{"id":1713,"date":"2024-11-04T19:08:55","date_gmt":"2024-11-04T16:08:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=1713"},"modified":"2024-11-04T19:23:03","modified_gmt":"2024-11-04T16:23:03","slug":"2-unite-beylikten-devlete-osmanli-siyaseti-1302-1453","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/04\/2-unite-beylikten-devlete-osmanli-siyaseti-1302-1453\/","title":{"rendered":"2. \u00dcnite Beylikten Devlete Osmanl\u0131 Siyaseti (1302-1453)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a010. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 2. \u00fcnitesi\u00a0<\/strong>olan\u00a0Beylikten Devlete Osmanl\u0131 Siyaseti<\/strong>\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a010. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0<\/strong>ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z.\u00a0G\u00fcncel 10. s\u0131n\u0131f Tarih ders kitab\u0131na\u00a0<\/strong>uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0Beylikten Devlete Osmanl\u0131 Siyaseti \u00f6zet notlar\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih 2. \u00dcnite<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1302-1453 YILLARI ARASINDAK\u0130 S\u0130YAS\u0130 GEL\u0130\u015eMELER
DEVLETLE\u015eME S\u00dcREC\u0130NDE OSMANLI-B\u0130ZANS \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130LER\u0130
OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019N\u0130N RUMEL\u0130\u2019DEK\u0130 \u0130SK\u00c2N VE \u0130ST\u0130M\u00c2LET POL\u0130T\u0130KASI
ANADOLU\u2019DA T\u00dcRK S\u0130YAS\u0130 B\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130N\u0130 SA\u011eLAMA \u00c7ABALARI<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

KURULU\u015e D\u00d6NEM\u0130 PAD\u0130\u015eAHLARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Osman         (1299\u20131324)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orhan Bey       (1324\u20131362)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Murat           (1362\u20131389)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Bayezid        (Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m) (1389\u20131402)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Mehmet       (\u00c7elebi) (1413\u20131421)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Murat          (1421\u20131451)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u015e\u0130RETTEN BEYL\u0130\u011eE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1302) Koyunhisar Muharebesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1326) Bursa\u2019n\u0131n Fethi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1329) Palekanon Muharebesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1331) \u0130znik\u2019in Fethi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1337) \u0130zmit\u2019in Fethi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1345) Karesi Beyli\u011fi\u2019nin al\u0131nmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1353) \u00c7impe Kalesi\u2019nin al\u0131nmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1363) Edirne\u2019nin Fethi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1371) \u00c7irmen Muharebesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1389) I. Kosova Muharebesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1396) Ni\u011fbolu Muharebesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1402) Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1402-1413) Fetret Devri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1444) Varna Muharebesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1448) II. Kosova Muharebesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Sonlar\u0131nda Anadolu ve \u00c7evresi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu, Asya ile Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 Karadeniz ile Akdeniz\u2019i birbirine ba\u011flayan bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc vazifesi g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca \u00c7in\u2019den ba\u015flay\u0131p Avrupa\u2019ya kadar uzanan \u0130pek Yolu\u2019nun \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da Anadolu\u2019dan ge\u00e7iyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1243 K\u00f6seda\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Mo\u011follara yenilerek da\u011f\u0131lma s\u00fcrecine girdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun sonucunda da Anadolu\u2019da siyasi birlik bozuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu\u2019nun muhtelif b\u00f6lgelerinde bir\u00e7ok T\u00fcrkmen beyli\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu (Bizans):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130mparatorlu\u011fun XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 Balkanlardaki Yunanistan, Trakya, Makedonya ve Ege Adalar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131ndan ibaretti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taht    kavgalar\u0131 ve   Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri\u2019nin etkisiyle Anadolu ve Balkanlardaki siyasi etkinli\u011fini kaybetme noktas\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trabzon ve \u00e7evresinde h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Trabzon \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ise siyasi y\u00f6nden etkisiz bir konumdayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130hanl\u0131 Devleti:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mo\u011fol \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine H\u00fclag\u00fc Han taraf\u0131ndan \u0130ran ve \u00e7evresinde kuruldu (1256).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lhanl\u0131lar XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Anadolu\u2019yu egemenliklerine ald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak 1260\u2019ta Meml\u00fbklularla yap\u0131lan Ayn-\u0131 Calut Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yenilgi ya\u015fad\u0131lar. \u0130lhanl\u0131 Devleti 1336 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meml\u00fbklu Devleti:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eyyubi Devleti komutanlar\u0131ndan Aybek taraf\u0131ndan M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da kuruldu (1250).