{"id":1812,"date":"2024-11-10T16:51:46","date_gmt":"2024-11-10T13:51:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=1812"},"modified":"2024-11-10T16:51:48","modified_gmt":"2024-11-10T13:51:48","slug":"10-sinif-tarih-7-unite-klasik-cagda-osmanli-toplum-duzeni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/10\/10-sinif-tarih-7-unite-klasik-cagda-osmanli-toplum-duzeni\/","title":{"rendered":"10.S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih 7. \u00dcnite Klasik \u00c7a\u011fda Osmanl\u0131 Toplum D\u00fczeni"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a010. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 7. \u00fcnitesi\u00a0<\/strong>olan\u00a0Klasik \u00c7a\u011fda Osmanl\u0131 Toplum D\u00fczeni<\/strong>\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a010. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0<\/strong>ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z.\u00a0G\u00fcncel 10. s\u0131n\u0131f Tarih ders kitab\u0131na\u00a0<\/strong>uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0Klasik \u00c7a\u011fda Osmanl\u0131 Toplum D\u00fczeni \u00f6zet notlar\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. \u00dcnite Klasik \u00c7a\u011fda Osmanl\u0131 Toplum D\u00fczeni<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLI TOPLUM YAPISI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 toplumu t\u00f6re ve \u0130slam hukukuna g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 toplumu farkl\u0131 din, dil ve \u0131rktan insan topluluklar\u0131ndan olu\u015fuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak devlet i\u00e7inde herkes e\u015fit stat\u00fcde yer al\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 toplumu genel olarak y\u00f6netenler (asker\u00ee) ve y\u00f6netilenler (reaya) olarak iki gruptan meydana geliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devlete hizmet kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman reayadan asker\u00ee s\u0131n\u0131fa ge\u00e7mek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00f6netilenler grubu M\u00fcslim ve gayrim\u00fcslim \u015feklindeydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 toplum yap\u0131s\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131f ayr\u0131m\u0131 kesinlikle s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLI M\u0130LLET S\u0130STEM\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131lar toplum kesimlerini \u0131rk esas\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fil din esas\u0131na g\u00f6re te\u015fkilatland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, millet sistemi ile s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015fayan milletlere kar\u015f\u0131 inan\u00e7 ve ibadet \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fcsl\u00fcman cemaatini meydana getiren topluluklar T\u00fcrkler, Araplar, Acemler, Bo\u015fnaklar ve Arnavutlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunlardan sonra en kalabal\u0131k toplulu\u011fu Ortodoks cemaati olu\u015fturuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ortodoks cemaatler; Rumlar, Efl\u00e2k-Bo\u011fdanl\u0131lar, Karada\u011fl\u0131lar, S\u0131rplar ve Bulgarlar idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 toplumunda Ermeni, Musevi (Yahudi), S\u00fcryani, Nasturi ve Kildani cemaatleri de vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu insanlar kendi ibadet yerlerini a\u00e7ma ve inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015famada \u00f6zg\u00fcrd\u00fcrler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, gayrim\u00fcslimlere b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tolerans uygulad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nitekim Fatih Sultan Mehmet \u0130stanbul\u2019u fethetti\u011finde Rum patri\u011fini, Hristiyan cemaatinin lideri olarak tan\u0131d\u0131 ve ona geni\u015f yetkiler verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fatih, Rum cemaatine tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 hak ve yetkileri Ermeni ve Yahudilere de tan\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fatih, Ermenilerin hem y\u00f6netim i\u015flerini hem de din\u00ee i\u015flerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131racak \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri i\u00e7in \u0130stanbul\u2019da Gregoryan Ermeni Patrikhanesini kurdu (1461).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Bayezid D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde \u0130spanya\u2019daki bask\u0131 ve katliamdan kurtar\u0131lan Yahudiler, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne getirilerek Sel\u00e2nik ve \u0130stanbul\u2019a yerle\u015ftirildi (1492).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FETHED\u0130LEN B\u00d6LGELERDE TOPLUMSAL VE K\u00dcLT\u00dcREL DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130MLER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131lar, fethedilen ve n\u00fcfus\u00e7a az olduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere y\u00f6nelik isk\u00e2n politikas\u0131 uygulad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zellikle Balkanlara, Anadolu\u2019dan y\u00f6r\u00fck ve T\u00fcrkmenleri getirip yerle\u015ftirdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yap\u0131lan g\u00f6\u00e7ler sonucunda Balkanlarda T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusu artt\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk \u0130slam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyeti ile birlikte b\u00f6lgede g\u00fcvenlik sa\u011fland\u0131, yerli halktan angarya kalkt\u0131, a\u011f\u0131r vergiler azalt\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sayede Balkanlarda, Arnavut, Bosna, Hersek, Kosova gibi b\u00f6lgelerde