{"id":1720,"date":"2024-11-04T20:10:33","date_gmt":"2024-11-04T17:10:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=1720"},"modified":"2024-11-04T20:10:35","modified_gmt":"2024-11-04T17:10:35","slug":"12-sinif-inkilap-tarihi-2-unite-milli-mucadele-ders-notu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/04\/12-sinif-inkilap-tarihi-2-unite-milli-mucadele-ders-notu\/","title":{"rendered":"12. S\u0131n\u0131f \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi 2. \u00dcnite: Milli M\u00fccadele Ders Notu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z <strong>12. s\u0131n\u0131f T.C. \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi ve Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck dersi<\/strong>\u00a02. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0<strong>Milli M\u00fccadele\u00a0<\/strong>\u00fcnitesinin \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0<strong>12. s\u0131n\u0131f \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0<\/strong>ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. G\u00fcncel\u00a0<strong>12 . s\u0131n\u0131f \u0130nk\u0131lap tarihi ve Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck<\/strong>\u00a0ders kitab\u0131na uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z <strong>Milli M\u00fccadele ders notlar\u0131<\/strong> a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u0130LL\u00ce M\u00dcCADELE\u2019N\u0130N HAZIRLIK \u00c7ALI\u015eMALARI<br>B\u00dcY\u00dcK M\u0130LLET MECL\u0130S\u0130N\u0130N A\u00c7ILMASI (23 N\u0130SAN 1920)<br>SEVR ANTLA\u015eMASI (10 A\u011eUSTOS 1920)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u0130LL\u00ce M\u00dcCADELE D\u00d6NEM\u0130\u2019NDE CEPHELER<br>MUDANYA ATE\u015eKES ANTLA\u015eMASI\u2019NDAN LOZAN BARI\u015e ANTLA\u015eMASI\u2019NA KADAR YA\u015eANAN GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T.C \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi ve Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck II. \u00dcnite Milli M\u00fccadele<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>KUVA-YI M\u0130LL\u0130YE\u2019N\u0130N OLU\u015eUMUNDAN B\u00dcY\u00dcK M\u0130LLET MECL\u0130S\u0130NE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yenik devletlerine imzalat\u0131lacak olan bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in toplanan Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131\u2019nda \u0130zmir ve \u00e7evresinin Yunanistan taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130tilaf Devletleri, Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131\u2019ndan \u00f6nce, Mondros Ate\u015fkes Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131n\u0131n hemen ard\u0131ndan antla\u015fman\u0131n 7. maddesine dayanarak i\u015fgallere ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lk olarak Musul, \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Frans\u0131zlar da Hatay\u2019\u0131n D\u00f6rtyol il\u00e7esini i\u015fgal etmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Frans\u0131zlara kar\u015f\u0131, silahl\u0131 ilk halk direni\u015f hareketi de ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130zmir\u2019in \u0130\u015fgali (15 May\u0131s 1919)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stanbul H\u00fck\u00fbmeti&#8217;ne bu i\u015fgalin Mondros Ate\u015fkes Antla\u015fmas\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n 7. maddesi gere\u011fince yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 bildirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Damat Ferit Pa\u015fa H\u00fck\u00fbmeti&#8217;nden gelen emirler gere\u011fi, \u0130zmir Valisi \u0130zzet Bey ve Kolordu Komutan\u0131 Ali Nadir Pa\u015fa&#8217;dan i\u015fgal hareketine kar\u015f\u0131 koymamalar\u0131 ve i\u015fgal kuvvetlerine kar\u015f\u0131 gereken kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6sterilmesi istendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">15 May\u0131s 1919 sabah\u0131nda, bir \u0130ngiliz gemisinin deste\u011findeki Yunan ordusu \u0130zmir&#8217;e asker \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hukuk-u Be\u015fer gazetesi yazar\u0131 Hasan Tahsin, silah\u0131n\u0131 ate\u015fleyerek Yunan bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan askeri vurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130zmir&#8217;de ilk silahl\u0131 direni\u015f ba\u015flarken Hasan Tahsin de \u015fehit d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yunanl\u0131lar, Ayd\u0131n, Nazilli, Akhisar ve Ayval\u0131k&#8217;\u0131 i\u015fgal etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Amiral Bristol Raporu:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yunan birlikleri taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen katliamlar Avrupa gazetelerinde haber olarak yer alm\u0131\u015f, Avrupa kamuoyunda tepkiler olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Amerikal\u0131 Amiral Bristol\u2019un ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir heyetin Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da inceleme yapmas\u0131na ve bir rapor haz\u0131rlamas\u0131na karar verilmi\u015ftir. Rapora g\u00f6re:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rumlar\u0131n \u0130zmir ve \u00e7evresinde katledildi\u011fi bilgisi yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00f6lgedeki Rum az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00fcvenlikleri tehlikede de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00f6lgede Rum n\u00fcfusu T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusundan fazla de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130zmir\u2019in i\u015fgali sonras\u0131nda b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fanan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve katliamlar\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fu Yunan taraf\u0131na aittir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Amiral Bristol taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan rapor, T\u00fcrklerin hakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 alanda ortaya koyan ilk belgedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kuvay-\u0131 Mill\u00eeye Hareketi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kuvay-\u0131 Mill\u00eeye, Mondros Ate\u015fkes Antla\u015fmas\u0131&#8217;ndan sonra, vatan\u0131 i\u015fgal eden d\u00fc\u015fmanla ve az\u0131nl\u0131k faaliyetlerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fan silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131 ve onlara maddi, manevi ya da fikirsel yard\u0131mda bulunan herkesi kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Halk taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgallere kar\u015f\u0131 kurulan Kuvay\u0131 mill\u00eeye birlikleri \u0130zmir&#8217;in i\u015fgalinden sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck esas\u0131na dayal\u0131 birliklerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Asker\u00ee disiplinden yoksundur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Herhangi bir merkezden emir almadan hareket etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00f6lgeseldir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 halktan kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130\u015fgalleri sona erdirememi\u015f, ancak d\u00fczenli ordu birlikleri olu\u015fturulana kadar i\u015fgalci g\u00fc\u00e7leri oyalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cemiyetler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130tilaf Devletleri bir yandan i\u015fgal ettikleri yerleri geni\u015fletirken, di\u011fer yandan da Anadolu ve Trakya&#8217;da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k elde etme emeliyle harekete ge\u00e7en az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131yor ve kullan\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu giri\u015fimlere kar\u015f\u0131 kurulan M\u00fcdafaa-i Hukuk-u Mill\u00eeye Cemiyetleri ile bir taraftan siyasi faaliyetler ba\u015flarken, di\u011fer taraftan Kuvay-\u0131 Mill\u00eeye ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda asker\u00ee kurumlar olu\u015fturulmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kurulu\u015f ama\u00e7lar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 grup cemiyet olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n Kurdu\u011fu Cemiyetler<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mill\u00ee Varl\u0131\u011fa D\u00fc\u015fman Cemiyetler<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mill\u00ee Cemiyetler<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n Kurdu\u011fu Cemiyetler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rum, Ermeni ve Museviler taraf\u0131ndan kurulan bu cemiyetlerin ortak amac\u0131, da\u011f\u0131lan Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu topraklar\u0131ndan pay almak ve kendi devletlerini kurmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mavr-i Mira (Kara G\u00fcn) Cemiyeti :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Megalo \u0130dea (B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00dclk\u00fc) amac\u0131yla hareket ediyordu. Rumlar taraf\u0131ndan kurulan cemiyetin ana hedefi Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na yeniden ula\u015fmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yunan K\u0131z\u0131lha\u00e7\u0131, G\u00f6\u00e7menler Cemiyeti ve Rum \u0130zcilik Okulu taraf\u0131ndan destekleniyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Etnik-i Eterya :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1821&#8217;de Yunan isyan\u0131n\u0131 Patrikhane ile birlikte \u00e7\u0131karan cemiyettir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00fctareke D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde Bat\u0131 Anadolu&#8217;da Rum n\u00fcfusunun art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Trabzon dolaylar\u0131nda Pontus Rum Devleti&#8217;nin kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Pontus Rum Cemiyeti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do\u011fu Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda bir Pontus Devleti kurulmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, Yunanistan&#8217;\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elde etti\u011fi y\u0131llara kadar gitmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Misyonerlik faaliyetleri de y\u00fcr\u00fcten Merzifon Amerikan Kolejinin etkisiyle 1904&#8217;te Pontus Cemiyeti kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ruslar, Rum \u00e7etelerinin de yard\u0131m\u0131yla Trabzon ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi&#8217;nin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">BMM H\u00fck\u00fbmeti ancak 9 Aral\u0131k 1920\u2019de \u201cMerkez Ordusu\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda yeni bir ordu kurduktan sonra, Pontus \u00e7etelerine kar\u015f\u0131 etkili bir m\u00fccadeleye girebildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1985 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren s\u00f6zde \u201cPontus Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u201d iddialar\u0131na h\u0131z vermi\u015f, 19 May\u0131s g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6zde \u201cPontus Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131&#8217;n\u0131 Anma G\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d olarak kabul eden tarih\u00ee ger\u00e7eklerle uyu\u015fmayan bir yasa \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ta\u015fnak S\u00fctyun ve H\u0131n\u00e7ak Cemiyetleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ama\u00e7lar\u0131 Do\u011fu Anadolu&#8217;da ve \u00c7ukurova y\u00f6resinde Ermeni Devleti kurmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ermeni Patri\u011fi Zaven Efendi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen H\u0131n\u00e7ak Komitesi, Mavri Mira Cemiyeti ile de i\u015f birli\u011fi yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Alyans \u0130srailit ve Makabi Cemiyetleri :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu cemiyetlerin amac\u0131 Filistin&#8217;de \u0130srail Devleti&#8217;nin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;nde ya\u015fayan Yahudilerin ticari \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mill\u00ee Varl\u0131\u011fa D\u00fc\u015fman Cemiyetler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mill\u00ee varl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fman cemiyetlerin \u00e7o\u011fu \u0130tilaf Devletleri&#8217;nin, \u00f6zellikle de \u0130ngilizlerin deste\u011fiyle kurulmu\u015f ve y\u00f6nlendirilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Halk\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcne dayanarak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sa\u011flanabilece\u011fine inanmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0130stanbul H\u00fck\u00fbmeti&#8217;nin politikalar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemi\u015fler ya da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devletin manda ve himayesini istemi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu cemiyetlerin faaliyetleri mill\u00ee birli\u011fi bozucu sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u00fcrt Teali Cemiyeti :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130ngilizlerin deste\u011fi ile \u0130stanbul&#8217;da kurulan bu cemiyetin amac\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir K\u00fcrt devleti kurmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130slam Teali Cemiyeti :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stanbul&#8217;da baz\u0131 medrese hocalar\u0131 \u00f6nderli\u011finde kurulan bu cemiyetin amac\u0131, hilafet ve saltanat\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirerek kurtulu\u015fu sa\u011flamakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wilson Prensipleri Cemiyeti:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Halide Edip, Ahmet Emin, Refik Halit gibi Osmanl\u0131 ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kurulan cemiyet, kurtulu\u015fun ancak Amerika mandas\u0131na girmekle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fini savunuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130ngiliz Muhipleri Cemiyeti :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130ngilizlerin deste\u011fi ile \u0130stanbul&#8217;da kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sadrazam Damat Ferit Pa\u015fa ve baz\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131nca desteklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cemiyet \u0130ngiltere&#8217;nin koruyuculu\u011fu alt\u0131na girmeyi ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r..