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meml\u00fbklular, Ha\u00e7l\u0131lara ve Mo\u011follara kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fccadele verdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 Filistin, Suriye ve \u00c7ukurova B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ne kadar geni\u015flettiler, Baharat Yolu\u2019nu denetimleri alt\u0131na ald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alt\u0131n Orda Devleti:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mo\u011fol \u0130mparatoru Cengiz Han\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131ndan K\u0131p\u00e7aklar\u0131n Mo\u011follarla kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 sonucu Batu Han taraf\u0131ndan Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyinde kuruldu (1227).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Alt\u0131n Orda Han\u0131 Toktam\u0131\u015f Han, Timur ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleyi kaybetti (1395).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde ya\u015fanan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Alt\u0131n Orda Devleti y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Balkanlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda Balkanlarda Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, S\u0131rp ve Bulgarlarla siyasi \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck m\u00fccadelesindeydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Balkanlarda S\u0131rp, Bulgar, Arnavut krall\u0131klar\u0131, Efl\u00e2k ve Bo\u011fdan voyvodal\u0131klar\u0131 ile Bosna Prensli\u011fi bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131rp Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, Balkanlarda egemenlik alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletip b\u00fcy\u00fck S\u0131rbistan\u2019\u0131 kurmak istiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda Avrupa\u2019da, feodal yap\u0131ya sahip Hristiyan topluluklar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan bir\u00e7ok devlet bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Merkezi Viyana olan Kutsal Roma Germen \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130talya\u2019da Napoli Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, Venedik ve Ceneviz cumhuriyetleri ile Papal\u0131k yer almaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019da Macaristan ve Lehistan Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Moskova Knezli\u011fi vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta Avrupa\u2019daki Macaristan, Balkanlar \u00fczerinde h\u00e2kimiyet kurmak istiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa bulunuyordu. Ancak bu iki devlet aras\u0131nda \u201cY\u00fczy\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131\u201d devam etmekteydi. \u0130spanya\u2019da Beni Ahmer \u0130slam Devleti bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLI BEYL\u0130\u011e\u0130\u2019N\u0130N KURULU\u015e S\u00dcREC\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni kuranlar O\u011fuzlar\u0131n G\u00fcnhan soyunun Kay\u0131 boyuna mensuptur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kay\u0131 kelimesi, g\u00fc\u00e7 ve kudret anlam\u0131na gelmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kay\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, 1071 Malazgirt Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Anadolu\u2019ya gelerek Ahlat y\u00f6resini yurt edindiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 I. Alaaddin Keykubat zaman\u0131nda Mo\u011follarla yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fccadeleler ve T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019ne yapt\u0131klar\u0131 hizmetler kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ilk olarak Ankara yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Karacada\u011f y\u00f6resine, daha sonra Bizans s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndaki S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u2019e u\u00e7 beyli\u011fi olarak yerle\u015ftirildiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde Kay\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Ertu\u011frul Gazi bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizans\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 fetih faaliyetlerine ba\u015flayan Ertu\u011frul Gazi bir s\u00fcre sonra Domani\u00e7\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kay\u0131lar, S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u2019\u00fc k\u0131\u015flak; Domani\u00e7\u2019i de yaylak olarak kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1281 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ertu\u011frul Gazi\u2019nin vefat\u0131 \u00fczerine yerine o\u011flu Osman Bey, Kay\u0131 boyunun ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 III. Alaaddin Keykubat\u2019\u0131n \u0130lhanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan \u0130ran\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u00fczerine Anadolu\u2019da iktidar bo\u015flu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu s\u0131rada Osman Bey, Bizans ile m\u00fccadele h\u00e2lindeydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizansla yap\u0131lan Koyunhisar Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kazanan Osman Bey ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan ederek kendi ad\u0131na hutbe okutup para bast\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z konuma geldi (1302).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin kurulu\u015fu, geli\u015fimi, men\u015fei \u00fczerine \u00e7e\u015fitli tart\u0131\u015fmalara neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n temelinde Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nemlerine ait yeterli belgelerin olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n konuyu tam olarak ayd\u0131nlatamamas\u0131 da etkilidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin kurulu\u015f tarihi olarak ders kitaplar\u0131nda y\u0131llarca 1299 y\u0131l\u0131 verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yap\u0131lan tarih\u00ee ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar bu tarihin do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osman\u2019\u0131n bir hanedan kurucusu durumuna gelmesi, 1302\u2019de bir Bizans ordusuna kar\u015f\u0131 Bapheus (Koyunhisar) Sava\u015f\u0131 zaferiyle ilgilidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi\u2019nin Kurulu\u015fu Hakk\u0131nda \u00d6ne S\u00fcr\u00fclen Nazariyeler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halil \u0130nalc\u0131k\u2019a g\u00f6re Mo\u011follar\u0131n do\u011frudan y\u00f6netiminden ka\u00e7mak isteyen T\u00fcrkmen topluluklar\u0131 Bizans s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na