{"id":1797,"date":"2025-11-07T08:23:48","date_gmt":"2025-11-07T05:23:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=1797"},"modified":"2025-11-07T08:23:48","modified_gmt":"2025-11-07T05:23:48","slug":"9-sinif-tarih-iii-unite-orta-cag-medeniyetleri-ders-notlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2025\/11\/07\/9-sinif-tarih-iii-unite-orta-cag-medeniyetleri-ders-notlari\/","title":{"rendered":"9. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih III. \u00dcnite Orta \u00c7a\u011f Medeniyetleri Ders Notlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0<strong>9. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 3. \u00fcnitesi\u00a0<\/strong>olan\u00a0<strong>Orta \u00c7a\u011f Medeniyetleri\u00a0<\/strong>\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0<strong>\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0<strong>9. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0<\/strong>ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z.\u00a0<strong>Maarif modeline\u00a0<\/strong>uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0<strong>9. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi notlar\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \u00dcnite Orta \u00c7a\u011f Medeniyetleri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Orta \u00c7a\u011f Devletleri Kronolojisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 4000- \u2026 \u00c7in<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">330- 1453 Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">226- 651 Sasaniler<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">552- 630 I. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">622-661 \u0130slam Devleti<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">661- 750 Emeviler<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">682-742 II. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">744- 840 Uygur Devleti<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">750- 1258 Abbasi Devleti<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1. ORTA \u00c7A\u011e\u2019DA YA\u015eANAN K\u0130TLESEL G\u00d6\u00c7LER<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>KAV\u0130MLER G\u00d6\u00c7\u00dc \u00d6NCES\u0130 ASYA VE AVRUPA\u2019NIN S\u0130YAS\u0130 DURUMU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6\u00e7; bir toplulu\u011fun kendi yerini, yurdunu terk ederek ba\u015fka bir yere gitmesine veya yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesine verilen genel bir add\u0131r. Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ba\u015fta Asya ve Avrupa co\u011frafyas\u0131 olmak \u00fczere d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu b\u00f6lgesini etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>ROMA \u0130MPARATORLU\u011eU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Akdeniz\u2019de h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, do\u011fuda ve bat\u0131da b\u00fcy\u00fck topraklar elde etmi\u015f ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck imparatorlu\u011fu olmu\u015ftur. Do\u011fuda Sasaniler bat\u0131da da Germen kavimlerinin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 MS III. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren imparatorluk i\u00e7inde siyasi, asker\u00ee, sosyal ve ekonomik y\u00f6nden zorlu g\u00fcnler ya\u015fanmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>GERMEN KAV\u0130MLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun kuzeyindeki Avrupa topraklar\u0131nda Ostrogot, Frank, Burgund, Vizigot, Vandal, S\u00fcev gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli Germen kavimleri ya\u015fard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7ift\u00e7ilerden, \u00e7obanlardan ve avc\u0131lardan olu\u015fan Germen kavimleri, \u015fehir ya\u015fam\u0131ndan uzak, orman temizleyip tar\u0131m yapan ya da ovalarda ya\u015fayan insanlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Romal\u0131lara g\u00f6re kendileri uygar, Germenler ise h\u00e2l\u00e2 uygarla\u015famam\u0131\u015f barbarlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Germen kavimleri daha iyi topraklar i\u00e7in aray\u0131\u015f i\u00e7indedir. Germen yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n temel sebebi, h\u0131zl\u0131 n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131yd\u0131. Germen kavimlerinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lge; ormanlar ve batakl\u0131klarla kapl\u0131, kasvetli, so\u011fuk ve ekseriyetle ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, zaman zaman su bask\u0131nlar\u0131 da meydana geliyordu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kavimlerin ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin co\u011frafi ve iklimsel \u00f6zellikleri ya\u015fam\u0131 zorlu k\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. \u00d6te yandan Germenler sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir toplumdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>HUNLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 tek \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplayan Asya Hun Devleti, \u00f6nce Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 olarak ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; Do\u011fu Hun Devleti de daha sonra Kuzey ve G\u00fcney olarak b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hunlar, MS III. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda k\u0131smen zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f olsalar da T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ancak baz\u0131 Hun boylar\u0131;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7in bask\u0131s\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">veraset sava\u015flar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ve kurakl\u0131k y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Avrupa\u2019ya kom\u015fu sahalara, \u00f6zellikle de Hazar G\u00f6l\u00fc \u00e7evresine yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>SASAN\u0130LER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kendilerini Perslerin varisi olarak g\u00f6ren Sasani Devleti, onlar\u0131n ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlara ula\u015fmak istemi\u015f ve bu ama\u00e7la Roma\u2019dan bu topraklar\u0131n iadesini talep etmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te Roma ile Sasaniler aras\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131r ihlali nedeniyle b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fccadeleler ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>KAV\u0130MLER G\u00d6\u00c7\u00dc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Orta Asya\u2019daki siyasi h\u00e2kimiyetlerini kaybeden Hun boylar\u0131, Balamir \u00f6nderli\u011finde \u0130til Nehri\u2019ni ge\u00e7erek 374 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk defa Avrupa \u00f6nlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hun T\u00fcrkleri ilk olarak yar\u0131 \u0130ranl\u0131 yar\u0131 T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli olan Alanlar ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Alanlar, Hun T\u00fcrkleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131nca bat\u0131ya do\u011fru g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve baz\u0131 boy beyleri Hunlara kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alanlar\u0131n harekete ge\u00e7mesi bir domino etkisi olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. &nbsp;Ostrogotlar, Vizigotlar, Vandallar, S\u00fcevler, Burgundlar, Franklar, Ang\u0131llar ve Saksonlar\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketine ba\u015flamas\u0131yla birbirini s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen kavimler, Roma\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7lerine girerek talan ve ya\u011fma hareketlerinde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rusya, Balkanlar, Balt\u0131k b\u00f6lgesi ve Do\u011fu Avrupa co\u011frafyas\u0131nda dengeler de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ya\u015fanan Hun ak\u0131nlar\u0131 Katalon Ovas\u0131\u2019na, Trakya, Sicilya, Sardinya, ve Kuzey Afrika\u2019ya olan g\u00f6\u00e7leri de art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hunlar, 378\u2019de Tuna\u2019y\u0131 ge\u00e7erek \u00f6nc\u00fc kuvvet mahiyetinde Trakya\u2019ya kadar ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ki koldan Roma topraklar\u0131nda ilerleyen Hunlar\u0131n bir kolu Balkanlardan Trakya\u2019ya ilerlerken di\u011fer kolu Kafkaslardan Anadolu istikametine y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hun asker\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn tazyiki ile ba\u015flayan, kavimlerin birbirlerini yurtlar\u0131ndan s\u00fcrmesi ile devam eden ve Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun kuzey eyaletlerini alt \u00fcst ederek \u0130spanya\u2019ya kadar uzanan bu g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n etnik \u00e7ehresini de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avrupal\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00f6\u00e7 veya Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc olarak tan\u0131mlanan bu g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketleri, sekiz y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 kapsayan bir s\u00fcrecin par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ba\u015flamas\u0131yla Germen halklar\u0131n\u0131 imparatorluk topraklar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015faramayan Romal\u0131lar, MS 382\u2019den itibaren Germen kabileleri ile anla\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vandallar taraf\u0131ndan ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131, an\u0131tlar\u0131n yok edilmesi, ya\u011fmac\u0131lar\u0131n birka\u00e7 bin mahk\u00fbmla birlikte m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan her \u015feyi al\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcrmesi Roma\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kaosa yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sebeple Vandall\u0131k veya Vandalizm, yap\u0131lan ya\u011fmalar\u0131 anlatan bir kavram olarak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar kullan\u0131lagelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Germen halklar\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta imparatorlu\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olsalar da zamanla ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z derebeylikler h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n bitmedi\u011fi Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu MS 395 tarihinde Do\u011fu Roma ve Bat\u0131 Roma olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bat\u0131 Roma ilk olarak kendi egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131ndaki Vandallar ile S\u00fcevler taraf\u0131ndan istila edilmi\u015f daha sonra da MS 451-452 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Hun sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na maruz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu 476 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131larak tarih sayfalar\u0131ndaki yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu \u00e7\u00f6kerken bu iktidar bo\u015flu\u011funu dolduran ve Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck barbar krall\u0131klar ve feodal beylikler ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc sonras\u0131nda Bat\u0131 Avrupa bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme u\u011fram\u0131\u015f, Romal\u0131lar ve Germenler kar\u0131\u015f\u0131p kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde idari \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck Germenlerde olsa da k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck her zaman Romal\u0131larda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n karanl\u0131k d\u00f6nemi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu d\u00f6nemde devlet otoritesinden yoksun kalan Avrupa, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir karma\u015faya s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmi\u015ftir. K\u00f6kl\u00fc bir devlet gelene\u011fi olmayan bu barbar krall\u0131klar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131yla ya\u015fanan siyasi alandaki de\u011fi\u015fiklik, ekonomik ve sosyal yap\u0131y\u0131 etkilemi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131\u2019na damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran ve k\u0131tan\u0131n siyasi yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendiren feodalizm anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve yap\u0131s\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kavimlerin hareketiyle Avrupa K\u0131tas\u0131\u2019nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir karga\u015fa ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Avrupa milletlerinin temelleri at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avrupa Hun Devleti kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avrupa\u2019da feodalite g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131 ve skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce geli\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avrupal\u0131lar, T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc tan\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Germen Kavimlerinin Yeni Yerle\u015fim Yerleri:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ang\u0131llar ve Saksonlar: \u0130NG\u0130LTERE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Franklar: FRANSA-GALYA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Burgundlar: G\u00dcNEY FRANSA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00fcevler: \u0130SPANYA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vandallar: \u0130SPANYA-AFR\u0130KA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ostrogotlar ve Vizigotlar: \u0130TALYA-\u0130SPANYA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da Ya\u015fanan Kitlesel G\u00f6\u00e7lerin Avrupa ve Asya\u2019da Olu\u015fturdu\u011fu De\u011fi\u015fim<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Avrupa\u2019da bir T\u00fcrk devleti kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Germen kavimleri birbirlerini iterek Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n tamam\u0131nda n\u00fcfus hareketine neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesiyle Avrupa ve \u00d6n Asya\u2019da siyasi dengeler de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ve Avrupa\u2019da siyasi birlik ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avrupa\u2019da asayi\u015f bozulmu\u015f ve insanlar kendi g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hun T\u00fcrklerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 bat\u0131ya do\u011fru g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da Ya\u015fanan Kitlesel G\u00f6\u00e7lerin Avrupa ve Asya\u2019da Olu\u015fturdu\u011fu De\u011fi\u015fimin Etkileri<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Avrupal\u0131lar T\u00fcrklerden pantolon, \u00fczengi gibi bir\u00e7ok yenilik \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Avrupa milletlerinin temelleri at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Eski \u00c7a\u011f kapanm\u0131\u015f, Orta \u00c7a\u011f ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Feodal sistem g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Papal\u0131k ve kiliseler g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Bir\u00e7ok T\u00fcrk kavmi, bat\u0131ya do\u011fru g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>FEODAL\u0130ZM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Feodalizmde, teoride siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7 kralda toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat kral g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc mutlak sadakat ko\u015fuluyla ve kontroll\u00fc olarak yerel derebeyleriyle payla\u015f\u0131r. Bu sisteme g\u00f6re siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7; krala ait olup kral, siyasi otoritesini mutlak sadakat ko\u015fuluyla ve kontroll\u00fc olarak derebeyleriyle payla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lordlar, kendisine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve topraklar\u0131na toprak katabilmek i\u00e7in sad\u0131k bir silahl\u0131 g\u00fcce ihtiya\u00e7 duymu\u015ftur. Bu profesyonel sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lara \u015f\u00f6valye ad\u0131 verilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu d\u00f6nemde halk\u0131n ezici bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya kar\u015f\u0131 korku, \u015f\u00fcphe ve \u00e7ekinme duygusu i\u00e7inde ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Sanat, e\u011fitim, ticaret, \u00fcretim ve i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc en az seviyeye inmi\u015ftir. Bu toplumsal yap\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yaln\u0131z iki s\u0131n\u0131f, soylular ve ruhbanlar maddi ve manevi y\u00f6nleriyle iyi bir durumda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u00fcfus az, \u00fcretim k\u0131t, yoksulluk a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 boyutlara y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Sosyal yap\u0131 ilkel bir seviyeye inmi\u015ftir. De\u011ferler sistemi, kuvvete ve inan\u00e7lara dayanan bir toplum olmu\u015f, sadece sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve din adaml\u0131\u011f\u0131 sayg\u0131 g\u00f6ren meslekler h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Feodal d\u00fczende g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan s\u0131n\u0131flardan bir \u015f\u00f6valyelerdir. En \u00f6nemli \u015f\u00f6valyelerin kendilerine ait \u015fatolar\u0131 ve kaleleri vard\u0131. Feodal toplumda \u015fato; g\u00fc\u00e7 ve prestij, mevkii, ayr\u0131ca ger\u00e7ek bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkeziydi. Askeri seferler ve sava\u015fla ilgili i\u015flerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u015fato feodalizminin de\u011ferler sisteminin ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bi\u00e7imlerinin incelikle i\u015flendi\u011fi ve hayata ge\u00e7irildi\u011fi yerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>K\u0130L\u0130SE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde kilise, k\u00f6k salmak ve yay\u0131lmak i\u00e7in ya\u015fanan korku ve karma\u015fa ortam\u0131ndan faydalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bat\u0131 Roma\u2019n\u0131n b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurarak daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kurum haline gelen Kilise sonunda imparatorlu\u011fun miras\u0131n\u0131 devralm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 5. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 11. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Avrupa\u2019da Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve barbarlar aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece \u015fehirlerden ba\u015flayarak k\u00f6ylere kadar inen kilise \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi de g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015ftir. Bu durum ayn\u0131 zamanda Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en belirgin \u00f6zelliklerinden biri olan skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede esas olan kilisenin ortaya koymu\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00f6\u011fretidir. Aristo mant\u0131\u011f\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 olan bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede kitap ve \u00fcstat bilgileri esas al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in tabiat\u0131n do\u011frudan do\u011fruya m\u00fc\u015fahedesi yoktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ger\u00e7e\u011fi ara\u015ft\u0131rma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ya da yeni bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc endi\u015fesi yoktur. D\u00fcnyev\u00ee i\u015flerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olmas\u0131 gereken Kilise, piskoposlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla y\u00f6netime kat\u0131lmay\u0131 normal g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Y\u00f6netime kat\u0131lmak bazen b\u00f6lgede kral\u0131n temsilcisine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak, bazen de onun denetleyicisi olma bi\u00e7iminde olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130nananlar\u0131n sadakatleri ile olu\u015fturulan, kiliselerin mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, muazzam servetlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>AVRUPA HUN DEVLET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IV. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda Avrupa\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fcnen Hunlar, \u0130\u00e7 Asya\u2019dan bat\u0131ya gelen T\u00fcrk kavimlerinin ilki olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hunlar, B\u00fcy\u00fck Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f, Germen kavimlerini bir daha birle\u015fmemek \u00fczere da\u011f\u0131tm\u0131\u015f ve en \u00f6nemlisi Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu temelinden sarsm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">MS 375 y\u0131l\u0131yla birlikte Balamir \u00f6nderli\u011finde bat\u0131ya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Hunlar Macaristan ovalar\u0131na yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Hunlar k\u0131sa zamanda Orta Avrupa\u2019daki barbar kavimleri egemenlikleri alt\u0131na alarak V. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Kafkaslardan Elbe Irma\u011f\u0131\u2019na kadar uzanan geni\u015f topraklar \u00fczerinde Avrupa Hun \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Attila devlete en parlak d\u00f6nemini ya\u015fatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Attila, Balkan ve Galya seferlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Balkan Seferi\u2019yle Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu vergiye ba\u011flayan Attila, Galya Seferi\u2019yle Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ba\u015fkenti Roma\u2019y\u0131 abluka alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Romal\u0131lar, Papa ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir bar\u0131\u015f heyetini Attila\u2019ya g\u00f6ndermi\u015f ve ondan Roma\u2019y\u0131 esirgemesini istemi\u015ftir. Papa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcvence iste\u011fini kabul eden Attila, b\u00f6ylece Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Attila, bu sefer d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f ve yerine s\u0131ras\u0131yla o\u011fullar\u0131 \u0130lek, Dengizik ve \u0130rnek ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Avrupa\u2019da tutunamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayan Hunlar, \u0130rnek D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde, Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyine \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>ATT\u0130LA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n pek \u00e7ok yerinde y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu hakk\u0131nda efsaneler t\u00fcretilen Attila, hem T\u00fcrk hem de d\u00fcnya tarihinde derin izler b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onun hakk\u0131nda t\u00fcretilen efsanelerin en me\u015fhuru Attila\u2019n\u0131n, Sava\u015f Tanr\u0131s\u0131 Ares\u2019in k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu ve bu nedenle b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaya h\u00fckmedece\u011fi inanc\u0131d\u0131r. Attila\u2019n\u0131n hayat\u0131 ve sava\u015flar\u0131; resim, heykel, tiyatro, opera ve edeb\u00ee metinlere konu olmu\u015f, hakk\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok kitap yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onun sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 konu alan Almanlar\u0131n me\u015fhur Nibelungen Destan\u0131, Attila\u2019y\u0131 (Etzel) babacan, iyiliksever ve y\u00fcksek vas\u0131fl\u0131 bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak tan\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Attila\u2019n\u0131n ordusunun etkileri Orta \u00c7a\u011f boyunca Avrupa milletleri \u00fczerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Attila, Avrupa\u2019da Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n K\u0131rbac\u0131 alarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>T\u00dcRK G\u00d6\u00c7LER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>G\u00f6\u00e7lerin nedenleri:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 yani ana yurt topraklar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7im bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yetersiz kalmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kurakl\u0131k, n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve otlak darl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir tar\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda sadece hayvan yeti\u015ftirilebilmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrklerde bir boyun ba\u015fka bir T\u00fcrk boyu g\u00f6\u00e7e mecbur etmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yabanc\u0131 (\u00c7in ve Mo\u011fol), a\u011f\u0131r d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131ya maruz kalmalar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ba\u015fka milletlerin egemenli\u011fini kabul edip istiklalden mahrum kalmaktansa memleketi terk etmeyi tercih etmeleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fetih arzusu ve yeni vatanlar kurma fikri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tarih\u00ee kay\u0131tlarda T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7lerinin iktisad\u00ee s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131, y\u00e2ni T\u00fcrk anayurt topraklar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7im bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yetersiz kalmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kurakl\u0131k, n\u00fcfus kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve otlak darl\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrkleri g\u00f6\u00e7e mecbur etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7leri, daima do\u011fudan bat\u0131ya do\u011fru bir ak\u0131\u015f halinde olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Tesad\u00fcfen meydana gelmemi\u015f olan bu tarih\u00ee geli\u015fmeyi, kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran ve te\u015fvik eden baz\u0131 temel sebepler vard\u0131r. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce Ural da\u011flar\u0131ndan Orta Avrupa\u2019ya kadar olan Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyindeki sahalar, Orta Asya\u2019daki bozk\u0131rlar\u0131n tabi\u00ee bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 durumundad\u0131r. Bu saha bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc ve iklimiyle T\u00fcrklerin kendilerine has hayat tarzlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye son derece elveri\u015fli bir b\u00f6lgedir. Bu durum T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7lerini ve yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik eden \u00f6nemli bir etken olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ayr\u0131ca b\u00f6lgede, T\u00fcrklerin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na a\u015famayacaklar\u0131 tabi\u00ee bir engel veya \u00c7in, \u0130ran ve Bizans gibi yerle\u015fik medeniyete sahip b\u00fcy\u00fck bir devlet \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6\u00e7ler T\u00fcrk tarihini belirli bir zaman kesitinde ve b\u00fct\u00fcn h\u00e2linde incelemeyi zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Tarihleri ve s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 belli bir co\u011frafi \u00e7evre i\u00e7inde cereyan eden di\u011fer milletlerin aksine T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131 as\u0131rlarca yeni iklimler, yeni yurtlar arayarak tarihlerini farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avarlar, VI. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan Orta Avrupa\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek Avar Devleti\u2019ni<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">kurmu\u015flard\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sabarlar, V. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Aral G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kuzeyinden Kafkaslara g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek Sabar Devleti\u2019ni kurmu\u015flard\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pe\u00e7enek, Kuman (K\u0131p\u00e7ak) ve Uzlar, IX-XI. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Hazar Denizi\u2019nin kuzeyinden Do\u011fu Avrupa ve<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Balkanlara g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hazarlar, Karadeniz ile Kafkas Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n kuzeyine ve \u0130til Nehri dolaylar\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek VII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Hazar Devleti\u2019ni kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bulgarlar, Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyinden Balkanlara ve Volga Nehri k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek IX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bulgar Devleti\u2019ni kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O\u011fuzlar, X-XI. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Orhun B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nden Seyhun Nehri kenarlar\u0131na, M\u00e2ver\u00e2\u00fcnnehir \u00fczerinden \u0130ran\u2019a ve Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu, T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Akhunlar-Eftalitler, 350 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Afganistan ve Kuzey Hindistan\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek Ak Hun Devleti\u2019ni kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hunlar, \u00c7in\u2019e g\u00f6\u00e7 eden baz\u0131 T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131 Kuzey \u00c7in\u2019de Hun ve Tabga\u00e7 devletlerini kurmu\u015flard\u0131r..<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uygurlar, (Yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7en ilk T\u00fcrk devleti) 840\u2019\u0131 takip eden y\u0131llarda Orhun Nehri \u00e7evresinden<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ogurlar, 461-465 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda G\u00fcneybat\u0131 Sibirya\u2019dan G\u00fcney Rusya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Balkan Co\u011frafyas\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Balkan co\u011frafyas\u0131 M.S. 376\u2019lardan itibaren T\u00fcrk tarihinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6neme haiz olmu\u015ftur. Bu y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren \u0130til nehrini ge\u00e7erek Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019dan Balkanlar\u2019a kadar uzanan b\u00f6lgeye ula\u015fan ba\u015fta Do\u011fu Avrupa Hunlar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere, Avarlar, Bulgarlar, Sabarlar, Hazarlar, Pe\u00e7enekler, Uzlar (O\u011fuz) ve Kuman-K\u0131p\u00e7aklar bu geni\u015f sahada b\u00fcy\u00fck ve etkili bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu T\u00fcrk kavimleri b\u00f6lgeyi kendilerine yurt edinerek hem vatan telakki etmi\u015fler, hem de Balkan milletlerinin te\u015fekk\u00fcllerinde ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fimlerinde \u00f6nemli roller oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Balkanlar\u2019daki T\u00fcrk varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti zaman\u0131nda da devam etmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle de Osmanl\u0131 Devleti d\u00f6neminde en y\u00fcksek seviyesine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2. ORTA \u00c7A\u011e\u2019DAK\u0130 BA\u015eLICA DEVLETLER\u0130N Y\u00d6NET\u0130M VE ORDU YAPILARI<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>ORTA \u00c7A\u011e\u2019DAK\u0130 BA\u015eLICA DEVLETLER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu (M\u00d6 221-MS 1912)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu (226-651)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu (330-1453)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti (552-630)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hz. Muhammed D\u00f6nemi \u0130slam Devleti (622-632)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00f6rt Halife D\u00f6nemi \u0130slam Devleti (632-661)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Emevi Devleti (661-750)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">II. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti (682-745)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uygur Devleti (744-840)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Abbasi Devleti (750-1258)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>AVRUPA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc sonucunda Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun 476\u2019da tarih sahnesinden \u00e7ekilmesiyle Avrupa, zay\u0131f siyasi sistemlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. B\u00f6lgede feodalite \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>ASYA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Balkanlar, Anadolu, Mezopotamya, Kuzey Afrika ve \u0130ran\u2019da Do\u011fu Roma ile Sasani imparatorluklar\u0131 iki b\u00fcy\u00fck monar\u015fi olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettiriyordu. \u0130ki devlet Anadolu topraklar\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli m\u00fccadele h\u00e2lindeydi. Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun dini Hristiyanl\u0131k iken S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eeler Zerd\u00fc\u015ftilik\u2019e inan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sasaniler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu 226 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ran\u2019da Part egemenli\u011fine son veren ve \u015fahan\u015fah \u00fcnvan\u0131n\u0131 alan Erde\u015fir taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I. H\u00fcsrev (531-579) S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eelerin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 olarak bilinir. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00fclke hem asker\u00ee, siyasi ve ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan hem de k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ilerleme kaydetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eeler; Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da s\u0131n\u0131r kom\u015fular\u0131 olan Ak Hun Devleti, Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ve \u0130slam Devleti\u2019yle m\u00fccadele etmi\u015ftir. \u0130ipek transit ticaretini elinde tutan Ak Hun Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk yabgusu \u0130stemi, S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eelerle anla\u015farak ittifak kurmu\u015ftur. Bu ittifak sonucunda Ak Hun Devleti y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (557) ve topraklar\u0131 iki devlet aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eeler, halefleri olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri Pers \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015fmak istemi\u015ftir. Bu idealin ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun h\u00fckmetti\u011fi Anadolu topraklar\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla iki devlet aras\u0131nda ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olan sava\u015flar yakla\u015f\u0131k 400 y\u0131l s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131na \u015fahlar\u0131n \u015fah\u0131 anlam\u0131nda \u201c\u015fahan\u015fah\u201d ad\u0131 verilmekteydi. H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu ve son s\u00f6z\u00fc s\u00f6yledi\u011fi fakat kararlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclerek al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir dan\u0131\u015fma kurulu bulunmaktayd\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n yetkilerini s\u0131n\u0131rlayan ve d\u00fczenleyen yaz\u0131l\u0131 kanunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda, h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n yetkileri dini, ahlaki, \u00f6rfi gelenekler ile de s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eelerde devlet y\u00f6netimi olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015f y\u00fcksek kapasitede merkeziyet\u00e7i bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir. S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee devlet i\u015fleri divan ad\u0131 verilen kurullarda icra edilmekteydi. Bu divanlarda al\u0131nan kararlar h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n onay\u0131na gider ve h\u00fck\u00fcmdar taraf\u0131ndan onaylan\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130dari te\u015fkilat\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda bulunan vezire ba\u015f vezir denirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00dclke d\u00f6rt ana eyaletten olu\u015fuyordu ve bu eyaletlere satrap ad\u0131 verilmekteydi. Eyaletler valiler taraf\u0131ndan idare ediliyordu. Bu eyaletleri y\u00f6neten valiler merkez te\u015fkilat\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yapan vezirlerle ayn\u0131 makama sahiplerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00e2s\u00e2ni ordusu temel olarak iki s\u0131n\u0131fa ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; s\u00fcvari ve piyadeler. S\u00fcvariler kesinlikle piyadeden \u00fcst\u00fcn ve sayg\u0131n kabul ediliyorlar ve piyadelerden daha fazla maa\u015f al\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00e2s\u00e2ni s\u00fcvarisi temel olarak iki s\u0131n\u0131fa ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: hafif, ok\u00e7u s\u00fcvari ile a\u011f\u0131r, z\u0131rhl\u0131, m\u0131zrakl\u0131 s\u00fcvari. S\u00e2s\u00e2niler zaman i\u00e7erisinde ok\u00e7u s\u00fcvarileri geri plana \u00e7ekip a\u011f\u0131r z\u0131rhl\u0131, m\u0131zrakl\u0131 s\u00fcvari birliklerine dayal\u0131 bir ordu sistemi kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Z\u0131rh teknolojisinde \u0130ranl\u0131lar genel olarak Romal\u0131lardan iyi durumdayd\u0131lar. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n \u0130ranl\u0131lar di\u011fer hususlarda oldu\u011fu gibi z\u0131rh teknolojisinde de Orta Asya geleneklerini takip etmekteydiler. Ordu birlikleri t\u0131pk\u0131 Orta Asya toplumlar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi onluk sisteme g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenmi\u015fti. S\u00e2s\u00e2nilerin farkl\u0131 etnik gruplara dayal\u0131 ordu siteminin ileriki as\u0131rlarda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar taraf\u0131ndan da benimsendi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Askerlerin en az\u0131ndan bir k\u0131sm\u0131 maa\u015f almaktayd\u0131. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n Taberi\u2019den \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimiz bilgilere g\u00f6re S\u00e2s\u00e2ni \u015fahlar\u0131 baz\u0131 arazileri ikta olarak da ba\u011f\u0131\u015flayabilmekteydiler S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee ordusunun en etkin s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer alan sava\u015f filleri, bir\u00e7ok kaynakta zaferlerin temel nedenlerinden biri olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sasaniler, Hz. \u00d6mer D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde yap\u0131lan Nihavend Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda yenilmi\u015f ve 651 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun devam\u0131 olan ancak zamanla kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir sistem olu\u015fturan Do\u011fu Roma, 330 y\u0131l\u0131nda I. Konstantin taraf\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul\u2019da kuruldu. Bu devlet i\u00e7in Bizans tabiri daha sonra kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130mparatorlu\u011fun bin y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fan tarihinde pek \u00e7ok kom\u015fusu oldu. Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, bunlar aras\u0131nda Orta \u00c7a\u011f boyunca varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyabilen tek devlet olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu V. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bat\u0131 kom\u015fusu Avrupa Hun Devleti ile m\u00fccadele etti. Attila tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile Margus Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 imzalad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re Bizansl\u0131lar bundan b\u00f6yle Hun ka\u00e7aklar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmeyecek ve o g\u00fcne kadar s\u0131\u011f\u0131nanlar\u0131 da geri vereceklerdi. Bundan ba\u015fka Bizansl\u0131lar, Hunlar\u0131n harp halinde bulunduklar\u0131 hi\u00e7bir kavimle ittifak kuramayacaklard\u0131. Yine bu antla\u015fma, Hunlara imparatorluk \u015fehirlerinde ticaret hakk\u0131 tan\u0131yordu. Do\u011fu Roma, Hunlara \u00f6denen verginin iki misline \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131na raz\u0131 olmak zorunda kald\u0131. Attila, Bizans\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 441 ve 447 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi iki Balkan Seferi sonucunda, Tuna boyundaki Do\u011fu Roma savunmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6kertti. Art\u0131k, Hunlara mani olacak hi\u00e7bir engel kalmad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece a\u011f\u0131r bir vergiye ba\u011flanan Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Attila\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131ya y\u00f6nelmesi sayesinde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 I. Justinianus (Justinyanus) (527-565) iktidar\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131. \u0130mparatorluk en geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. \u00dclkedeki hukuku yeniden d\u00fczenleyen I. Justinianus, kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan kanunlar haz\u0131rlatt\u0131. Nika \u0130syan\u0131 (532) s\u0131ras\u0131nda yanm\u0131\u015f olan Ayasofya\u2019n\u0131n muhte\u015fem bir \u015fekilde yeniden in\u015fas\u0131 ettirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130mparator Herakleios (Herakles) (610-641) D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde do\u011fuda uzun s\u00fcren sava\u015flar sonucunda S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eeler Anadolu\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Suriye, Filistin ve M\u0131s\u0131r geri al\u0131nd\u0131 fakat Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019ndan yeni bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak y\u00fckselen M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu tehdit etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Emeviler ve Abbasiler, \u0130stanbul\u2019u ku\u015fatsa da Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu donanma g\u00fcc\u00fc sayesinde ayakta kalmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu 1453\u2019te \u0130stanbul\u2019un T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan fethedilmesiyle tarih sahnesinden \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bizans \u0130mparatoru ba\u015f kanun koyucu, en y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131\u00e7, idar\u00ee, mal\u00ee ve asker\u00ee otoritedir. Bu otokratik y\u00f6netim eski \u015fark\u0131n bir devam\u0131d\u0131r Bizans\u2019ta senato, y\u00fcksek memurlar\u0131n, toprak asillerinin ve paral\u0131 kimselerin girdi\u011fi t\u00f6rensel bir kuruldu. Bizans, Roma hukuk sistemini geli\u015ftirip \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f d\u00fcnyaya hediye eden bir imparatorluk olarak tan\u0131n\u0131r. Eyaletlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda bir sivil vali ve bir kumandan bulunuyordu. Zamanla sava\u015flar ve an\u00ee savunma ihtiyac\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 sivil ve askeri yetkiler tek bir ki\u015fide birle\u015ftirilecektir<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bizans ordusunun as\u0131l g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc, eyalet birlikleri olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. XI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda ise \u00fccretli askerler ordunun asl\u00ee unsuru h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. Bizans ordusunda; \u0130ngiliz, Frank, Norman, Bulgar, G\u00fcrc\u00fc, Pe\u00e7enek, K\u0131p\u00e7ak, Uz gibi \u00fccretli askerler g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thema terimi, idar\u00ee ve asker\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fc bir arada tutan ve imparator taraf\u0131ndan atanan komutan\u0131n y\u00f6netiminde VII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan XI. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131na kadar Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun idar\u00ee, asker\u00ee ve sosyo-ekonomik y\u00f6netim birimini kar\u015f\u0131lamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>T\u00dcRK\u0130STAN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">VI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda \u201cT\u00fcrk\u201d ad\u0131 T\u00fcrkistan bozk\u0131rlar\u0131nda yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131l\u0131r h\u00e2le gelmi\u015ftir. \u00d6nce G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler ard\u0131ndan Uygurlar geni\u015f sahalara h\u00fckmetmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 dinine inan\u0131rken Uygurlar Maniheizm dinini kabul etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk milletine ad\u0131n\u0131 veren G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler, Bumin Ka\u011fan \u00f6nderli\u011finde 552 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00d6t\u00fcken merkezli kuruldu. B\u00fcy\u00fck Okyanus\u2019tan Akdeniz\u2019e kadar G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerin kom\u015fular\u0131n\u0131n kaynaklar\u0131nda Orta Asya i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye ya da T\u00fcrkistan kavram\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mukan Ka\u011fan (553-573) I. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019ne \u00e7ok parlak bir d\u00f6nem ya\u015fatt\u0131. Do\u011fuda Kore\u2019den, bat\u0131da Karadeniz\u2019e kadar uzanan sahada ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131n\u0131 ve yabanc\u0131 kavimleri G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklere ba\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00dclkenin bat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 idare eden \u0130stemi Yabgu da kumandas\u0131ndaki ordularla fetihler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirerek devletin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti. \u0130stemi Yabgu, d\u00f6nemin iki b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcc\u00fc olan S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee ve Bizans imparatorluklar\u0131 ile ittifaklar kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130pek transit ticaretini elinde tutan Ak Hun-Eftalit\u2019lere kar\u015f\u0131 S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu tabi\u00ee m\u00fcttefik olarak g\u00f6ren \u0130stemi, \u015fehin\u015fah An\u00fb\u015f\u00eerv\u00e2n \u00c2dil ile antla\u015fma yapt\u0131. M\u00fcttefikler taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan Ak Hun-Eftalit devleti y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131 ve topraklar\u0131, Ceyhun s\u0131n\u0131r olmak \u00fczere iki m\u00fcttefik aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 (557). Bu suretle \u0130\u00e7 Asya kervan yolu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kere T\u00fcrklerin eline ge\u00e7mi\u015f oluyordu. Ancak An\u00fb\u015f\u00eerv\u00e2n kervan yolunun M\u00e2vera\u00fcnnehir g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131 da ele ge\u00e7irmek istiyordu. Bu maksatla, kendi \u00fclkesinden Akdeniz limanlar\u0131na ve Bizans\u2019a yap\u0131lmakta olan ipek nakliyat\u0131n\u0131 durdurdu. \u0130stemi\u2019nin g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi el\u00e7ileri hile ile \u00f6ld\u00fcrtt\u00fc.&nbsp; \u0130ran ile uzla\u015fma \u00fcmidini kesen \u0130stemi, Bizans\u2019a d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve \u0130stanbul\u2019a bir heyet g\u00f6nderdi (567). Tarihte bu, Orta Asya\u2019dan Do\u011fu Roma\u2019ya giden ilk resm\u00ee heyet idi. \u0130pek meselesi G\u00f6k-T\u00fcrkler kadar, Bizans\u2019\u0131 da ilgilendirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u0130mparator II. Justinos, T\u00fcrk el\u00e7ilerini ilgi ile kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015f, \u0130stemi\u2019nin g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi mektubu \u0130skit\u00e7e (T\u00fcrk\u00e7e) okutmu\u015ftu. Bir ittifak antla\u015fmas\u0131 yapmak \u00fczere, umumi vali Zemarkhos ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir heyeti yola \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 (569).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Taht kavgalar\u0131 ve \u00c7in\u2019in entrikalar\u0131 nedeniyle 582 y\u0131l\u0131nda G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131ld\u0131. 630 y\u0131l\u0131nda Do\u011fu G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklere son veren \u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Bat\u0131 G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkleri de kendisine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir\u00e7ok beyli\u011fe ay\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 y\u0131l \u00c7in esaretinde ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrkler, Kutluk Ka\u011fan \u00f6nderli\u011finde 682 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanarak II. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019ni kurdu. T\u00fcrk tarihinin b\u00fcy\u00fck fatihlerinden olan Kapgan Ka\u011fan (692-716), T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki t\u00fcm T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131n\u0131 bir bayrak alt\u0131nda toplad\u0131 ve \u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu yeniden bask\u0131 alt\u0131na ald\u0131. Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019dan sonra zay\u0131flayan II. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019ne 745 y\u0131l\u0131nda Karluk, Basmil ve Uygurlar son verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>G\u00f6k T\u00fcrkler D\u00f6nemi Y\u00f6netim ve Ordu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6k T\u00fcrklerde h\u00fck\u00fcmdar ka\u011fan unvan\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Kaynaklardan anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re ota\u011f, taht, tu\u011f, davul ve yay h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k sembolleri idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6k T\u00fcrklerde siyasi iktidar \u201ckut\u201d tabiri ile ifade olunuyordu. Ka\u011fanl\u0131k ki\u015fiye Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan verilirdi. Milleti i\u00e7in gece g\u00fcnd\u00fcz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayan ka\u011fan, milletine kar\u015f\u0131 vazifelerini yerine getirmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in kut\u2019unun Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan geri al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle iktidardan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. 716 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130nel\u2019in tahttan indirilmesi bu sebeple olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 kanunlar\u0131 (t\u00f6re: s\u00f6zl\u00fc hukuk kurallar\u0131) uygular, kendisi de uyar fakat kanun yapamazd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00f6re h\u00fck\u00fcmleri de\u011fi\u015fik \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda etkinli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015febilirdi. Ancak t\u00f6renin baz\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmleri kesinlikle de\u011fi\u015fmezdi: Bunlar k\u00f6nilik (adalet), uzluk (iyilik, faydal\u0131l\u0131k), ki\u015filik (insanl\u0131k) idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ka\u011fan\u0131n icraat\u0131 millet taraf\u0131ndan meclis vas\u0131tas\u0131yla kontrol ediliyordu. Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk \u015fehirlerinin etraf\u0131n\u0131n surla \u00e7evrilmesi ve Budizmin \u00fclkede propaganda edilmesi teklifleri meclis taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmemi\u015fti. G\u00f6k T\u00fcrklerde meclis kelimesinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ctoy\u201d idi. G\u00f6k T\u00fcrk ka\u011fanlar\u0131 meclisin tabii ba\u015fkan\u0131 oluyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6k T\u00fcrklerde h\u00fck\u00fbmetin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cayuk\u201d tabiri idi. Co\u011frafi \u015fartlar ve \u00fclkenin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu durum sebebiyle toyun her zaman toplanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olam\u0131yordu. Memleket i\u015flerinin as\u0131l g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesi gerekti\u011fi anlarda ayuk devreye giriyor, b\u00fct\u00fcn as\u0131l meseleler o an i\u00e7in ayukta konu\u015fuluyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6k T\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019nde kulluk ve k\u00f6lelik yoktu. Yani insanlar\u0131n hepsi h\u00fcrd\u00fc. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n da toplumda \u00f6nemli yerleri vard\u0131. G\u00f6k T\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019nde bir adliye m\u00fcessesesi vard\u0131. Yargular\u0131n vazifeleri t\u00f6reyi ve \u00f6rfi hukuku uygulamakt\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar da mahkeme ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yani yarganl\u0131k yaparlard\u0131 Uygurlarda da g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz gibi, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler\u2019de Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n kar\u0131s\u0131 hatun devlet i\u015flerinde kocas\u0131yla birlikte s\u00f6z sahibidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerde ve Uygurlarda askerler hafif z\u0131rh kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00c7ince kaynaklarda B\u00f6r\u00fcler diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan vurucu g\u00fcce sahip z\u0131rhl\u0131 s\u00fcvarilerin bulunmas\u0131 ayr\u0131 bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckt\u00fc. Kaynaklarda ge\u00e7en sava\u015f ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7lerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r: At, ok, yay, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, han\u00e7er, ke\u015f, sadak, k\u0131n, kalkan, s\u00fcng\u00fc, topuz, kement, ate\u015f kulesi, mi\u011ffer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ordu-millet olan T\u00fcrklerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck hususiyetlerinden birisi de sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r. Bar\u0131\u015f zaman\u0131nda g\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u015fleriyle me\u015fgul olan bu halk, sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde top-yek\u00fbn seferberlik halinde bulunuyordu. Sava\u015f ve ordu komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sadece erkeklerin i\u015fi de\u011fildi. Kad\u0131nlar da birliklere veyahut ordulara kumanda edebildikleri gibi, at \u00fcst\u00fcnde oklar\u0131, yaylar\u0131 ve k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131 oldu\u011fu halde harplere kat\u0131l\u0131yordu. T\u00fcrk ordusu \u00fccretli de\u011fildir. T\u00fcrk ordusu da\u00eemidir. T\u00fcrk ordusu temelde atl\u0131 birliklerden olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Uygurlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti ortadan kalk\u0131nca Basm\u0131llar\u2019\u0131n idaresinde yeni bir ka\u011fanl\u0131k kuruldu. Uygurlar sol (do\u011fu), Karluklar sa\u011f (bat\u0131) yabgulu\u011fu te\u015fkil ettiler. 745 y\u0131l\u0131nda Uygur yabgusu Basm\u0131l ka\u011fan\u0131n\u0131 yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131p kendini ka\u011fan il\u00e2n etti ve Kutlu\u011f Bilge K\u00f6l unvan\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131; b\u00f6ylece B\u00fcy\u00fck Uygur Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurulmu\u015f oldu. Bu devirde Uygurlar, \u00c7in\u2019de rahat otorite kurabilmek i\u00e7in bu \u00fclkeye yard\u0131m ettiler ve y\u0131ll\u0131k vergi ald\u0131lar. Moyen-\u00c7or (Bayan-\u00c7or) Ka\u011fan\u2019la kuvvetlenen, Maniheizm\u2019i resmen kabul eden B\u00f6g\u00fc Ka\u011fan ile parlayan, Kutlu\u011f Bilge Ka\u011fan ile zirveye ula\u015fan Uygurlar 821\u2019den sonra gerilemeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Kuzeyde K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u2019la tekrar sava\u015f \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u00dclkede \u00c7in saray\u0131n\u0131n entrikalar\u0131 ka\u011fanl\u0131k ailesinin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc zay\u0131flatt\u0131. 840 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki K\u0131rg\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sonunu getirdi. Bunda sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ruhunu gev\u015feten Maniheizm\u2019in rol\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1955\u2019te Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi kuruldu. Bug\u00fcn Uygurlar\u2019\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu bu b\u00f6lgede ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Bir k\u0131s\u0131m Uygurlar ise buraya kom\u015fu olan K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019da kald\u0131lar. Uygur Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, G\u00f6k T\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019nin sahip oldu\u011fu miras\u0131n \u00fczerine kuruldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu devletin yani bozk\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn gelene\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Ancak, zamanla \u00c7inlilerle fazla yak\u0131nla\u015fma, Maniheizm\u2019in \u00fclkede kabul g\u00f6rmesi hayat tarz\u0131n\u0131 eskisine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015ftirmelerine sebep oldu. \u0130kinci hanedandan itibaren unvanlar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi \u201cay\u201d ve \u201ck\u00fcn\u201d gibi Maniheizm\u2019in artan etkisini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6steriyordu. Karabalasagun, devletin merkeziydi ve devlet meclisi burada toplan\u0131rd\u0131. G\u00f6k T\u00fcrklerin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn unvanlar\u0131n daha sonra Uygurlar taraf\u0131ndan da devlet sistemi i\u00e7inde aynen kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not: B\u00f6g\u00fc Ka\u011fan, Uygurlar\u0131n yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7mesini ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Katun<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk devletinde ka\u011fandan sonra ikinci s\u0131ray\u0131 katun almaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde ise bu ad\u0131 kad\u0131n \u015feklinde g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Katunlar, ka\u011fanlar gibi t\u00f6re ile katunluk makam\u0131na oturuyorlard\u0131. Sava\u015flarda da katunlar\u0131n, ka\u011fanlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda yer ald\u0131klar\u0131 bilinen bir ger\u00e7ektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kad\u0131nlar zaman zaman ordulara bile komuta ediyorlard\u0131. Yine Uygur birli\u011finin temellerini atan \u0130l-teber Pusat\u2019\u0131n annesi son derece otoriter ve t\u00f6relere sad\u0131k bir kad\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n devlet meclislerine kat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve oy sahibi olduklar\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. 725\u2019te \u00c7in\u2019den gelen el\u00e7iyi kar\u015f\u0131layan heyet aras\u0131nda Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n kar\u0131s\u0131 Po-fu (Bodhug) Katun da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, 730,731\u2019lerde Hazar beyi \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, \u00fclkenin y\u00f6netimini anas\u0131 Bars Bike \u00fcstlenmi\u015fti. Fermanlar\u0131n muhakkak surette \u201chakan ile hatun buyurur ki\u2026\u201d diye ba\u015flamas\u0131 laz\u0131md\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00c7\u0130N<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7in\u2019de farkl\u0131 hanedanl\u0131klar h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. \u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu \u0130pek yolu ticareti i\u00e7in G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler ve Uygurlarla m\u00fccadele etmi\u015ftir. \u00c7in\u2019de bir ahlak sistemi olan Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7in\u2019de h\u00fck\u00fcmdar G\u00f6k dinine g\u00f6re, g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcn yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde temsilcisi idi. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k babadan o\u011fula ge\u00e7mekte, ba\u015f kad\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu veliaht say\u0131lmakta idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7in\u2019de sosyal durumlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, halk biri \u015ee\u2019ler (asiller), di\u011feri Nong\u2019lar (k\u00f6yl\u00fcler) olmak \u00fczere iki z\u00fcmreye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ayr\u0131ca k\u00f6lelik m\u00fcessesesine de yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019dan itibaren \u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, T\u00fcrkistan b\u00f6lgesini kontrol alt\u0131na almak istemi\u015ftir. Tang Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fatan \u0130mparator Xuanzong (\u00c7unzong) da T\u00fcrkler ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Araplarla T\u00fcrkistan h\u00e2kimiyeti m\u00fccadelesine giri\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu m\u00fccadeleyi Abbasilere kar\u015f\u0131 Talas Sava\u015f\u0131 (751) ile kaybeden \u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki n\u00fcfuzu sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>H\u0130ND\u0130STAN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Siyasi birli\u011fin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hindistan\u2019da halk, kast sistemi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kesin \u00e7izgilerle birbirinden ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hindistan\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Kast sistemi, bir ki\u015finin toplumsal konumunun ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca belirlendi\u011fi toplumsal bir d\u00fczendir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kast sistemi; brahmanlar (din adamlar\u0131), k\u015fatriyalar (askerler), vaisyalar (\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar) ve sudralar (i\u015f\u00e7iler ve k\u00f6leler) s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kast grubunun \u00fcyesi; brahmanlara sayg\u0131l\u0131 olup kendi kast\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirirse di\u011fer hayat\u0131nda daha \u00fcst bir kastta do\u011facak e\u011fer bunlar\u0131 yerine getirmezse daha alt bir kast\u0131n \u00fcyesi olarak yeniden d\u00fcnyaya gelecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kast toplumlar\u0131nda farkl\u0131 toplumsal gruplar birbirlerine kapal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu sistemde herkes, bir daha terk edemeyece\u011fi bir kast i\u00e7inde do\u011far, bu kasttan e\u015f se\u00e7er ve bu kast i\u00e7inde \u00f6l\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Her kast bireyinin alabilece\u011fi e\u011fitim ve yapabilece\u011fi meslek t\u00fcrleri bellidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu d\u00fczende insanlar\u0131n di\u011fer kastlar\u0131n \u00fcyeleriyle ba\u011flant\u0131 kurmalar\u0131 engellenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hindistan\u2019da din olarak Brahmanizm ve Budizm etkiliydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>ARAP YARIMADASI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Genel Durum<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hz. Muhammed\u2019in do\u011fdu\u011fu s\u0131ralarda siyasi birlikten yoksun olan Arabistan\u2019da koyu bir kabilecilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 vard\u0131. Kabileler aras\u0131nda soy \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve kan davas\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 sava\u015flar ya\u015fan\u0131rd\u0131. Kabilede kad\u0131n ancak \u00e7ocu\u011fu olduktan sonra aileye kabul edilirdi. Toplum; h\u00fcrler, k\u00f6leler ve mevaliler olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 sosyal s\u0131n\u0131fa ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli b\u00f6lgesi olan Hicaz\u2019da Mekke, Medine ve Taif \u015fehirleri bulunuyordu. Yar\u0131mada genelinde putperestlik h\u00e2kimdi. Arabistan\u2019\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr hayat\u0131nda \u015fiir ve \u015fairler \u00f6nemli bir yere sahipti. Habe\u015fistan Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 resm\u00ee din olarak kabul etmi\u015fti. Yerli halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 eskiden oldu\u011fu gibi putperestli\u011fe inan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hz. Muhammed D\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a>Hz. Muhammed<\/a>, 571 y\u0131l\u0131nda Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u015fehirlerinden olan Mekke\u2019de d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015ftir. Hz. Muhammed\u2019e ilk vahiy Cebrail arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile 610 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nur Da\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki Hira Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019nda iletilmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece Hz. Muhammed\u2019in peygamberlik g\u00f6revi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130slamiyet\u2019in Mekke\u2019de yay\u0131lmas\u0131yla birlikte m\u00fc\u015frikler, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddet ve i\u015fkence uygulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun \u00fczerine M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, Hz. Muhammed\u2019in izniyle g\u00fcvenli g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri yerlere hicret etmi\u015ftir. Hz. Peygamber Mekke\u2019de kalarak \u0130slamiyet\u2019i yaymay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu durumdan rahats\u0131z olan m\u00fc\u015frikler, Hz. Peygamber\u2019i \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye karar vermi\u015ftir. Tehlikenin fark\u0131nda olan Hz. Muhammed, yan\u0131na Hz. Ebu Bekir\u2019i de alarak 622 y\u0131l\u0131nda Medine\u2019ye hicret etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hicretten sonra Hz. Peygamber \u0130sl\u00e2m devletinin kurulu\u015funu il\u00e2n etmi\u015f ve diplomatik temaslar\u0131na hemen ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130sl\u00e2m tarihinde devletin kurulu\u015f esaslar\u0131n\u0131, organlar\u0131n\u0131 ve temel prensiplerini ortaya koyan yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir anayasan\u0131n ilk \u00f6rne\u011fine Hz. Peygamber d\u00f6neminde rastlanmaktad\u0131r. Hicretten sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Medine toplumunu olu\u015fturan Yahudileri ve di\u011fer gruplar\u0131 bir \u015fehir devleti halinde te\u015fkil\u00e2tlanmaya ikna eden Hz. Peygamber bu te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n esaslar\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir metin (sah\u00eefe) halinde ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hz. Peygamber\u2019in sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6zel olarak, devaml\u0131 ve muvazzaf bir ordu mevcut de\u011fildi. Eli silah tutan her M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, dinin hizmetinde, askerlik g\u00f6revi ile m\u00fckellefti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>624 Bedir Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hz. Muhammed\u2019in Medine\u2019de bulundu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde m\u00fc\u015friklerle m\u00fccadele edilmi\u015ftir. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara ekonomik ambargo uygulayan Mekkeli m\u00fc\u015frikler, hicret eden M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Mekke\u2019de kalan mallar\u0131na da el koymu\u015ftur. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n \u015eam\u2019dan Mekke\u2019ye d\u00f6nen b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kervan\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek istemesi \u00fczerine Mekkeli m\u00fc\u015frikler harekete ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. 