’de Kristof Kolomb taraf\u0131ndan bulunmu\u015fsa da Hindistan zannedilmi\u015ftir. 1507’de \u0130talyan gemici Americo Vespucci buran\u0131n yeni bir k\u0131ta oldu\u011funu anlam\u0131\u015f ve ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.
\u2022Macellan, s\u00fcrekli bat\u0131ya giderse tekrar Avrupa’ya ula\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na inanarak \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolculuk s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcnce Del Kano bu seferi tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece; d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yuvarlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fiflerin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/b>
\u2022Yeni k\u0131talar, yollar, medeniyetler, insanlar, bitki ve hayvanlar tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Aztek, \u0130nka, Maya).
\u2022S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r \u0130spanyollar ve Portekizliler ilk s\u00f6m\u00fcrge imparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131 kurdular.
\u2022Do\u011fu ticaret yollar\u0131 \u00f6nemini kaybetmi\u015ftir.
\u2022Akdeniz ticareti ve limanlar\u0131 \u00f6nemini kaybetmi\u015ftir.
\u2022Hint deniz yolu ve limanlar\u0131 (Lizbon, Amsterdam, Londra) \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Venedik. Ceneviz ve ba\u015fta Osmanl\u0131 Devleti olmak \u00fczere \u0130slam \u00fclkeleri \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck zarara u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Avrupa’n\u0131n zenginlik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc de\u011ferli madenler olmu\u015ftur.
\u2022Burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 zenginle\u015fmi\u015ftir.
\u2022K\u00f6lelik ve esir ticareti yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022R\u00f6nesans, Reform ve Sanayi \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Kilise g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybetmeye devam etmi\u015ftir.
\u2022Ke\u015ffedilen yerlere Avrupa’dan g\u00f6\u00e7ler olmu\u015ftur.
\u2022Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni olumsuz etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/div>\n

\n Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi bu olumsuz etkileri ortadan kald\u0131rabilmek amac\u0131yla askeri ve siyasi birtak\u0131m giri\u015fimlerde bulunmu\u015ftur. Akdeniz ticaretine canl\u0131l\u0131k kazand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in baz\u0131 devletlere kapit\u00fclasyonlar verilmi\u015f, S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

R\u00f6nesans:<\/b>
\u2022Yeniden do\u011fu\u015f anlam\u0131na gelen ve \u0130talya\u2019da ba\u015flayan R\u00f6nesans, 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Avrupa\u2019da bilim, edebiyat, g\u00fczel sanatlar alanlar\u0131nda meydana gelen geli\u015fmelerdir.<\/span><\/div>\n

\n
\u2022Nedenleri:<\/b>
1.Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fiflerle zenginle\u015fen burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n mesen denilen koruyucu aileler olu\u015fturmas\u0131,
2.Matbaan\u0131n geli\u015fmesi ve ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131,
3.Arka arkaya dahi denilebilecek sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n yeti\u015fmesi,
4.\u0130stanbul’un fethi ile baz\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130talya’ya gitmesi,
5.End\u00fcl\u00fcs Emevileri\u2019nin Bat\u0131y\u0131 etkilemesi.
6.Eski Yunan ve Roma eserlerin incelenmesi.

R\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131n \u0130talya\u2019da Ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n Nedenleri:<\/b>
\u2022Co\u011frafi konumu nedeniyle k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkile\u015fimin yo\u011fun ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir b\u00f6lge olmas\u0131
\u2022\u0130talyan \u015fehir devletlerinin ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan zengin olmas\u0131
\u2022\u0130talyan \u015fehir devletlerinde merkez\u00ee bir bask\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131
\u2022\u0130talya’n\u0131n tarih\u00ee, din\u00ee, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131lardan \u00f6nemli ve etkile\u015fime a\u00e7\u0131k bir yer olmas\u0131
\u2022\u0130talya’da Roma ve Helen k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin etkilerinin h\u00e2l\u00e2 s\u00fcrmekte olmas\u0131
\u2022\u0130talya’n\u0131n \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131na yak\u0131n olmas\u0131
\u2022\u0130stanbul’un fethi \u00fczerine buradan ka\u00e7an baz\u0131 bilginlerin \u0130talya’ya gelmeleri<\/p>\n