<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u00fcrriyet ve \u0130tilaf F\u0131rkas\u0131 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1911&#8217;de \u0130ttihat ve Terakki&#8217;ye kar\u015f\u0131 olanlar\u0131n kurdu\u011fu partidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anadolu&#8217;da ba\u015flayan kurtulu\u015f hareketini \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n i\u015fi olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri i\u00e7in bu harekete kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sulh ve Selamet-i Osmani F\u0131rkas\u0131 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ulema taraf\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul&#8217;da kurulmu\u015ftur. \u00dclkenin kurtulu\u015funun ancak padi\u015fah ve halifenin emirlerine uymakla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mill\u00ee Cemiyetler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130tilaf Devletleri, Mondros Ate\u015fkes Antla\u015fmas\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n 7. Maddesini hukuk\u00ee dayanak g\u00f6stererek, \u00fclkenin \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerine asker \u00e7\u0131karmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu geli\u015fmelerden cesaret alan az\u0131nl\u0131klar da kendi emelleri do\u011frultusunda harekete ge\u00e7erek, T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 ta\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stanbul H\u00fck\u00fbmeti&#8217;nin bu duruma sessiz kalmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda T\u00fcrk ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7tiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vatan\u0131 koruma ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ya\u015fama iste\u011fi do\u011frultusunda cemiyetler kurdular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00f6lgesel ama\u00e7l\u0131 kurulan cemiyetlerin ortak \u00f6zellikleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00f6lgelerinin T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kan\u0131tlamak \u00e7abas\u0131ndayd\u0131lar. Bunun i\u00e7in de tarihsel ger\u00e7eklerle birlikte n\u00fcfus \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funa \u00f6nem vermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wilson \u0130lkeleri&#8217;nin 12. Maddesinden yararlanmak istemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131n deste\u011fini ve birli\u011fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in geni\u015f kat\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 kongreler d\u00fczenlemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunmak, isteklerini iletmek i\u00e7in Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131&#8217;na ve \u0130stanbul&#8217;daki \u0130tilaf Devletleri temsilcilerine heyetler g\u00f6ndermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00f6lgelerini i\u015fgalcilere ve az\u0131nl\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 savunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu cemiyetler; birbirlerinden habersiz, y\u00f6relerin kurtulu\u015fu amac\u0131 ile kurulan ve kongreler d\u00fczenleyen cemiyetlerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mustafa Kem\u00e2l&#8217;in de gayretleri ile Sivas Kongresinde bunlar Anadolu ve Rumeli M\u00fcdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyetleri ad\u0131 ile birle\u015fmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trakya-Pa\u015faeli M\u00fcdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti : (1918)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Merkezi: Edirne&#8217;dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Amac\u0131: Trakya&#8217;daki Rum ta\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 engellemek, bu b\u00f6lgenin Yunanistan&#8217;a kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Edirne ve L\u00fcleburgaz&#8217;da kongre yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trakya&#8217;da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir T\u00fcrk devletinin kurulu\u015funu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015fler, sonra Anadolu hareketine kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bas\u0131n yolu ile Trakya&#8217;n\u0131n T\u00fcrk yurdu oldu\u011funu duyurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mill\u00ee Kongre Cemiyeti :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stanbul&#8217;da kurulan bu cemiyetin di\u011fer cemiyetlerden fark\u0131, \u00fclke genelinde partiler \u00fcst\u00fc bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeyi sa\u011flamakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cemiyetin amac\u0131, T\u00fcrkler aleyhine bas\u0131n ve yay\u0131n yoluyla yap\u0131lan olumsuz propagandalar\u0131 engellemekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u015eark (Do\u011fu) Vilayetleri M\u00fcdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Merkezi \u0130stanbul&#8217;dad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anadolu&#8217;nun do\u011fusunda bir Ermeni Devleti kurulmas\u0131 planlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek ve b\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunmak i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Erzurum Kongresi, bu cemiyet taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130zmir M\u00fcdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130zmir&#8217;de kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130zmir ve Ege B\u00f6lgesi&#8217;nin T\u00fcrklere ait oldu\u011funu d\u00fcnyaya kan\u0131tlamak ve b\u00f6lgenin Yunanistan&#8217;a verilmesini \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla m\u00fccadele etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130zmir Redd-i \u0130lhak Cemiyeti :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;\u00d6nce M\u00fcdafaa-i Hukuk ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bu cemiyet, \u0130zmir&#8217;in Yunanistan taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilece\u011finin \u00f6\u011frenilmesi \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu i\u015fgale kar\u015f\u0131 silahl\u0131 m\u00fccadeleyi ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trabzon Muhafaza-i Hukuk-u Mill\u00eeye Cemiyeti:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trabzon ve civar\u0131n\u0131n Rumlara verilerek bu b\u00f6lgede Pontus Rum Devleti&#8217;nin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek; i\u015fgallere ve Pontus \u00e7etelerine kar\u015f\u0131 silahl\u0131 direni\u015fte bulunmak \u00fczere kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Erzurum Kongresi&#8217;nin toplanmas\u0131nda Do\u011fu Anadolu M\u00fcdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti ile birlikte \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kilikyal\u0131lar Cemiyeti:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Merkezi \u0130stanbul&#8217;dur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adana ve \u00e7evresini i\u015fgal eden Frans\u0131zlar ve Frans\u0131z ordusunda yer alan Ermenilerin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00f6lgede silahl\u0131 direni\u015fi ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pozant\u0131 Kongresi&#8217;ni toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Samsun\u2019a \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 (19 May\u0131s 1919)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mustafa Kemal&#8217;in Samsun\u2019a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Askeri g\u00f6revi: 9. Ordu M\u00fcfetti\u015fi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130dari g\u00f6revi: Do\u011fu Karadeniz&#8217;de meydana gelen Pontus Rum \u00c7eteleri ile yerel milis kuvvetler aras\u0131ndaki uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gidermek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hukuk\u00ee g\u00f6revi: Tefti\u015flerde bulunmak amac\u0131 ile Samsun&#8217;a \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stanbul&#8217;dan Samsun&#8217;a do\u011fru 16 May\u0131s 1919&#8217;da Band\u0131rma vapuruyla yola \u00e7\u0131kan heyet, 19 May\u0131s 1919 sabah\u0131 Samsun Liman\u0131&#8217;na ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, Samsun&#8217;a \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra b\u00f6lgedeki durumu inceleyerek Damat Ferit Pa\u015fa H\u00fck\u00fbmeti&#8217;ne bir rapor g\u00f6nderdi (22 May\u0131s 1919).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Havza Genelgesi (28 May\u0131s 1919)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mustafa Kemal &#8220;Anadolu halk\u0131n\u0131 uyarmak&#8221; amac\u0131 ile Havza&#8217;da &#8220;\u0130\u015fgallere kar\u015f\u0131 konulmas\u0131n\u0131, \u0130stanbul h\u00fck\u00fcmetine protesto telgraflar\u0131 \u00e7ekilmesini&#8221; isteyen bir genelge yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f, 30 May\u0131s&#8217;ta ise bir miting d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bildiri ile;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130\u015fgallerin protesto edilmesi i\u00e7in mitingler yap\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130tilaf Devletleri temsilciliklerine uyar\u0131 telgraflar\u0131 g\u00f6nderilmesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hristiyan az\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klarda bulunulmamas\u0131 istenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130ngiltere Damat Ferit H\u00fck\u00fbmetine bask\u0131 yaparak Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa&#8217;n\u0131n geri \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">8 Haziran1919 tarihinde \u201cGeri D\u00f6n\u201d \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131na itibar etmeyen Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, 13 Haziran 1919 tarihinde Amasya&#8217;ya hareket etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Amasya Genelgesi (22 Haziran 1919)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mustafa Kemal Havza&#8217;dan Amasya&#8217;ya ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Amasya\u2019da yak\u0131n silah arkada\u015flar\u0131 Rauf (Orbay) Bey, Refet (Bele) Bey, Ali Fuat (Cebesoy) Bey, Kaz\u0131m Karabekir Bey (telgrafla) gibi \u00f6nemli \u015fah\u0131slarla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fen Mustafa Kemal Amasya Genelgesini yay\u0131nlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Genelgenin 1-2. maddelerinde Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n gerek\u00e7esi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3-4,maddelerinde Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131 ve<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5,6,7. Maddelerinde ise Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n metodunu (y\u00f6ntem) belirlemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Amasya Genelgesinin \u00d6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Milletin kendi kurtulu\u015f karar\u0131n\u0131 vermesi T\u00fcrk tarihinde ilk kez oluyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Belge bir uyan\u0131\u015f ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131 gerek\u00e7esi ve metodunu belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stanbul h\u00fck\u00fcmetine ve i\u015fgalci g\u00fc\u00e7lere kar\u015f\u0131 bir ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lerde kurulacak