{"id":1066,"date":"2017-07-25T19:49:00","date_gmt":"2017-07-25T16:49:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2017\/07\/25\/14-islam-medeniyetinin-dogusu-hz-muhammed-sav-donemi\/"},"modified":"2017-07-25T19:49:00","modified_gmt":"2017-07-25T16:49:00","slug":"14-islam-medeniyetinin-dogusu-hz-muhammed-sav-donemi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2017\/07\/25\/14-islam-medeniyetinin-dogusu-hz-muhammed-sav-donemi\/","title":{"rendered":"14- \u0130SLAM MEDEN\u0130YET\u0130N\u0130N DO\u011eU\u015eU, HZ. MUHAMMED (SAV) D\u00d6NEM\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi D\u00fcnyan\u0131n Genel Durumu<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\nAvrupa<\/b>
Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc sonucunda b\u00fcy\u00fck kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ya\u015fanmaktayd\u0131. Avrupa bu d\u00f6nemde siyasi kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ile u\u011fra\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/span>
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

Asya<\/b>
Asya’da Do\u011fu Roma, Sasaniler (On Asya’da), K\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler (Orta Asya’da), Hindistan (Asya’n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde), \u00c7in (G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya’da) ve Japonya (Asya’n\u0131n do\u011fusunda) gibi bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli devlet bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Afrika<\/b>
Kuzey Afrika’da Do\u011fu Roma ,Sasani rekabeti ya\u015fanmakta, Habe\u015fistan’da ise Habe\u015f Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131nda Genel Durumu<\/b>
-B\u00f6lgede g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir siyasi yap\u0131 yoktu. \u015eehir devletleri \u015feklinde bir yap\u0131lanma vard\u0131.
-Hicaz, Necid, Yemen en \u00f6nemli b\u00f6lgeleridir.
-Arabistan da bu d\u00f6nemde y\u0131ld\u0131zlara tap\u0131nma, putperestlik Hz. \u0130brahim’in dini olan Haniflik, Hristiyanl\u0131k ve Musevilik gibi inan\u00e7lar bulunmaktayd\u0131.
-\u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi Araplar kabileler halinde ya\u015famaktayd\u0131lar.
-Ailede erkek egemenli\u011fi hakimdi.
-\u00c7ok e\u015flilik ve kan davalar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc.
-Kad\u0131nlara toplumsal hayatta da verilmezdi.<\/p>\n

