{"id":1814,"date":"2024-11-10T17:01:33","date_gmt":"2024-11-10T14:01:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=1814"},"modified":"2024-11-10T17:09:23","modified_gmt":"2024-11-10T14:09:23","slug":"3-unite-devrimler-caginda-degisen-devlet-toplum-iliskileri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/10\/3-unite-devrimler-caginda-degisen-devlet-toplum-iliskileri\/","title":{"rendered":"3. \u00dcnite Devrimler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda De\u011fi\u015fen Devlet- Toplum \u0130li\u015fkileri"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a011. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 3. \u00fcnitesi\u00a0<\/strong>olan\u00a0Devrimler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda De\u011fi\u015fen Devlet- Toplum \u0130li\u015fkileri\u00a0<\/strong>\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a011. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0<\/strong>ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z.\u00a0G\u00fcncel 11. s\u0131n\u0131f Tarih ders kitab\u0131na\u00a0<\/strong>uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0Devrimler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda De\u011fi\u015fen Devlet- Toplum \u0130li\u015fkileri \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih 3. \u00dcnite Devrimler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda De\u011fi\u015fen Devlet- Toplum\u00a0\u0130li\u015fkileri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

FRANSIZ \u0130HT\u0130LAL\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nedenleri:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Krall\u0131k rejiminin bask\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6netimi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halk\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli s\u0131n\u0131flara ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 (Soylular, ‘Rahipler, Burjuvalar, K\u00f6yl\u00fcler).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00f6nesans sonras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n etkisi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amerika’n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiliz me\u015frutiyetinin etkisi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halk\u0131n son derece fakir olmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baz\u0131 Frans\u0131z ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n (J.J. Russo, Volter ….) halk\u0131 etkilemesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yedi Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n sonucunda yeni vergiler konmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netime kat\u0131lmak istemesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni \u00c7a\u011f sona ermi\u015ftir, Yak\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mutlak krall\u0131klar y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, milli devletler kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk kez insan haklar\u0131 evrensel bildirisi yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00f6netim burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk kez laik hukuk kurallar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u015fitlik, adalet, milliyet\u00e7ilik, h\u00fcrriyet, ulusal egemenlik, laiklik, cumhuriyet gibi kavramlar \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mahalli otorite yerine merkezi otorite kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski toplum, eski k\u00fclt\u00fcr de\u011ferleri ve idareler de\u011fi\u015fim ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130htilal sonras\u0131 Vendee\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi baz\u0131 Frans\u0131z bilgelerinde katliamlar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FRANSIZ \u0130HT\u0130LAL\u0130\u2019N\u0130N \u0130MPARATORLUKLARA ETK\u0130S\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali beraberinde ulus, milliyet\u00e7ilik, mill\u00ee egemenlik, demokrasi, laiklik, adalet gibi kavramlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve bu kavramlar t\u00fcm Avrupa\u2019ya yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali, \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ok uluslu yap\u0131lar\u0131 olan Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Rusya ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni etkiledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019nin getirmi\u015f oldu\u011fu milliyet\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131 ve liberal fikirlerle bu devletler par\u00e7alanabilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, \u00fclkede otoriteyi artt\u0131rarak Metternich Politikas\u0131yla milliyet\u00e7i ve liberal hareketleri bast\u0131rma yolunu tercih etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in ayaklanan S\u0131rplar, H\u0131rvatlar ve Romenler isteklerine kavu\u015famad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Alman ve \u0130talyan mill\u00ee birliklerinin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ysa da 1870 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130talya, 1871 y\u0131l\u0131nda da Almanya mill\u00ee birli\u011fini kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1830 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan Polonyal\u0131lar h\u00fcrriyetlerini kazanmak i\u00e7in ayakland\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak Ruslar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketini \u00e7ok sert bir \u015fekilde bast\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1830\u2019da Fransa kral\u0131 devrilince Bel\u00e7ikal\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 isyan\u0131 Rusya bast\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Macar \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Avusturya\u2019ya asker g\u00f6nderen Rusya, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne de Kavalal\u0131 Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda yard\u0131m etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali sonras\u0131 temelleri at\u0131lan sosyalizm, 1917\u2019de \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Bol\u015fevik \u0130htilali ile y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130htilalin Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki gayrim\u00fcslim halk \u00fczerinde etkili olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en