devletin \u015feklini ve Cumhuriyet rejimini belirleyen bir belgedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mill\u00ee egemenlikten bahseden bir belgedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Not:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mustafa Kemal g\u00f6revden al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenince 7- 8 Temmuz gecesi askerlik g\u00f6revinden istifa etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>KONGRELER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130zmir M\u00fcdafaa-i Hukuk Kongresi (2-19 Mart 1919)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130zmir&#8217;de topland\u0131. D\u00fc\u015fman sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 silahl\u0131 eylem yapma karar\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Edirne Kongresi (9-13 May\u0131s 1919)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trakya Pa\u015faeli cemiyeti bu kongreyi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Yunanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 koyma karar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bal\u0131kesir Kongresi (26-30 Temmuz 1919)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bal\u0131kesir de topland\u0131. Y\u00f6resel kararlar al\u0131nd\u0131. Sivas&#8217;a delege g\u00f6ndermemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nazilli Kongresi (9 A\u011fustos 1919)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nazilli de topland\u0131. Mu\u011fla, Burdur, Antalya illerinde varl\u0131k g\u00f6sterdi. D\u00fc\u015fmana kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme karar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ala\u015fehir Kongresi (16-25A\u011fustos 1919)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00f6lgede d\u00fc\u015fmana kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme karar\u0131 al\u0131r. Bal\u0131kesir kongresinde al\u0131nan kararla burada al\u0131nan kararlar onayland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Erzurum Kongresi (23 Temmuz-7 A\u011fustos 1919)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u015eark vilayetleri M\u00fcdafaa-i Hukuk-u Mill\u00eeye Cemiyeti ile Trabzon Muhafazaa-i hukuk Cemiyeti&#8217;nin birlikte haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kongredir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trabzon&#8217;da Pontus Devleti kurulacak, Do\u011fu Karadeniz&#8217;i i\u00e7ine alacakt\u0131. Do\u011fu Anadolu&#8217;da ise, Ermeni Devleti kurulmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Bunlara engel olmak gayesi ile toplant\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kongreye Erzurum, Sivas, Bitlis, Van ve Trabzon temsilcileri kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Erzurum, stratejik olarak, galip devletlerin zor ula\u015facaklar\u0131 yerde olmas\u0131, silah ve cephane depolar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131, 15. kolordunun da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ile \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">62 \u00fcye kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mustafa Kemal son anda Erzurum kongresine kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Oy \u00e7oklu\u011fu ile ba\u015fkan se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n temelini bu kongre olu\u015fturur. Al\u0131nan kararlar Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadelenin temel kurallar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Erzurum Kongresinin \u00d6nemi:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu kongre toplan\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile mahall\u00ee, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararlar\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri sebebi ile milli bir \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00dclke b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mahall\u00ee irade yerine mill\u00ee iradeden bahseder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anadolu&#8217;da \u0130stanbul h\u00fck\u00fcmeti vazifesini yapmazsa bir h\u00fck\u00fcmetten bahseder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lk defa milli s\u0131n\u0131rlardan bahsedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Manda fikrine ilk kez kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Heyeti Temsiliye kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kongre kendinden sonraki olaylar\u0131 etkilemi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sivas&#8217;ta al\u0131nan kararlar bu kongrenin kararlar\u0131na dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B.M.M. toplan\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararlar Erzurum kongresine dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130rade-i milliyeyi hakim k\u0131lma Cumhuriyet rejiminin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Erzurum kongresinde olu\u015fan Heyet-i Temsiliye B.M.M. H\u00fck\u00fcmeti olu\u015fumuna kadar y\u00fcr\u00fctmeyi elinde bulundurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sivas Kongresi (4-11 Eyl\u00fcl 1919)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Amasya Genelgesinde yap\u0131lan \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kongrede yap\u0131lan ilk i\u015f Erzurum Kongresinde al\u0131nan kararlar\u0131n yurda duyurulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130\u015fgalci g\u00fc\u00e7ler ve \u0130stanbul h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kongrenin yap\u0131lmamas\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Elaz\u0131\u011f valisi Ali Galip Bey&#8217;e kongreyi basmak, toplanmadan da\u011f\u0131tmak gayesi ile M. Kemal ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 tutuklatmak g\u00f6revi verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ali Galip Bey g\u00f6revini yapmam\u0131\u015f ve Halep&#8217;e ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kongre \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na 38 ki\u015fi kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sivas Kongresinin \u00d6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stanbul h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Amasya Genelgesi sonras\u0131 hakk\u0131nda tutuklama karar\u0131 verdi\u011fi M. Kemal&#8217;in kongre ba\u015fkan\u0131 olmas\u0131 ile Sivas Kongresi ihtilalci bir yap\u0131ya b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130\u015fgallere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131l\u0131p mandac\u0131l\u0131k kesinlikle reddedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ilkesi benimsenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M. Kemal mill\u00ee m\u00fccadelenin fiili lideri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00fct\u00fcn milli cemiyetler tek \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve Anadolu Rumeli M\u00fcdafaai Hukuk Cemiyeti ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sivas Kongresindeki geli\u015fmeler \u0130stanbul h\u00fck\u00fcmetini etkilemi\u015f, Damat Ferit Pa\u015fa \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6netemez h\u00e2le gelince istifa etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (30 Eyl\u00fcl 1919).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu durum Temsil Heyeti&#8217;nin \u0130stanbul kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda elde etti\u011fi ilk siyasi ba\u015far\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yeni kabine Anadolu hareketini ciddiye alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130rade-i Milliye isimli gazete bu kongre s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ali Fuat Pa\u015fa \u2018\u2019Garbi Anadolu Umum Kuvva-y\u0131 Milliye Kumandanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ile g\u00f6revlendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Amasya G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri (20\u201322 Ekim 1919)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sivas Kongresi sonras\u0131 Damat Ferit H\u00fck\u00fbmetinin istifas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan yeni h\u00fck\u00fbmeti kuran Ali R\u0131za Pa\u015fa, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele&#8217;ye daha \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 bak\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">9 Ekim 1919&#8217;da Ali R\u0131za Pa\u015fa, Temsil Heyeti&#8217;ne g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme iste\u011finde bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa ve Temsil Heyeti, Ali R\u0131za Pa\u015fa&#8217;n\u0131n bu talebini mill\u00ee birlik ve beraberlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fme olarak de\u011ferlendirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu geli\u015fmenin ard\u0131ndan Amasya&#8217;da 20-22 Ekim 1919 tarihleri aras\u0131nda bir araya gelindi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stanbul h\u00fck\u00fcmetini temsilen Ali R\u0131za Pa\u015fa h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Bahriye Naz\u0131r\u0131 Salih Pa\u015fa ile Anadolu&#8217;daki cemiyetleri temsilen M. Kemal, Rauf Orbay Bekir Sami Bey g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stanbul h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Anadolu&#8217;daki Anadolu ve Rumeli m\u00fcdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyetini resmen tan\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Milletin istiklalini, yine milletin azim ve iradesi kurtaracakt\u0131r&#8221; s\u00f6z\u00fc \u00fclkeye ve d\u00fcnyaya duyurulmu\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mebuslar meclisinin toplanmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Temsil Heyeti\u2019nin Ankara\u2019ya Gelmesi (27 Aral\u0131k 1919)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ankara\u2019n\u0131n Merkez olma nedenleri:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bat\u0131 cephesine yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stanbul&#8217;a Ankara&#8217;n\u0131n Sivas\u2019a g\u00f6re daha yak\u0131n olmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ankara&#8217;n\u0131n haberle\u015fme ve demiryolu gibi ula\u015f\u0131m imk\u00e2nlar\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ankara&#8217;n\u0131n merkezi ve g\u00fcvenilir bir yer olmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Buran\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn Ali Fuat Cebesoy&#8217;da olmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ankara halk\u0131n\u0131n misafirperver davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Temsil kurulu (Heyeti Temsiliye) M. Kemal ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 27 Aral\u0131k 1919&#8217;da Ankara&#8217;ya geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sivas Kongresi sonras\u0131 yay\u0131nlanan &#8220;\u0130rade-i Milliye&#8221; gazetesi, &#8220;Hakimiyet-i Milliye&#8221; ad\u0131 ile yay\u0131nlanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Son Osmanl\u0131 Mebusan Meclisi ve Misak-\u0131 Mill\u00ee (12\u201328 Ocak 1920)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Amasya G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri sonras\u0131nda Kas\u0131m 1919&#8217;dan itibaren Meclis-i Mebusan i\u00e7in se\u00e7imler yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Se\u00e7imlerde M\u00fcdafa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti \u00fcyeleri ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130tilaf Devletleri yap\u0131lan se\u00e7imlere meclisten kendi aleyhlerine bir karar \u00e7\u0131kmayaca\u011f\u0131na inand\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mustafa Kemal Erzurum milletvekili oldu ama g\u00fcvenlik gerek\u00e7esiyle gitmedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meclis 12 Ocak 1920&#8217;de faaliyetlerine ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mustafa Kemal\u2019in kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi\u011fi M\u00fcdafa-i Hukuk grubu yerine Felah-\u0131 Vatan grubu olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mustafa Kemal ba\u015fkan se\u00e7ilemedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu durum meclistekilerin padi\u015faha ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Misak-\u0131 Mill\u00ee kararlar\u0131n\u0131 kabul ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Misak-\u0131 Mill\u00ee (Ulusal Ant) (Peyam-\u0131 Milli) (28 Ocak 1920)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Misak-\u0131 Mill\u00ee, \u00e7izilen s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in vatanseverlerin ortakla\u015fa yapt\u0131klar\u0131 yemin belgesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Son Osmanl\u0131 Mebusan Meclisi\u2019nde haz\u0131rland\u0131 28 Ocak 1920\u2019de kabul edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Erzurum ve Sivas kongrelerinin devam\u0131 niteli\u011finde olan bu mill\u00ee kararlar, T\u00fcrk milletinin tarih boyunca birlik ve beraberlik i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Misak-\u0131 