do\u011fru y\u00f6nelir. XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u201cgaza ideolojisini benimseyen T\u00fcrkmen beyleri Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da \u00f6nem kazan\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halil \u0130nalc\u0131k, eski Sel\u00e7uklu ucunda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir demografik (n\u00fcfus) potansiyele sahip ve y\u00fcceltilmi\u015f gaza ideolojisiyle donanm\u0131\u015f yeni bir T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin do\u011fmakta oldu\u011funu savunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul Wittek, Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devlet olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 bu beyli\u011fi kuranlar\u0131n gaza d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle hareket etmelerine ba\u011flamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul Wittek\u2019e g\u00f6re Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin geni\u015flemesinin bir sebebi de idareleri alt\u0131na giren ahalinin dinlerine kar\u0131\u015fmamay\u0131 tercih etmeleri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fuad K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin tamamen din\u00ee sebeplerle olan y\u00fckseli\u015f tarz\u0131na itiraz etmektedir. Ona g\u00f6re;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mo\u011follar\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 sonucu Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden T\u00fcrkmenlerin gaza ruhu ile Bizans topraklar\u0131n\u0131 D\u00e2r\u2019\u00fcl-\u0130sl\u00e2m yapma gayretleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin zaafa d\u00fc\u015fmesi ve Anadolu beyliklerinin kurulmas\u0131 gibi bu d\u00f6nemde meydana gelen b\u00fcy\u00fck siyasi olaylar,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrklerin sahip oldu\u011fu etnik \u00f6zellikler ve Osmanl\u0131 kabilesinin asil olu\u015fu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu\u2019da olu\u015fan Gaziy\u00e2n-\u0131 R\u00fbm, Ahiy\u00e2n-\u0131 R\u00fbm, B\u00e2ciy\u00e2n-\u0131 R\u00fbm ve Abdal\u00e2n-\u0131 R\u00fbm gibi asker\u00ee, sosyal ve iktisadi gruplar<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi\u2019nin bulundu\u011fu yerin jeopolitik durumu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer beyliklerin Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanca tutum i\u00e7ine girmemeleri Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin kurulu\u015funda ve geli\u015fiminde \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osman Bey (1299-1326)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gaza ve cihat politikas\u0131 do\u011frultusunda hareket eden Osman Bey, Bat\u0131 eksenli bir fetih politikas\u0131 izledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu politikada en b\u00fcy\u00fck rakibi Bizans ve Bizans\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 tekfurlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osman Bey     Anadolu beyliklerinin birbirleriyle olan m\u00fccadelelerinden uzak kalmaya \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Osmanl\u0131lar ele ge\u00e7irdikleri yerlerdeki gayrim\u00fcslim halka son derece iyi davrand\u0131lar; ya\u011fma yerine onlar\u0131 himaye alt\u0131na al\u0131p vergiye ba\u011flamay\u0131 tercih ettiler. Buna istim\u00e2let (g\u00f6n\u00fcl alma) deniliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir\u00e7ok T\u00fcrkmen toplulu\u011fu, alperen ve dervi\u015f Osman Bey\u2019in etraf\u0131nda topland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu\u2019ya gaza yapmak amac\u0131yla gelen \u201cGaziy\u00e2n-\u0131 R\u00fbm\u201d denilen T\u00fcrklerin yan\u0131nda, Anadolu\u2019daki kad\u0131n te\u015fkilatlanmas\u0131 olan \u201cB\u00e2c\u0131y\u00e2n-\u0131 R\u00fbm\u201d kollar\u0131ndan destek g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ahi reislerinden \u015eeyh Edebali\u2019nin k\u0131z\u0131 Malhun (Bala) Hatun ile evlenmesi Osman Bey\u2019in n\u00fcfuzunu artt\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osman Bey\u2019 Bizans\u2019tan Karacahisar\u2019\u0131 ald\u0131 ve bundan sonraki fetihleri buradan y\u00f6netti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yarhisar, Bilecik ve \u0130neg\u00f6l\u2019\u00fc ele ge\u00e7iren (1299) Osman Bey beyli\u011fin merkezini Bilecik\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osman Bey K\u00f6pr\u00fchisar ve Yeni\u015fehir\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irdi. Beyli\u011fin topraklar\u0131n\u0131 \u0130znik\u2019e kadar geni\u015fletti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Koyunhisar (Bapheus) Sava\u015f\u0131 (1302) sonras\u0131nda Bursa tekfurunun \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Bizans ordusu bozguna u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi b\u00f6lgede b\u00fcy\u00fck bir itibar kazanarak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z konuma geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1320 y\u0131l\u0131nda itibaren asker\u00ee seferlerin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan o\u011flu Orhan Bey, Bursa\u2019y\u0131 ku\u015fatt\u0131. Ku\u015fatmaya daha fazla dayanamayan Bursa Tekfuru, \u015fehri Osmanl\u0131lara teslim etmek zorunda kald\u0131 (1326).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bursa\u2019n\u0131n fetih haberini alan Osman Bey bu s\u0131rada vefat etti. Bursa G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc K\u00fcmbet\u2019e defnedildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orhan Bey 1326- 1362<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bursa, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bursa\u2019n\u0131n  \u00f6nemli ticaret yollar\u0131 \u00fczerinde olmas\u0131 (\u0130pek Yolu gibi) Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi\u2019nin ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesine katk\u0131da bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizansla yap\u0131lan Palekanon Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orhan Bey \u0130znik\u2019i (1331) ald\u0131. \u0130znik\u2019in fethinden sonra Gemlik ve \u0130zmit k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetine girdi (1337).