{"id":1365,"date":"2024-10-24T14:20:58","date_gmt":"2024-10-24T11:20:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=1365"},"modified":"2024-10-28T15:52:50","modified_gmt":"2024-10-28T12:52:50","slug":"xx-yuzyil-baslarinda-osmanli-devleti-ve-dunya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/10\/24\/xx-yuzyil-baslarinda-osmanli-devleti-ve-dunya\/","title":{"rendered":"XX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Ba\u015flar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve D\u00fcnya"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z 12. T.C. \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi ve Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck dersi<\/strong> 1. \u00fcnitesi olan XX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Ba\u015flar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve D\u00fcnya <\/strong>\u00fcnitesinin \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yoruz. 12. s\u0131n\u0131f \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf <\/strong>ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. G\u00fcncel 12 . s\u0131n\u0131f \u0130nk\u0131lap tarihi ve Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck<\/strong> ders kitab\u0131na uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z 12. s\u0131n\u0131f \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi dersi notlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T.C \u0130NKILAP TAR\u0130H\u0130 VE ATAT\u00dcRK\u00c7\u00dcL\u00dcK I. \u00dcN\u0130TE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal\u2019in Ailesi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 1881 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sel\u00e2nik’te do\u011fdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Babas\u0131 Ali R\u0131za Efendi, annesi Z\u00fcbeyde Han\u0131m’d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baba taraf\u0131ndan dedesi K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 (K\u0131z\u0131l) Haf\u0131z olarak da bilinen Haf\u0131z Ahmet\u2019tir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XIV-XV. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Konya ve Ayd\u0131n’dan Makedonya’ya yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f Kocac\u0131k Y\u00f6r\u00fcklerindendir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00fcbeyde Han\u0131m\u2019\u0131n babas\u0131, Sofuzadeler diye tan\u0131nan Feyzullah A\u011fa\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00fcbeyde Han\u0131m Sel\u00e2nik yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Langaza kasabas\u0131na yerle\u015fmi\u015f eski bir T\u00fcrk ailesinin k\u0131z\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milis subayl\u0131\u011f\u0131, evkaf katipli\u011fi ve kereste ticareti yapan Ali R\u0131za Efendi, 1871 y\u0131l\u0131nda Z\u00fcbeyde Han\u0131m’la evlendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali R\u0131za Efendi ile Z\u00fcbeyde Han\u0131m\u2019\u0131n; Fatma, \u00d6mer, Ahmet, Mustafa, Makbule ve Naciye adlar\u0131ndaki alt\u0131 \u00e7ocu\u011fu vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn be\u015f karde\u015finden d\u00f6rd\u00fc k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015flarda \u00f6ld\u00fc, sadece Makbule (Atadan) 1956 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011fitim Hayat\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mahalle Mektebi ve \u015eemsi Efendi Okulu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal okul \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na geldi\u011finde \u00f6nce Haf\u0131z Mehmet Efendi’nin mahalle mektebinde \u00f6\u011frenime ba\u015flad\u0131, sonra babas\u0131n\u0131n iste\u011fiyle \u015eemsi Efendi Mektebi’ne ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selanik Asker\u00ee R\u00fc\u015ftiyesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lkokuldan sonra Selanik M\u00fclkiye R\u00fc\u015ftiyesine k\u0131sa s\u00fcre devam etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1893 y\u0131l\u0131nda Askeri R\u00fc\u015ftiye’ye girdi ve asker\u00ee \u00f6\u011frenimi ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu okulda Matematik \u00f6\u011fretmeni Mustafa Bey ad\u0131na “Kemal” i ilave etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manast\u0131r Asker\u00ee \u0130dadisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1896\u2019da Selanik Asker\u00ee R\u00fc\u015ftiyesini bitiren Mustafa Kemal, Manast\u0131r Asker\u00ee \u0130dadi s\u0131navlar\u0131na girerek bu okula girmeye hak kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arkada\u015f\u0131 \u00d6mer Naci arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla edebiyata, \u00f6zellikle de \u015fiire ilgi duymaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal 1897 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan T\u00fcrk Yunan sava\u015f\u0131na kat\u0131lmak istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1896-1899 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Manast\u0131r Askeri \u0130d\u00e2di’sini bitirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131zcas\u0131n\u0131 ilerletmek i\u00e7in okudu\u011fu kitaplar sayesinde; Jean Jack Rousseau (Jan Jak Ruso), Voltaire (Volter), Montesquieu (Montesku),Auquste Comte (Ogust Komt) gibi Frans\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerini yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131d\u0131 ve ink\u0131lap, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, adalet, e\u015fitlik gibi kavramlar\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcmsedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Harp Okulu ve Harp Akademisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal 13 Mart 1899\u2019da \u0130stanbul\u2019da harp okuluna ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal\u2019in harp okulundaki \u00f6\u011frenimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda e\u011fitiminde ve yeti\u015fmesinde etkili olan ba\u015fl\u0131ca hocalar\u0131; Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Naci Bey, Frans\u0131zca \u00d6\u011fretmeni Necip As\u0131m Bey, Tarih \u00d6\u011fretmeni Rahmi Pa\u015fa, Binba\u015f\u0131 Faz\u0131l Bey ve Te\u011fmen Osman Efendi\u2019ydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Fuat (Cebesoy), Kaz\u0131m (Karabekir), Refet (Bele), Cafer Tayyar (E\u011filmez), Nuri (Conker), Mehmet Arif (Ay\u0131c\u0131), Ali Fethi (Okyar) gibi Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin \u00fcnl\u00fc subaylar\u0131, Mustafa Kemal\u2019le ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde harp okulunda bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1902 y\u0131l\u0131nda te\u011fmen r\u00fctbesiyle mezun oldu. Harp Akademisi’ne devam etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11 Ocak 1905\u2019te akademiden be\u015finci s\u0131rada mezun oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kurmay y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 r\u00fctbesiyle \u015eam\u2019da askerlik g\u00f6revine ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal\u2019in Etkilendi\u011fi Hocalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Top\u00e7u Feriki Ahmet Muhtar Pa\u015fa,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kurmay Binba\u015f\u0131 Refik Bey,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kurmay Yarbay Macit Bey,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pertev Pa\u015fa,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kurmay Albay Hasan R\u0131za Bey,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kurmay Albay Zeki Bey<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kurmay Yarbay Trabzonlu Nuri Bey<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akademideki b\u00fct\u00fcn bu hocalar\u0131 dil bilen, iyi yeti\u015fmi\u015f, deneyimli subaylard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selanik<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal\u2019in do\u011fup b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kalan Selanik, Makedonya\u2019n\u0131n sosyal, siyasi, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan en geli\u015fmi\u015f \u015fehriydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hem bir liman kenti olmas\u0131 hem de demir yolu ile ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131, Selanik\u2019i \u00f6nemli bir ticaret merkezi h\u00e2line getirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00fcfusunun \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu T\u00fcrk olan Selanik\u2019te; Yunan, Ermeni, Bulgar, Yahudi gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli din, mezhep ve milletlerden insanlar bir arada ya\u015famaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu etnik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zenginlikle birlikte \u015fehirde farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin yan yana ya\u015fama ortam\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sayede Mustafa Kemal yeni ve farkl\u0131 fikirlere kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k olan bir ortamda yeti\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manast\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manast\u0131r, \u00f6nemli bir ticaret, y\u00f6netim ve ordu merkeziydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal, idadide \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00fcre\u00e7 boyunca, arkada\u015flar\u0131yla ve \u00f6\u011fretmenleriyle \u015fehirdeki bu hareketlili\u011fi yak\u0131ndan takip ediyor ve \u00fclkeyi ilgilendiren meseleler hakk\u0131nda aralar\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stanbul<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti olmas\u0131 nedeniyle sosyal, ekonomik ve siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6neme