Mill\u00ee ile birlikte vatan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk milletinin istekleri t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya duyurularak kapit\u00fclasyonlar reddedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">28 Ocak 1920 g\u00fcn\u00fc kabul edilen Misak-\u0131 Mill\u00ee kararlar\u0131 17 \u015eubat 1920\u2019de ilan edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Misak-\u0131 Mill\u00ee kararlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk vatan\u0131n\u0131n milli ve b\u00f6l\u00fcnmez s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk Milleti tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 benimsemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Amasya, Erzurum ve Sivas karalar\u0131 onaylat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130\u015fgal Devletleri buna kar\u015f\u0131 tedbir ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stanbul\u2019un Resmen \u0130\u015fgali (16 Mart 1920)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130ngilizler Misak-\u0131 Mill\u00ee kararlar\u0131n\u0131n Meclis-i Mebusan&#8217;da kabul edilece\u011fini beklemedikleri i\u00e7in buna b\u00fcy\u00fck tepki g\u00f6sterdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">13 Kas\u0131m 1918&#8217;den beri fiilen kontrol ettikleri \u0130stanbul&#8217;u 16 Mart 1920&#8217;den itibaren ula\u015f\u0131m, haberle\u015fme, emniyet, y\u00f6netim ve ekonomik y\u00f6nden kontrol alt\u0131na almaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meclis-i Mebusan-\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vatansever ayd\u0131n ve yazarlar\u0131 tutuklad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Salih Pa\u015fa h\u00fck\u00fcmeti g\u00f6revden ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Damat Ferit h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mustafa Kemal \u0130stanbul&#8217;un i\u015fgalini b\u00fct\u00fcn Anadolu&#8217;ya duyurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stanbul\u2019un \u0130\u015fgaline Heyet-i Temsiliye\u2019nin Tepkisi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stanbul ile her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ileti\u015fim ve ula\u015f\u0131m kesilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130tilaf Devletleri subaylar\u0131 tutuklanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Banka ve defterdarl\u0131klara el konulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vergiler g\u00f6nderilmeyecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anadolu&#8217;da Heyet-i Temsiliye&#8217;nin s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc dinlemeyenler cezaland\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anadolu&#8217;dan \u0130stanbul&#8217;a para ve k\u0131ymetli e\u015fya g\u00f6nderilmeyecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mill\u00ee iradeyi yans\u0131tacak bir meclis derhal Ankara&#8217;da toplanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yurt genelinde se\u00e7im yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019nin A\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 (23 Nisan 1920)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Son Osmanl\u0131 Mebusan Meclisi&#8217;nin bas\u0131larak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk milleti ad\u0131na karar verecek bir meclisin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 zaruri h\u00e2le gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa 19 Mart 1920&#8217;de vali ve kolordu komutanlar\u0131na bir genelge g\u00f6ndererek se\u00e7imlerin yeniden yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yap\u0131lan se\u00e7imler sonunda, yeni se\u00e7ilen ve \u0130stanbul&#8217;dan gelebilen mebuslar\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla 23 Nisan 1920\u2019de Ankara&#8217;da B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B.M.M.\u2019nin \u00d6zellikleri (I. Meclis):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Devrimci \u00f6zellik ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Demokrasi uygulamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130dealist bir meclistir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkileri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00fc\u00e7ler birli\u011fi elindedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meclis Ba\u015fkan\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin de ba\u015f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meclis h\u00fck\u00fcmeti sistemi var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lk Meclis ba\u015fkan\u0131 Mustafa Kemal&#8217;dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stanbul H\u00fck\u00fcmetine kar\u015f\u0131 yeni bir devlet kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lk Meclis kurucu meclistir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek devrim saltanat\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Al\u0131nan Kararlar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mutlak surette h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ge\u00e7ici olarak bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet ba\u015fkan\u0131 tan\u0131mak ya da padi\u015fah vekili atamak uygun de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meclis&#8217;in \u00fcst\u00fcnde (B.M.M.) hi\u00e7 bir g\u00fc\u00e7 yoktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B.M.M. yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve yarg\u0131, g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kendinde toplar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B.M.M. \u00fcyelerinden h\u00fck\u00fcmet olu\u015fur. B.M.M. ba\u015fkan\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetin ba\u015f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Padi\u015fah- Halife bask\u0131 ve zordan kurtulunca, meclisin verece\u011fi karar gere\u011fi durumunu belirlenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">25 Nisan 1920&#8217;de 11 ki\u015filik icra vekilleri heyeti (h\u00fckumet) olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lk \u00e7\u0131kan kanun &#8220;A\u011fnam vergisi&#8221; dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisine Kar\u015f\u0131 Ayaklanmalar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stanbul h\u00fck\u00fcmeti \u0130ngilizlerin de gayreti ile B.M.M. \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 engellemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M. Kemal ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u0131yaben \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131 verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u015eeyh\u00fc\u2019l \u0130sl\u00e2mdan fetva al\u0131narak Milli m\u00fccadeleye kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n dinsiz olduklar\u0131 ilan edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B.M.M.&#8217;nin haks\u0131z yere halktan asker ve malzeme toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek buna kar\u015f\u0131 halk\u0131n ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Baz\u0131 kuvay\u0131milliye liderlerinin sahip olduklar\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc kaybetmek istememeleri de isyanlara neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stanbul h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu kararlar do\u011frultusunda 1919 y\u0131l\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak \u00fclkede ayaklanmalar \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1920&#8217;de bu ayaklanmalar \u015fiddetlendi. 1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Anzavur Ayaklanmas\u0131 (25 Ekim-30 Kas\u0131m 1919)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Damat Ferit Pa\u015fa H\u00fck\u00fbmeti taraf\u0131ndan Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele&#8217;ye kar\u015f\u0131 tertip edilmi\u015f ayaklanmalard\u0131r. Bu ayaklanmalara \u0130tilaf Devletleri de destek vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Anzavur Ayaklanmas\u0131 (16 \u015eubat-16 Nisan 1920)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anzavur Ayaklanmas\u0131 ve Kuvay-\u0131 \u0130nzibatiye Ayaklanmas\u0131 bu t\u00fcr ayaklanmalar i\u00e7erisinde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu isyanlar Ethem ve Ali Fuat Pa\u015fa&#8217;ya ba\u011fl\u0131 birlikler taraf\u0131ndan bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kuvay-\u0131 \u0130nzibatiye Ayaklanmas\u0131 (8 May\u0131s-23 May\u0131s 1920)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde Osmanl\u0131 Padi\u015fah\u0131n\u0131n ve \u0130ngilizlerin k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar\u0131 ve te\u015fviki ile Milli kuvvetleri yok etmek i\u00e7in hilafet ordusu ad\u0131 ile kurulan Kuvay-\u0131 \u0130nzibatiye taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ayaklanmalard\u0131r. Bu isyanlar Ethem ve Ali Fuat Pa\u015fa&#8217;ya ba\u011fl\u0131 birlikler taraf\u0131ndan bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>D\u00fczce Ayaklanmas\u0131 (13 Nisan-31 May\u0131s 1920)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda gerek \u0130stanbul H\u00fck\u00fcmeti&#8217;nin ve gerekse \u0130ngilizlerin k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131 ile milli kuvvetlere kar\u015f\u0131 giri\u015filen ayaklanmalard\u0131r. \u0130stanbul h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen Kuvay-\u0131 \u0130nzibatiye Kuvvetleri D\u00fczce\u2019de ayaklanma \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Asiler il\u00e7enin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunan M\u00fcfreze Karargah\u0131n\u0131 basarak, M\u00fcfreze Kumandan\u0131n\u0131 esir alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>D\u00fczce Ayaklanmas\u0131 (8 A\u011fustos-23 Eyl\u00fcl 1920)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Birinci D\u00fczce isyan\u0131ndan hemen sonra, milli kuvvetlerin Yozgat isyan\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6revlendirilmesi \u00fczerine, bu durumdan faydalanmak isteyen<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Abaza ve \u00c7erkezler, \u0130kinci defa D\u00fczce ve Hendek dolaylar\u0131nda ayaklanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bolu da\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6nderilen birlik, gece yar\u0131s\u0131 asiler taraf\u0131ndan pusuya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve asiler bir\u00e7ok milli kuvvet subay\u0131n\u0131 \u015fehit etmi\u015flerdir<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Pontus Ayaklanmas\u0131 (Kas\u0131m 1918 &#8211; \u015eubat 1923)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mondros&#8217;tan sonra i\u015fgaller ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, az\u0131nl\u0131klar ise bu i\u015fgallerden cesaret bularak bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgede isyan etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ama\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi&#8217;nde bir Rum, Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu illerinde ise bir Ermeni devleti kurmak olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nurettin Pa\u015fa Rumlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 isyanlar\u0131 bast\u0131r\u0131rken K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir Pa\u015fa ise 15. Kolordu kuvvetleriyle Ermeni isyanlar\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ermeni Ayaklanmas\u0131 (28 Eyl\u00fcl 1920)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">28 Eyl\u00fcl 1920&#8217;de d\u00fczenlenen kar\u015f\u0131 taarruzla Ermeni sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 sona erdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ermeniler, 2-3 Aral\u0131k 1920 tarihinde imzalanan G\u00fcmr\u00fc Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Anadolu&#8217;daki toprak taleplerinden vazge\u00e7tiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ko\u00e7giri Ayaklanmas\u0131 (6 Mart-17 Haziran 1921)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Damat Ferit Pa\u015fa ve \u0130tilaf g\u00fc\u00e7leri Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele&#8217;yi engellemek ve bo\u011fazlar\u0131 ellerinde tutmak, bo\u011fazlar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in D\u00fczce, Yozgat Konya b\u00f6lgelerinde ayaklanmalar \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f; Cemil \u00c7eto, Ko\u00e7giri ve Mill\u00ee A\u015fireti isyanlar\u0131na destek vermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kuvay-\u0131 Mill\u00eeye birlikleri bu ayaklanmalar\u0131 bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cemil \u00c7eto Ayaklanmas\u0131 (20 May\u0131s-7 Haziran 1920)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Frans\u0131z ve \u0130ngilizlerden yard\u0131m alarak Bahtiyar A\u015fireti Reisi taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ayaklanmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bahtiyar A\u015fireti Reisi olan Cemil \u00c7eto, K\u00fcrt Teali