gayrim\u00fcslim k\u00f6yl\u00fcler aras\u0131nda \u0130slamla\u015fma hareketi h\u0131zla artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlere ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, bir cami ve onun etraf\u0131nda k\u00fcmelenen k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, sosyal ve iktisadi kurulu\u015flar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu k\u00fclliyeler kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eEH\u0130R VE MAHALLELERDE \u00c7OK K\u00dcLT\u00dcRL\u00dc SOSYAL HAYAT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u015fehirlerinde gayrim\u00fcslimler bazen bir mahallede toplanm\u0131\u015f bazen de M\u00fcsl\u00fcman mahallelere da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayn\u0131 mahallede cami, kilise ve havrada insanlar din\u00ee vecibelerini rahat\u00e7a yerine getirirlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde, ba\u015fta ba\u015fkent \u0130stanbul olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer \u015fehirler (Bursa, Edirne, Sel\u00e2nik vs.) genelde kalabal\u0131k bir n\u00fcfusa sahipti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eehirlerde insanlar genel olarak ticaret, esnafl\u0131k ve zanaatla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde, erkek k\u0131yafetleri genelde \u00e7ak\u015f\u0131r (\u015falvar), g\u00f6mlek, entari, dolama, kaftan, k\u00fcrk ve ba\u015fl\u0131ktan olu\u015furdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n giyim ve ku\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u00f6\u011feleri ise \u015falvar, b\u00fcr\u00fcnc\u00fck g\u00f6mlek, entari, dolama, h\u0131rka, kaftan, g\u00f6mlek, k\u00fcrk ve d\u0131\u015far\u0131da giydikleri ferace, pe\u00e7e ve ya\u015fmak idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 toplumunda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar genelde sar\u0131, ulema mavi ayakkab\u0131 giyerken, askerlerin baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renk \u00e7izme giyerlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun yan\u0131nda erkekler; sosyal, ekonomik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, mesleki ve din\u00ee stat\u00fclerine g\u00f6re \u201ckavuk\u201d denilen ba\u015fl\u0131klar giyerlerdi. Kavuklar\u0131n en bilinenleri horasan\u00ee, selim\u00ee, kalafat, \u00f6rf\u00ee, kafes\u00ee, m\u00fccevveze, k\u00e2tib\u00ee ve kallavi idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131nlar ise serpu\u015f denilen k\u00fclaha benzer ba\u015fl\u0131klar giyerlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ramazan ay\u0131nda, zengin kimseler farkl\u0131 yerlerdeki esnaf d\u00fckk\u00e2nlar\u0131na girer ve zimem (bor\u00e7) defterini isterlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Defterin ba\u015ftan, sondan ve ortadan rastgele sayfalar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7ar ve \u201cSilin bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, Allah kabul etsin.\u201d der ve bor\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6deyip giderdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde, erkekler genelde bozahane ve K\u0131raathane\/ kahvehanelerde vakit ge\u00e7irirlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir halk i\u00e7ece\u011fi olan boza m\u0131s\u0131rdan \u00fcretilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131raathane, kahvehaneden daha sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir kavramd\u0131r ve isminin k\u0131raathane olmas\u0131 bu mek\u00e2nlar\u0131n \u201cokuma salonu\u201d olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kahvehaneler, toplumsal payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi ve ge\u00e7mi\u015fin y\u00e2d edildi\u011fi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel mek\u00e2nlar olarak Osmanl\u0131 toplum ya\u015fam\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yere sahipti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nitekim e\u011fitim, ticaret ve sanat \u00fczerine fikir al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, meddahlar\u0131n konu\u015fma, saz \u015fairlerinin saz \u00e7alma ve s\u00f6yleme yerleri kahvehaneler idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u0130FTHANE S\u0130STEM\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisinin temeli tar\u0131ma dayan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde fethedilen topraklar, Div\u00e2n \u00fcyesi ni\u015fanc\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tapu tahrir defterlerine kaydedilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece devlet arazisi (mir\u00ee arazi) h\u00e2line gelen bu araziler i\u015fletmek ko\u015fuluyla reayaya b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reayaya vergi \u00f6demek ko\u015fuluyla da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan araziler \u201c\u00e7ifthane sistemi\u201d i\u00e7erisinde de\u011ferlendirilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ifthane, bir \u00e7ift \u00f6k\u00fczle i\u015fletilebilen ve bir k\u00f6yl\u00fc ailesinin i\u015fletiminde olan arazi birimiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ifthane birimi \u00fc\u00e7 unsurdan olu\u015furdu. Bunlar;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

devletin i\u015fletme ko\u015fuluyla verdi\u011fi arazi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