sahipti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eam<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal\u2019in ilk g\u00f6rev yeri, 1905 y\u0131l\u0131nda atanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u015eam\u2019daki V. Ordu\u2019dur. Makedonya\u2019ya g\u00f6re \u015eam, sosyal ve ekonomik y\u00f6nden geri kalm\u0131\u015f bir yerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eam\u2019da askerlik g\u00f6revinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra siyasi faaliyetlerini de s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Mustafa Kemal, burada Vatan ve H\u00fcrriyet Cemiyetini kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal\u2019in Askerlik Hayat\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal\u2019in ilk g\u00f6rev yeri, 1905 y\u0131l\u0131nda atanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u015eam\u2019daki<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  V. Ordu\u2019dur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1907’de Kola\u011fas\u0131 (K\u0131demli Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131) oldu. Manast\u0131r’a III. Ordu’ya atand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19 Nisan 1909’da \u0130stanbul’a giren Hareket Ordusu’nda Kurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1911\u2019de Fransa’ya g\u00f6nderildi. Picardie Manevralar\u0131’na kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1911 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul’da Genel Kurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 emrinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1911 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130talyanlar\u0131n Trablusgarp’a h\u00fccumu ile ba\u015flayan sava\u015fta, Mustafa Kemal bir grup arkada\u015f\u0131yla birlikte Tobruk ve Derne b\u00f6lgesinde g\u00f6rev ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trablusgarp Mustafa Kemal\u2019in ilk sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6 Mart 1912’de Derne Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1912’de Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flay\u0131nca Mustafa Kemal Gelibolu ve Bolay\u0131r’daki birliklerle sava\u015fa kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1913 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sofya Ate\u015femiliterli\u011fine atand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1914 y\u0131l\u0131nda yarbayl\u0131\u011fa y\u00fckseldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ate\u015femiliterlik g\u00f6revi Ocak 1915’te sona erdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal 19. T\u00fcmeni kurmak \u00fczere Tekirda\u011f’da g\u00f6revlendirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fikir Hayat\u0131n\u0131 Etkileyen Yazarlar ve D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ziya G\u00f6kalp \u2013 Milliyet\u00e7ilik<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mehmet Emin Yurdakul – Milliyet\u00e7ilik<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nam\u0131k Kemal – Vatanseverlik<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tevfik Fikret – \u0130nk\u0131lap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/p>\n\n\n\n

J.J. Rousseau – Yurtta\u015fl\u0131k Bilinci<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Montesquieu – Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilik<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Voltaire – Bilimsellik, Ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131k<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal\u2019in Eserleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

En \u00f6nemli eseri Nutuk\u2019tur. 1919\u2019dan 1927\u2019ye kadar ge\u00e7en zamandaki geli\u015fmeleri kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca Mustafa Kemal\u2019in, askerlikle ilgili birikimlerini aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTak\u0131m\u0131n Muharebe Talimi\u201d,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCumal\u0131 Ordug\u00e2h\u0131\u201d,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTaktik Tatbikat Gezisi\u201d,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cB\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Muharebe E\u011fitimi\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSubay ve Komutan ile Konu\u015fmalar\u201d eserleri de bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde de geometri e\u011fitimini kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran \u201cGeometri\u201d eseri de bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Ba\u015flar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Durumu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mekteb-i T\u0131bbiye \u00f6\u011frencileri taraf\u0131ndan Yeni Osmanl\u0131lar \u00e7izgisinde te\u015fkilatlanan cemiyet \u00fcyeleri II.Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019nin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini kendilerine \u00f6rnek alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Me\u015frutiyet\u2019i ilan edip Mebusan Meclisinin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak istiyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Reval\u2019de bir araya gelerek Makedonya ve Bo\u011fazlar konusunda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti \u00fcyelerini tedirgin etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1908 II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in \u0130lan\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devleti da\u011f\u0131lmaktan kurtarmak i\u00e7in bir an \u00f6nce Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in ilan edilmesi gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen cemiyet \u00fcyeleri ayakland\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Abd\u00fclhamit yeniden Me\u015frutiyet\u2019i ilan etti (23 Temmuz 1908) ve Kanun-\u0131 Esasi (1876 Anayasas\u0131) yeniden y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmas\u0131 (1908)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bosna Hersek\u2019in Avusturya taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmesi (1908)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Girit\u2019in Yunanistan\u2019a kat\u0131lmas\u0131 (1908)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

31 Mart Ayaklanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Me\u015frutiyet y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 olanlar taraf\u0131ndan 31 Mart Ayaklanmas\u0131 (13 Nisan 1909) \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayaklanma komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Mahmut \u015eevket Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurmay ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Mustafa Kemal\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Selanik\u2019ten gelen Hareket Ordusu taraf\u0131ndan bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu olaydan sonra II. Abd\u00fclhamit tahttan indirildi ve yerine Mehmet Re\u015fat<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(V. Mehmet) tahta \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

31 Mart Ayaklanmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyetinin \u00fclke y\u00f6netimindeki etkisi daha da artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck politikas\u0131na a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Abd\u00fclhamit, 31 Mart olay\u0131 sonunda tahttan indirilince yerine ittihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n istedi\u011fi Sultan V. Mehmet Re\u015fat tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nem \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Partisi\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f siyasetinde hakim oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nem olarak bilinir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da bu d\u00f6nemde yap\u0131lan sava\u015flar\u0131n etkisi b\u00fcy\u00fck olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TRABLUSGARB SAVA\u015eI (1911-1912)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1870 y\u0131l\u0131nda birli\u011fini kuran \u0130talya, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge yar\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan kopmamak gayesi ile, Kuzey Afrika’ya g\u00f6z dikmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tunus ve Habe\u015fistan b\u00f6lgesinde umdu\u011funu bulamay\u0131nca, Trablusgarb’a y\u00f6nelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusya ile \u0130talya aras\u0131nda 1909’da Racconigi Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Rusya \u0130talya’n\u0131n Trablusgarp’taki menfaatlerini, \u0130talya ise Rusya’n\u0131n bo\u011fazlardaki menfaatlerini tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130talya Trablusgarb’\u0131n kendi topraklar\u0131na yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin de bu b\u00f6lgeye ilgisizli\u011fi sonunda, Osmanl\u0131 Devletine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi bir nota ile Trablusgarb’daki \u0130talyanlara baz\u0131 ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stekleri kabul edilmeyince 28 Eyl\u00fcl 1911’de \u0130talya Trablusgarb’\u0131 i\u015fgal etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130talya Trablusgarp\u2019ta Rusya’da Bo\u011fazlarda etkili olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun etkisi ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Trablusgarp’\u0131 yeterince savunamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M. Kemal, Fethi Bey ve Enver Pa\u015fa Derne, Tobruk ve Bingazi’de ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fccadeleler yapt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uyar\u0131: M. Kemal’in emperyalist devletlere kar\u015f\u0131 ilk m\u00fccadelesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu geli\u015fme \u00fczerine \u0130talya 12 adaya sald\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131’n\u0131 ablukaya ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti bunun \u00fczerine bar\u0131\u015f yapmak zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7ta Ouchy (U\u015fi) Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131. (18 Ekim 1912)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ouchy (U\u015fi) Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (18 Ekim 1912)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Trablusgarp ve Bingazi’yi \u0130talya’ya b\u0131rakt\u0131. Dini bak\u0131mdan Halife’ye ba\u011fl\u0131 kald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oniki ada Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne verilecek fakat Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 bitene kadar \u0130talya\u2019da kalacakt\u0131. (Yunanistan’a kar\u015f\u0131 korumak gayesiyle)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne \u0130talya destek verecekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile \u0130talya aras\u0131nda ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 anla\u015fmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin Kuzey Afrika’daki son topra\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130talya Akdeniz’de \u00f6nemli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin bu sava\u015ftaki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Balkan Devletleri’ni cesaretlendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. BALKAN SAVA\u015eI\u2019NIN NEDENLER\u0130 (1912)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devletini Balkanlardan atmak,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusya’n\u0131n (Bulgaristan, Karada\u011f, S\u0131rbistan ve Yunanistan ile) Panslavizm politikas\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ortodokslar\u0131n birli\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milliyet\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n etkisi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Trablusgarb\u2019ta, \u0130talya’ya yenilmesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Balkan Devletleri’nin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletme iste\u011fi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. BALKAN SAVA\u015eI\u2019NIN GEL\u0130\u015e\u0130M\u0130 (1912)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti; Karada\u011f, Bulgaristan, S\u0131rbistan ve Yunanistan ile sava\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 ilk olarak 8 Ekim 1912 y\u0131l\u0131nda Karada\u011f’\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devletine sava\u015f a\u00e7mas\u0131 ile ba\u015flad\u0131. Daha sonra di\u011fer devletler sava\u015fa ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti sava\u015fa haz\u0131rl\u0131ks\u0131z yakaland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Romanya sava\u015fa kat\u0131lmayan tek Balkan Devletidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. BALKAN SAVA\u015eI\u2019NIN SONU\u00c7LARI (1912)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti b\u00fct\u00fcn cephelerde yenildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En karl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan devlet Bulgaristan oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7teki ittihat\u00e7\u0131-itilaf\u00e7\u0131 parti \u00e7eki\u015fmesi yenilginin as\u0131l nedeni oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ordu siyasete kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arnavutluk ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bulgarlar \u00c7atalca’ya kadar ilerledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Ate\u015fkes istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LONDRA ANTLA\u015eMASI (30 May\u0131s 1913)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Midye-Enez hatt\u0131 bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm Rumeli topraklar\u0131 Balkan devletlerine b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arnavutluk ve Ege adalar\u0131n\u0131n durumunu Avrupa’n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck devletleri belirleyecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selanik, G\u00fcney Makedonya ve Girit Yunanistan’a verilecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn Trakya (Kavala ve Dedea\u011fa\u00e7 dahil)  Bulgaristan\u2019a verilecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Makedonya S\u0131rbistan’a verilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. BALKAN SAVA\u015eI\u2019NIN GEL\u0130\u015e\u0130M\u0130 (1913)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda Osmanl\u0131 Devletinden al\u0131nan topraklar\u0131 payla\u015fmas\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan anla\u015fmazl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131n ana nedenidir,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Makedonya’n\u0131n Bulgaristan’a b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131, S\u0131rbistan ve Yunanistan’\u0131n buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Romanya ve Karada\u011f da sava\u015fa kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu karga\u015fadan faydalanan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Edirne’yi Meri\u00e7\u2019e kadar ele ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Balkan Devletleri kendi aralar\u0131nda bu sava\u015f\u0131n bitirilmesi i\u00e7in anla\u015fmaya vard\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not: <\/strong>Bu sava\u015fa I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131na kat\u0131lmayan Romanya da kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00dcKRE\u015e ANTLA\u015eMASI (10 A\u011fustos 1913)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Balkan Devletlerinin kendi aralar\u0131nda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bu antla\u015fma ile Bulgaristan; Romanya, Yunanistan ve S\u0131rbistan’a bir k\u0131s\u0131m topraklar\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Balkan Devletleri ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti aras\u0131nda da ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 antla\u015fmalar yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. \u0130STANBUL ANTLA\u015eMASI (29 Eyl\u00fcl 1913)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bulgaristan ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti aras\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Edirne, K\u0131rklareli ve Dimetoka Osmanl\u0131lara b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bulgaristan T\u00fcrklere her t\u00fcrl\u00fc din, mezhep ve ibadet h\u00fcrriyeti verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meri\u00e7 Nehri s\u0131n\u0131r kabul edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kavala ve Dedea\u011fa\u00e7 Bulgaristan’a kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AT\u0130NA ANTLA\u015eMASI (14 Kas\u0131m 1913)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunanistan ile Osmanl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunanistan\u2019daki T\u00fcrklerle ilgili d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ege Adalar\u0131 Yunanistan’a b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. \u0130STANBUL ANTLA\u015eMASI (13 Mart 1914)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131rbistan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti aras\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131. S\u0131rbistan’daki T\u00fcrklerle ilgili d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. BALKAN SAVA\u015eI (1913) GENEL DE\u011eERLEND\u0130RME<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Balkanlarda T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n hak ve h\u00fcrriyetleri garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Balkanlar\u0131n\u0131n siyasi haritas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin ordu yap\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fikliklere gidildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc h\u0131zland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bulgaristan’\u0131n Rusya ile aras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BALKAN SAVA\u015eLARININ \u00d6NEM\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Balkan devletleri \u00f6nemli ama\u00e7lar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Balkanlarda Osmanl\u0131 varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Meri\u00e7’in do\u011fusu ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Balkanlarda binlerce T\u00fcrk\u00fcn korumas\u0131z kalmas\u0131 ve Anadolu’ya g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketi ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ege adalar\u0131 elden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ege Denizi kontrol\u00fc kaybedildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arnavutluk ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ordunun siyasete kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n zararlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Bulgaristan s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7izildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k fikri ge\u00e7ersiz hale geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ttihat ve Terakki Partisi darbe yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n Balkanlardaki zemini olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XIX.YY’DA OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130NDE F\u0130K\u0130R AKIMLARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adem-i Merkeziyet<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu fikirde olanlar b\u00fct\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n siyasi