Cemiyeti prensiplerine uygun olarak \u0130ngilizlerden yard\u0131m alm\u0131\u015f ve Do\u011fu&#8217;da bir K\u00fcrdistan Devleti kurmak i\u00e7in ayaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Milli kuvvetler bu isyan\u0131 bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ethem Ayaklanmas\u0131 (27 Aral\u0131k 1920-23 Ocak 1921)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n \u0130zmir&#8217;i i\u015fgalinden sonra, \u00c7erkez Ethem toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuvvetlerle Salihli Cephesi&#8217;ni kurmu\u015f ve kendini de cephe komutan\u0131 ilan etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kuvay-i Seyyare ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan s\u00fcvari birlikleri, yaln\u0131z istilac\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmana kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil, Anzavur&#8217;un ezilmesinde, D\u00fczce, Adapazar\u0131 ve Yozgat ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda yararl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Demirci Mehmet Efe Ayaklanmas\u0131 (1 Aral\u0131k-30 Aral\u0131k 1920)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lk \u00f6nceleri Kuvay-\u0131 Mill\u00eeyeci olup da sonradan \u0130tilaf Devletleri&#8217;nin tahrikiyle ayaklanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. D\u00fczenli ordu kurulduktan sonra bu \u00e7ete reisleri disipline edilmi\u015f birliklere kat\u0131lmak istememi\u015f, bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgede d\u00fczenli orduya kar\u015f\u0131 isyan etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ethem ve Demirci Mehmet Efe isyanlar\u0131 \u0130smet Pa\u015fa&#8217;ya ba\u011fl\u0131 Bat\u0131 Cephesi kuvvetlerince bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Konya Ayaklanmas\u0131 (2 Ekim 1920-22 Kas\u0131m 1920)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ba\u015f g\u00f6steren ve Konya&#8217;n\u0131n bir s\u00fcre isyanc\u0131lar\u0131n elinde kalmas\u0131na neden olan ayaklanmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1919&#8217;daki Bozk\u0131r Ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131n eleba\u015flar\u0131ndan olan Deliba\u015f Mehmed, Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmeti&#8217;ni tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan ederek \u00e7o\u011fu asker ka\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 500 kadar silahl\u0131 ki\u015fiyle Konya&#8217;n\u0131n \u00c7umra nahiyesini bast\u0131; nahiye m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc tutuklad\u0131 ve Konya ile haberle\u015fmeyi kesti (2 Ekim 1920).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmeti Dahiliye Vekili Miralay Refet Bey&#8217;i (Bele) ayaklanmay\u0131 bast\u0131rmakla g\u00f6revlendirdi. Demirci Mehmed Efe ve Yarbay Osman Bey&#8217;e ba\u011fl\u0131 birliklerinde bast\u0131rma harek\u00e2t\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla ayaklanmac\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc iyice k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Yozgat Ayaklanmas\u0131 (15 May\u0131s-27 A\u011fustos 1920)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda H\u00fcrriyet ve \u0130tilaf F\u0131rkas\u0131 reisi \u00c7apano\u011flu Edip ve Celal taraf\u0131ndan Yozgat ve y\u00f6resinde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ayaklanmad\u0131r. \u00c7apano\u011flu Edip ve Celal karde\u015flerin k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131 ile Yozgat y\u00f6resinde, Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131lan ayaklanma iki ayr\u0131 d\u00f6nemde olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lk ayaklanma Y\u0131ld\u0131zeli&#8217;nde Erzurumlu H\u00fcseyin Naz\u0131m ve Kara Mustafa&#8217;n\u0131n eleba\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Milli Kuvvetler bu ayaklanmay\u0131 30 Aral\u0131kta bast\u0131rmaya muvaffak olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130kinci isyan ise avukat Zileli Ali, Bucak M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Naci ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayaklanma Yozgat&#8217;a da yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yozgat isyan\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rmakla g\u00f6revlendirilen \u00c7erkez Ethem, kuvvetleri ile birlikte Yozgat&#8217;a girmi\u015f, eleba\u015flar\u0131ndan bir\u00e7o\u011funu idam ederek ayaklanmaya son vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mill\u00ee A\u015fireti Ayaklanmas\u0131 (1 Haziran-8 Eyl\u00fcl 1920)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130ngilizler ve Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131 \u00fczerine <strong>Urfa&#8217;da Milli A\u015firet taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ayaklanmad\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Milli A\u015firet&#8217;in reisi \u0130smail ile birlikte Halil, Bahur, Abdurrahman ve Mahmut adl\u0131 eleba\u015f\u0131lar\u0131, Do\u011fu&#8217;da bir K\u00fcrdistan Devleti kurmak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ile ayaklanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (24 A\u011fustos 1920).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00fcy\u00fck bir kuvvetle harekete ge\u00e7en asiler, Viran\u015fehir&#8217;i ald\u0131ktan sonra Karake\u00e7i A\u015fireti&#8217;ne mensup olanlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fler, fakat daha sonra yap\u0131lan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmada, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">BMM\u2019nin Ayaklanmalara Kar\u015f\u0131 Ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00d6nlemler<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi Kar\u015f\u0131 Fetva<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Damat Ferit H\u00fckumetinin fetvalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Ankara M\u00fcft\u00fcs\u00fc R\u0131fat Hoca&#8217;dan (B\u00f6rek\u00e7i) 16 Nisan 1920&#8217;de Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele&#8217;yi destekleyen bir fetva al\u0131narak camilerde okutuldu. B\u00f6ylelikle halk bu konuda bilin\u00e7lendirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>H\u0131yanet-i Vataniye Kanunu (29 Nisan 1920)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Asayi\u015fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in 29 Nisan 1920&#8217;de H\u0131yanet-i Vataniye Kanunu Meclisten \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak Damat Ferit hain ilan edildi ve vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bunun yan\u0131nda B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kanlar ve ayaklananlar\u0131n vatan haini say\u0131larak idam cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lacaklar\u0131 halka bildirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>H\u00e2kimiyet-i Mill\u00eeye Gazetesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Halk\u0131n ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Ankara&#8217;da H\u00e2kimiyet-i Mill\u00eeye gazetesi \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131larak halk geli\u015fmelerden haberdar edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Anadolu Ajans\u0131n\u0131n kurulu\u015fu 6 Nisan 1920<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele&#8217;yi desteklemek ve T\u00fcrk milletini bilin\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in gazete \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 yeterli olmad\u0131. Bu gazetelerin ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu haber ve malzemelerin, kayna\u011f\u0131ndan al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ayr\u0131ca ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in verilen m\u00fccadelenin hakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnya kamuoyuna anlat\u0131lmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6 Nisan 1920&#8217;de \u201cAnadolu Ajans\u0131\u201d kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130stiklal Mahkemelerinin kurulmas\u0131 (11 Eyl\u00fcl 1920)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi isyanc\u0131lar\u0131n, ya\u011fmac\u0131lar\u0131n, casuslar\u0131n ve asker ka\u00e7aklar\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in 11 Eyl\u00fcl 1920\u2019de \u0130stiklal Mahkemelerinin kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">San Remo Konferans\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">18-26 Nisan 1920 tarihinde San Remo Konferans\u0131&#8217;na kat\u0131lan \u0130tilaf Devletleri, haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n tasla\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131ya kabul ettirmek i\u00e7in bir temsilci istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Konferansa Tevfik Pa\u015fa ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir heyet g\u00f6nderildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Paris&#8217;e giden T\u00fcrk Heyeti 11 May\u0131s 1920&#8217;de kendilerine sunulan bar\u0131\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 \u201cAntla\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.\u201d diyerek kabul etmedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu olaydan sonra itilaf kuvvetleri i\u015fgalleri geni\u015fletmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (10 A\u011fustos 1920)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ankara&#8217;da B.M.M. \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flamas\u0131, \u0130stanbul h\u00fck\u00fcmetini tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmesi, itilaf devletlerinin Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile bir bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 gerekli hale getirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">18-24 Nisan tarihlerinde San-Remo&#8217;da \u0130ngiliz, Frans\u0131z ve \u0130talyan temsilcileri bir metin \u00fczerinde anla\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May\u0131s ay\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 temsilcisine durumu bildirdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Damat Ferit T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131n\u0131n isteklerini bildirdi ise de, San-Remo kararlar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmeyece\u011fi ve 27 Temmuz 1920&#8217;ye kadar anla\u015fmay\u0131 imzalamalar\u0131 istendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Toplanan Saltanat \u015euras\u0131 Sevr anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 kabul ettirdi ve 10 A\u011fustos 1920 de anla\u015fma imzaland\u0131. Maarif Naz\u0131r\u0131 Hadi Pa\u015fa Fransa\u2019ya giderek Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ad\u0131na antla\u015fmay\u0131 imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n maddeleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stanbul Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti olarak kalacak, ancak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetmezse elinden al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bo\u011fazlar b\u00fct\u00fcn devletlerin gemilerine a\u00e7\u0131k olacakt\u0131r ve Bo\u011fazlar Komisyonu taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do\u011fu Anadolu&#8217;da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Ermeni ve \u00f6zerk bir K\u00fcrt Devleti kurulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Az\u0131nl\u0131klara geni\u015f haklar tan\u0131nacakt\u0131r (Askerlikten ve vergiden muaf tutulacaklard\u0131r.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do\u011fu Trakya ve Bat\u0131 Anadolu Yunanistan&#8217;a; Urfa, Antep dahil olmak \u00fczere Suriye Fransa&#8217;ya verilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Musul ve Arabistan dahil Irak \u0130ngiltere&#8217;ye verilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00fcneybat\u0131 Anadolu \u0130talya&#8217;ya verilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rodos ve Oniki Ada \u0130talya&#8217;ya, di\u011fer Ege Adalar\u0131 ise Yunanistan&#8217;a b\u0131rak\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun a\u011f\u0131r silahlar\u0131 bulunmayacak ve 50700 ki\u015fiden olu\u015facakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kapit\u00fclasyonlar b\u00fct\u00fcn devletlere tan\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu anla\u015fmay\u0131 onaylayacak bir meclis olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve uygulama alan\u0131 bulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in &#8220;\u00f6l\u00fc do\u011fmu\u015f bir anla\u015fmad\u0131r\u201d hukuken ge\u00e7ersizdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anla\u015fmay\u0131 imzalayanlar 19. A\u011fustos 1920&#8217;de B.M.M. taraf\u0131ndan vatan haini say\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk Milletini yok saymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sevr Anla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fclkeyi s\u00f6m\u00fcrge yapan bir anla\u015fmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>KURTULU\u015e SAVA\u015eI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Do\u011fu Cephesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Berlin Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Rusya ve \u0130ngiltere deste\u011fi alan Ermeniler, 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Ruslara Kafkas Cephesinde yard\u0131m ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ermeniler, Do\u011fu Anadolu&#8217;da Wilson ilkelerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak bir Ermeni devletinin kurulu\u015funu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek istediler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mondros Ate\u015fkes Anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n 24. Maddesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak b\u00f6lgenin kendilerine ait oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen Ermenilerin halka zul\u00fcm yapt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Ermeniler devlet kurmaya kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131nca 1920&#8217;de Kaz\u0131m Karabekir Ermeniler \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc ve Ermeniler bar\u0131\u015f isterler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00fcmr\u00fc Anla\u015fmas\u0131 (3 Aral\u0131k 1920)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kars ve dolaylar\u0131 B.M.M.