624 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bedir kuyular\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde yap\u0131lan sava\u015fta M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u00fcst\u00fcn gelmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, m\u00fc\u015friklere kar\u015f\u0131 ilk asker\u00ee ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu zafer, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ba\u015fta Medine olmak \u00fczere b\u00fct\u00fcn Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir itibar kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>625 Uhud Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bedir Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n intikam\u0131n\u0131 almak isteyen Mekkeli m\u00fc\u015frikler 625 y\u0131l\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Taraflar aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Uhud Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Hz. Muhammed\u2019in Ayneyn Ge\u00e7idi\u2019ne yerle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ok\u00e7ular\u0131n yerlerini terk etmesi nedeniyle M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar bozguna u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sava\u015fta tam bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flayamayan m\u00fc\u015frikler Mekke\u2019ye geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>627 Hendek Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mekkeli m\u00fc\u015frikler, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 yok etmek i\u00e7in 627 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir kez daha harekete ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Hz. Peygamber isti\u015fare yapt\u0131ktan sonra \u015fehrin etraf\u0131na derin hendekler kaz\u0131lmas\u0131na karar vermi\u015ftir. \u015eehri ku\u015fatan m\u00fc\u015frikler, ama\u00e7lar\u0131na ula\u015famadan Mekke\u2019ye geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu sava\u015fla Mekkeli m\u00fc\u015friklerin Medine\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 son bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>628 Hudeybiye Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hz. Muhammed ve beraberindeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar 628 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u00e2be\u2019yi ziyaret etmek istemi\u015ftir. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, Mekke yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Hudeybiye\u2019de konaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 Mekke\u2019ye almak istemeyen m\u00fc\u015frikler anla\u015fma yoluna gitmi\u015flerdir. Hudeybiye Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, o y\u0131l Mekke\u2019ye giremeyecektir. Bu antla\u015fma ile Mekkeli m\u00fc\u015frikler, \u0130slam Devleti\u2019ni resmen tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>629 Hayber\u2019in Fethi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hz. Muhammed\u2019in Medine\u2019de bulundu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde Yahudiler ve Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019yla da m\u00fccadele edilmi\u015ftir. 629 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mekkeli m\u00fc\u015friklerle i\u015f birli\u011fi yapan Yahudilerin bulundu\u011fu Hayber fethedilmi\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece \u015eam ticaret yolunun g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>629 Mute Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hz. Muhammed, \u0130slamiyet\u2019e davet i\u00e7in Hristiyan Gassanilere el\u00e7i g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. El\u00e7inin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u00fczerine \u0130slam ordusu Gassaniler \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu nedenle Gassani h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131, Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndan yard\u0131m istemi\u015ftir. 629 y\u0131l\u0131nda meydana gelen Mute Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda \u0130slam ordusu say\u0131ca kendisinden \u00fcst\u00fcn olan Do\u011fu Roma ordusuyla m\u00fccadele edebilmi\u015ftir. Mute Sava\u015f\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla Do\u011fu Roma aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ilk sava\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>630 Mekke\u2019nin Fethi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mekkeli m\u00fc\u015friklerin Hudeybiye Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na sad\u0131k kalmamas\u0131 \u00fczerine Hz. Peygamber 630 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mekke \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u015fehirde ciddi bir direni\u015f ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmam\u0131\u015f ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede kan ak\u0131t\u0131lmadan fetih tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece hicretten sonra Mekke ile Medine aras\u0131nda ba\u015flayan d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k sona ermi\u015f ve Hicaz B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tesis edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>630 Huneyn Seferi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mekke\u2019nin M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar taraf\u0131ndan fethi \u00fczerine Taif \u00e7evresinde bulunan putperest kabileler birle\u015ferek \u0130slam ordusuna kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fa haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hz. Peygamber, 630 y\u0131l\u0131nda <a>Huneyn<\/a>\u2019de toplanan bu ordu \u00fczerine sefere \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bozguna u\u011frayan m\u00fc\u015friklerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Taif \u015fehrine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle Taif \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcyen Hz. Muhammed, \u015fehri ku\u015fatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Surlarla \u00e7evrili \u015fehrin k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede fethedilemeyece\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131nca ku\u015fatma kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Taifliler bir y\u0131l sonra kendili\u011finden M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>631 Teb\u00fck Seferi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">631 y\u0131l\u0131nda Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u0130slam Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 sefer d\u00fczenleyece\u011fi haberi \u00fczerin Hz. Muhammed sefere \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Teb\u00fck\u2019e gelindi\u011finde haberin as\u0131ls\u0131z oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u0130slam ordusu geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>632 Hz. Muhammed\u2019in Vefat\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hz. Peygamber son hac ibadeti s\u0131ras\u0131nda t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011fa seslenerek Veda Hutbesi\u2019ni okumu\u015f ve 632 y\u0131l\u0131nda Medine\u2019de vefat etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>D\u00f6rt Halife D\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00f6rt Halife D\u00f6nemi; Hz. Muhammed\u2019in 632 y\u0131l\u0131nda vefat\u0131ndan sonra Hz. Ebubekir\u2019e biat edilmesiyle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, daha sonra Hz. \u00d6mer ve Hz. Osman\u2019\u0131n hilafetleriyle s\u00fcr\u00fcp Hz. Ali ile sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu d\u00f6nemde fethedilen yerlerdeki insanlara inan\u00e7 ve ibadet h\u00fcrriyeti tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, zorla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131 takip edilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hz. Ebu Bekir\u2019in halifeli\u011finin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u0130slamiyet\u2019ten d\u00f6nerek devlete isyan eden kabilelerle Ridde Sava\u015flar\u0131 (632-633) yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hz. Ebubekir bu kabilelere \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck kurarak kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klara son vermi\u015f ve \u00fclkede d\u00fczeni sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bizans\u2019la 634 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Ecn\u00e2deyn Sava\u015f\u0131 ile Filistin Suriye kap\u0131lar\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hz. Ebu Bekir D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde bir\u00e7ok haf\u0131z \u015fehit olunca unutulmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in Hz. Ebu Bekir ayetleri bir araya toplatm\u0131\u015f ve Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim kitap h\u00e2line getirilmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylelikle Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim\u2019in g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar eksiksiz ve bozulmadan gelmesi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hz. \u00d6mer zaman\u0131nda Bizans ile yap\u0131lan 636 Yerm\u00fck sava\u015f\u0131 ile Suriye\u2019nin fethi tamamland\u0131. Yerm\u00fck Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n arkas\u0131ndan Filistin\u2019in fethine devam edildi. H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n kutsal merkezi Kud\u00fcs ku\u015fat\u0131l\u0131nca halk aman diledi ve Halife \u00d6mer (638) y\u0131l\u0131nda bizzat gelerek \u015fehri Patrik Sophronios\u2019tan teslim ald\u0131. Bizans i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ticar\u00ee liman \u015fehri olan \u0130skenderiye\u2019yi fethetti (642).&nbsp; Kuzey Afrika fetihlerine Hz. Osman\u2019\u0131n hil\u00e2feti d\u00f6neminde de devam edildi. Bu d\u00f6nemde S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee ordusuyla yap\u0131lan Kadisiye Sava\u015f\u0131 (636), Celula Sava\u015f\u0131 (637) ve Nihavend Sava\u015f\u0131 (642) sonucunda Irak\u2019\u0131n fethi tamamlanm\u0131\u015f ve \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda bu zaferler S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 da sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ordular\u0131 \u0130ran i\u00e7lerine ilerlemi\u015f ve 651 y\u0131l\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130ran, \u0130slam h\u00e2kimiyetine girmi\u015ftir. Horasan\u2019a kadar olan b\u00f6lgeler fethedilmi\u015f ve T\u00fcrklerle kom\u015fu olunmu\u015ftur<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hz. \u00d6mer\u2019in fetihlere h\u0131z vermesi sonucunda \u0130slam Devleti\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 geni\u015flemi\u015f ve asker\u00ee ama\u00e7l\u0131 ordug\u00e2h \u015fehirler kurulmu\u015ftur. Bu d\u00f6nemde hicret ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 kabul edilerek hicr\u00ee takvim d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Hz. Osman D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde devam eden fetihler sonucunda \u0130slam Devleti en geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hz. Osman d\u00f6neminde Horasan ve Azerbaycan ele ge\u00e7irildi. Suriye Valisi Muaviye, Anadolu\u2019da Kayseri\u2019ye kadar sefer d\u00fczenlemi\u015f ve kurulan donanma ile 649\u2019da K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131 fethetmi\u015ftir. Bu donanma Do\u011fu Roma ile sava\u015farak Z\u00e2t\u00fc\u2019s-sav\u00e2r\u00ee denilen ilk deniz zaferini kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hz. Osman Devri\u2019nde Kur\u2019an n\u00fcshas\u0131 \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hz. Osman\u2019\u0131n \u015fehit edilmesinden sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan olaylar nedeniyle Hz. Ali D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde fetih hareketleri durmu\u015f ve \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hz. Ali halife se\u00e7ildi\u011finde farkl\u0131 e\u011filim ve tutumlar nedeniyle M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar gruplara ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hz. \u00c2i\u015fe, Hz. Osman\u2019\u0131n ku\u015fatma alt\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu s\u0131rada hacca gitti. Medine\u2019ye d\u00f6nerken yolda Hz. Osman\u2019\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6\u011frendi. Bunun \u00fczerine Medine\u2019ye gitmekten vaz ge\u00e7ip Mekke\u2019ye d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Talha ve Z\u00fcbeyir, katillerin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla giri\u015fimlerde bulunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Hz. Ali\u2019yi uyard\u0131lar; fakat o, duruma h\u00e2kim olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Bir s\u00fcre sonra umre yapmak amac\u0131yla Mekke\u2019ye gitmek i\u00e7in Hz. Ali\u2019den izin istediler.&nbsp; Mekke\u2019de toplanan muhalifler Basra\u2019ya gitmek i\u00e7in yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar.&nbsp; Hz. Ali onlar\u0131n arkas\u0131ndan Basra\u2019ya giderken K\u00fbfelilere haber g\u00f6ndererek onlardan yard\u0131m istedi. \u0130ki ordu el-Hureybe denilen yerde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131lar. Sava\u015f, Z\u00fcbeyir ve Talha\u2019n\u0131n hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmeleri ve Hz. \u00c2i\u015fe taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131n yenilgisiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131 (656). Tarihte bu olaya Cemel Vak\u2018as\u0131 denmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6revden al\u0131nmay\u0131 kabullenemeyen ve yeni valiyi \u015fehre sokmayan Emev\u00eeler\u2019in lideri durumundaki Mu\u00e2viye, Hz. Ali\u2019ye biat etmedi\u011fi gibi onu halifenin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesine ilgisiz kalmakla ve \u00e2sileri ordusunda bar\u0131nd\u0131rmakla su\u00e7lad\u0131. Hz. Ali Cemel Vak\u2018as\u0131\u2019ndan sonra onu yeniden biata davet etti. Mu\u00e2viye ise Hz. Osman\u2019\u0131n katillerinin kendisine verilmesini, Hz. Ali\u2019nin halifeli\u011fi b\u0131rakmas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u015f\u00fbra usul\u00fcyle yeni bir halife se\u00e7ilmesini teklif etti. Onun bu tavr\u0131 iki taraf\u0131 S\u0131ff\u00een\u2019de kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getirdi (657). Sava\u015f\u0131n Hz. Ali\u2019nin lehine sona ermekte iken durdurulmas\u0131 ve i\u015fin hakemlere havale edilmesi \u00fczerine yeni bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Hz. Ali\u2019nin ordusundan ayr\u0131lanlar bu defa onunla Nehrevan\u2019da sava\u015ft\u0131; kesin yenilgiye u\u011frayan bu z\u00fcmre daima isyan halinde kald\u0131 (H\u00e2ric\u00eeler) ve Hz. Ali \u0130bn M\u00fclcem adl\u0131 bir H\u00e2ric\u00ee taraf\u0131ndan \u015fehid edildi (40\/661).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4 Halife D\u00f6nemi Y\u00f6netim ve Ordu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hz. Peygamber\u2019den sonra \u0130sl\u00e2m devletinin merkezde halife, vil\u00e2yetlerde valilerle y\u00f6netilen bir siyasi ve idar\u00ee yap\u0131ya sahip oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Halife devletin ba\u015f\u0131d\u0131r ve Medine\u2019de bulunan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar taraf\u0131ndan tesbit ve tayin edilmi\u015f, daha sonra da di\u011fer vil\u00e2yetlerde bulunan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n biati al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lk d\u00f6rt halifeden Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir ile Hz. Ali Medine halk\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7imiyle, Hz. \u00d6mer b\u0131rakma suretiyle, Hz. Osman\u2019da \u015f\u00fbra yoluyla hil\u00e2fete gelmi\u015ftir. Hi\u00e7bir halife, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra yerine ge\u00e7ecek halifeyi belirlerken kendi ailesinden birini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130ktidar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan Allah\u2019tan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, b\u00f6ylece yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde Allah\u2019\u0131n temsilcisi durumunda bulundu\u011funu iddia eden bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar veya din adam\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 Hulef\u00e2-y\u0131 R\u00e2\u015fid\u00een d\u00f6neminde hi\u00e7bir zaman g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde halifeler iktidar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar yani \u00fcmmet oldu\u011funu kabul etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lk halifeler y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yarg\u0131 ve belirli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yasama yetkisini ellerinde tutmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Kur\u2019\u00e2n ve S\u00fcnnet\u2019in \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir iktidara sahip bulunduklar\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131nda idiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hz. \u00d6mer, bir\u00e7ok vil\u00e2yette adl\u00ee ve mal\u00ee i\u015fleri genel idareden ay\u0131r\u0131p buralara do\u011frudan kendisine ba\u011fl\u0131 kad\u0131lar ve vergilerin toplanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e2miller g\u00f6ndermeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fetihler sonucunda \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00fclkelerinin geni\u015flemesi \u00fczerine fey gelirlerinin artmas\u0131 Hz. \u00d6mer\u2019i yeni bir d\u00fczenlemeye gitmek mecburiyetinde b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f ve divan te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131 b\u00f6ylece kurulmu\u015ftur. Ordu idaresi i\u00e7in, \u00d6mer c\u00fcnd ad\u0131 verilen bir\u00e7ok askeri merkez kurdu. Silah alt\u0131na alma faaliyeti, a\u015famal\u0131 olarak b\u00fct\u00fcn Arabistan\u2019\u0131 kapsayacak \u015fekilde geni\u015fletildi. Halife ordu kademelerini \u0130ranl\u0131lara da a\u00e7t\u0131. \u0130slam ordusunda Romal\u0131 ve Yunanl\u0131 askerler de vard\u0131. Halife, orduyu ticaret, tar\u0131m ve di\u011fer u\u011fra\u015flardan uzak tutmak amac\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bu ama\u00e7la maa\u015flar\u0131na gerekli zamlar yap\u0131ld\u0131.