birli\u011fini \u00f6n g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dil, din ve \u0131rk fark\u0131 g\u00f6zetilmemesi esast\u0131. Az\u0131nl\u0131klara baz\u0131 yeni haklar\u0131n verilmesini savundular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015einasi, Nam\u0131k Kemal ve Ziya Pa\u015fa gibi isimler bu fikir ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli temsilcileridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f “Milliyet\u00e7ilik” duygusunun yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde etkili olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in iki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131ld\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kanun-u Esasi’nin ilan\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meclisi Mebusan\u2019\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 ile birlikte Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k fikri \u00f6nemini yitirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adem-i Merkeziyet<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prens Sabahattin\u2019in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleridir. Yerinden y\u00f6netim ve bireysel te\u015febb\u00fcs ilkesine dayan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Liberalizm savunuluyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcmmetin birli\u011fi esas\u0131na dayan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Abd\u00fclhamid bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin en \u00f6nemli \u015fahsiyeti idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M. Akif, Cemalettin Afgani gibi temsilcileri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n, devletin birli\u011fini sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. (Pan \u0130slamizm)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ile ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini yitirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede olanlar T\u00fcrklerin birli\u011fini savunuyorlard\u0131. (Pan T\u00fcrkizm)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nemli savunucular\u0131 Ziya G\u00f6kalp’ti. M. Emin Yurdakul.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyetinin temel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Bat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kurtulu\u015fu bat\u0131 ile entegrasyon da g\u00f6renlerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdullah Cevdet en \u00f6nemli temsilcisidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Not: Mustafa Kemal Bat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinden etkilenmi\u015ftir. \u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini benimsememi\u015ftir.<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLIDA SOSYAL DURUM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 sonras\u0131nda kaybedilen topraklarda b\u00fcy\u00fck kitleler h\u00e2linde T\u00fcrkler b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu topraklarda kalan T\u00fcrkler, g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri bask\u0131lar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu karma\u015fa da sosyal hayat\u0131 olumsuz etkiledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EKONOM\u0130K DURUM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa devletleri Sanayi \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131\u2019yla beraber h\u0131zla ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme sa\u011flarken Osmanl\u0131 Devleti kendi sanayile\u015fmesini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupal\u0131 \u00fclkelerin rekabetiyle a\u00e7\u0131k pazar haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1854 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin mali s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 giderek artt\u0131 ve K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda ilk kez \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019dan  d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bor\u00e7lar\u0131n faizini bile \u00f6deyemeyince iflas etti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20 Aral\u0131k 1881\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan Muharrem Kararnamesi ile alacakl\u0131 olan devletler D\u00fcy\u00fbn-u Umumiye \u0130daresini (Genel Bor\u00e7lar \u0130daresi) kurdular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu idarenin kurulmas\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 maliyesi alacakl\u0131 devletlerin denetimi alt\u0131na girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI 1914- 1918<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Genel Nedenleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milliyet\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik yar\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ham madde ve pazar aray\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devletleraras\u0131 blokla\u015fma<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Silahlanma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00d6zel Nedenleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Japonya\u2019n\u0131n Uzak Do\u011fu\u2019da s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeler elde etmek istemesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fransa\u2019n\u0131n Sedan Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda, Almanya\u2019ya kapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6m\u00fcr yataklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zengin olan Alsace Lorraine\u2019i (Alsas Loren) geri almak istemesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avusturya-Macaristan\u2019\u0131n kendisi i\u00e7in tehlike olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc S\u0131rbistan\u2019\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131p Do\u011fu\u2019ya do\u011fru geni\u015flemek ve Rusya\u2019y\u0131 Balkanlar\u2019dan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmak istemesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Balkanlar\u2019daki b\u00fct\u00fcn Slavlar\u0131 kendi idaresinde birle\u015ftirme iste\u011fi (Panislavizm politikas\u0131) ve s\u0131cak denizlere ula\u015fma amac\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya ve \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n siyasi birliklerini tamamlamas\u0131 ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik rekabetine kat\u0131lmalar\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere ve Almanya aras\u0131ndaki siyasal ve ekonomik rekabet,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Akdeniz ve \u00e7evresinde yeni s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeler ele ge\u00e7irmek istemesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcnen Neden<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

28 Haziran 1914\u2019te Avusturya-Macaristan Veliaht\u0131 Fran\u00e7ois Ferdinand (Fransuva Ferdinand) ve e\u015fi, bir S\u0131rp milliyet\u00e7isi taraf\u0131ndan suikast sonucu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu olay, \u0130ttifak ve \u0130tilaf devletlerini sava\u015fa s\u00fcr\u00fckledi. 28 Temmuz 1914\u2019te Avusturya- Macaristan, S\u0131rbistan\u2019a sava\u015f ilan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f\u0131n Taraflar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f ba\u015f\u0131nda devletler aras\u0131nda blokla\u015fma ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc itilaf (Anla\u015fma): \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Rusya<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130ttifak (Ba\u011fla\u015fma): Almanya. Avusturya-Macaristan, \u0130talya<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130talya sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda taraf de\u011fi\u015ftirerek \u0130tilaf Devletlerinin yan\u0131na ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Romanya, Japonya, ABD ve Yunanistan itilaf devletlerinin yan\u0131nda sava\u015fa kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve Bulgaristan bir d\u00f6nem sonra \u0130ttifak grubu yan\u0131nda sava\u015fa kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Japonya, Uzak Do\u011fu\u2019da bulunan Alman s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerini ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in sava\u015fa girmi\u015f ve amac\u0131na k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan ilk olarak Japonya \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Sava\u015fa Giri\u015fi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi sava\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tarafs\u0131z oldu\u011funu ilan etmi\u015f, Bo\u011fazlar\u0131n kapat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n tek tarafl\u0131 olarak kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ilk olarak \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa ile ba\u011flant\u0131 kurmak istemi\u015f fakat reddedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun en b\u00fcy\u00fck nedeni Rusya\u2019y\u0131 kendi yanlar\u0131nda tutmak istemeleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya ise Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin kendi yan\u0131nda sava\u015fa girmesi i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aba harcam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devletini Yan\u0131nda \u0130stemesinin Nedenleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halifenin n\u00fcfuzundan yararlanmak<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Hint s\u00f6m\u00fcrge yolunu ele ge\u00e7irmek<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni cepheler a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak, kendi asker\u00ee y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc hafifletmek<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 