&#8217;ne b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ermeniler Sevr bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131na ge\u00e7ersiz sayarlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu anla\u015fma ile Ermeni sorunu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc. Do\u011fu g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Buradaki birlik, ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7 bat\u0131ya kayd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Halk\u0131n B.M.M.&#8217;ye olan g\u00fcveni artar. G\u00fcmr\u00fc anlamas\u0131 ile B.M.M. ilk kez tan\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lk siyasi ve askeri zafer elde edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ermenistan BMM H\u00fck\u00fbmetinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131yan ilk devlet oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Erivan b\u00f6lgesinde Sovyet Ermeni Cumhuriyeti kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sovyet Rusya ile yap\u0131lan 16 Mart 1921 tarihli Moskova ve 13 Ekim 1921 tarihli Kars antla\u015fmalar\u0131yla G\u00fcmr\u00fc Antla\u015fmas\u0131 teyit edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>HARBORD RAPORU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Wilson\u2019un iste\u011fi \u00fczerine 1919 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcnde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de manda idaresini ve Ermeni iddialar\u0131 ve meselesini incelemek \u00fczere 46 ki\u015filik bir heyet kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu raporda Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da T\u00fcrklerin \u00e7o\u011funlukta oldu\u011fu ve bunlar\u0131n Ermenileri tehdit ettiklerine dair hi\u00e7bir hareketin g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi\u011fi belirtilmi\u015f ve Ermeniler tamam\u0131yla haks\u0131z bulunmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>G\u00fcney Cephesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu cephede Frans\u0131z ve Ermenilerle m\u00fccadele edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu cephe sava\u015flar\u0131nda Antep\u2019te \u015eahin Bey, Mara\u015f\u2019ta<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0130mam gibi insanlar etkili oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Antep \u201cGazi\u201d;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mara\u015f \u201cKahraman\u201d,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Urfa \u201c\u015eanl\u0131\u201d isimlerini ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Burada verilen m\u00fccadeleler Sakarya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">sonunda Frans\u0131zlarla yap\u0131lan 20 Ekim 1921 Ankara Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile sona erdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Suriye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Hatay d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda belirlendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>D\u00fczenli Ordunun Kurulmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kuvay-\u0131 Mill\u00eeye \u015fefleri ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareket etti\u011fi i\u00e7in di\u011fer direni\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle birliktelik sa\u011flanam\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130htiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 halktan kar\u015f\u0131layan bu birlikler bazen adaletsiz davran\u0131\u015flar sergileyebiliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meclis, 12 Temmuz 1920&#8217;de d\u00fczenli ordunun kurulmas\u0131na karar verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bunu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in de Kuvay-\u0131 Mill\u00eeye&#8217;de bulunan yetenekli milislerin d\u00fczenli asker\u00ee birliklerin kadrolar\u0131na ge\u00e7irilmesi ve halktan sava\u015facak ya\u015fta olanlar\u0131n ise askere al\u0131nmas\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kas\u0131m 1920&#8217;de ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek Bat\u0131 Cephesi&#8217;nde yeni bir taktik uyguland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bat\u0131 Cephesi&#8217;nin kuzey b\u00f6lgesine Albay \u0130smet Bey (\u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc) Bey, g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgesine ise Albay Refet Bey (Bele) komutan olarak atand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fevzi Pa\u015fa Mill\u00ee Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revlerine atand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sivas Kongresinde Bat\u0131 Cephesi Kuvay\u0131 mill\u00eeye&nbsp; kumandanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na atanan Ali Fuat Cebesoy ise Moskova B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi olarak Rusya&#8217;ya g\u00f6nderildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>I. \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc Muharebesi (6-10 Ocak 1921)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Neden:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7erkez Ethem&#8217;in ayaklanmas\u0131ndan Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n yararlanmak istemeleri,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n Ankara&#8217;y\u0131 almak ve B.M.M.&#8217;ni da\u011f\u0131tmak istemeleri,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk ordusunun toparlanma ve yeniden te\u015fkilatlanmas\u0131n\u0131n engellenmesi iste\u011fi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Daha \u00f6nce \u0130zmir ve Bursa&#8217;y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n Eski\u015fehir&#8217;i de alarak Anadolu&#8217;da \u00f6nemli bir stratejik noktay\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek istemeleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yunanl\u0131lar 6 Ocak 1921&#8217;de sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7tiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6 Ocak&#8217;ta ba\u015flayan Yunan ileri harek\u00e2t\u0131 10 Ocak&#8217;ta duruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Halk\u0131n sava\u015fma g\u00fcc\u00fc ve B.M.M. deste\u011fi artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yunanl\u0131lar ilk kez Anadolu&#8217;da d\u00fczenli bir ordu ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131 ve yenildiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kuvva-i Seyyare&#8217;nin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve d\u00fczenli ordunun kurulu\u015fu kesinle\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc generalli\u011fe y\u00fckseldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye kanunu kabul edildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Londra Konferans\u0131 topland\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Afganistan&#8217;la dostluk anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131 (1 Mart 1921).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130stiklal Mar\u015f\u0131 kabul edildi (12 Mart 1921).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Moskova Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131 (16 Mart 1921).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu\u2019nun Kabul\u00fc (20 Ocak 1921)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>20 Ocak 1921&#8217;de kabul edilen Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu&#8217;yla T\u00fcrkiye Devleti&#8217;nin ilk anayasas\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye kurucu bir anayasa olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Devletin resm\u00ee ismi 3 ve 10. Maddelere g\u00f6re \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u201d olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu anayasadan \u00f6nce \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u201d ismiyle an\u0131lan Meclis \u201cT\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u201d \u015feklinde yeniden adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00f6ylelikle Meclise resmiyet kazand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130stiklal Mar\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Kabul\u00fc (12 Mart 1921)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mehmet Akif Bey Ankara&#8217;daki Taceddin Derg\u00e2h\u0131&#8217;nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk ordusuna ithaf etti\u011fi \u015fiirini yar\u0131\u015fmaya g\u00f6nderdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk ordusuna hitap edilen bu \u015fiir T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin 12 Mart 1921 tarihli oturumunda kabul edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mecliste \u0130stiklal Mar\u015f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131 okuyan ilk ki\u015fi Hamdullah Suphi Bey oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stiklal Mar\u015f\u0131 daha sonra Osman Zeki \u00dcng\u00f6r taraf\u0131ndan bestelendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Londra Konferans\u0131 (23 \u015eubat- 12 Mart 1921)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I. \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 alanda b\u00fcy\u00fck yank\u0131 uyand\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130tilaf Devletleri Londra&#8217;da bir konferans d\u00fczenleyerek yapacaklar\u0131 ufak de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131&#8217;n\u0131, TBMM&#8217;ne kabul ettirmeyi planl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Konferansta bir uzla\u015fma sa\u011flanamad\u0131 ve konferans bir sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namadan da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Londra Konferans\u0131 ile T\u00fcrk milleti, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadeleyi ve hakl\u0131 davas\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa devletlerine duyurma ve bar\u0131\u015f yanl\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterme f\u0131rsat\u0131 buldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anla\u015fma devletleri TBMM\u2019yi konferansa \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131larak hukuken tan\u0131d\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ayr\u0131ca bu konferansta \u0130tilaf Devletleri aras\u0131ndaki fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 iyice derinle\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk-Afgan Dostluk Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1 Mart 1921)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Taraflar\u0131n amac\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">BMM H\u00fck\u00fbmetini tan\u0131tmak,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak yard\u0131mla\u015fmay\u0131 sa\u011flamak,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Afganistan TBMM H\u00fck\u00fbmetini tan\u0131yan ilk \u0130slam devleti olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Moskova Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (16 Mart 1921)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Taraflar\u0131n amac\u0131 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130ki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki siyasi ve asker\u00ee ili\u015fkileri ba\u015flatmak, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak tan\u0131nmak,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sovyet Rusya, TBMM H\u00fck\u00fbmetini tan\u0131yan ilk Bat\u0131l\u0131 devlet olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>II. \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc Muharebesi (23 Mart-1 Nisan 1921)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Neden:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Londra Konferans\u0131ndan bir sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namamas\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131n\u0131n konferans\u0131 terk etmesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sevr anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n kabul edilmesini h\u0131zland\u0131rmak arzusu ile itilaf devletlerinin Yunanistan&#8217;\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n I. \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc&#8217;deki kaybettikleri prestiji tekrar sa\u011flamak istemeleri,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n Ankara&#8217;y\u0131 alarak TBMM\u2019yi da\u011f\u0131tmak iste\u011fi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n Pontus Rumlara yard\u0131m iste\u011fi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yunan ordusu yenildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk Halk\u0131n\u0131n TBMM &#8216;ye inanc\u0131 artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M. Kemal \u00abSiz orada yaln\u0131z d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131, de\u011fil, milletin makus tarihini yendiniz.