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NOT: 1337\u2019de Avrupa\u2019da \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa aras\u0131nda 1453\u2019e kadar s\u00fcrecek olan Y\u00fczy\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u0130ZANS\u2019LA UZLA\u015eMA VE RUMEL\u0130\u2019YE GE\u00c7\u0130\u015e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1345 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bizans\u2019ta Saray Bakan\u0131 Kantakuzenos (Kantakuzen) ile \u0130mparator Yuannis aras\u0131nda taht kavgalar\u0131 ya\u015fan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Kantakuzenos, Orhan Bey\u2019den asker\u00ee yard\u0131m istedi ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u0131z\u0131 Thedora\u2019y\u0131 (Tedora) Orhan Bey\u2019e gelin vermeyi, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile akraba olmay\u0131 \u00f6nerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orhan Bey teklifi kabul etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 B\u00f6ylece Kantakuzenos, Osmanl\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131 sayesinde Bizans taht\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 (1347).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizans imparatoru daha sonra Balkanlarda \u00e7\u0131kan ayaklanmalar\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Orhan Bey\u2019den zaman zaman yard\u0131m istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yard\u0131mlara kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00c7impe Kalesi\u2019ni Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne asker\u00ee \u00fcs olarak verdi (1353). \u00c7impe Kalesi\u2019nin al\u0131nmas\u0131 ile Rumeli\u2019ye ilk ad\u0131m at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, \u015eehzade S\u00fcleyman Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131nda Rumeli\u2019de fetih hareketlerine ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gelibolu, Bolay\u0131r, Tekirda\u011f, Ke\u015fan, Malkara, L\u00fcleburgaz ve \u00c7orlu fethedildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1357 y\u0131l\u0131nda Orhan Bey\u2019in on iki ya\u015f\u0131ndaki o\u011flu Halil, Fo\u00e7al\u0131 Rum korsanlar taraf\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bu arada Rumeli fatihi \u015eehzade S\u00fcleyman Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n da vefat\u0131 \u00fczerine Osmanl\u0131 Devleti s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir s\u00fcrece girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1357 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Bizans aras\u0131nda yeni bir antla\u015fma yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu antla\u015fmayla Osmanl\u0131-Bizans ili\u015fkileri \u015eehzade Halil\u2019in iki y\u0131l sonra kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131na kadar s\u00fck\u00fbnet i\u00e7erisinde ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019N\u0130N RUMEL\u0130 VE BALKANLARDA H\u00c2K\u0130M\u0130YET KURMASINDAK\u0130 ETKENLER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Murat (1362-1389) D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde, Edirne fethedildi (1363) Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Rumeli ve Balkanlarda siyasi, sosyal ve dini belirsizlikler s\u00f6z konusuydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6lgede Bizans\u2019tan ba\u015fka S\u0131rp, Bulgar, Arnavut krall\u0131klar\u0131; Efl\u00e2k ve Bo\u011fdan voyvodal\u0131klar\u0131; Bosna ve Hersek prenslikleri yer al\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6lge halklar\u0131 feodal beylerle krallar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eki\u015fmelerin ortas\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca veba salg\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden n\u00fcfus azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Balkanlarda  S\u0131rp Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Bizans\u2019la s\u00fcrekli m\u00fccadele h\u00e2lindeydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ortodoks, Katolik ve Bogomil ad\u0131ndaki Hristiyan mezhepleri aras\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sultan I. Murad 1364 y\u0131l\u0131nda birle\u015fik Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordusuna kar\u015f\u0131  S\u0131rps\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Zaferi\u2019ni kazand\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ittifaklar\u0131yla yap\u0131lan \u00c7irmen Sava\u015f\u0131 (1371) ve I. Kosova Sava\u015f\u0131 (1389) Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin lehine sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Kosova Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda sonra I. Murad sava\u015f meydan\u0131nda gezerken \u015fehit edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Bayezid  (Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m) (1389\u20131402) D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Ha\u00e7l\u0131larla yap\u0131lan  1396 Ni\u011fbolu Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti kazand\u0131. Ni\u011fbolu Zaferi\u2019nden sonra uzun y\u0131llar Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ittifak\u0131 kurulamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid 1391 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019u ku\u015fatt\u0131. Bu ama\u00e7la Anadolu Hisar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 yapt\u0131rd\u0131. Ancak Ni\u011fbolu Sava\u015f\u0131 (1396) y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ku\u015fatmay\u0131 kald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid, daha sonra ikinci kez \u0130stanbul\u2019u ku\u015fatt\u0131 (1402). Bu kez Anadolu\u2019da Timur tehlikesi ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca \u0130stanbul ku\u015fatmas\u0131n\u0131 yine kald\u0131rmak zorunda kald\u0131 ve Bizans\u2019la bir antla\u015fma yapt\u0131. Anla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stanbul\u2019da bir T\u00fcrk mahallesi kurulacak ve bir cami in\u015fa edilecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrklerin davalar\u0131na bakmak i\u00e7in bir T\u00fcrk kad\u0131 tayin edilecek;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizans, her y\u0131l Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne 10 bin d\u00fcka vergi \u00f6deyecekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu antla\u015fma ile Bizans, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin siyasi \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kabul etmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Murad D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde ise Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ittifak\u0131yla yap\u0131lan Varna Sava\u015f\u0131 (1444) ve II. Kosova Sava\u015f\u0131 (1448) sonucunda Balkanlarda Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fi kal\u0131c\u0131 h\u00e2le geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sava\u015flar sonras\u0131 Osmanl\u0131lar fethedilen b\u00f6lgelerdeki halka zarar vermediler. \u0130stim\u00e2let (ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc) anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile hepsinin g\u00f6nl\u00fcn\u00fc ald\u0131lar. Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n adaleti huzur ve g\u00fcven getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ak\u0131nc\u0131lar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Rumeli ve Balkanlarda kal\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131nda ak\u0131nc\u0131 u\u00e7 beyleri ile bunlar\u0131n kumandanlar\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ak\u0131nc\u0131lar, hafif s\u00fcvari birlikleri idi. Bunlar, iyi binici olan atl\u0131lardan meydana gelen sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131, cesur ve \u00e7evik birliklerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131n\u0131rlarda ya da s\u0131n\u0131ra yak\u0131n yerlerde bulunurlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131n\u0131r g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda bir program ve plan d\u00e2hilinde yaz k\u0131\u015f demeden s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesine ak\u0131nlar yaparlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nitekim Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Balkanlarda ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 fetihlerde Evrenos Bey, Hac\u0131 \u0130lbeyi, Turahan Bey ve Mihal Bey gibi \u00f6nemli ak\u0131nc\u0131 beyleri etkin rol oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ak\u0131nc\u0131 beyleri ve a\u015firet reisleri, Osmanl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Balkanlarda fethedilen topraklara ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131nda ve idare edilmesinde \u00f6nemli rol \u00fcstlendiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede Osmanl\u0131 idaresinin Balkan topraklar\u0131ndaki temsilcisi ve denetleyicisi konumuna geldiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Balkanlardaki fetihlerde etkin rol oynayan ak\u0131nc\u0131 beylerine hizmetleri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda araziler tahsis etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sayede s\u0131n\u0131r boylar\u0131n\u0131n savunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak yeni fethedilen topraklar\u0131n imar ve isk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eeyh ve Dervi\u015fler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eeyh ve dervi\u015fler, Balkanlarda kurmu\u015f olduklar\u0131 zaviye ve tekkeler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile gayrim\u00fcslim halk\u0131 etkilediler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun yan\u0131nda \u015feyh ve dervi\u015fler zaman zaman fetih hareketlerine de kat\u0131larak askere manevi g\u00fc\u00e7 verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eeyh ve dervi\u015flerin b\u00f6lgede kurduklar\u0131 tekke ve zaviyelerin etraf\u0131nda zamanla mahalle ve k\u00f6yler olu\u015ftu. Buralar birer din, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve sanat merkezleri h\u00e2line geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u015feyh ve dervi\u015fler sadece din adamlar\u0131 olarak de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleyen, k\u00f6y kuran, sanat ve ilim yapan \u015fah\u0131slar olarak \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revler \u00fcstlendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLILARIN RUMEL\u0130\u2019DE \u0130SK\u00c2N S\u0130YASET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, fethedilen yerlere T\u00fcrk kimli\u011fi kazand\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle buralarda T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusun art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00f6nem verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu\u2019da konar-g\u00f6\u00e7er ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 ve baz\u0131 meslek erbaplar\u0131n\u0131 Rumeli\u2019de fethedilen yerlere yerle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yerli halk\u0131n inan\u00e7lar\u0131na, dillerine, gelenek ve g\u00f6reneklerine kar\u0131\u015fmayarak onlar\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini ya\u015famalar\u0131nda serbest b\u0131rakt\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca onlardan tekfurlar\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 vergilerden daha az\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Rumeli\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 fetihleri kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ordunun ge\u00e7ece\u011fi \u00f6nemli yollar\u0131, ge\u00e7itleri ve \u015fehirleri asker\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alarak bu stratejik noktalar\u0131n da T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirmesine \u00f6zel \u00f6nem verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rumeli\u2019de imar faaliyetleri yap\u0131larak cami, yol, k\u00f6pr\u00fc,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

medrese, \u00e7e\u015fme ve hastanelerle b\u00f6lgeye T\u00fcrk \u0130slam kimli\u011fi kazand\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Rumeli\u2019de uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 isk\u00e2n siyasetinde baz\u0131 kurallara dikkat etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin, yeni yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgelerine yak\u0131n yerlerden olmas\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00f6ylece uzun yol eziyeti ve iklim farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n etkisi en aza indirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca Anadolu\u2019da aralar\u0131nda husumet ve anla\u015fmazl\u0131k bulunan ailelerden bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Rumeli\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilerek \u00fclkede sosyal d\u00fczen ve huzur sa\u011flanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ahiy\u00e2n-\u0131 R\u00fbm<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ahiy\u00e2n-\u0131 R\u00fbm, Ahilik te\u015fkilat\u0131na mensup \u00fcyelerden