insan g\u00fcc\u00fcnden ve ham madde kaynaklar\u0131ndan yararlanmak (Musul-Kerk\u00fck petrollerinden yararlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin co\u011frafi konumunu ve Bo\u011fazlar\u0131 kullanmak<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusya\u2019ya yap\u0131lacak yard\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc kesmek<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alman donanmas\u0131na ait Goben ve Breslav adl\u0131 sava\u015f gemileri \u0130ngiliz donanmas\u0131ndan ka\u00e7arak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in gemileri sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yavuz ve Midilli adlar\u0131n\u0131 alan gemiler, Karadeniz’de Rusya’n\u0131n Sivastapol ve Odessa limanlar\u0131n\u0131 bombalam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu olay ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti resmen sava\u015fa girmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Sava\u015fa Girmesi \u0130le:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni cepheler a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, sava\u015f daha geni\u015f bir alana yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f; \u0130tilaf Devletleri i\u00e7in daha g\u00fc\u00e7 h\u00e2le gelmi\u015f ve uzam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131 topraklar\u0131na katt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Cepheler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sald\u0131r\u0131 Cepheleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kafkas,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kanal,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Savunma Cepheleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7anakkale,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Irak,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hicaz-Yemen,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suriye-Filistin,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 D\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki Cepheleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gali\u00e7ya,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Makedonya,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Romanya<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kafkas Cephesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ruslarla m\u00fccadele edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131ndaki ilk m\u00fccadelenin verildi\u011fi cephedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nedeni<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rus limanlar\u0131n\u0131n bombalanmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanlar\u0131n Bak\u00fc petrolleri \u00fczerindeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Turanc\u0131l\u0131k politikalar\u0131 burada sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kafkas Cephesi\u2019nin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 ordusu a\u011f\u0131r bir yenilgi ald\u0131 (k\u0131\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erzincan, Mu\u015f, Bitlis, Trabzon Ruslara ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mu\u015f ve Bitlis Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n da \u00e7abalar\u0131 ile geri al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ermenilerin olumsuz tav\u0131rlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak 1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermeniler Tehcir Kanunu’na tabi tutuldular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3 Mart 1918\u2019de imzalanan Brest-Litovsk Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Kars, Ardahan ve Batum (Elviye-i Sel\u00e2se) Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne geri verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1915 Ermeni Olaylar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni payla\u015fma plan\u0131 yapan Rusya, \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa; Ermenileri k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtarak Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet kurmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in onlar\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u0131n\u00e7ak ve Ta\u015fnak komiteleri \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde kurulan Ermeni \u00e7eteleri; Van, Erzurum, Bitlis, Diyarbak\u0131r, Elaz\u0131\u011f gibi Anadolu\u2019nun bir\u00e7ok yerinde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halka y\u00f6nelik katliamlar yapt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ermenilerin yapt\u0131klar\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 ve katliamlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, birtak\u0131m tedbirler almak zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 D\u00e2hiliye Nezaretinin, 24 Nisan 1915\u2019te yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir genelgeyle H\u0131n\u00e7ak ve Ta\u015fnak komite b\u00fcrolar\u0131 kapat\u0131ld\u0131 ve bu komitelerin \u00fcyeleri de tutukland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ermenilerin, 1915 olaylar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc olarak her y\u0131l and\u0131klar\u0131 \u201c24 Nisan\u201d bu genelgenin yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihi i\u015faret eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Al\u0131nan b\u00fct\u00fcn tedbirlere ra\u011fmen Ermenilerin sald\u0131r\u0131 ve katliamlar\u0131 artarak devam etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

27 May\u0131s 1915\u2019te Sevk ve \u0130sk\u00e2n (Tehcir ya da Zorunlu G\u00f6\u00e7) Kanunu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu kanunla Ermeniler aras\u0131ndan Ruslarla i\u015f birli\u011fi i\u00e7inde olanlar, \u00e7eteciler ve isyan hareketine kar\u0131\u015fanlar zorunlu olarak g\u00f6\u00e7e tabi tutuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kafkas \u0130slam Ordusu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1917 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya\u2019da ya\u015fanan Bol\u015fevik devrimi ile \u00c7arl\u0131k rejiminin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Rus Kafkas Ordusu da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rus birlikleri b\u00f6lgeden ayr\u0131l\u0131rken silahlar\u0131n\u0131 Ermeni ve G\u00fcrc\u00fclere b\u0131rakarak Osmanl\u0131 ile m\u00fccadeleyi onlara devretti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6lgeden Ruslar\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesiyle birlikte Ermeni ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc \u00e7eteleri M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 katliamlara ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun \u00fczerine Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden yard\u0131m istediler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stanbul H\u00fck\u00fbmeti, Nuri (Killigil) Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri ve Kuzey Kafkasya Cumhuriyeti vatanda\u015f\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131 g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fclerden olu\u015fan bir Kafkas \u0130slam Ordusu kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15 Eyl\u00fcl 1918\u2019de, Kafkas \u0130sl\u00e2m Ordusu Bak\u00fc\u2019ye girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece \u015fehir d\u00fc\u015fmandan temizlendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kanal Cephesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nedeni:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya’n\u0131n te\u015fviki ile Osmanl\u0131 devleti \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeleriyle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 keserek insan ve ham madde sa\u011flamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinde \u0130ngilizler Osmanl\u0131 ordusunu yenilgiye u\u011fratt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere 1917\u2019de sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ip Sina Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 alarak Suriye\u2019ye kadar ilerledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7anakkale Cephesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nedenleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stanbul ve Bo\u011fazlar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irip Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 sava\u015f d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmak,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusya\u2019ya gerekli asker\u00ee ve ekonomik yard\u0131mlar\u0131 yapmak,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusya\u2019n\u0131n bu\u011fday\u0131ndan faydalanmak<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu cephede kazan\u0131lacak ba\u015far\u0131yla birlikte h\u00e2l\u00e2 tarafs\u0131z olan Balkan Devletleri\u2019ni kendi yanlar\u0131nda sava\u015fa \u00e7ekmek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7anakkale Cephesi\u2019ndeki Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130tilaf Devletleri, \u00c7anakkale\u2019yi \u00f6nce denizden ge\u00e7meyi denediler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18 Mart 1915\u2019te \u0130tilaf donanmas\u0131, \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nusret May\u0131n Gemisi ile Bo\u011faz\u2019a d\u00f6\u015fenen may\u0131nlar ve kahraman T\u00fcrk top\u00e7usunun ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 sayesinde \u0130tilaf donanmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plar vererek geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deniz yolu ile \u00c7anakkale\u2019yi ge\u00e7emeyeceklerini anlayan \u0130tilaf Devletleri, Gelibolu Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019na asker \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