&#8221; s\u00f6z\u00fc ile \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc&#8217;ye moral deste\u011fi verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Frans\u0131zlar g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yapmak i\u00e7in Ankara&#8217;ya temsilci g\u00f6nderdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130zmir&#8217;in Yunanl\u0131lara b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131na k\u0131zan ve T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fccadele azmini anlayan \u0130talyanlar Anadolu\u2019dan \u00e7ekilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar (5 Temmuz 1921)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Eski\u015fehir-K\u00fctahya Sava\u015flar\u0131 (10-24 Temmuz 1921)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n 10 Temmuzda ba\u015flayan bu sald\u0131r\u0131lar sonunda Afyon, K\u00fctahya, Eski\u015fehir ve Bilecik gibi \u00f6nemli stratejik yerler elden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk ordusu fazla kay\u0131p vermeden geri \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yunanl\u0131lar Sakarya Nehrinin bat\u0131s\u0131na kadar ilerlediler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">TBMM\u2019de de\u011fi\u015fik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ve karga\u015falar ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meclisin Kayseri\u2019ye ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00f6nerildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk ordusunun Sakarya nehrinin do\u011fusuna ge\u00e7irilmesiyle;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zaman kazanmak<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ordunun eksiklerini tamamlamak<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir alana \u00e7ekmek ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maarif (E\u011fitim) Kongresi (16-21 Temmuz 1921)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa bir yandan cephede d\u00fc\u015fmanla sava\u015f\u0131rken bir yandan da e\u011fitimle ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">15 Temmuz 1921&#8217;de, Ankara&#8217;da Maarif Kongresi d\u00fczenlenerek e\u011fitimin sorunlar\u0131, okul ve \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin durumlar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 ve problemlere \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler arand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eski\u015fehir-K\u00fctahya Sava\u015flar\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n oldu\u011fu bir zamanda e\u011fitim kongresinin d\u00fczenlenmesi olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fmeydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stiklal Yolu<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk tarihinde \u201c\u0130stiklal Yolu\u201d olarak ge\u00e7en bu g\u00fczerg\u00e2hta Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele y\u0131llar\u0131nda cepheye silah ve erzak gibi malzemeler ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stanbul\u2019dan ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lan cephaneler bu yol \u00fczerinden Ankara\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu yolu kullanan \u015eerife Bac\u0131 ve Halime \u00c7avu\u015f gibi bir\u00e7ok ki\u015finin kahramanl\u0131klar\u0131, sonsuza kadar ya\u015fat\u0131lacak niteliktedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mustafa Kemal\u2019e Ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131k Yetkisi (5 A\u011fustos 1921)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yunan ordular\u0131n\u0131 yenebilmek ve i\u015fgalleri \u00f6nleyebilmek i\u00e7in kararlar\u0131n ve tedbirlerin acilen al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">TBMM&#8217;de ba\u015flayan gizli oturumlarda Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa&#8217;ya verilecek olan Ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131k yetkisi tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7o\u011funlu\u011fun kabul\u00fcyle 5 A\u011fustos 1921&#8217;de Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, Ba\u015fkomutan olarak 3 ay s\u00fcreyle yetkilendirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Her \u00fc\u00e7 ayda bir uzat\u0131lan bu yetki, 20 Temmuz 1922\u2019de s\u00fcrekli hale getirilmi\u015f, cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131yla sona erdirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tekalif-i Milliye Kararlar\u0131 (Milli Vergi) (7-8 A\u011fustos 1921)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tek\u00e2lif-i Milliye Emirleri ile T\u00fcrk ordusunun yiyecek, giyecek, silah ve cephane ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u0131da maddelerinin % 40\u2019\u0131na, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonra \u00f6denmek ko\u015fuluyla el konulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ula\u015f\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131, ordu i\u00e7in her ay 100 kilometre ta\u015f\u0131ma yapacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Her evden bir asker i\u00e7in bir kat \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r, bir \u00e7ift \u00e7orap ve bir \u00e7ift \u00e7ar\u0131k toplanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sahipsiz mallara el konulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Halk, silahlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde devlete teslim edecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zanaatk\u00e2rlar ordu i\u00e7in devlet hizmetine al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sakarya Meydan Sava\u015f\u0131 (23 A\u011fustos-13 Eyl\u00fcl 1921)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Neden:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk ordusunun \u00f6nemli yerleri kaybetmesi ve ordusunun Sakarya&#8217;n\u0131n do\u011fusunda beklemesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n T\u00fcrk ordusuna son darbeyi vurmak istemesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ankara&#8217;y\u0131 alma,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sevr&#8217;i kabul ettirme,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pontuslara yard\u0131m,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin deste\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeyi istemesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sakarya Meydan Sava\u015f\u0131 (23 A\u011fustos-13 Eyl\u00fcl 1921)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">22 g\u00fcn s\u00fcren sava\u015fla T\u00fcrk ordusunun II. Viyana bozgunundan beri devam eden geri \u00e7ekili\u015fi, taarruza d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yunanl\u0131lar bat\u0131ya do\u011fru \u00e7ekilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar, Taarruzdan savunmaya ge\u00e7tiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ba\u015fkomutan s\u0131fat\u0131 ile Mustafa Kemal en ileri hatlarda sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f, ordunun sava\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Hatt\u0131 m\u00fcdafaa yoktur, Sath\u0131 m\u00fcdafaa vard\u0131r&#8221; emrini veren M. Kemal vatan\u0131n topyek\u00fcn savunulmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Halk\u0131n morali ve TBMM\u2019ye olan g\u00fcveni artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yunanl\u0131lara itilaf devletlerinin g\u00fcveni sars\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130tilaf devletleri aras\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M. Kemal&#8217;e &#8220;Mare\u015fallik&#8221; ve &#8220;Gazilik&#8221; \u00fcnvanlar\u0131 verildi (19 Eyl\u00fcl 1921).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Azerbaycan, G\u00fcrcistan ve Ermenistan ile Kars Anla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131 (13 Ekim 1921).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fransa ile Ankara anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131 (20 Ekim 1921).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sava\u015f paralos\u0131 &#8220;ya istiklal ya \u00f6l\u00fcm&#8221; d\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7ok say\u0131da subay \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in bu sava\u015fa Subaylar Sava\u015f\u0131 ad\u0131 da verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ukrayna ile dostluk antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kars Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (13 Ekim 1921)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sovyet Rusya\u2019yla (Azerbaycan, G\u00fcrcistan ve Ermenistan) yap\u0131lan Kars Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (13 Ekim 1921) ile Ardahan T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de, Batum ise G\u00fcrcistan&#8217;da kalmak \u015fart\u0131yla do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131m\u0131z belirlenmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (20 Ekim 1921)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sakarya Zaferi&#8217;nden sonra 20 Ekim 1921&#8217;de Frans\u0131zlarla Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanarak Hatay hari\u00e7 g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131m\u0131z belirlendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00f6ylelikle G\u00fcney Cephesi kapanm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Burada bulunan mevcut T\u00fcrk birlikleri Bat\u0131 Cephesi&#8217;ne sevk edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lk kez Sevr Anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mayan itilaf devleti Fransa olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B\u00fcy\u00fck Taarruz ve Ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131k Meydan Muharebeleri (26 A\u011fustos-9 Eyl\u00fcl 1922)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Neden:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yunan ordusunu yurttan atmak,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Misak-\u0131 Milli s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde d\u00fc\u015fman b\u0131rakmamak ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir T\u00fcrk devleti kurmak,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130tilaf Devletlerini kesin bir bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde sava\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak ve \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irmek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u00fctahya-Eski\u015fehir s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yerle\u015fmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Yunan kuvvetlerine kar\u015f\u0131 T\u00fcrk ordusu 4. kez yetkileri s\u00fcresiz uzat\u0131lan Mustafa Kemal \u00f6nderli\u011finde sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hedef &#8220;Ordular ilk hedefiniz Akdenizdir, ileri!&#8221; oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yunan ordusu Anadolu&#8217;dan \u00e7ekilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 9 Eyl\u00fcl&#8217;de \u0130zmir&#8217;in kurtulu\u015fu ile, Yunanl\u0131lar Anadolu&#8217;dan at\u0131ld\u0131 (18 Eyl\u00fcl 1922).