Hz. Muhammed’in Hayat\u0131<\/b>
-Hz. Muhammed, 571 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mekke’de do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 Abdullah, annesi Amine\u2019dir.
-6 ya\u015f\u0131na geldi\u011finde ise annesi \u00f6l\u00fcnce dedesi Abd\u00fclmuttalip ile ya\u015famaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
-8 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken dedesinin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine amcas\u0131 Ebu Talip onu yan\u0131na alarak b\u00fcy\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Hz. Muhammed amcas\u0131 ile birlikte bir s\u00fcre ticaret yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
-D\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi ile \u00fcn salm\u0131\u015f (El-Emin) ve 25 ya\u015f\u0131nda Hz. Hatice ile evlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Hz. Muhammed’in Peygamber Olu\u015fu<\/b>
-40 ya\u015f\u0131nda 610 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hira Ma\u011faras\u0131nda Cebrail taraf\u0131ndan ilk vahiy Hz. Muhammed’e ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve vahiyde “oku” emri verilmi\u015ftir. Bunun \u00fczerine Hz. Muhammed son peygamber olmu\u015ftur.
-Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberli\u011fine ilk inananlar e\u015fi Hz. Hatice, Hz. Ali, azad etti\u011fi k\u00f6lesi Zeyd ve yak\u0131n arkada\u015f\u0131 Hz. Ebubekir\u2019dir.
-Hz. Muhammed \u0130slamiyet’i a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yaymaya ve putlara tapman\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu herkese anlatmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Putperestler ilk ba\u015fta \u00f6nemsememi\u015fler ve Hz. Muhammed ile alay etmi\u015flerdir
-Hz. Muhammed’e inananlar\u0131n g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne artmas\u0131 Mekkeli M\u00fc\u015frikleri \u00f6fkelendirmi\u015f ve m\u00fc\u015frikler, Hz. Muhammed ve inananlara bask\u0131 ve zul\u00fcm etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
-M\u00fc\u015friklerin bask\u0131lar\u0131 dayan\u0131lmaz bir hal al\u0131nca Hz. Muhammed M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Habe\u015fistan’a g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Hicret (622)<\/b>
\u2022Mekkeli m\u00fc\u015frikler bask\u0131 ve zul\u00fcmlerini iyice art\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Hz. Muhammed t\u00fcm bunlara ra\u011fmen \u0130slamiyet’i yaymaya devam etmi\u015ftir. Hz. Muhammed Medinelilerle 621 ve 622 y\u0131llar\u0131nda I. ve II. akabe biadlan\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.
\u2022Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde Medineli M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, Hz. Muhammed’e ba\u011fl\u0131 kalacaklar\u0131na ve emirlerine uyacaklar\u0131na s\u00f6z vermi\u015flerdir. Bunun \u00fczerine M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar Mekke’den Medine’ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu olaya hicret denir.
\u2022Medine’ye g\u00f6\u00e7 edenlere Muhacir, onlara yard\u0131m edenlere Medinelilere ise Ensar denilmi\u015ftir.
\u2022Hicretle birlikte \u0130slam devletinin temelleri at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130slam Devleti<\/b>
\u2022Hz. Muhammed, \u0130slam Devletinin temellerini Medine’de atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n hem peygamberi hem \u0130slam ordular\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f komutan\u0131 hem de devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131d\u0131r.
\u2022Mekkeli M\u00fc\u015friklerin d\u00fc\u015fmanca tav\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n devam etmesi \u00fczerine Mekkeli M\u00fc\u015friklerle, \u0130slam Devleti aras\u0131nda bir dizi sava\u015flar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022\u0130slam Devleti\u2019nin temeli Medine S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u00f6zle\u015fme ilk anayasa niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bedir Sava\u015f\u0131 (624)<\/b>
Nedeni:
\u2022M\u00fc\u015friklerin Arap ve Yahudi kabileleri M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar\u0131
\u2022M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n kendilerine sald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek amac\u0131yla Mekkelilerin kervanlar\u0131na sald\u0131rmalar\u0131<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/b>
\u2022Bedir kuyular\u0131 civar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan sava\u015f\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar kazand\u0131. \u0130lk askeri ba\u015far\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n kendilerine olan g\u00fcvenleri artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Sava\u015f sonucunda elde edilen ganimetlerin be\u015fte biri devlete b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rken geri kalan\u0131 sava\u015fa kat\u0131lanlar aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu uygulama b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130slam devletlerinde kural haline getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Uhud Sava\u015f\u0131 (625)<\/b>
Nedeni:<\/b>
\u2022Bedir Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yenilgisini kabul edemeyen Mekkeli M\u00fc\u015friklerin intikam almak istemeleri
Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131: <\/b>
\u2022Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda ok\u00e7ular\u0131n sava\u015f\u0131n kazan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sanarak yerlerini terk etmeleri sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca bu durum Hz. Muhammed’e tam itaat olmas\u0131 gere\u011fini de ortaya koymu\u015ftur.
\u2022Mekkeliler kesin bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck elde edemeyip geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015flerdir.
\u2022Hz Muhammed yaralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hz. Hamza \u015fehit olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Hendek Sava\u015f\u0131 (627)<\/b>
Nedeni:<\/b>
\u2022Mekkelilerin \u0130slamiyet’i kesin olarak ortadan kald\u0131rmak istemeleri
\u2022Hz. Muhammed, Selman-\u0131 Farisi’nin tavsiyesiyle’ Medine\u2019nin etraf\u0131na hendekler kazd\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu. nedenle, sava\u015fa Hendek Sava\u015f\u0131 ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir Arabistan da bu savunma, stratejisi ilk kez bu sava\u015fta uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.

Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131: <\/b>
\u2022Mekkeliler, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara bir daha sald\u0131r\u0131da bulunmad\u0131lar.
\u2022M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar savunmadan \u00e7\u0131karak \u0130slamiyet’i Medine d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yaymaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/span><\/div>\n

\nHudeybiye Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 (628)<\/b>
\u2022Hz. Muhammed hac ziyaretinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 emretmi\u015f ve Kabe’nin bulundu\u011fu Mekke \u015fehrine Hz. Osman’\u0131 el\u00e7i olarak g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. Hz. Osman’\u0131 Mekkelilerin tutuklamas\u0131 \u00fczerine sava\u015f karar\u0131 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, sava\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6ze alamayan Mekkeliler bar\u0131\u015f istemek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
Antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re: <\/b>
\u2022Medineliler bir sonraki y\u0131l hac ziyaretini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecekler.
\u2022\u0130ki tarat aras\u0131nda 10 y\u0131l sava\u015f yap\u0131lmayacakt\u0131r.
\u2022Mekkeli M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan re\u015fit olmayanlar, Mekke’ye geri verilecektir.
\u2022Arap kabileleri her iki taraftan istedi\u011fini se\u00e7ebileceklerdir.
M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 resmen tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hayber’in Fethi (629)<\/b>
\u2022Hayber Kalesi Yahudilerden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022B\u00f6ylece \u015eam- Medine ticaret yolunun denetimi M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.
\u2022Bu fetih sonucunda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan erkeklerden cizye vergisi al\u0131nmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Yahudilere b\u0131rak\u0131lan topraklardan \u00fcr\u00fcn vergisi al\u0131nmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Mute Seferi (629)<\/b>
\u2022Hz. Muhammed’in el\u00e7isinin Do\u011fu “Roma\u2019n\u0131n Busra Valisi taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u00fczerine sefer d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.
\u2022M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla Bizans aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ilk sava\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022\u0130slam ordusu sava\u015fta kesin bir sonu\u00e7 alamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r..
\u2022Halid Bin Velid, Seyfullah (Allah’\u0131n k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131) unvan\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/div>\n

\nMekke’nin Fethi (630)<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\n\u2022Hudeybiye bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 bozulunca fethedilmi\u015ftir.
\u2022\u0130slamiyet Hicaz B\u00f6lgesi’nin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131na yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n

Huneyn Sava\u015f\u0131 (630) <\/b>
\u2022Mekke’nin fethinden sonra hen\u00fcz M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan Taifliler, putperest kabileleri yanlar\u0131na alarak M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara sava\u015f a\u00e7m\u0131\u015flar ve yap\u0131lan sava\u015f\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar kazanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Taif Seferi (630)<\/b>
\u2022Taif ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ancak al\u0131namam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u20221 y\u0131l sonra Taifliler M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Teb\u00fck Seferi (631)<\/b>
\u2022Do\u011fu Roma \u00fczerine yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u2022Sefer s\u0131ras\u0131nda Suriye’deki Gassani Araplar\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmi\u015flerdir.
\u2022Hz. Muhammed\u2019in son seferidir.<\/p>\n

Hz. Muhammed i’n Vefat\u0131 (632)<\/b>
\u2022Hz. Muhammed 631 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mekke’ye son hac vazifesini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f
\u2022Bu hacda Veda Hutbesini okumu\u015ftur. Veda Hacc\u0131ndan sonra Medine’ye d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f ve 632 y\u0131l\u0131nda vefat etmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/div>\n

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\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi D\u00fcnyan\u0131n Genel Durumu AvrupaKavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc sonucunda b\u00fcy\u00fck kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ya\u015fanmaktayd\u0131. Avrupa bu d\u00f6nemde siyasi kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ile u\u011fra\u015fmaktad\u0131r. AsyaAsya’da Do\u011fu Roma, Sasaniler (On Asya’da), K\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[62],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1066","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-konu-ozetleri"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":"","post_slider_layout_landscape_large":"","post_slider_layout_portrait_large":"","post_slider_layout_square_large":"","post_slider_layout_landscape":"","post_slider_layout_portrait":"","post_slider_layout_square":"","full":""},"yoast_head":"\n14- \u0130SLAM MEDEN\u0130YET\u0130N\u0130N DO\u011eU\u015eU, HZ. 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