&nbsp; Ku\u015fatma harek\u00e2t\u0131nda manc\u0131n\u0131k kullan\u0131lmaya, daha Peygamber hayat\u0131nda ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Halife \u00d6mer zaman\u0131nda manc\u0131n\u0131klar yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bir\u00e7ok kalenin fethinde bu ara\u00e7lar kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Emeviler D\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00f6rt Halife D\u00f6nemi\u2019nden sonra Muaviye taraf\u0131ndan 661\u2019de \u015eam\u2019da kurulan Emeviler, ilk \u0130slam hanedan\u0131d\u0131r. Muaviye \u00fclkedeki kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klara son verdikten sonra fetih hareketleri yeniden ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ordular\u0131 T\u00fcrkistan, Anadolu ve Kuzey Afrika\u2019da etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">663\u2019ten itibaren her y\u0131l Anadolu\u2019ya ak\u0131nlar yapan Emev\u00ee ordular\u0131 668\u2019de Kad\u0131k\u00f6y\u2019e kadar ilerlemi\u015f ve ertesi y\u0131l gelen takviye kuvvetleriyle Bo\u011faz\u0131 ge\u00e7erek \u0130stanbul\u2019u ku\u015fatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yedi y\u0131l s\u00fcren bu b\u00fcy\u00fck ku\u015fatma M\u00fcsl\u00fcman gemilerinin Grek ate\u015fiyle yak\u0131lmas\u0131 ve karadan yap\u0131lan h\u00fccumun \u0130stanbul surlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015famamas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015famad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tar\u0131k bin Ziyad, 711 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rio Guadalete mevkisinde Gotlar\u0131 ma\u011flup etmi\u015ftir. Bu zaferden sonra b\u00f6lgede \u00f6nemli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130spanya\u2019y\u0131 fethetmi\u015ftir. Emevilerin Avrupa\u2019daki ilerleyi\u015fleri, Franklar taraf\u0131ndan Puvatya Sava\u015f\u0131 (732) ile Prene Da\u011flar\u0131nda durdurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kerbela Olay\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mu\u00e2viye\u2019nin&nbsp; 680 y\u0131l\u0131nda vefat\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ba\u015f\u015fehir D\u0131ma\u015fk\u2019ta ve di\u011fer merkezlerde Yez\u00eed\u2019e biat edildi. Yez\u00eed\u2019in halifeli\u011fini tan\u0131mayan Hz. H\u00fcseyin ve Abdullah b. Z\u00fcbeyr, kendilerinden zorla biat almakla g\u00f6revlendirilen valinin takibat\u0131ndan kurtularak Mekke\u2019ye gittiler. Onlar\u0131n bu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131yla birlikte Mu\u00e2viye zaman\u0131nda kontrol alt\u0131nda tutulan muhalefet harekete ge\u00e7ti. Bunlar Mekke\u2019ye s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan Hz. H\u00fcseyin\u2019e el\u00e7i ve mektuplar g\u00f6ndererek kendisini K\u00fbfe\u2019ye davet ettiler. Geli\u015fmelerden haberdar olan Yez\u00eed, Basra Valisi Ubeydullah b. Ziy\u00e2d\u2019\u0131 K\u00fbfe valili\u011fine getirerek isyan\u0131 \u00f6nlemekle g\u00f6revlendirdi. Vali K\u00fbfe\u2019deki yeni geli\u015fmelerden habersiz olarak K\u00fbfe\u2019ye gelmekte olan Hz. H\u00fcseyin\u2019in yolunu kestirdi. 10 Muharrem 61 (10 Ekim 680) Cuma g\u00fcn\u00fc Kerbel\u00e2\u2019da cereyan eden \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalarda Hz. H\u00fcseyin ve beraberindekilerin tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131 hunharca katledildi. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n iki z\u00fcmreye ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n esas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil eden bu facia y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ba\u015flat\u0131lan isyanlar Emev\u00eeler\u2019in y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli sebeplerinden biri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mevali<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mev\u00e2l\u00ee \u0130sl\u00e2miyet\u2019i kabul etmekle hukuken M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Araplarla e\u015fit hale geliyordu. Hz. Peygamber, h\u00fcr Arap M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla daha \u00f6nce k\u00f6le olan \u00e2zatl\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda bir ay\u0131r\u0131m g\u00f6zetmemi\u015f, bu uygulama D\u00f6rt Halife d\u00f6neminde de aynen s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ancak zamanla Araplar kendilerini di\u011fer M\u00fcsl\u00fcman milletlerden \u00fcst\u00fcn g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u0130ktidarda bulunan Emev\u00ee y\u00f6neticilerinin \u00e7o\u011funun M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi ilkesini bir yana b\u0131rakarak mev\u00e2l\u00ee ile Araplar aras\u0131nda ay\u0131r\u0131m yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, mev\u00e2l\u00eeye Kur\u2019an ve S\u00fcnnet\u2019te yeri olmayan baz\u0131 vergiler y\u00fckledi\u011fi ve fetihlere kat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 halde baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde onlar\u0131 asker\u00ee maa\u015f divan\u0131na kaydetmedi\u011fi bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00d6mer b. Abd\u00fclaz\u00eez 717-720 <\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d6mer b. Abd\u00fclaz\u00eez 717-720 saraydaki l\u00fcks e\u015fyalar\u0131 beyt\u00fclm\u00e2le koydurmas\u0131, k\u00f6le ve c\u00e2riyeleri \u00e2zat etmesi, halktan biri gibi ya\u015famas\u0131 ve hutbelerde sadece halifeler i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan duay\u0131 halk i\u00e7in okunan umumi duaya \u00e7evirmesi gibi uygulamalar\u0131yla Emev\u00eeler\u2019in geleneksel saltanat g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerine son verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lk d\u00f6rt halifeyi \u00f6rnek alan bu davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 sebebiyle Hulef\u00e2-yi R\u00e2\u015fid\u00een\u2019in be\u015fincisi say\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;\u00d6mer b. Abd\u00fclaz\u00eez, Emev\u00eeler\u2019in ilk d\u00f6nemlerinden itibaren ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fcsl\u00fcman muamelesi g\u00f6ren mev\u00e2l\u00eeyi [Arap olmayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar] Arap as\u0131ll\u0131 m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla e\u015fit kabul etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Emevilerin Y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Emevilerin son d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fanan taht m\u00fccadeleleri ve halifelerin k\u00f6t\u00fc y\u00f6netimi merkez\u00ee otoriteyi zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kerbela Olay\u0131 ve mevali siyaseti de bu duruma eklenince Emeviler halk\u0131n deste\u011fini kaybetmi\u015ftir. Emevi y\u00f6netiminden rahats\u0131z olan Abbasi ailesi, Horasan\u2019da e\u015fitlik ve adalet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle isyan ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Emevilere kar\u015f\u0131 cephe alan di\u011fer muhalif gruplar\u0131n da bu isyanda Abbasi ailesi ile birlikte hareket etmi\u015ftir. Sonu\u00e7ta isyan\u0131 bast\u0131ramayan Emevilere 750 y\u0131l\u0131nda Abbasiler son vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a><strong>Emeviler D\u00f6nemi Y\u00f6netim ve Ordu<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mu\u00e2viye\u2019nin hil\u00e2fet makam\u0131na ge\u00e7mesiyle \u0130sl\u00e2m tarihinde yeni bir d\u00f6nem ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halifeli\u011fi, kabile asabiyeti temeline dayanan bir m\u00fccadele sonunda ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olan Mu\u00e2viye\u2019nin en \u00f6nemli icraat\u0131 o\u011flu Yez\u00eed\u2019i veliaht tayin etmesidir. Art\u0131k halife resm\u00ee unvan\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan olmasa bile fiilen h\u00fck\u00fcmdard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mu\u00e2viye zaman\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k merasim ve protokollerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla birlikte h\u00e2ciblik g\u00f6revi ihdas edilmi\u015fti. Sarayda \u00f6nemli bir yeri olan h\u00e2cibin vazifesi halifenin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak, halk taraf\u0131ndan me\u015fgul edilmesini \u00f6nlemek ve yapaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri d\u00fczenlemekti. Emev\u00eeler zaman\u0131nda \u00fclke, devlet merkezi olan Suriye ve civar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, valileri (umumi vali) halife taraf\u0131ndan tayin edilen be\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck eyalete ayr\u0131l\u0131yordu. Eyalet valisi, kendisine ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015fehirlerin valilerini bizzat tayin hakk\u0131na sahip bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Emev\u00eeler zaman\u0131nda \u0130sl\u00e2m toplumu m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, zimm\u00eeler ve k\u00f6leler olmak \u00fczere ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00fc\u00e7 tabakadan meydana geliyordu. \u00c7o\u011funlu\u011fu te\u015fkil eden m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar da \u0130sl\u00e2miyet\u2019in ilk unsuru olan f\u00e2tih Araplar\u2019la fetihlerden sonra \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019a giren ve \u201cmev\u00e2l\u00ee\u201d denilen Arap d\u0131\u015f\u0131 unsurlara ayr\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lk d\u00f6nemlerde ordunun \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu Araplar olu\u015ftururken s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n geni\u015flemesiyle muhtelif milletlerden de insanlar askere al\u0131nmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Emev\u00eeler art\u0131k T\u00fcrkleri, \u0130sl\u00e2m ordular\u0131nda istihdam etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. \u0130sl\u00e2m ordusu i\u00e7inde g\u00f6rev yapan mev\u00e2l\u00ee, maa\u015f olarak Arap askerlerden daha az almaktayd\u0131. Tersanelerde yap\u0131lan gemiler Bizans gemilerine benzemekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abbasiler D\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ebu\u2019l Abbas Seffah taraf\u0131ndan 750 y\u0131l\u0131nda Emevi hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na son verilerek kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu s\u0131ralarda T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki otorite bo\u015flu\u011funu doldurmak isteyen \u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile Abbasiler aras\u0131nda Talas Sava\u015f\u0131 (751) meydana gelmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrklerin deste\u011fini alan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Araplar, \u00c7in ordusuna kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zafer kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sava\u015f sonucunda, T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki \u00c7in bask\u0131s\u0131 ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Halife Mansur D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde (754-775) Anadolu\u2019ya ak\u0131nlar d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde Arap ve mevali aras\u0131ndaki fark ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halife Harun Re\u015fid (786-809) Abbasilere en parlak d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130slam Devleti ile Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndaki kaleler g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015f ve s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla Tarsus, Mara\u015f ve Malatya\u2019ya asker\u00ee valiler atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u0131n\u0131r hatt\u0131 \u201cavas\u0131m\u201d ad\u0131 ile yeniden te\u015fkilatland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve T\u00fcrklerden olu\u015fan asker\u00ee birlikler buraya yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mu\u2019tas\u0131m (833-842) halife olunca otoritesini T\u00fcrklere dayand\u0131rmay\u0131 tercih etti. Muhaf\u0131z k\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131 onlardan kurdu, devletin \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revlerini T\u00fcrkler\u2019e verdi. Mu\u2019tas\u0131m yeni elitleri ile yeni bir \u015fehir kurma ve Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131 temelli b\u0131rakma karar\u0131 ald\u0131. Sonu\u00e7ta, S\u00e2marr\u00e2 \u015fehrini kurarak T\u00fcrk askerleriyle birlikte hil\u00e2fet merkezini oraya nakletti. Abb\u00e2si tarihinde \u201cS\u00e2marr\u00e2 Devri\u201d (836-892) diye bilinen bu devirde T\u00fcrkler yaln\u0131z asker\u00ee alanda de\u011fil, siyas\u00ee ve idar\u00ee alanlarda da devlette etkili olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Abbasilere 1258 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mo\u011follar son vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abbasiler D\u00f6nemi Y\u00f6netim ve Ordu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Abb\u00e2s\u00eelerde merkez\u00ee y\u00f6netimde halife, vezir, h\u00e2cib en \u00f6nde gelen ki\u015filerdi. Halife, her \u00e7e\u015fit kuvvet ve kudretin kayna\u011f\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Abb\u00e2s\u00ee halifeleri kendilerini sadece h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak de\u011fil, Allah\u2019\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki temsilcileri olarak da g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Emev\u00eeler d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flat\u0131lan veliahtl\u0131k sistemi, hil\u00e2feti Abb\u00e2s\u00ee ailesi i\u00e7inde bulundurmak gayesiyle devam ettirildi. &nbsp;Abb\u00e2s\u00ee Devleti idar\u00ee yap\u0131s\u0131nda, halifelikten sonra en \u00f6nemli kurum vezirliktir. Abb\u00e2s\u00eeler ile birlikte ilk defa M\u00fcsl\u00fcman devlet yap\u0131lanmas\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan vezirlik kurumu Sasan\u00eeler\u2019den al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Vezir, halifenin vekili ve idar\u00ee yap\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131 idi. Emev\u00eeler d\u00f6neminde merkezde yer alan div\u00e2nlar, Abb\u00e2s\u00eeler d\u00f6neminde de varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Abb\u00e2s\u00eeler d\u00f6neminde halk, havas (\u00fcst tabaka) ve avam (S\u0131radan halk) olmak \u00fczere iki b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131fa ayr\u0131l\u0131yordu. &nbsp;Abb\u00e2s\u00eeler Mevaliye \u00e7ok \u00f6nem vermi\u015f ve onlar\u0131 devletin \u00f6nemli makamlar\u0131na getirmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Abb\u00e2s\u00ee ordusunun esas\u0131n\u0131, \u00fccretli askerler te\u015fkil etmekteydi. Bunlar yapt\u0131klar\u0131 asker\u00ee hizmet kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda devlet b\u00fct\u00e7esinden maa\u015f al\u0131rlar ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 devlet taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Abb\u00e2s\u00ee ordusu \u015fu be\u015f gruptan olu\u015fuyordu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. Ba\u015f\u015fehirde bulunan ve do\u011frudan halifeye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yapan muhaf\u0131z birli\u011fi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. B\u00fcy\u00fck devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n emrinde g\u00f6rev yapan birlikler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. Vil\u00e2yetlerde bulunan kuvvetler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. Av\u00e2s\u0131m ve sug\u016br ad\u0131 verilen s\u0131n\u0131r garnizonlar\u0131ndaki birlikler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. Yard\u0131mc\u0131 kuvvetler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sava\u015flarda kullan\u0131lan ba\u015fl\u0131ca sil\u00e2h, ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7ler de k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, ok, yay, han\u00e7er, m\u0131zrak, topuz, balta, kalkan, z\u0131rh, mi\u011ffer, dikenli tel, merdiven, manc\u0131n\u0131k, arr\u00e2de ve debb\u00e2beden ibaretti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d6zellikle T\u00fcrk birliklerinin hil\u00e2fet ordusunun saflar\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler olmu\u015f ve T\u00fcrkler\u2019deki onlu sistem esas al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Abb\u00e2s\u00eeler kara kuvvetlerine oldu\u011fu kadar deniz kuvvetlerine ve denizcili\u011fe de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem vermi\u015flerdir. Muhtelif \u015fehirlerde kurduklar\u0131 tersanelerde Bizans gemilerinden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck gemiler in\u015fa etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abbasiler ve