25 Nisan 1915\u2019te \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Anzaklardan olu\u015fan \u0130tilaf ordusu, Sedd\u00fclbahir, Kumkale ve Ar\u0131burnu\u2019na \u00e7\u0131karma harek\u00e2t\u0131 d\u00fczenledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. T\u00fcmen Komutan\u0131 Yarbay Mustafa Kemal ve emrindeki T\u00fcrk ordusu; Anafartalar, Conkbay\u0131r\u0131, Ar\u0131burnu ve Kire\u00e7tepe\u2019de destan yazarak d\u00fc\u015fmana ge\u00e7it vermediler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7anakkale\u2019de kara sava\u015flar\u0131nda da ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamayan \u0130tilaf kuvvetleri, Ocak 1916\u2019da Gelibolu\u2019yu bo\u015faltt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7anakkale Muharebeleri\u2019nin kazan\u0131lmas\u0131nda Seyit Onba\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kahramanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Nusret May\u0131n Gemisi komutan\u0131 Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 \u0130smail Hakk\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6zverisi, 57. Alay\u2019\u0131n fedak\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7anakkale Cephesi\u2019nin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7anakkale Muharebelerini Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kazanmas\u0131yla I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n s\u00fcresi de uzad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bulgaristan, \u0130ttifak Devletleri\u2019nin yan\u0131nda sava\u015fa kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece Almanya ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti aras\u0131nda kara ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fcttefiklerin yard\u0131m g\u00f6t\u00fcremedi\u011fi Rusya\u2019da Bol\u015fevik \u0130htilali \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusya\u2019daki \u00c7arl\u0131k rejimi y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bol\u015fevik \u0130htilali\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan Rusya sava\u015ftan \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anafartalar Kahraman\u0131 olarak tan\u0131nan Mustafa Kemal\u2019in bu cephedeki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019nin de lideri olmas\u0131nda etkili oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin \u00c7anakkale\u2019deki kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu, e\u011fitim seviyesi y\u00fcksek insanlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu y\u00fczden Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok alanda yeti\u015fmi\u015f eleman bulma s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcresince Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin zafer kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek cephe \u00c7anakkale Cephesi\u2019dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hicaz-Yemen Cephesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nedeni:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere Mac Mahon (Mak Mahon) Plan\u0131 ile Mekke Emiri \u015eerif H\u00fcseyin\u2019e ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k vadetmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece \u0130ngilizlerin deste\u011fini sa\u011flayan baz\u0131 Arap kabileleri, Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 ayakland\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetleri kutsal yerleri korumak i\u00e7in \u0130ngiltere ve Mekke Emiri \u015eerif H\u00fcseyin\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fahrettin Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrk askeri Medine\u2019yi uzun s\u00fcre m\u00fcdafaa etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngilizlerin destekledi\u011fi Araplar b\u00f6lgede Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sona erdirdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu cephede ya\u015fananlar \u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k (\u00dcmmet\u00e7ilik) politikas\u0131n\u0131n etkisini kaybetti\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Irak Cephesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nedeni:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cephe \u0130ngiltere taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngilizler Aden’e \u00e7\u0131kartma yapt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta Do\u011fu petrollerini kontrol alt\u0131nda tutmak ve Kafkaslarda Ruslarla birle\u015fmek \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin hedefleri aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk kuvvetlerinin \u0130ran\u2019a girip \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi olan Hindistan\u2019\u0131 tehdit etmesini de \u00f6nlemek istiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Irak Cephesi\u2019nin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131 Selman-\u0131 Pak Muharebesi\u2019nde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ba\u015far\u0131 g\u00f6sterip Kut\u2019\u00fcl Am\u00e2re\u2019deki \u0130ngiliz kuvvetlerini ku\u015fatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiliz kuvvetleri 29 Nisan 1916\u2019da Halil Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrk kuvvetlerine teslim oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiliz t\u00fcmeni, komutan\u0131 General Townshend (Tavs\u0131nt) ile birlikte esir al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, \u00c7anakkale Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra \u0130ngilizlere kar\u015f\u0131 ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck zaferini Kut\u2019\u00fcl Am\u00e2re\u2019de kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngilizler, Irak\u2019a daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kuvvet y\u0131\u011farak kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7tiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f\u0131n son y\u0131l\u0131nda Ba\u011fdat\u2019a kadar olan b\u00f6lgeyi \u0130ngiliz kuvvetleri ele ge\u00e7irdiler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngilizler 1918 sonunda b\u00fct\u00fcn Musul’u ald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suriye-Filistin Cephesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngilizler, Kud\u00fcs ve Filistin\u2019i i\u015fgal etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kanal Cephesinin devam\u0131 niteli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kanal harekat\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olan \u0130ngilizler Suriye’ye kadar ilerlediler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130syanc\u0131 Arap g\u00fc\u00e7leri ile 26 Ekim 1918\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Katma Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kazanan Mustafa Kemal, Halep\u2019in be\u015f kilometre kadar kuzeyindeki b\u00f6lgeyi T\u00fcrk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak belirledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal Alman Limon Von Sanders’ten sonra 31 Ekim\u2019de Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Ordular\u0131 Grup Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na atand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mondros M\u00fctarekesi\u2019nin imzalanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan sonra \u0130ngilizler Suriye\u2019yi tamamen kontrolleri alt\u0131na ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Misak-i Mill\u00ee’de bu d\u00f6nemde belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcmmet\u00e7ili\u011fin Sonu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kanal, Suriye-Filistin ve Irak Cephesi sava\u015flar\u0131 \u00dcmmet\u00e7ilik fikrinin \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6steren cephelerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Araplar Osmanl\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130ngilizleri desteklemi\u015flerdir<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 D\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Sava\u015f\u0131lan Cepheler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gali\u00e7ya Cephesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusya’n\u0131n Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karma yapmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Bulgarlara yard\u0131m etmesi ile olu\u015fan bir cephedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Makedonya Cephesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131rplar\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in Selanik’e gelen Frans\u0131z kuvvetleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Bulgarlara yard\u0131m etmi\u015ftir. .