olu\u015fuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ahilik, XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ahi Evran taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f \u015fehirlerdeki esnaf ve zanaatk\u00e2rlar\u0131n sosyal ve ekonomik y\u00f6nden te\u015fkilatlanmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan bir olu\u015fumdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ahilik meslek kurulu\u015fu oldu\u011fu kadar ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u00fclt\u00fcr, inan\u00e7, yi\u011fitlik ve ahlaki de\u011ferler ta\u015f\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osman Bey\u2019in Ahi te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n lideri olan \u015eeyh Edebali\u2019nin k\u0131z\u0131yla evlenmesiyle Ahiler, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck manevi destekleyicilerinden biri oldular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ahiler fetihlere maddi ve manevi destek verdiler ayr\u0131ca beyli\u011fi te\u015fkilatland\u0131rma, sosyal hayat\u0131 d\u00fczenleme ve beylere dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k yapma gibi \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revleri \u00fcstlendiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kurduklar\u0131 tekke ve zaviyeler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile b\u00f6lgenin T\u00fcrkle\u015fmesine ve \u0130slamla\u015fmas\u0131na \u00f6nemli katk\u0131da bulundular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e2ciy\u00e2n-\u0131 R\u00fbm<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ahi Evran\u2019\u0131n han\u0131m\u0131 Fatma Hatun taraf\u0131ndan kurulan bu kad\u0131n te\u015fkilatlanmas\u0131na \u201cAnadolu Bac\u0131lar\u0131\u201d da denilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu te\u015fkilata mensup olanlar hal\u0131, kilim gibi tekstil \u00fcretimi yaparlard\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve geleneklerini bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fatarak \u00e7evrelerine \u00f6rnek olurlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u011fitimi ile ilgilenir, kimsesiz kad\u0131nlara sahip \u00e7\u0131karlard\u0131. Ya\u015fl\u0131 kad\u0131nlara bak\u0131m ve ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 konusunda yard\u0131mc\u0131 olurlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gerekti\u011finde erkeklerle birlikte \u00fclke savunmas\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu Bac\u0131lar\u0131 isk\u00e2n faaliyetlerinde de bulunarak bu ama\u00e7la \u00e7e\u015fitli zaviyeler de a\u00e7m\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu zaviyeler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile kad\u0131n T\u00fcrk dervi\u015fleri ordularla birlikte hatta onlardan daha evvel f\u00fct\u00fbhata \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e2ciy\u00e2n-\u0131 R\u00fbm\u2019a mensup kad\u0131nlar, ilk d\u00f6nemlerde Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun \u00fcniformalar\u0131n\u0131 da imal etmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ANADOLU\u2019DA T\u00dcRK S\u0130YAS\u0130 B\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130 SA\u011eLANIYOR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osman Bey D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Bizans eksenli fetih politikas\u0131 izleyen Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi di\u011fer M\u00fcsl\u00fcman beyliklere kar\u015f\u0131 asker\u00ee faaliyetlerde bulunmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu\u2019daki T\u00fcrk siyasi birli\u011fini kurma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ilk kez Orhan Bey D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde Bal\u0131kesir ve \u00c7anakkale civar\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f olan Karesio\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi i\u00e7 m\u00fccadelelerle u\u011fra\u015f\u0131yordu. Orhan Bey, Karesio\u011fullar\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 sava\u015fmadan ele ge\u00e7irdi (1345).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fine giren ilk Anadolu Beyli\u011fi olan Karesio\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n donanmas\u0131 da Osmanl\u0131 hizmetine girdi. B\u00f6ylece Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde denizcili\u011fin temeli at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca Karesio\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli ak\u0131nc\u0131 beylerinden Hac\u0131 \u0130lbey, Ece Halil ve Evrenos Bey Osmanl\u0131 hizmetine girerek Rumeli\u2019nin fethinde g\u00f6rev ald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orhan Bey, Eretna Beyli\u011fi\u2019nin i\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131ndan yararlanmak istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ankara\u2019daki Ahilerin de deste\u011fi ile Ankara ve Sivrihisar\u2019\u0131 sava\u015fmadan ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Murad, Anadolu T\u00fcrk siyasi birli\u011fini kurma yolunda bar\u0131\u015f yolunu se\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karamano\u011fullar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmak isteyen Germiyano\u011flu S\u00fcleyman \u015eah, k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 I. Murad\u2019\u0131n o\u011flu Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid ile evlendirdi. Bu evlilikle K\u00fctahya, Simav, Emet ve Tav\u015fanl\u0131 \u00e7eyiz olarak Osmanl\u0131lara ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Murad, Hamito\u011fullar\u0131ndan para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ak\u015fehir, Bey\u015fehir, Yalva\u00e7, Seydi\u015fehir ve Isparta\u2019y\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Anadolu\u2019daki en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc rakibi Karamano\u011fullar\u0131, her f\u0131rsatta Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklan\u0131yor, Osmanl\u0131 aleyhine Bizans ile ittifak kuruyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Anadolu T\u00fcrk siyasi birli\u011fini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yap\u0131lan sava\u015flar sonucu Karamano\u011fullar\u0131, Ayd\u0131no\u011fullar\u0131, Mente\u015feo\u011fullar\u0131, Saruhano\u011fullar\u0131, Candaro\u011fullar\u0131 (Kastamonu kolu) ve Eretna beylikleri topraklar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, ele ge\u00e7irilen bu b\u00f6lgelerin