T\u00fcrkler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrkler, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 zoruyla de\u011fil kendi istek ve iradeleriyle adeta do\u011fal bir ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde \u0130slamiyet\u2019i benimsemi\u015ftir. Abbasilerin mevali siyasetini terk etmesi T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda \u0130slamiyet\u2019in yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda G\u00f6k tanr\u0131 dini ile \u0130slamiyet aras\u0131nda benzerlikler bulunmas\u0131 ve \u0130slamiyet\u2019in T\u00fcrk mizac\u0131na uygun gelmesi de etkili olan unsurlardand\u0131r. Nitekim \u0130slamiyet, T\u00fcrklerin mill\u00ee varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 korumalar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Kurulan T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Devletleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Toluno\u011fullar\u0131 Devleti (868-905)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130h\u015f\u00eed\u00eeler (935-969)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eyyubiler (1174-1250)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meml\u00fbklular (1250-1517)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>TOLUNO\u011eULLARI DEVLET\u0130 (868-905)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ahmed b. Tolun taraf\u0131ndan M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da kurulmu\u015f ilk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk devletidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a naib olarak g\u00f6nderilen Toluno\u011flu Ahmed, Abbasi Devleti\u2019ndeki siyasi istikrars\u0131zl\u0131ktan yararlanarak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">884\u2019te vefat eden Toluno\u011flu Ahmed\u2019in yerine ge\u00e7en o\u011flu Hum\u00e2reveyh zaman\u0131nda Toluno\u011fullar\u0131 en parlak d\u00f6nemini ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Taht kavgalar\u0131 nedeniyle devletin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n devam etti\u011fi 905 y\u0131l\u0131nda Abbasi ordusu M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a girerek Toluno\u011fullar\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetine son vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Toluno\u011fullar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131lan Tul\u00fbniyye Camisi ise M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da T\u00fcrk usul\u00fc yapt\u0131r\u0131lan ilk cami olup ayn\u0131 zamanda minare gelene\u011fini burada ba\u015flatan mimari bir eserdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130H\u015e\u00ceD\u00ceLER (935-969)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da kurulmu\u015f ve Suriye\u2019de h\u00e2kimiyet kurmu\u015f M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk devletidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu devletin ad\u0131, kurucusu Muhammed b. Tu\u011f\u00e7\u2019a verilen \u201cih\u015f\u00eed\u201d unvan\u0131ndan gelmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Muhammed b. Tu\u011f\u00e7, 935\u2019te M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a vali olarak tayin edilmi\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da \u0130h\u015f\u00eed\u00eeler D\u00f6nemi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrkler ilk kez bu d\u00f6nemde kutsal topraklar (Hicaz b\u00f6lgesi) \u00fczerinde hakimiyet kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fatimiler 969 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fustat&#8217;a girmi\u015f ve \u0130h\u015f\u00eed\u00eeler Devleti\u2019ne son vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Toluno\u011fullar\u0131 ve \u0130h\u015f\u00eed\u00eelerin k\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olmas\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck sebebi y\u00f6neticilerin T\u00fcrk, halk\u0131n Arap olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>EYYUB\u0130LER (1174-1250)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">F\u00e2t\u0131mi Devletinde vezirlik yapan Selahaddin Eyyubi Nureddin Zengi&#8217;nin te\u015fvikiyle 1169-1171 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;daki F\u00e2t\u0131mi rejimini yava\u015f yava\u015f etkisiz h\u00e2le getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Daha sonra F\u00e2t\u0131mi hilafetine son vererek M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Abbasiler ad\u0131na 1171\u2019de hutbe okutmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nureddin Zengi\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine Selahaddin, 1174\u2019te Suriye&#8217;ye h\u00e2kim olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ha\u00e7l\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yla m\u00fccadele eden Selahaddin Eyyubi, 3-4 Temmuz 1187 meydana gelen H\u0131ttin Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yenilgiye u\u011fratm\u0131\u015f ve Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc fethetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu zafer III. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi\u2019nin d\u00fczenlenmesine neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Selahaddin Eyyubi, III. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yla savunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>MEML\u00dbKLULAR (1250-1517)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da kurulmu\u015f ve Suriye ile Hicaz&#8217;da h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk devletidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u0131s\u0131r da Eyyubi ordusundaki T\u00fcrk as\u0131ll\u0131 azatl\u0131 emirler taraf\u0131ndan kurulan Meml\u00fbklular\u0131n (K\u00f6lemenler) ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Aybek\u2019tir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meml\u00fbklular asker olduklar\u0131ndan asker\u00ee bir y\u00f6netim kurmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Y\u00f6netimin ba\u015f\u0131nda ve kilit noktalarda y\u00fcksek dereceli emirler bulunurdu. Sultan da bu emirlerden biri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Genel olarak Meml\u00fbklularda h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k babadan o\u011fula ge\u00e7mezdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sultan Kutuz D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde \u0130slam D\u00fcnyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 tehdit eden Mo\u011follara kar\u015f\u0131 1260\u2019da Aynic\u00e2lut Sava\u015f\u0131 kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Suriye&#8217;nin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 Meml\u00fbklular\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00f6ylece Meml\u00fbklular, \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck devleti h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lhanl\u0131lar\u0131n 1258\u2019de Abbasi Devleti\u2019ni ortadan kald\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Sultan I. Baybars, 1261 y\u0131l\u0131nda Abbasi ailesinden birini halife ilan ederek Abbasi hilafetini M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da yeniden kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00f6ylece Meml\u00fbklular hilafetin koruyucusu s\u0131fat\u0131yla b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131 \u00fczerinde n\u00fcfuz sahibi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sultan Baybars h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde \u0130lhanl\u0131lar ve Ha\u00e7l\u0131larla ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde m\u00fccadele etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meml\u00fbk Devleti, Yavuz Sultan Selim\u2019in M\u0131s\u0131r Seferi sonucunda 1517\u2019de sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.3. ORTA \u00c7A\u011e\u2019DA T\u0130CARET YOLLARI<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>KRAL YOLU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kral Yolu, \u0130zmir yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki Sart\u2019tan ba\u015flayarak, bug\u00fcn arkaik bir \u015fehir olan Perslerin pay\u0131taht\u0131 Susa\u2019da son buluyordu. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck yol, Pers \u0130mparatoru I. Darius (522-486) taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fckemmel hale getirilmi\u015f olsa bile, ondan evvel de i\u015fledi\u011fi bilinmektedir. Ancak, onun zaman\u0131nda bu yol \u00fczerinde menzil, han, kervansaray ve haberle\u015fme kuleleri gibi altyap\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015f; bu sebeple de Darius\u2019a atfen Kral\u0131n Yolu (The King\u2019s Road) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Buna ra\u011fmen, bu yol i\u00e7in Kral Yolu (King Road) nitelemesi daha \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Esas\u0131nda merkez\u00ee bir idarenin daha ziyade asker\u00ee gayeyle in\u015fa ettirdi\u011fi Kral Yolu, ayn\u0131 zamanda Bat\u0131-Do\u011fu ticaretini de \u00e7ekebilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ticaret yollar\u0131nda sadece ticari mallar ta\u015f\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f, zamanla yollar mallarla birlikte bilgilerin, fikirlerin, inan\u00e7lar\u0131n ve de\u011ferlerin de hareketine sahne olan \u00f6nemli mek\u00e2nsal varl\u0131klar h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca ticaret yollar\u0131; \u0130pek Yolu, Baharat Yolu ve K\u00fcrk Yolu\u2019dur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130PEK YOLU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130pek Yolu \u00c7in\u2019den ba\u015flayarak Anadolu ve Akdeniz \u00fczerinden Avrupa\u2019da son bulan bir ticaret yolunu temsil etmektedir. Ad\u0131n\u0131 en \u00f6nemli simgesi olan ipekten alan bu ticaret yolu yaln\u0131zca ticari mallar\u0131n de\u011fil insanlar\u0131n, k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin ve fikirlerin ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131nda da arac\u0131 bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130pek Yolu\u2019nun \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019in C\u2019hangan ve Loyang \u015fehirleri idi. Bu \u015fehirlerden y\u00fcklerini alarak hareket eden ticaret kervanlar\u0131, Dunhuang\u2019a ula\u015f\u0131yordu. Burada ticaret kervanlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Bundan sonra \u0130pek Yolu ikiye ayr\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Bunlardan biri Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kuzey kenar\u0131n\u0131, di\u011feri de g\u00fcney kenar\u0131n\u0131 takip ederek bat\u0131ya do\u011fru ilerliyor ve her iki yol Ka\u015fgar \u015fehrinde birle\u015fiyordu. Kuzeyden giden yolun bir kolu Turfan, Urum\u00e7i, Kulja, Alma Ata (Almat\u0131) \u00fczerinden Talas yoluyla Maver\u00e2\u00fcnnehr\u2019e di\u011fer kolu Talas ve Aksu \u00fczerinden Ka\u015fgar\u2019a ula\u015f\u0131yordu. Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn g\u00fcneyinden giden yol ise Ka\u015fgar\u2019a ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in Hotan ile Yarkent yolunu takip ediyordu. Kuzey yolu Semerkant, Buhara, Hive Yenikent, \u0130til \u00fczerinden Karadeniz sahillerine, oradan da \u0130stanbul\u2019a ula\u015f\u0131yor ve Avrupa\u2019ya a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ka\u015fgar\u2019dan sonra Belh, Merv, Ni\u015fabur, Rey yolunu takip eden g\u00fcney yolu ise Tebriz\u2019den Anadolu\u2019ya giriyordu. G\u00fcney yolundan Rey\u2019de ayr\u0131lan bir ba\u015fka kol da Antakya ve Lazkiye\u2019ye ula\u015f\u0131yor ve buradan Do\u011fu Akdeniz sahillerine a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>BAHARAT YOLU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130pek Yolu\u2019nun aksine, Baharat Yolu deniz g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131n daha fazla kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ticaret rotas\u0131yd\u0131. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131n\u0131 Endonezya\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusundaki, baharat adalar\u0131 olarak bilinen Maluku Tak\u0131madalar\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu. Endonezya\u2019dan sonra rota Kalk\u00fcta, Seylan Adas\u0131, Kalik\u00fct, Goa ve Di\u00fb limanlar\u0131n\u0131 takip ediyordu. Buradan sonra daha bat\u0131ya do\u011fru bir kol H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndan Basra K\u00f6rfezi\u2019ne y\u00f6nelirken bir di\u011fer kol ise Yemen ve Do\u011fu Afrika sahillerine ula\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. Bu kollardan birincisi kara yoluyla Ba\u011fdat, \u015eam, Halep ve ard\u0131ndan Bursa, \u0130stanbul yoluyla Avrupa i\u00e7lerine ula\u015fmaktayd\u0131. \u0130kinci kol ise K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz \u00fczerinden \u0130skenderiye\u2019ye var\u0131rd\u0131. Baharat Yolu\u2019ndan gelen \u00fcr\u00fcnler daha sonra Venedik ve Cenova \u00fczerinden Avrupa\u2019ya ula\u015f\u0131yordu. Bu yol, co\u011frafi ke\u015fifler sonucunda \u00f6nemini kaybetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>K\u00dcRK YOLU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u00fcrk Yolu Abakan bozk\u0131rlar\u0131 ile \u0130dil ve Kama nehirlerinin birle\u015fti\u011fi yere kadar uzan\u0131yordu. G\u00fcney Sibirya ormanlar\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 boyunca devam eden bu yolda hayvan ve kat\u0131rlarla ta\u015f\u0131nan deri ve postlar, Hazar Devleti\u2019nin merkezi Hanbal\u0131k\u2019a (\u0130dil) ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor ve buradan Bizans\u2019a ve Ba\u011fdat \u00fczerinden de \u0130slam \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6nderiliyordu. Bu yolun do\u011fu ucu T\u00fcrk devletlerinin merkezi olan Orhun B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nden sonra \u00c7in\u2019in merkezine iniyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>KERVANSARAY<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk illerindeki topraklar \u00fczerinde, 30- 40 kilometre aral\u0131klarla kesme ta\u015flardan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kervansaraylar in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar ticari konaklama merkezleri olup, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc otellerin g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirmektedir. Bu kervansaraylar aras\u0131nda seyahat ve ticaret, \u00fclkelerin askeri merkezleri taraf\u0131ndan emniyet alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, buraya gelenlerin mallar\u0131n\u0131 rahatl\u0131kla pazarlad\u0131klar\u0131 ortam olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Y\u00fckl\u00fc kervanlarla gelip kalanlar\u0131n kendileri ve hayvanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in hekim, baytar ve nalbant bulundurulmu\u015f, ayr\u0131ca yatma i\u00e7in odalar, tedavi i\u00e7in revir, k\u00fct\u00fcphane, ibadet yerleri, y\u0131kanmak i\u00e7in hamam, su ihtiyac\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fmeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3.4. ORTA \u00c7A\u011e\u2019DAK\u0130 BA\u015eLICA MEDEN\u0130YET HAVZALARININ B\u0130L\u0130M, K\u00dcLT\u00dcR VE SANATA ETK\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00fcnya tarihinde medeniyetlerin geli\u015fimi birbirinden kopuk bir \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmez. Medeniyet, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n madd\u00ee ve manev\u00ee birikimi olup, k\u00f6kleri tarihin ilk \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131na kadar gitmektedir. Bu da bize medeniyetin, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak mal\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Medeniyetlerin birbirleriyle etkile\u015fimleri sava\u015f, g\u00f6\u00e7 ve ticaret ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok kanaldan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalar\u0131nda geli\u015fmi\u015f e\u011fitim imk\u00e2nlar\u0131na sahip ve bir\u00e7ok ilim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan cazibe merkezi h\u00e2line gelmi\u015f b\u00f6lgeler olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bilim, sanat ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezleri olarak beliren ve Medeniyet Havzas\u0131 olarak nitelenen bu \u015fehirler ve b\u00f6lgeler, bilimsel disiplinleriyle (ekol) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce hayat\u0131na y\u00f6n veren merkezlerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>ORTA \u00c7A\u011e D\u00dcNYASINDA BA\u015eLICA MEDEN\u0130YET HAVZALARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hic\u00e2z: Mekke ve Medine\u2019de m\u00fcderrisler, Hanef\u00ee ve \u015e\u00e2fi\u00ee f\u0131kh\u0131na g\u00f6re medrese talebelerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra halka da a\u00e7\u0131k dersler vermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bil\u00e2d-\u0131 \u015e\u00e2m (Suriye): Emeviler d\u00f6neminde halifelerin destekleri ve elveri\u015fli iktisadi yap\u0131s\u0131 ile Suriye \u015fehirlerinin her biri ilim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezleri haline gelmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Irak: Abbasiler d\u00f6neminde \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ilim, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyet merkezlerinden biri haline geldi. Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta Beyt\u00fc\u2019l-hikme\u2019de y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u201c\u0130slam R\u00f6nesans\u0131\u201d s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatt\u0131. Beyt\u00fc\u2019l-hikme, bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve e\u011fitim kurumu olup Abbasi Halifesi el-Me\u2019mun taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bilgelik evinin en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revleri, d\u00f6nemin \u00fcnl\u00fc astronom, matematik\u00e7i ve hekimlerini bir araya getirmek ve bilimin \u00e7e\u015fitli alanlar\u0131ndaki belli ba\u015fl\u0131 eserleri Arap\u00e7aya \u00e7evirmektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu d\u00f6nemde Beyt\u00fc\u2019l hikme, Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n en zengin k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi ve ilm\u00ee ara\u015ft\u0131rma merkezi h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Fars, Irak-\u0131 Acem, Azerbaycan ve Horasan (\u0130ran) Havzas\u0131:<\/strong> Kadim ve zengin bir k\u00fclt\u00fcre sahip olan \u0130ran co\u011frafyas\u0131, \u0130slam medeniyetinin te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fcnde ve geli\u015fmesinde m\u00fchim bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>M\u00e2ver\u00e2\u00fcnnehir, H\u00e2rezm, T\u00fcrkistan:<\/strong> \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda astronomi alan\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda Semerkant ve Buhara Medreseleri ve buralarda yeti\u015fen \u00e2limlerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bu medeniyet havzas\u0131nda \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>End\u00fcl\u00fcs:<\/strong> \u0130sl\u00e2m k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyetinin bat\u0131daki uzant\u0131s\u0131 niteli\u011finde olan End\u00fcl\u00fcs havzas\u0131 \u0130sl\u00e2m medeniyetindeki bilgi birikiminin Avrupa\u2019ya tesirinin en \u00f6nemli kanallar\u0131ndan biridir ve Avrupa\u2019da R\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131nda etkili olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sicilya (Palermo):<\/strong> Sicilya Adas\u0131 ve ba\u015fkenti Palermo; ticari, ilm\u00ee ve sanatsal faaliyetlerin yo\u011funlu\u011fu ile \u0130slami d\u00f6nemde ve sonras\u0131nda Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 medeniyetinin harmanland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kav\u015fak haline gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bat\u0131:<\/strong> Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrupa\u2019s\u0131nda Roma miras\u0131 \u00fczerinde kilise g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn her alanda hissedildi\u011fi Roma- Cermen sentezi bir medeniyet y\u00fckselmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u011fitimin temel amac\u0131 ak\u0131l ve inanc\u0131n uyumunu savunan Skolastik D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi aktarmak ve geli\u015ftirmekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hindistan:<\/strong> Felsefe, kimya, t\u0131p alanlar\u0131nda da \u00f6nemli bir birikime sahip olmakla beraber matematik ve geometri b\u00f6lgenin en fazla \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. B\u00f6lgenin \u0130slam medeniyetinin geli\u015fimine de tesiri b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00c7in:<\/strong> \u00c7in, genel olarak teknik bilgi \u00fcreten kadim bir uygarl\u0131k olarak bilinse de kuramsal tarih anlat\u0131m\u0131, felsefi ak\u0131mlar, mimari, sanat gibi pek \u00e7ok alanda \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130SLAM AL\u0130MLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>EL HAREZM\u0130 (780-850)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Harezmi 780 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00d6zbekistan&#8217;\u0131n Harezm b\u00f6lgesinin Hive \u015fehrinde d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015ftir..<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cebirin ve algoritman\u0131n kurucusudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Harezmi, d\u00f6nemin en se\u00e7kin alimlerinin bulundu\u011fu Beyt\u2019\u00fcl- Hikme\u2019de yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u0131f\u0131r\u0131 bulan Harezmi Hintlilerden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 dokuz adet rakama s\u0131f\u0131r\u0131 ekleyerek onluk sistemi tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bat\u0131l\u0131lar matematikte s\u0131f\u0131r kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>EB\u00db BEK\u0130R ER-R\u00c2Z\u00ce (865- 925)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">865 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rey\u2019de do\u011fdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n Rhazes dedikleri Er- Razi \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck hekimlerindendir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ebubekir Razi&#8217;nin t\u0131p alan\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 el- H\u00e2v\u00ee adl\u0131 eseri 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l&#8217;a kadar alan\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli ba\u015fvuru kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>FARAB\u0130 (870-950)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bat\u0131\u2019da Alfarabius, Abunazar gibi isimlerle tan\u0131nan Farabi\u2019nin as\u0131l ad\u0131 Muhammed\u2019dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kazakistan\u2019da bulunan Farab \u015fehrinde do\u011fdu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u201cel-Farabi\u201d olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Farabi, mant\u0131k ilmine katk\u0131lar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Aristo\u2019dan sonra \u201c\u0130kinci \u00d6\u011fretmen\u201d lakab\u0131yla an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130BN\u00dc&#8217;L-HEYSEM (960-1039)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Optik alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla tan\u0131nan ve modern optik biliminin kurucusu olarak kabul edilen bir bilim insan\u0131d\u0131r. Hem \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda hem de Bat\u0131&#8217;da uzun y\u0131llar boyunca faydalan\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli eseri &#8220;Kitab\u00fc&#8217;l-Menazir&#8221;dir. Ayr\u0131ca, foto\u011fraf makinesinin mucidi olarak da an\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130BN-\u0130 S\u0130NA (980-1037)<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Buhara yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Af\u015fana k\u00f6y\u00fcnde do\u011fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">F\u0131k\u0131h, kelam, mant\u0131k, felsefe, t\u0131p, astronomi, jeoloji ve matematik ilimlerinde tahsil g\u00f6ren \u0130bn-i Sina, Bat\u0131\u2019da Avicenna, \u0130slam \u00e2leminde ise \u015eeyh el-Reis ad\u0131yla an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130bn-i Sina, \u00f6\u011frencisi el-C\u00fczcan\u00ee ile birlikte g\u00f6zlemevi kurmu\u015f ve bu g\u00f6zlemevine ait ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7leri kendisi \u00e7izmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ufuk a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7meye yarayan ve \u201cazimut halkas\u0131\u201d ad\u0131 verilen b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlu bir g\u00f6zlem aleti yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu \u00f6l\u00e7me arac\u0131 daha sonra y\u0131ld\u0131zlar aras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131sal uzakl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek \u00fczere teleskoplara uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130bn-i Sina\u2019n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli eseri, t\u0131p alan\u0131nda yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u201cel-Kanun f\u00ee\u2019t\u2013T\u0131b\u201d t\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u0131p ansiklopedisi niteli\u011findeki bu eser XIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda el kitab\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bat\u0131\u2019da; \u201cTabip olmak \u0130bn-i Sinac\u0131 olmakt\u0131r.\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc deyim gibi kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u015eeker hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmeyi ba\u015faran \u0130bn-i Sina, nab\u0131z inceleme y\u00f6ntemiyle damar ve kalp hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130bn-i Sina, ak\u0131l hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fguliyet, \u015fok, telkin ve m\u00fczik ile tedavi edilebilece\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ay\u2019daki b\u00fcy\u00fck kraterlere genellikle bilim tarihinde \u00f6nemli yeri olan bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n isimlerini verilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu isimler aras\u0131nda yer alan T\u00fcrk \u0130slam bilginlerinden biri de \u0130bn-i Sina\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130MAM GAZAL\u0130 (1058-1111)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gazali, Horasan\u2019\u0131n Tus \u015fehrinde do\u011fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">F\u0131k\u0131h, hadis, akaid, felsefe gibi ilimlerde e\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gazali\u2019nin hocas\u0131 olan C\u00fcveyn\u00ee\u2019ye g\u00f6re Gazali derin bir denizdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gazali, Nizamiye Medresesi\u2019nde ba\u015f m\u00fcderrislik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En \u00fcnl\u00fc eseri \u201c\u0130hy\u00e2\u00fc Ul\u00fbmi\u2019d-Din\u201d de bozulmu\u015f bir toplumu \u0131slah etme, tekrar Kur&#8217;an ve S\u00fcnnet temelleri \u00fczerine oturtma ve ona as\u0131l \u0130slami erdemlerini yeniden kazand\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>END\u00dcL\u00dcSL\u00dc ZEHRAV\u00ce (936- 1013)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc cerrah\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 el-Tasrif isimli eserinde d\u00f6neminin cerrahi bilgilerini ve yeni y\u00f6ntemleri tan\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu eserinde yaralar\u0131n ate\u015fle da\u011flanmas\u0131 ve ameliyatlarda kullan\u0131lan aletlerin resimlerine yer vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deney amac\u0131yla hayvanlar \u00fczerinde ve kadavrada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapan Zehrav\u00ee\u2019nin, bat\u0131 cerrahi uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesinde, b\u00fcy\u00fck etkisi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130talya, \u0130spanya ve G\u00fcney Fransa\u2019dan bir\u00e7ok kimse \u0130slam End\u00fcl\u00fcs medreselerine tahsile gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130slam medreselerinden mezun olanlar, Avrupa\u2019daki okullarda \u00f6\u011fretmen olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130BN-\u0130 R\u00dc\u015eD (1126-1198)<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kurtuba\u2019da do\u011fan \u0130bn-i R\u00fc\u015fd, felsefeden t\u0131bba \u00e7e\u015fitli bilim dallar\u0131yla ilgili yakla\u015f\u0131k 94 eser yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bat\u0131\u2019da Averroes ad\u0131yla bilinir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aristo\u2019nun en b\u00fcy\u00fck yorumcusu olarak kabul edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">XII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Avrupa\u2019da \u201cLatin \u0130bn-i R\u00fc\u015fd\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck\u201d denilen bir felsefe ve bilim ekol\u00fc olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00dcnl\u00fc Astronom Batlamyus\u2019un evren modelini ele\u015ftiren \u0130bn-i R\u00fc\u015fd, yeni gezegen modellerinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 gere\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlerle g\u00fcne\u015f lekelerini ilk defa g\u00f6zlemleyen bilgindir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u0131p ve optik alan\u0131nda da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 olan \u0130bn-i R\u00fc\u015fd, g\u00f6z\u00fcn retina tabakas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flevini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kronoloji<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6beklitepe (\u015eanl\u0131urfa) G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden yakla\u015f\u0131k 12 bin y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc (Diyarbak\u0131r), g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck (Konya), g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden yakla\u015f\u0131k 9 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130LK \u00c7A\u011e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00fcmerler M\u00d6 3200\u2019lerde yaz\u0131y\u0131 icat etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 3200 S\u00fcmerlerin yaz\u0131y\u0131 bulmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 2375 Urkagina Yasalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 2000 \u0130braniler Filistin\u2019e yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 1950-1750 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en d\u00f6neme Asur Ticaret Kolonileri&nbsp; Devri denilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 1900 Anadolu\u2019da yaz\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 1700 Hammurabi Kanunlar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 1296 Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 1280 Kade\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 1260-1250 Truva Sava\u015flar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 1230 Ege G\u00f6\u00e7leri<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 8. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Frigler, Gordion (Polatl\u0131\/Ankara) \u015fehri merkez olmak \u00fczere bir devlet kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 776 \u0130lk Olimpiyatlar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 753 Roma\u2019n\u0131n Kurulu\u015fu<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 680 Lidyal\u0131lar\u0131n paray\u0131 kullanmaya ba\u015flamalar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 550 Pers \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun kurulmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 546 Lidyal\u0131lar Pers \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 460- 337 Bilimsel t\u0131bb\u0131n kurucusu Hipokrat y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 359 \u0130skender \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun kurulmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 330 Pers \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00d6 323 \u0130skender \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">0 Hz. \u0130sa\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fumu<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">226 Sasani Devleti kuruldu<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">313 Milano Ferman\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">325 \u0130znik Kons\u00fcl\u00fc<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">330 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n resm\u00ee din h\u00e2line gelmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">375 Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">395 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ikiye ayr\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">476 Bat\u0131 Roma\u2019n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>ORTA \u00c7A\u011e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">476 Bat\u0131 Roma\u2019n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">571 Hz. Muhammed\u2019in do\u011fumu<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">651 Sasani Devleti\u2019nin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">756 End\u00fcl\u00fcs Emevi Devleti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1054 Katolik-Ortodoks b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1196 Mo\u011fol \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun kurulmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1215 Magna Carta (Magna Karta)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1227 Mo\u011fol \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun par\u00e7alanmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1337-1453 Y\u00fczy\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1347-1351 Avrupa\u2019da Veba Salg\u0131n\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a09. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 3. \u00fcnitesi\u00a0olan\u00a0Orta \u00c7a\u011f Medeniyetleri\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a09. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2025\/11\/07\/9-sinif-tarih-iii-unite-orta-cag-medeniyetleri-ders-notlari\/\" title=\"9. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih III. \u00dcnite Orta \u00c7a\u011f Medeniyetleri Ders Notlar\u0131\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1342,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[162],"tags":[87,99],"class_list":["post-1797","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-9-sinif-tarih-ders-notlari","tag-9-sinif-tarih","tag-ders-notlari"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>9. 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