bariz \u00f6rne\u011fi 1820 Yunan Ayaklanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halka ihtilalin etkileri ise ancak XIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda yans\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019nin yaym\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu milliyet\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n etkisi ile I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n hemen \u00f6ncesinde devlet s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n Meri\u00e7 Nehri\u2019ne kadar gerilemesine, Balkan \u00fclkelerinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazanmalar\u0131na sebep oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130htilalin yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 fikir ak\u0131mlar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki subay ve teknik okullarda ders veren yabanc\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmenler taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1830-1860 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Bat\u0131\u2019da sivil toplum hayat\u0131na yer etmi\u015f olan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve anayasac\u0131l\u0131k gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler, Osmanl\u0131\u2019da da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hayranl\u0131k uyand\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu do\u011frultuda meydana gelen en b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fmelerden biri Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde 1839 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kendilerine \u201cGen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar\u201d diyen bir grup ayd\u0131n, 1865-1875 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde ilk anayasan\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesini sa\u011flad\u0131lar (1876).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Me\u015frutiyet y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck ak\u0131m\u0131 h\u0131zla Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131nda yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra kurulan T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin temelinde bu T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NDE BA\u011eIMSIZLIK HAREKETLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avusturya ve Rusya, Balkanlar\u2019daki emellerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmek i\u00e7in S\u0131rbistan\u2019a yollad\u0131klar\u0131 ajanlarla milliyet\u00e7ilik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini S\u0131rplar aras\u0131nda yaymaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. 1804 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan isyan 1878 y\u0131l\u0131nda S\u0131rplar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131rplardan sonra 1821 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rumlar isyan ettiler. Avrupal\u0131 devletler m\u00fcdahale ederek Rum \u0130syan\u0131n\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 bir mesele h\u00e2line getirdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rum isyan\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131ran Osmanl\u0131 ve M\u0131s\u0131r donanmalar\u0131 \u0130ngiliz, Frans\u0131z ve Rus ittifak\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan 1827 y\u0131l\u0131nda Navarin\u2019de yak\u0131ld\u0131. 1828-1829 Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti yenilince yap\u0131lan Edirne Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Yunanistan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SANAY\u0130 \u0130NKILABI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa\u2019da insan ve hayvan g\u00fcc\u00fcne dayal\u0131 \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminden, makine g\u00fcc\u00fcne dayal\u0131 \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imine ge\u00e7ilmesi Sanayi Devrimi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanayi devrimi ilk olarak \u0130ngiltere’de James Watt taraf\u0131ndan buhar g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn makinalarda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla tekstil alan\u0131nda XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanayi Devrimi\u2019nde, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Avrupa\u2019da ya\u015fanan sermaye birikiminin \u00f6nemli bir rol\u00fcn\u00fcn oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanayi \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131n\u0131n Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcretim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f, seri \u00fcretim ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, \u00fcretim maliyetleri azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik yar\u0131\u015f\u0131 h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015f, devletleraras\u0131 ekonomik rekabet ve ham madde ihtiyac\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El tezg\u00e2hlar\u0131 ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck at\u00f6lyeler kapanm\u0131\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fck fabrikalar faaliyete ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, kapitalizm ve sosyalizm \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6yden kente g\u00f6\u00e7ler ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa’da refah d\u00fczeyi y\u00fckselmi\u015f ve \u015fehirlerde n\u00fcfus artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ekirdek aile modeli ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sermaye tekelle\u015fmi\u015f ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketler kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu devrim Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funu olumsuz etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MODERN S\u0130YASAL \u0130DEOLOJ\u0130LER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Siyasal veya toplumsal bir \u00f6\u011freti olu\u015fturan ve bir h\u00fck\u00fbmetin, bir partinin, bir grubun davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na y\u00f6n veren politik, hukuki, bilimsel, felsefi, din\u00ee, moral ve estetik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcne \u201cideoloji\u201d denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1815 Viyana Kongresi\u2019nin getirdi\u011fi yeni d\u00fczen, birtak\u0131m modern fikir ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u0130BERAL\u0130ZM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ideolojinin savunucusu \u0130ngiliz Filozof John Locke bireyi \u00f6n planda tutar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, serbestlik anlamlar\u0131na gelen liberalizm, insanlar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc savunan bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemidir. Liberal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler, \u015fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri savundular:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm bireyler e\u015fit haklara sahiptirler (do\u011fal haklar doktrini).