R\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131n geli\u015fim S\u00fcreci:<\/b>
\u2022R\u00f6nesans, \u0130talya’da edebiyat alan\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, Mikelanjelo, Leonardo da Vinci gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck sanat\u00e7\u0131lar yeti\u015fmi\u015ftir.
\u2022Fransa’da R\u00f6nesans \u0130talya sava\u015flar\u0131na kat\u0131lan kral taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, mimari alanda geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.
\u2022\u0130ngiltere’de Shakespeare, \u0130spanyada Cervantes, Almanya’da ise R\u00f6klen, Erasmus eserler vermi\u015ftir.
\u2022Almanya da R\u00f6nesans hareketlerine paralel olarak Reform ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Bilim ve teknik alan\u0131nda 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda deney ve g\u00f6zlem metodunun Bacon taraf\u0131ndan ortaya konulmas\u0131ndan sonra \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

R\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131n Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/b>
\u2022Skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, pozitivizm do\u011fmu\u015ftur.
\u2022Papaya ve din adamlar\u0131na duyulan g\u00fcven iyice azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Edebiyat, g\u00fczel sanatlar, mimari ve bilim teknik alan\u0131nda \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler olmu\u015ftur.
\u2022Bireycilik \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r,
\u2022 \u0130lk kez sanat alan\u0131nda din d\u0131\u015f\u0131 eserler verilmi\u015ftir.
\u2022Reform ve Sanayi \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Avrupal\u0131 toplumlar bilimsel anlamda \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7meye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Reform:<\/b>
\u2022Avrupa’da, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda meydana gelen, din\u00ee alandaki de\u011fi\u015fimlerdir. Almanya\u2019da ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Reform\u2019un Nedenleri;
\u2022Ka\u011f\u0131t ve matbaan\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi,
\u2022Katolik kilisesinde meydana gelen bozulmalar
\u2022Aforoz (H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131kta din karde\u015fli\u011finden ve kiliseden \u00e7\u0131karmak) , Enterdi (Bir \u00fclkeyi kral\u0131 ile birlikte dinden atmak) ve End\u00fcljans (Papa’n\u0131n satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 af belgesi) sorunlar\u0131,
\u2022R\u00f6nesans’\u0131n etkileri ve Skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131
\u2022\u0130ncil\u2019in milli dillere \u00e7evrilmesi
Kilisenin zenginli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131n halk\u0131n fakirli\u011fi<\/p>\n

Reformun Almanya’da Ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n Nedenleri:<\/b>
\u2022Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha ge\u00e7 kabul eden Almanlar\u0131n inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131.
\u2022Alman halk\u0131n\u0131n daha fakir olmas\u0131.
\u2022Matbaan\u0131n Almanya\u2019da geli\u015ftirilmesi ve bunun \u0130ncil’in \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131,
\u2022\u0130ncil’in ilk kez Almanca’ya \u00e7evrilmesi,
\u2022Baz\u0131 derebeylerin \u015earlken’e kar\u015f\u0131 reformcu gruplar\u0131 desteklemesi.<\/p>\n