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk ordusu itilaf devletlerini ate\u015fkese mecbur ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Not: <\/strong>Bu sava\u015fta, Kocatepe, An\u0131ttepe, Dumlup\u0131nar, Asl\u0131hanlar m\u00fccadeleleri Moha\u00e7&#8217;tan sonraki en \u00f6nemli imha hareketidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mudanya Ate\u015fkes Anla\u015fmas\u0131 (11 Ekim 1922)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk ordusu \u0130stanbul ve bo\u011fazlar b\u00f6lgesine ilerlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130ngiltere, sava\u015fa devam edebilmek i\u00e7in s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinden yard\u0131m istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ancak bu yard\u0131m \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131na hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde destek bulamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ayr\u0131ca Sovyet Rusya&#8217;n\u0131n, sava\u015f\u0131n devam etmesi h\u00e2linde T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin yan\u0131nda olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, \u0130ngiltere&#8217;nin antla\u015fmaya yakla\u015fmas\u0131nda etkili oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130smet Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Mudanya Ate\u015fkes Anla\u015fmas\u0131&#8217;ndan sonra Refet Pa\u015fa (Bele) Do\u011fu Trakya&#8217;y\u0131 teslim almak \u00fczere harekete ge\u00e7ti. \u0130stanbul&#8217;da sevgi ve co\u015fkuyla kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131 (19 Ekim 1922).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mudanya Ate\u015fkes Anla\u015fmas\u0131 asker\u00ee zaferleri noktalayan siyasi bir ba\u015far\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130ngiltere TBMM&#8217;yi resmen tan\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00f6ylelikle Do\u011fu Trakya ve \u0130stanbul s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131m\u0131za kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (24 Temmuz 1923)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131 tamamen bitirecek kal\u0131c\u0131 bir antla\u015fman\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131 gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Konferans yeri olarak, tarafs\u0131z bir yer olan \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019nin Lozan kendi belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Mudanya&#8217;daki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u0130smet Pa\u015fa g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Konferansa \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, \u0130talya, Yunanistan, Japonya, Yugoslavya ve T\u00fcrkiye temsilcileri kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bo\u011fazlar\u0131n stat\u00fcs\u00fc konusunda Rusya ve Bulgaristan da toplant\u0131ya d\u00e2hil olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ABD ise konferansta g\u00f6zlemci bulundurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mustafa Kemal, konferansa gidecek olan T\u00fcrk heyetinden, Kapit\u00fclasyonlar ve Ermeni sorunu konular\u0131nda kesinlikle taviz verilmemesini istemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>S\u0131n\u0131rlar:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131; Fransa&#8217;yla imzalanan Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131&#8217;ndaki \u015fekliyle kalacak. Misak\u0131mill\u00ee&#8217;den verilen taviz (Hatay tavizi) devam etmi\u015ftir<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meri\u00e7 Nehri T\u00fcrkiye-Yunanistan s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131lacak. Yunanistan sava\u015f tazminat\u0131 olarak Karaa\u011fa\u00e7&#8217;\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye verecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6k\u00e7eada ve Bozcaada d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki Ege adalar\u0131 Yunanistan&#8217;\u0131n olacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On \u0130ki Ada \u0130talya&#8217;n\u0131n olacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrkiye-Irak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 (Musul Meselesi) konusunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc, T\u00fcrkiye ile \u0130ngiltere&#8217;nin, ileride yapacaklar\u0131 ikili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere b\u0131rak\u0131lacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Musul ya da Irak S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 sorunu Lozan&#8217;da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemeyen tek sorundur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00dclkede ya\u015fayan az\u0131nl\u0131klar &#8220;T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131&#8221; say\u0131lacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bat\u0131 Trakya&#8217;daki T\u00fcrkler ile \u0130stanbul&#8217;daki Rumlar hari\u00e7; geri kalan T\u00fcrkler ve Rumlar yer de\u011fi\u015ftirecek. Sorun tam olarak Atat\u00fcrk-Venizelos g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri sonucunda ancak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclecektir (1930).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yabanc\u0131 okullar\u0131n e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretimini T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fbmeti d\u00fczenleyecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kapit\u00fclasyonlar kald\u0131r\u0131lacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bo\u011fazlar; ba\u015fkan\u0131 T\u00fcrk olan uluslararas\u0131 bir komisyonca y\u00f6netilecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bo\u011fazlar konusunda taviz verilmi\u015f; egemenlik haklar\u0131m\u0131z zedelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 bor\u00e7lar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131dan ayr\u0131lan devletlere payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacak. T\u00fcrkiye 1954&#8217;e kadar bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demeye devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Patrikhane \u0130stanbul&#8217;da kalacak. T\u00fcm u\u011fra\u015flara ra\u011fmen, Patrikhanenin \u0130stanbul d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 Avrupal\u0131lara kabul ettirilememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">24 Temmuz 1923 Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00d6nemi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yeni T\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnya devletlerince kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin sona erdi\u011fi kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fu tescillenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Musul Meselesi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hatay\u2019\u0131n Yeni T\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalmas\u0131 ile Misak\u0131mill\u00ee\u2019den \u00f6d\u00fcn verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bat\u0131 Trakya ve Ege adalar\u0131 kaybedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bo\u011fazlar konusu T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin egemenlik haklar\u0131na g\u00f6lge d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolunda \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yabanc\u0131 okullar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 faaliyetler i\u00e7ine girmeleri engellenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u00fcfus m\u00fcbadelesi ile az\u0131nl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 azalt\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Milli M\u00fccadele Kahramanlar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u015eerife Bac\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130nebolu\u2019dan Ankara\u2019ya cephane g\u00f6t\u00fcren ya\u015fl\u0131 kad\u0131n ve erkeklerden biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ancak k\u00f6t\u00fc hava ko\u015fullar\u0131 sebebiyle Aral\u0131k 1921\u2019de donarak hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kara Fatma (Fatma Seher Han\u0131m)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sivas Kongresi\u2019nde Mustafa Kemal ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bat\u0131 Cephesi\u2019nde Yunanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ay\u015fe Han\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130zmir\u2019in Yunanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgali \u00fczerine k\u00f6y k\u00f6y dola\u015f\u0131p asker toplad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O\u011fullar\u0131 \u015fehit olurken kendisi de gazi oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tayyar Rahmiye Han\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adana\u2019da Frans\u0131zlara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131rken \u015fehit oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u015eahin Bey<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00fcney Cephesi\u2019nde Antep Kuvay\u0131 Milliye komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Antep savunmas\u0131nda \u015fehit oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ahmet Hulusi Efendi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Denizli m\u00fcft\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130zmir\u2019in i\u015fgal g\u00fcn\u00fc Denizli\u2019de halka hitap etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>R\u0131fat (B\u00f6rek\u00e7i) Efendi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ankara m\u00fcft\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Milli m\u00fccadele yanl\u0131s\u0131 fetva verdi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Halide Edip Han\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130zmir\u2019in \u0130\u015fgalinden sonra \u0130stanbul\u2019da d\u00fczenlenen mitinglerde halka seslendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc muharebesinde sava\u015ft\u0131. Onba\u015f\u0131 r\u00fctbesini ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn Ate\u015fle \u0130mtihan\u0131 ve Ate\u015ften G\u00f6nlek eserlerinde Milli M\u00fccadele y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ali Fuat (Cebesoy) Pa\u015fa<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mustafa Kemal\u2019in okul arkada\u015f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ankara\u2019da 20. Kolordu komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na atand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sivas Kongresi\u2019nde Bat\u0131 Anadolu Genel Kuvay\u0131 Milliye komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na atand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kaz\u0131m (\u00d6zalp) Bey<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130zmir\u2019in i\u015fgali sonras\u0131 burada Kuvay\u0131 Milliye birliklerinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131nda g\u00f6rev ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Fevzi (\u00c7akmak) Pa\u015fa<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Genel Kurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Harbiye Naz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sakarya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kazan\u0131lmas\u0131nda ve Ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131k Meydan Muharebesini kazan\u0131lmas\u0131nda etkili oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fevzi \u00c7akmak Pa\u015fa\u2019ya B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi taraf\u0131ndan 30 A\u011fustos zaferinden sonra mare\u015fallik r\u00fctbesi verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130smet (\u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc) Pa\u015fa<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bat\u0131 cephesi komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. ve 2. \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc muharebelerinde ordumuza komutanl\u0131k etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mudanya ve Lozan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinde \u00fclkemizi temsil etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kaz\u0131m (Karabekir) Pa\u015fa<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Erzurum 15. kolorduda g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Erzurum kongresinin toplanmas\u0131nda etkili oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi taraf\u0131ndan Do\u011fu Cephesi komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na atand\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z 12. s\u0131n\u0131f T.C. \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi ve Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck dersi\u00a02. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0Milli M\u00fccadele\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a012. s\u0131n\u0131f \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi \u00f6zet <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/04\/12-sinif-inkilap-tarihi-2-unite-milli-mucadele-ders-notu\/\" title=\"12. S\u0131n\u0131f \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi 2. \u00dcnite: Milli M\u00fccadele Ders Notu\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1339,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[159],"tags":[95,6],"class_list":["post-1720","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-12-sinif-inkilap-tarihi-ders-notlari","tag-12-sinif-inkilap-tarihi","tag-tarih-ders-notlari"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>12. 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