idaresini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla K\u00fctahya merkez olmak \u00fczere \u201cAnadolu Beylerbeyli\u011fini kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece Anadolu\u2019da T\u00fcrk siyasi birli\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Yine Meml\u00fbklulara ba\u011fl\u0131 olan Dulkadiro\u011fullar\u0131na ait Malatya, Besni, Elbistan ve Darende al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 T\u00fcm bu geli\u015fmeler Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Meml\u00fbklular\u0131n aras\u0131n\u0131n bozulmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ANKARA SAVA\u015eI (1402)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Timur Devleti\u2019nin (1369-1507) kurucusu olan Timur, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede Harezm, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan, \u0130ran, Azerbaycan, Hindistan Delhi Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Irak, Suriye ve Alt\u0131n Orda topraklar\u0131na sahip oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zellikle Alt\u0131n Orda Devleti \u00fczerine d\u00fczenledi\u011fi seferler Moskova knezlerinin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yine Karakoyunlu H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Kara Yusuf ile Ba\u011fdat H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Ahmet Celayir\u2019e bask\u0131 yaparak bu iki h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid\u2019e s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmalar\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1402 ANKARA SAVA\u015eI\u2019NIN NEDENLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Timur\u2019un \u00c7in\u2019e d\u00fczenleyece\u011fi sefer \u00f6ncesi arkas\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devlet b\u0131rakmak istememesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m taraf\u0131ndan siyasi varl\u0131klar\u0131na son verilen T\u00fcrkmen beylerinin Timur\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmalar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Timur, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u2019a bir mektup g\u00f6ndererek Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin kendisine ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131, Anadolu beylerinden al\u0131nan yerlerin eski sahiplerine verilmesini ve Kara Yusuf ile Ahmet Celayir\u2019in kendisine teslim edilmesini istemesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Timur\u2019un Sivas\u2019a girerek \u015fehri tahrip etmesi ve Ankara\u2019y\u0131 ku\u015fatmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Seyri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 ve Timur kuvvetleri Ankara\u2019n\u0131n \u00c7ubuk Ovas\u0131\u2019nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Timur fillerle takviyeli z\u0131rhl\u0131 kuvvetleri sayesinde Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fccumunu \u00f6nledi. Sava\u015f\u0131n en \u015fiddetli an\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda yer alan Kara Tatar birlikleri ve Anadolu beyliklerine ba\u011fl\u0131 sipahiler Timur saflar\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131nca, Osmanl\u0131 ordusu bozguna u\u011frad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid ve o\u011fullar\u0131 \u015eehzade Musa ile \u015eehzade Mustafa, Timur ordusu taraf\u0131ndan esir edildi (1402).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Timur Bursa\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgal ederek \u015fehri ya\u011fmalad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130zmir\u2019i Saint-Jean \u015e\u00f6valyelerinden alarak Ayd\u0131no\u011fullar\u0131na verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esarete dayanamayan Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid vefat etti (1403).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Timur, \u015eehzade Mustafa\u2019y\u0131 da yan\u0131na alarak Horasan\u2019a hareket etti. \u015eehzade Musa\u2019y\u0131 daha sonra serbest b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Timur, Anadolu beyliklerini yeniden kurdurarak (Karesio\u011fullar\u0131 ve E\u015frefo\u011fullar\u0131 hari\u00e7) -Osmanl\u0131 Devleti de d\u00e2hil- hepsini kendine ba\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu\u2019da T\u00fcrk siyasi birli\u011fi bozuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti da\u011f\u0131lma tehlikesi ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid\u2019in d\u00f6rt o\u011flu (\u0130sa, Musa, S\u00fcleyman ve Mehmet) aras\u0131ndaki taht kavgalar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Fetret Devri ya\u015fand\u0131 (1402-1413).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019da ya\u015fanan i\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar, Bizans\u2019\u0131n siyasi \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir s\u00fcre daha uzamas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Rumeli\u2019deki ilerleyi\u015fi bir s\u00fcre durdu ama Balkanlarda b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak kayb\u0131 ya\u015fanmad\u0131<\/u><\/em>.<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

FETRET D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (1402-1413)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Timur\u2019un Anadolu\u2019dan \u00e7ekilmesiyle Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid\u2019in d\u00f6rt o\u011flu aras\u0131nda (\u0130sa, Musa, Mehmet, S\u00fcleyman) taht kavgalar\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taht kavgalar\u0131 ile ge\u00e7en bu d\u00f6neme \u201cFetret D\u00f6nemi\u201d denir (1402-1413).