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Romanya Cephesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bulgarlar\u0131 Romanya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in Dobruca, B\u00fckre\u015f ve Tuna b\u00f6lgesinde verilen m\u00fccadelelerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI SONA ERERKEN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1917\u2019de ya\u015fanan en \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmelerden biri de Rusya\u2019daki Bol\u015fevik \u0130htilali\u2019dir. (7 Kas\u0131m 1917)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ktidara gelen Bol\u015fevik y\u00f6netimi, \u0130ttifak Devletleri ile 3 Mart 1918\u2019de Brest Litowsk Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 imzalayarak sava\u015ftan \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bol\u015fevik y\u00f6netimi, \u00c7arl\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fbmetinin b\u00fct\u00fcn gizli antla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fcnya kamuoyuna a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130tilaf Devletleri, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesiyle olu\u015fan bo\u015flu\u011fu ABD ile tamamlad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amerikan ticaret gemilerinin, Alman denizalt\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bat\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine ABD, Almanya\u2019ya sava\u015f ilan etti. (2 Nisan1917)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD sava\u015fa kat\u0131l\u0131nca sava\u015f \u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019nin lehine sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 ABD, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na kat\u0131larak ayn\u0131 zamanda ilk kez Monroe Doktrini\u2019nden de ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selanik Ate\u015fkes Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (29 Eyl\u00fcl 1918) ile Bulgaristan sava\u015ftan \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti bu tehlike kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ate\u015fkes istedi ve Mondros M\u00fctarekesi\u2019ni \u0130tilaf Devletleri ile imzalad\u0131. (30 Ekim 1918)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, i\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n da artmas\u0131yla birlikte, Villa Gusti Ate\u015fkesi\u2019ni imzalay\u0131p sava\u015ftan \u00e7ekildi. (3 Kas\u0131m 1918)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya da Rethondes (Reth\u0131ns) Ate\u015fkes Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 (11 Kas\u0131m 1918) imzalayarak sava\u015ftan \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece d\u00f6rt y\u0131l s\u00fcren I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 da sona erdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mondros Ate\u015fkes Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (30 Ekim 1918)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI\u2019NDA ANADOLU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, Anadolu harap ve y\u0131k\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk milleti sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi boyunca a\u00e7l\u0131k ve yoksulluk nedeniyle \u00e7ok fazla insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cephe gerisinde kalan kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck ac\u0131lar ya\u015fad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00d6ng\u00f6ren Gizli Antla\u015fmalar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (18 Mart-10 Nisan 1915)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (26 Nisan 1915)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sykes-Picot (Sayks Piko) Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (26 Nisan 1916)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

St. Jean De Maur\u0131enne (Sen Jan D\u00f6 Moryen) Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (17 Nisan 1917)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (18 Mart-10 Nisan 1915)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya aras\u0131nda imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buna g\u00f6re; Bo\u011fazlar, Midye-Enez \u00e7izgisine kadar Trakya, Gelibolu Yar\u0131madas\u0131, Sakarya Irma\u011f\u0131\u2019na kadar Kocaeli Yar\u0131madas\u0131 ile \u0130mroz ve Bozcaada sava\u015ftan sonra Rusya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (26 Nisan 1915)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130tilaf Devletleri, \u0130talya\u2019y\u0131 kendi yanlar\u0131na \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in bu antla\u015fmay\u0131 \u0130talya\u2019yla imzalam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re Antalya, Rodos ve 12 Ada \u0130talya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sykes-Picot (Sayks Piko) Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (26 Nisan 1916)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu antla\u015fmayla Rusya\u2019ya; Kafkas s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yak\u0131n yerler, yani Van ve Erzurum illeriyle Trabzon ve Bitlis illerinin do\u011fu b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri; Sivas, Harput (Elaz\u0131\u011f) ve Diyarbak\u0131r illerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fransa\u2019ya; Adana ile Beyrut illeri; Halep, Harput ve Diyarbak\u0131r illerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131; \u015eam ve Sivas illerinin bir kesimi ve Cebel-i L\u00fcbnan sanca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere\u2019ye Ba\u011fdat ve Basra illerini de i\u00e7eren G\u00fcney Irak b\u0131rak\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusya\u2019n\u0131n iste\u011fi \u00fczerine Trabzon\u2019a kadar Do\u011fu Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Anadolu da Rusya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

St. Jean De Maur\u0131enne (Sen Jan D\u00f6 Moryen) Antla\u015fmas\u0131
(17 Nisan 1917)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve \u0130talya aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bu antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antalya, Mente\u015fe Sanca\u011f\u0131 ve Konya ilinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ile \u0130zmir ve kuzeyi \u0130talya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MONDROS M\u00dcTAREKES\u0130 (30 EK\u0130M 1918)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde V. Mehmet Re\u015fad\u2019\u0131n vefat etmesiyle VI. Mehmet Vahdettin tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sadrazam Talat Pa\u015fa istifa etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni sava\u015fa sokan \u0130ttihat ve Terakki y\u00f6netimden \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ahmet \u0130zzet Pa\u015fa ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yeni h\u00fck\u00fbmet kuruldu ve bu h\u00fck\u00fbmet Wilson \u0130lkeleri do\u011frultusunda imzalanacak bir ate\u015fkes istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stanbul H\u00fck\u00fbmeti taraf\u0131ndan Bahriye Naz\u0131r\u0131 Rauf Bey ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6revlendirilen heyet, Limni Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Mondros Liman\u0131\u2019na gitti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019ni temsil eden Amiral Calthorope (Kalthorp) ile \u0130ngilizlerin Agememnon adl\u0131 z\u0131rhl\u0131 sava\u015f gemisinde 27 Ekim 1918\u2019de ate\u015fkes g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

25 madde h\u00e2linde d\u00fczenlenen Mondros M\u00fctarekesi imzaland\u0131. (30 Ekim 1918)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mondros M\u00fctarekesi\u2019nin baz\u0131 maddeleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bo\u011fazlar \u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019ne a\u00e7\u0131lacak, Karadeniz\u2019e giri\u015fler serbest olacak, Karadeniz ve \u00c7anakkale\u2019deki istihk\u00e2mlar \u0130tilaf Devletleri taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131 terhis edilecek; ordunun ta\u015f\u0131t, ara\u00e7 gere\u00e7, silah ve cephanesine \u0130tilaf Devletleri taraf\u0131ndan el konulacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin elindeki t\u00fcm sava\u015f esirleri ile esir ya da tutuklu bulunan b\u00fct\u00fcn Ermeniler serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lacak fakat \u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019nin elindeki T\u00fcrk sava\u015f esirleri geri verilmeyecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130tilaf Devletleri g\u00fcvenliklerini tehdit eden bir durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, herhangi bir stratejik noktay\u0131 i\u015fgal hakk\u0131na sahip olacak. (Madde 7)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vilayet-i Sitte denilen alt\u0131 do\u011fu ilinde (Erzurum, Van, Bitlis, Sivas, Harput, Diyarbak\u0131r) herhangi bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131karsa \u0130tilaf Devletleri buralar\u0131 i\u015fgal hakk\u0131na sahip olacak. (Madde 24)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toros T\u00fcnelleri, \u0130tilaf Devletleri taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm liman ve tersaneler \u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019nin kontrol\u00fcnde olacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00fck\u00fbmet haberle\u015fmesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki telsiz, telgraf ve kablolar (ileti\u015fim hatlar\u0131) \u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019nin denetimi alt\u0131nda olacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ran i\u00e7lerinde ve Kafkasya\u2019da bulunan Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetleri, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan \u00f6nceki s\u0131n\u0131rlara \u00e7ekilecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mondros Sonras\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mondros M\u00fctarekesi\u2019nin 7 ve 24. maddeleri, \u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda istedikleri yerleri i\u015fgal etmelerine zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mondros M\u00fctarekesi\u2019nin imzalanmas\u0131ndan hemen sonra \u0130ngiltere, Musul\u2019a girerek ate\u015fkese ra\u011fmen -Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131ndaki ilk i\u015fgalini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. (3 Kas\u0131m 1918)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fransa da Adana ve \u00e7evresini i\u015fgal etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13 Kas\u0131m 1918\u2019de \u0130tilaf donanmas\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019a gelerek Dolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131 \u00f6nlerinde demir