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomik faaliyetler ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmalar kald\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 (rekabet\u00e7i piyasa ekonomisi).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keyfi y\u00f6netimler s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 (anayasal y\u00f6netim felsefesi).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Din ve devlet i\u015flerinin birbirinden ayr\u0131l\u0131p din ve vicdana ait hususlar\u0131n ki\u015filerin \u00f6zel alan\u0131na girdi\u011fi meseleler oldu\u011fu kabul edilmeli (sek\u00fclerizm-laiklik).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

KAP\u0130TAL\u0130ZM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizm, serbest piyasa ekonomisi veya serbest giri\u015fim ekonomisi olarak bilinir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zel te\u015febb\u00fcse ve piyasa serbestli\u011fine dayal\u0131 olan bir \u00fcretim sistemidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizmin merkezinde birey ve bireysel menfaatler \u00f6n planda tutulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizm\u2019in Ama\u00e7lar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En y\u00fcksek k\u00e2r\u0131 elde edebilmek,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bireylere serbest giri\u015fim yapabilece\u011fi haklar\u0131 kazand\u0131rmak,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcretim a\u015famas\u0131nda devletin m\u00fcdahalesini en asgari d\u00fczeye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcretilen mallar\u0131 satmak ve ekonomiyi \u00f6zel kesime b\u0131rakmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SOSYAL\u0130ZM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyalizm, kapitalizme bir tepki olarak do\u011fan ve kapitalizmin \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet, piyasa ekonomisi ve k\u00e2r esas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan bir ideolojidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyalizmin ama\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sermaye sahipleriyle i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizli\u011fi giderme,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Servet ve refah farklar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rma,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 toplumun m\u00fclkiyetine ge\u00e7irme, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet yerine kolektif m\u00fclkiyeti olu\u015fturma,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toplumda s\u0131n\u0131f farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rma yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnyadaki ilk sosyalist devrim 1917\u2019de Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Vilademir \u0130liy\u00e7 Lenin) liderli\u011finde Rusya\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra sosyalizm yay\u0131larak Do\u011fu Avrupa, Uzakdo\u011fu, Latin Amerika ve pek \u00e7ok \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerinde y\u00f6netime gelme imk\u00e2n\u0131 buldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1830 \u0130HT\u0130LALLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sebepleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomik hayat\u0131n geli\u015fmesinin ancak siyasal alandaki liberalizm ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fine inan\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa halklar\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n gittik\u00e7e yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1815 Viyana Kongresi\u2019nden sonra Metternich Sistemi ile krallar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini benimseyen Avrupa halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde haklar\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 politika uygulamas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1815-1830 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00fclkelerin anayasal d\u00fczene ge\u00e7meleri ve krallar\u0131n anayasay\u0131 kald\u0131rmak veya anayasan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 daraltmak istemesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fka devletlerin egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131ndaki halklarda milliyet\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya\u2019da bilim ve felsefenin ilerlemesiyle Avrupa\u2019ya liberalizmin yerle\u015fmesi yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geli\u015fimi<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1830 \u0130htilalleri, ilk olarak Fransa\u2019da ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130htilal ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olunca Almanya, \u0130talya, Polonya, \u0130ngiltere ve \u0130spanya\u2019da da etkilerini hissettirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Liberalizm hareketi ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir\u00e7ok Avrupa \u00fclkesinde me\u015fruti d\u00fczene ge\u00e7ildi. Halk y\u00f6netime ortak oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Liberalizm ak\u0131m\u0131 sayesinde Bel\u00e7ika ve \u0130svi\u00e7re ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1830 \u0130htilallerinde Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da aristokrat s\u0131n\u0131f, burjuvazi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na yenilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fransa ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019de i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15 Ekim 1833\u2019te gizli bir antla\u015fma ile