Reform S\u00fcreci :<\/b>
\u2022Reform hareketleri Almanya\u2019da Katolik bir papaz olan Martin Luther taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Luther, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede Alman prensliklerinin ve halk\u0131n deste\u011fini elde etmi\u015ftir.
\u2022Avrupa\u2019da olu\u015fan Katolik kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bu yeni din\u00ee anlay\u0131\u015f Protestanl\u0131k mezhebine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.
\u2022Avrupa\u2019da ya\u015fanan geli\u015fmeler, Katolikler ile Protestanlar aras\u0131nda kanl\u0131 mezhep \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022S\u00fcr\u00fcp giden toplumsal \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar 1555’te Augsburg Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu antla\u015fma ile papa, Protestan mezhebini resmen kabul etmi\u015ftir.
\u2022Reform hareketleri Fransa\u2019da Calven taraf\u0131ndan savunulmu\u015ftur. Nant Ferman\u0131 ile Kalvenizm Fransa\u2019da kabul edilmi\u015ftir.
\u2022Reform hareketlerinin \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki savunucusu \u0130ngiltere Kral\u0131 8. Henri\u2019dir. Kral, Reform\u2019la ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin halk aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f, \u0130ngiliz kilisesini Papa\u2019n\u0131n ve Katolik Kilisesinin egemenli\u011finden \u00e7\u0131kartarak, kendi kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Reform hareketlerini yak\u0131ndan izlemi\u015f, Protestanlara destek de olmu\u015ftur. Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n bu politikas\u0131nda; Avrupa Hristiyan birli\u011finin par\u00e7alanmak istenmesi \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Reform’un Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/b>
\u2022Papan\u0131n Avrupa\u2019daki etkinli\u011fi azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Avrupa\u2019da yeni mezhepler ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Katolik Kilisesi geli\u015fmeler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kendini yenileme yoluna gitmi\u015ftir.
\u2022Kilise\u2019ye ait olan mallar ve topraklar ele ge\u00e7irilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022\u0130lk kez laik e\u011fitim kurumlan a\u00e7\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Avrupa\u2019da mezhep anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131ndan do\u011fan sava\u015flar ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Mezhep \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Avrupa fetihlerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Otuz Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131 (1618 \u2013 1648):<\/b>
\u2022Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 olarak nitelenen 17. yy\u2019da din eksenli sava\u015flar ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Avrupa\u2019da kurmay\u0131 planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hristiyan birli\u011fi i\u00e7in en b\u00fcy\u00fck engel olarak Alman prenslerini g\u00f6ren Kutsal Roma-Germen \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Protestan Alman prenslerine sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve asker\u00ee m\u00fccadeleler ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Fransa kendisi de Katolik olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Almanya’n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesini istemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in Protestanlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda sava\u015fa girmi\u015f ve sonu\u00e7ta 1648 – Westfalya Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu antla\u015fma ile;
\u2022Buna g\u00f6re Protestanl\u0131k yeniden serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022 Mezhep kavgalar\u0131na son verilmi\u015ftir.
\u2022Roma Germen \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

7 Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131 (1756 – 1763):<\/b>
\u2022\u0130ngiltere ile Fransa aras\u0131nda Amerika’daki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerin payla\u015f\u0131lamamas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Sonu\u00e7ta \u0130ngiltere galip gelerek Kanada\u2019n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Fakat 7 Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131 iki taraf\u0131nda \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015fmesine sebep olmu\u015ftur.
\u2022Fransa kendi halk\u0131na, \u0130ngiltere ise Amerikadaki kolonilerine yeni vergiler koymu\u015flard\u0131r.
\u2022B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar bir taraftan Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali’ne \u00f6te yandan Amerika’n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur.

Di\u011fer Geli\u015fmeler:<\/b>
\u2022Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u0130ngiltere\u2019de parlamenter y\u00f6netime ge\u00e7ilerek me\u015frutiyet ilan edilmi\u015ftir.
\u2022\u0130spanya, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinin \u00e7o\u011funu yitirmi\u015ftir.
\u2022XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bilim ve teknik alan\u0131nda \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler ya\u015fanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu geli\u015fmeler nedeniyle bu d\u00f6nem Ak\u0131l \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 olarak da nitelendirilmi\u015ftir.
\u2022Bilim ve teknik alan\u0131ndaki ilerlemeler Sanayi \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131\u2019na ortam haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/div>\n

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