att\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti de fiilen i\u015fgal edilmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stanbul H\u00fck\u00fbmeti\u2019nin Mondros M\u00fctarekesi\u2019ne Tepkisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mondros M\u00fctarekesi d\u00f6rt y\u0131ld\u0131r devam eden sava\u015f\u0131 bitirdi\u011fi ve beklenen bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 getirdi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle, \u0130stanbul H\u00fck\u00fbmeti taraf\u0131ndan olumlu kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mondros\u2019tan sonra h\u00fck\u00fbmette ya\u015fanan i\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar nedeniyle Ahmet \u0130zzet Pa\u015fa H\u00fck\u00fbmeti istifa etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tevfik Pa\u015fa yeni h\u00fck\u00fbmeti kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Padi\u015fah anayasan\u0131n kendisine verdi\u011fi yetkiyi kullanarak Mebusan Meclisini da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015fgalcilerin bask\u0131lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Tevfik Pa\u015fa H\u00fck\u00fbmeti de padi\u015faha istifas\u0131n\u0131 sundu ve yerine \u0130ngilizleri destekleyen politikalar izleyen Damat Ferit Pa\u015fa H\u00fck\u00fbmeti kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal\u2019in Tepkisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mondros M\u00fctarekesi imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Alman General Liman Von Sanders\u2019in (Liman Fon Sanders) yerine Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Ordular\u0131 Grup Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na tayin edilen Mustafa Kemal, antla\u015fman\u0131n \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlar i\u00e7erdi\u011fi konusunda \u0130stanbul H\u00fck\u00fbmeti\u2019ni uyarmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal, Harbiye Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 emrine al\u0131narak \u0130stanbul\u2019a \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini halka duyurabilmek i\u00e7in Fethi Bey ile birlikte \u2018\u2019 Minber\u2019\u2019 adl\u0131 gazete \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13 Kas\u0131m 1918\u2019de Mustafa Kemal, \u0130stanbul\u2019a geldi\u011finde Dolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131 \u00f6nlerinde demirli olan i\u015fgal donanmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnce:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGeldikleri gibi giderler\u201d s\u00f6zleriyle tepkisini g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halk\u0131n Tepkisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halk, i\u015fgal g\u00fc\u00e7leri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri korumak i\u00e7in direni\u015f cemiyetleri kurdu, miting ve protestolarla i\u015fgallerin haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya duyurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha sonra Kuvay-\u0131 Mill\u00eeye\u2019yi olu\u015fturan halk i\u015fgalci g\u00fc\u00e7lere kar\u015f\u0131 silahl\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye ge\u00e7erek ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 topraklar\u0131 korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8 Ocak 1918 Wilson \u0130lkeleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131 Woodrow Wilson (Vudruv Vils\u0131n), her iki taraf\u0131n da \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetti\u011fi iddias\u0131yla 14 maddelik bir bildiri duyurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmalar\u0131nda ve diplomaside a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k olacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomik s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmalar kald\u0131r\u0131lacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dclkelerin silahs\u0131zlanmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00fcvenceler verilecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Galip devletler ma\u011flup devletlerden toprak ya da sava\u015f tazminat\u0131 almayacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devletleraras\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla Cemiyet-i Akvam (Milletler Cemiyeti) kurulacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin T\u00fcrklerin \u00e7o\u011funlukta oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerinde Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fi sa\u011flanacak, T\u00fcrklerin \u00e7o\u011funlukta olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde ise buradaki milletlerin kendi kendini y\u00f6netme hakk\u0131 olacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bo\u011fazlar b\u00fct\u00fcn milletlerin gemilerine a\u00e7\u0131k olacak ve bu durum milletleraras\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131nda olacak (12. Madde).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18 Ocak 1919 Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konferans\u0131n toplanma amac\u0131, sava\u015f\u0131 kaybeden devletlerle yap\u0131lacak olan bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n esaslar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konferansa otuz iki devlet kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Japonya ve \u0130talya konferansta etkili olan devletlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konferansa bizzat kat\u0131lan ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Wilson\u2019un temel amac\u0131, Cemiyet-i Akvam\u0131n (Milletler Cemiyeti) kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130zmir ve \u00e7evresi Yunanistan\u2019a verildi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 Bitiren Antla\u015fmalar<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya ile imzalanan Versailles (Versay) Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya, Fransa ve Bel\u00e7ika\u2019dan daha \u00f6nceden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn topraklar\u0131 geri verecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeleri \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Japonya aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya\u2019da zorunlu askerlik kald\u0131r\u0131lacak, Alman ordusu 100 bin ki\u015fiye indirilecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deniz kuvvetleri s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lacak. Denizalt\u0131 ve sava\u015f u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 yapmas\u0131 yasaklanacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya sava\u015f tazminat\u0131 (tamirat borcu ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda) \u00f6deyecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avusturya ile imzalanan Saint Germain (Sen Jermen) Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu par\u00e7aland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Macaristan, \u00c7ekoslovakya ve Yugoslavya ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milletler Cemiyetinin izni olmadan Almanya ile birle\u015fmeyecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avusturya\u2019da zorunlu askerlik kald\u0131r\u0131lacak ve Avusturya ordusu 30 bin ki\u015fiyle s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avusturya sava\u015f tazminat\u0131 \u00f6deyecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bulgaristan ile imzalanan Neuilly (N\u00f6yyi) Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcney Dobruca Romanya\u2019ya; G\u00fcm\u00fclcine ve Dedea\u011fa\u00e7 Yunanistan\u2019a; Tsaribrod ve Srurmitsa Yugoslavya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131lacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bulgaristan\u2019da zorunlu askerlik kald\u0131r\u0131lacak. Ordusu 25 bin ki\u015fi ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lacak, deniz ve hava kuvveti olu\u015fturmas\u0131 yasaklanacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bulgaristan sava\u015f tazminat\u0131 \u00f6deyecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Macaristan ile imzalanan Triannon (Tiriyanon) Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Presburg b\u00f6lgesi \u00c7ekoslovakya\u2019ya; Bosna Hersek Yugoslavya\u2019ya; Transilvanya Romanya\u2019ya; Burgerland Avusturya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131lacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Macaristan\u2019da zorunlu askerlik kald\u0131r\u0131lacak, ordusu 35 bin ki\u015fi ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lacak, deniz ve hava kuvveti olu\u015fturmas\u0131 yasaklanacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Macaristan sava\u015f tazminat\u0131 \u00f6deyecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yenilen devletlere dayat\u0131lan a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlar sava\u015f\u0131n getirdi\u011fi ekonomik y\u0131k\u0131mla birle\u015fince Avrupa\u2019da uzun s\u00fcreli bir bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flamay\u0131 imkans\u0131z h\u00e2le getirdi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z 12. T.C. \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi ve Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck dersi 1. \u00fcnitesi olan XX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Ba\u015flar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve D\u00fcnya \u00fcnitesinin \u00f6zet […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1339,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[159],"tags":[95,6],"class_list":["post-1365","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-12-sinif-inkilap-tarihi-ders-notlari","tag-12-sinif-inkilap-tarihi","tag-tarih-ders-notlari"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"\nXX. 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