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On bir y\u0131l s\u00fcren bu m\u00fccadeleyi I. Mehmet (\u00c7elebi) kazanarak 1413 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni da\u011f\u0131lma tehlikesinden kurtard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti  Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131 ve sonras\u0131 d\u00f6neminde Anadolu\u2019daki topraklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu olumsuzluklara ra\u011fmen Balkanlarda \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde toprak kayb\u0131 ya\u015famad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun en \u00f6nemli sebebi Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Balkanlarda uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 isk\u00e2n politikas\u0131 ve adaletli y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7elebi Mehmet (1413-1421)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Mehmet \u00f6ncelikle Anadolu\u2019da T\u00fcrk siyasi birli\u011fini yeniden sa\u011flamak istedi. D\u0131\u015f siyasette ise bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir politika izledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Mehmet ilk olarak Ayd\u0131no\u011fullar\u0131ndan \u0130zmir\u2019i, Karamano\u011fullar\u0131ndan Ak\u015fehir, Bey\u015fehir ve Seydi\u015fehir ile Hamito\u011fullar\u0131na ait topraklar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Bu arada Candaro\u011fullar\u0131, Saruhano\u011fullar\u0131 ve Mente\u015feo\u011fullar\u0131 da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eeyh Bedreddin \u0130syan<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde meydana gelen ilk din\u00ee ve sosyal i\u00e7erikli hareket \u015eeyh Bedreddin isyan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eeyh Bedreddin, Fetret D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Musa \u00c7elebi\u2019nin yan\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015f ve \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca onun kazaskerli\u011fini yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak Musa \u00c7elebi\u2019nin iktidar m\u00fccadelesini kaybetmesinden sonra, Osmanl\u0131 Padi\u015fah\u0131 I. Mehmet \u00c7elebi\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 tav\u0131r alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eeyh Bedreddin, sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde Balkanlarda devlete kar\u015f\u0131 isyan hareketine ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zellikle fakir ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 olan baz\u0131 kesimlere (t\u0131mar\u0131 elinden al\u0131nanlar, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilenler hatta baz\u0131 Hristiyan beyleri) y\u00f6nelik propaganda faaliyetlerinde bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eeyh Bedreddin\u2019in \u00f6nemli bir \u00e2lim ve tasavvuf ehli olmas\u0131 baz\u0131 kesimlerin etraf\u0131nda toplanmas\u0131nda etkili oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130syan hareketi uzun s\u00fcrmedi; Osmanl\u0131 Devleti taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130syan y\u00fcz\u00fcnden b\u00f6lgede k\u0131sa s\u00fcre de olsa toplumsal kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ya\u015fand\u0131; bu durum Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin b\u00f6lgedeki otoritesini sarst\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer yandan \u015eeyh Bedreddin\u2019in ahiret inanc\u0131n\u0131 reddeden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri, \u0130slamiyet\u2019i yeterince tan\u0131mam\u0131\u015f baz\u0131 kesimler taraf\u0131ndan benimsendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durum dinsel anlamda grupla\u015fmalara, \u0130slamiyet\u2019in farkl\u0131 yorumlanmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Murad (1421- 1451)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Mehmet\u2019ten sonra tahta ge\u00e7en II. Murad, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti aleyhinde faaliyetlerde bulunan Bizans\u2019\u0131 cezaland\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla \u0130stanbul\u2019u ku\u015fatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klardan faydalanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Karamano\u011fullar\u0131, Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131, Mente\u015feo\u011fullar\u0131 ve Candaro\u011fullar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na sald\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130stanbul ku\u015fatmas\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131ran II. Murad, T\u00fcrk beyliklerinin \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk olarak Mente\u015feo\u011fullar\u0131na son verdi (1425). Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 ile yap\u0131lan sava\u015f\u0131 kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer yandan Germiyano\u011flu Yakup Bey\u2019in vasiyeti gere\u011fi \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra topraklar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131 Balkanlarda Macarlarla yapt\u0131klar\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131 kaybettiler. Bunun \u00fczerine II. Murat bar\u0131\u015f istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Macarlarla Edirne Segedin Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131 (1444).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu antla\u015fma Balkan devletleri ile yap\u0131lan ilk antla\u015fmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Murat, antla\u015fman\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan taht\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015ftaki o\u011flu \u015eehzade Mehmet\u2019e b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Murat\u2019\u0131n taht\u0131 b\u0131rakmas\u0131 ve yerine \u00e7ocuk ya\u015fta birinin padi\u015fah olmas\u0131 Balkan devletlerini harekete ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda II. Murat yeniden Osmanl\u0131 taht\u0131na ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Varna Sava\u015f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131 Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131 yenilgiye u\u011fratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1444).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 ilerleyi\u015finin durdurulamamas\u0131 \u00fczerine, Macarlar\u0131n giri\u015fimleri ile yeni bir Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordusu olu\u015fturulmu\u015f, bu ordu ile Osmanl\u0131 ordusu aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan II. Kosova Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 (1448) Osmanl\u0131lar kazanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu zaferle birlikte;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Balkanlar’daki h\u00e2kimiyeti kesinle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n, Balkanlar’dan T\u00fcrklerin at\u0131labilece\u011fi \u00fcmitler suya d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin, Avrupa’da, II. Viyana ku\u015fatmas\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrecek olan askeri \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u00fcreci (1448-1683) ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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