bu araziyi i\u015fleten hane halk\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ve arazinin ko\u015fum g\u00fcc\u00fc olan bir \u00e7ift \u00f6k\u00fcz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devlet, \u00e7ifthane sistemi ile topra\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrekli i\u015fleterek bo\u015f arazileri de\u011ferlendirip tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimi art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, d\u00fczenli bir vergi sistemi de olu\u015fturuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sistemde topraklar devletin kontrol\u00fcnde oldu\u011fundan b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na da m\u00fcsaade edilmiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devlet \u00e7ifthane sistemi ve tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla tedbirler al\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7 y\u0131l topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015flemeyen \u00e7ift\u00e7iden \u201c\u00e7iftbozan vergisi\u201d al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bu \u00e7ift\u00e7inin topra\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fkas\u0131na da verilebilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TOPRAK \u0130DARES\u0130 VE TARIM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde topraklar iki gruba ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fclk Topraklar: Ki\u015filere ait olan bu topraklar, sahipleri taraf\u0131ndan sat\u0131labilir ve miras b\u0131rak\u0131labilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6\u015fri Toprak: M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara ait m\u00fclk arazi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Haraci Toprak: Gayrim\u00fcslimlere ait m\u00fclk arazi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mir\u00ee Topraklar: M\u00fclkiyeti devlete ait olan topraklard\u0131r. Bu topraklar, devlet taraf\u0131ndan, farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miri Arazi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- Ocakl\u0131k: Geliri kale muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131 ve tersane giderlerine ayr\u0131lan topraklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2- Yurtluk: Geliri s\u0131n\u0131r boylar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrkmenlere verilen topraklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3- Pa\u015fmakl\u0131k: Valide sultan, padi\u015fah k\u0131z karde\u015fleri ve hasekilere verilen topraklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4- Mukataa (Havass-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun): Geliri do\u011frudan devlet hazinesine giden topraklard\u0131r. Bu topraklar\u0131n vergileri m\u00fcltezimler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile iltizam usul\u00fcne g\u00f6re toplan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5- Malikane: \u00dcst\u00fcn hizmetleri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda devlet g\u00f6revlilerine verilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6- Vak\u0131f Topraklar: Gelirleri sosyal kurumlara b\u0131rak\u0131lan topraklard\u0131r. Bu topraklar vergiden muaf tutulmu\u015ftur. Vak\u0131f te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda bulunan ki\u015fiye m\u00fctevelli denirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7- Dirlik: Bu topraklar\u0131n vergi gelirleri, devlet memurlar\u0131na, maa\u015f kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak tahsis edilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dirlik<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dirlik topraklar\u0131, gelirlerine g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Has: 100.000 ak\u00e7eden fazla y\u0131ll\u0131k geliri olan dirliklerdir. Bu topraklar\u0131n gelirleri padi\u015faha, Divan \u00fcyelerine, beylerbeylerine tahsis edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zeamet: 20.000 \u2013 100.000 ak\u00e7e aras\u0131nda y\u0131ll\u0131k geliri olan bu topraklar\u0131n gelirleri kad\u0131lar gibi orta dereceli devlet memurlar\u0131na tahsis edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0131mar: 3.000 \u2013 20.000 ak\u00e7e aras\u0131nda y\u0131ll\u0131k geliri olan topraklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LONCA S\u0130STEM\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 ekonomik sisteminde, esnaf loncalar\u0131, XIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Ahilik te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n bir devam\u0131 gibidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esnaf sistemi hiyerar\u015fikti: esnaf \u015feyhi, yi\u011fitba\u015f\u0131, usta, kalfa ve \u00e7\u0131rak gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fckk\u00e2n a\u00e7ma izni yaln\u0131z ustaya aitti. Bu yetki ona \u201cberat\u201d ile verilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fckk\u00e2n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ustalar tespit ederdi. Her isteyen istedi\u011fi yerde d\u00fckk\u00e2n a\u00e7amazd\u0131, ama\u00e7 mevcut esnaf\u0131 korumakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mesle\u011fe devam etme imtiyaz\u0131na \u201cgedik\u201d denirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esnaf\u0131n \u00f6zel i\u015fleri i\u00e7in topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 odaya \u201clonca\u201d denilirdi. Esnaf \u015feyhi, ayn\u0131 zamanda loncan\u0131n da \u015feyhiydi. Sonra yi\u011fitba\u015f\u0131 ve esnaf k\u00e2hyalar\u0131 gelirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yi\u011fitba\u015f\u0131, ustalar aras\u0131ndaki disiplin ve organizasyondan sorumluydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Loncalar, \u00f6zellikle gediklerin haks\u0131zl\u0131k olmadan da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esnaf gediklerinin i\u015flediklerini ba\u015fkas\u0131 i\u015fleyemez, satt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fkas\u0131 satamazd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu kurala uymayanlar cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Loncalar, bu \u015fekilde \u00fcretilen mallar\u0131n kalitesini ve fiyat\u0131n\u0131 belirledikleri gibi, esnaflar aras\u0131ndaki haks\u0131z rekabeti de \u00f6nlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 esnaf\u0131n\u0131n en temel \u00f6zelli\u011fi, \u00f6ncelikle bulundu\u011fu \u015fehir ve \u00e7evresinin ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu nedenle esnaflar aras\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli unsur ham madde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ham madde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 lonca keth\u00fcdas\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla adil bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NARH S\u0130STEM\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Narh, devletin esnafa mallar\u0131n\u0131 belli bir fiyata satmalar\u0131n\u0131 emretmesi veya mallar\u0131n belirlenen fiyattan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 veya yukar\u0131 bir fiyata sat\u0131\u015f yapmay\u0131 yasaklamas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelen bir kavramd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131larda \u00f6zellikle ramazan ay\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015fmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 gerek ekmek gerekse e\u015fya fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n inip \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u00f6nleniyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devlet taraf\u0131ndan sabit fiyatlar belirlenerek belgelerle kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7irilirdi. Bu \u00e7\u0131kan fiyat belgelerine narh defteri deniliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NDE T\u0130CARET\u0130N GEL\u0130\u015eMES\u0130N\u0130 SA\u011eLAYAN UNSURLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akdeniz ve Karadeniz\u2019de denetimin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, \u0130pek ve Baharat yollar\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne ge\u00e7mesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Siyasal, sosyal ve ekonomik d\u00fczenin sa\u011flanmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devletin ticaretin \u00f6nemi sebebiyle t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 \u00f6zendirmesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ticaret yollar\u0131 \u00fczerinde g\u00fcvenli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve i\u015flek ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclke topraklar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7 ticaretle u\u011fra\u015fanlardan al\u0131nan verginin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tutulmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eehirlerde bedestenler (i\u00e7inde e\u015fya al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131lan kapal\u0131 \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131) a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLI\u2019DA T\u0130CARET VE T\u0130CAR\u0130 MEK\u00c2NLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stanbul, Bursa, Kahire, Edirne ve Selanik \u00f6nemli ticaret merkezleriydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eehirlerde ticaret i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bedestenler (i\u00e7inde e\u015fya al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131lan kapal\u0131 \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131) a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bedestenler i\u00e7erisinde en \u00f6nemlisi Fatih D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde yap\u0131lan ve sonra geli\u015ftirilen \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Kapal\u0131 \u00c7ar\u015f\u0131 idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ticareti geli\u015ftirmek ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 korumak amac\u0131yla yollar \u00fczerine hanlar, kervansaraylar, imarethaneler (yemek verilen yer), hamamlar, camiler, tabhaneler (misafirhane), \u00e7e\u015fmeler ve k\u00f6pr\u00fcler in\u015fa ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kervansaraylar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kervansaraylar, kervanlar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve konaklamas\u0131 i\u00e7in anayol kenar\u0131nda tesis edilen vak\u0131f yap\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yap\u0131lar; insan ve hayvanlar\u0131n her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak; yiyecek i\u00e7ecek, bol su, cami, hamam, k\u00fct\u00fcphane, baytar, doktor, berber, her \u00e7e\u015fit tamir ustas\u0131, rehber gibi donan\u0131ma sahip idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kervansaraylar yaln\u0131z M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrklere de\u011fil, ticaretle u\u011fra\u015fan t\u00fcm yabanc\u0131lara hizmet vermekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buralarda g\u00fcvenlik, \u201cderbent\u00e7iler\u201d taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Posta ve haberle\u015fme i\u015flerini \u201cmenzil\u201d te\u015fkilat\u0131 yerine getirirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yollarda \u00f6zel ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise \u201cmekk\u00e2reciler\u201d yaparlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapanlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapanlar b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerde \u00f6zellikle zahire (tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcnleri) t\u00fcr\u00fcnden ihtiya\u00e7 maddelerinin toptan al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zahire \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin yan\u0131nda, kahve, t\u00fct\u00fcn, ipek, pamuk, kuma\u015f ve \u00e7e\u015fitli dokumalar \u00fcreticiden sat\u0131n al\u0131narak ba\u015fta \u0130stanbul olmak \u00fczere b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerdeki kapanlara getirilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buralarda kad\u0131 naibinin nezaretinde esnaf temsilcilerinin de haz\u0131r bulunmas\u0131yla mallar tart\u0131l\u0131r, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k, kalite ve \u00e7e\u015fidine g\u00f6re vergi ve narha t\u00e2bi tutulduktan, fiyatlar\u0131 belirlendikten sonra esnaf arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla t\u00fcketiciye arz edilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fatih Sultan Mehmet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde yapt\u0131r\u0131lan \u201cun kapan\u0131\u201d bir semt ad\u0131 olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pazarlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halk\u0131n belirli g\u00fcnlerde mallar\u0131n\u0131 satmak i\u00e7in sergiledikleri yerlere pazar denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131da pazar yerleri halk\u0131n kolayca ula\u015fabilece\u011fi yerlerde, haftan\u0131n bir veya birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn\u00fcnde kurulan a\u00e7\u0131k \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131lard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu pazarlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zellikleri binalarda olmay\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131k alanlarda kurulmu\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osman Bey zaman\u0131nda Bac yani pazar vergisi al\u0131nmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, ilerleyen d\u00f6nemlerde pazar yerlerine, halk\u0131 al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fe \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in hepsi bir d\u00fczeyde olan ve \u201carasta\u201d ad\u0131 verilen d\u00fckk\u00e2nlar in\u015fa etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arastalar\u0131n etraf\u0131na medrese, k\u00fct\u00fcphane ve cami gibi tesisler kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir pazar \u00f6zelli\u011fi niteli\u011finde olan arastalardan ayn\u0131 zamanda imaretler i\u00e7in gelir sa\u011flanmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

VAKIF S\u0130STEM\u0130 VE TOPLUM HAYATINA ETK\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vak\u0131f, ki\u015filerin kendilerine ait mallar\u0131n\u0131 veya paralar\u0131n\u0131 belirli bir hizmetin yerine getirilmesi amac\u0131yla sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel alanlarda hizmet verecek kurulu\u015flara ba\u011f\u0131\u015flamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyal devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile hareket eden Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde halk\u0131n din\u00ee, asker\u00ee ve sosyal ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in hizmet veren \u00e7e\u015fitli vak\u0131flar bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vak\u0131flar ba\u015fta padi\u015fah, padi\u015fah e\u015fleri ve k\u0131zlar\u0131, devlet adamlar\u0131 ve hay\u0131rseverler taraf\u0131ndan kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yolla medreseler, hastaneler, camiler, k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler, kervansaraylar vs. yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

VAKIF S\u0130STEM\u0130 VE TOPLUM HAYATINA ETK\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vak\u0131f kurucusu, giderlerin kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 herhangi bir hizmet birimini (cami, medrese vb.) in\u015fa ettirir, daha sonra bu m\u00fcessesenin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak miktarda gelir temin edecek kaynaklar tahsis ederdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu kaynaklar genellikle arazi, d\u00fckk\u00e2n, \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131, han gibi gayrimenkullerden olu\u015furdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6z konusu vakf\u0131n idaresi i\u00e7in bir idareci (m\u00fctevelli) tayin edilir ve vakf\u0131n t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (vakfiye) d\u00fczenlenirdi.          <\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece vak\u0131flar sayesinde \u015fehirler imar edilir; e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr i\u015fleri y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a010. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 7. \u00fcnitesi\u00a0olan\u00a0Klasik \u00c7a\u011fda Osmanl\u0131 Toplum D\u00fczeni\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a010. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1341,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[161],"tags":[5,6],"class_list":["post-1812","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-10-sinif-tarih-ders-notlari","tag-10-sinif-tarih","tag-tarih-ders-notlari"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/10.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/10.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/10.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/10.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/10.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/10.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/10.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/10.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"\n10.S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih 7. \u00dcnite Klasik \u00c7a\u011fda Osmanl\u0131 Toplum D\u00fczeni - 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