monar\u015fiyi savunan Avusturya, Rusya ve Prusya aralar\u0131nda Do\u011fu Bloku\u2019nu,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nisan 1834\u2019te Londra\u2019da yap\u0131lan antla\u015fma ile de \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, \u0130spanya ve Portekiz liberalizmi savunan Bat\u0131 Bloku\u2019nu olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1848 \u0130HT\u0130LALLER\u0130<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Louis Philippe i\u015f\u00e7ilerin olas\u0131 bir greve gitmelerini \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla onlara bask\u0131 ve \u015fiddet uyguluyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7iler krala kar\u015f\u0131 birle\u015ferek sendikalar ve dernekler olu\u015fturmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neticede bu geli\u015fmeler 1848 \u0130htilali\u2019nin fitilini ate\u015fledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fransa kral\u0131 \u00fclkeyi terk etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sendikal hareketler yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 grev, sosyal g\u00fcvence gibi kazan\u0131mlar elde etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mutlakiyetler b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sona erdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir\u00e7ok Avrupa \u00fclkesinde haz\u0131rlanan anayasalarla krallar\u0131n yetkileri k\u0131s\u0131tland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MUTLAK\u0130YET\u00c7\u0130 MONAR\u015e\u0130LER\u0130N ANAYASAL MONAR\u015e\u0130LERE D\u00d6N\u00dc\u015eMES\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mutlakiyet\u00e7i monar\u015fi, h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve yarg\u0131 yetkilerinin tamam\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu bir y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imidir. H\u00fck\u00fcmdar, devlet i\u00e7inde tek ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck otorite sahibidir ve kararlar\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7bir kural veya s\u0131n\u0131r olmadan verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anayasal monar\u015fi (Me\u015frutiyet) h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n bir anayasa s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imidir. Anayasal bir monar\u015fide, siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7, h\u00fck\u00fcmdar ve parlamento gibi anayasal olarak organize edilmi\u015f bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anayasal gelenek ilk defa \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan m\u00fccadeleler, iktidar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc aristokrasi ve burjuvazi aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere\u2019nin anayasa gelene\u011finin Avrupa K\u0131tas\u0131\u2019ndan Amerika K\u0131tas\u0131\u2019na gelmesi \u0130ngiliz kolonileri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amerika\u2019daki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ilan edilen \u201cAmerika Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Bildirgesi\u201d de Fransa\u2019y\u0131 etkiledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fransa\u2019da mutlak monar\u015fi y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 tepkiler ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin deste\u011fini alarak Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019ni ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1789 Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali ile \u0130nsan ve Yurtta\u015f Haklar\u0131 Bildirgesi ilan edilerek yeni bir anayasa haz\u0131rland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anayasa, krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan mutlak monar\u015fiden anayasal monar\u015fiye ge\u00e7ilmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n monar\u015fi ile y\u00f6netilen devletleri Fransa\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 ittifaklar olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Napolyon y\u00f6netimi ile Avrupal\u0131 devletler aras\u0131nda s\u00fcren sava\u015flar neticesinde toplanan Viyana Kongresi\u2019yle Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n bozulan d\u00fczenini tekrar eski h\u00e2line getirebilmek i\u00e7in Metternich Sistemi kabul edildi (1815).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sistemle liberal ak\u0131mlar ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmak istendi fakat 1830 ve 1848 ihtilalleri Metternich Sistemi\u2019nin sonu oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanayi \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131\u2019ndan sonra burjuvaziyi egemen yapan ekonomik sistem i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ktidarlar\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilerin sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zmek yerine onlara kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanmas\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc savunan liberallerle sosyalistlerin birlikte hareket etmesini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durum \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc anayasalar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mutlak monar\u015filerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da y\u00f6netim \u015feklini yumu\u015fatarak anayasal monar\u015filerle yollar\u0131na devam etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AVRUPA\u2019NIN S\u00d6M\u00dcRGEC\u0130L\u0130K FAAL\u0130YETLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6keni ilk \u00e7a\u011flardaki kolonicilik faaliyetlerine dayanan S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik, bir devletin ba\u015fka bir co\u011frafyay\u0131 i\u015fgal ederek y\u00f6netmesi ve onun zenginlik kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 kendi yarar\u0131na kullanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik faaliyetleri, 15. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren co\u011frafi ke\u015fiflerle ba\u015flayan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te Avrupal\u0131 devletler, Asya, Afrika, Amerika ve Okyanusya\u2019daki bir\u00e7ok topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fgal ederek kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda s\u00f6m\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik faaliyetlerinin temel nedenleri aras\u0131nda; yeni ticaret yollar\u0131 ve pazarlar bulmak, zenginliklere ula\u015fmak, Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaymak ve ulusal prestij sa\u011flamak say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa\u2019da Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler sonras\u0131 S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilikte \u0130spanya ve Portekiz gibi \u00fclkeler \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilikte \u0130ngiltere ve k\u0131smen Fransa \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u00d6zellikle \u0130ngilizler, g\u00fcne\u015f batmayan imparatorluk unvan\u0131na eri\u015ftiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik faaliyetleri ivme kazand\u0131. Bunda Sanayi \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131\u2019n\u0131n etkisi b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu. Sanayi \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131 sonucu fabrikala\u015fman\u0131n h\u0131zland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da ham madde ihtiyac\u0131 artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AS\u0130M\u0130LASYON<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Farkl\u0131 etnik k\u00f6kene sahip toplumlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr birikimlerini (din, dil, gelenek, al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k, vb.) ve aidiyet duygular\u0131n\u0131, egemen k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve kimlik dokusu i\u00e7inde eritip yok etmektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AVRUPA\u2019DA ZORUNLU ASKERL\u0130K S\u0130STEM\u0130 VE SONU\u00c7LARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zorunlu askerlik sisteminin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019ne dayan\u0131rken modern ordu kurma fikri XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Niccolo Machiavelli (Nikola Makyavelli)  taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mill\u00ee bir devlet kurma fikri, zorunlu askerli\u011fe dayal\u0131 mill\u00ee bir ordu kurma fikrinin do\u011fmas\u0131na sebep oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0130ZAM-I CED\u0130D ORDUSUNUN KURULMASI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Bozulma Sebepleri:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131nda ilk bozulmalar XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni\u00e7erilerin evlenmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 ve askerlik d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fka mesleklerle u\u011fra\u015fmas\u0131 onlar\u0131 talim yapmaktan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durum onlar\u0131n askerlik yeteneklerini zay\u0131flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sultan III. Murat D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde askerlikle alakas\u0131 olmayanlar\u0131n Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 orduda bozulmay\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni\u00e7eriler orduda asker say\u0131m\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in sava\u015ftan ka\u00e7anlar veya \u015fehit olanlar tespit edilememekteydi ve bunlar\u0131n maa\u015f defterleri (mevacip veya esame defteri) bir senet gibi al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131lmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orduda, liyakate dayal\u0131 belirli bir tayin ve terfi sisteminin bulunmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 r\u00fc\u015fvet ve iltimas\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece askerlikle alakas\u0131 olmayan ki\u015filerin orduya girmesi ordudaki disiplinin bozulmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nizam-\u0131 Cedid Ordusu:<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda \u00e7a\u011fa uygun bir yap\u0131lanmay\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme giri\u015fimlerinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 \u201cNizam-\u0131 Cedit\u201d asker\u00ee birliklerinin kurulmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. Selim Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yeni bir asker\u00ee birlik kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1792\u2019de \u0130stanbul\u2019da Levent \u00c7iftli\u011fi\u2019nde yeni asker\u00ee birlikler e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretime ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nizam-\u0131 Cedit ordusu kurulurken mevcut ocaklar\u0131n \u0131slah\u0131 i\u00e7in de \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterildi, yeni\u00e7erilere ise dokunulmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fransa, \u0130ngiltere ve \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019ten m\u00fchendisler ve ustalar getirtilerek Tophane\u2019de \u00f6nemli d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. Selim Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Modern Top\u00e7u Oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n temelini atan ki\u015fi oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nizam-\u0131 Cedit Oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesiyle \u00dcsk\u00fcdar\u2019da Selimiye K\u0131\u015flas\u0131 in\u015fa edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni d\u00fczenlemelerle \u201cBostanc\u0131 T\u00fcfenk\u00e7isi Oca\u011f\u0131\u201d kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni birliklerin giderlerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak amac\u0131yla \u0130rad-\u0131 Cedit Hazinesi kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren \u0130stanbul d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Rumeli ve Anadolu\u2019da Nizam-\u0131 Cedit birlikleri olu\u015fturuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kabak\u00e7\u0131 Mustafa \u0130syan\u0131 sonucu padi\u015fah\u0131n tahttan indirilmesi ve \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi (1807) bu faaliyetlerin ba\u015far\u0131ya devam etmesini engelledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. Selim\u2019in \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Nizam-\u0131 Cedit birlikleri da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131, ta\u015fradaki k\u0131\u015flalar y\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ASAK\u0130R-\u0130 MANSURE-\u0130 MUHAMMED\u0130YE ORDUSUNUN KURULMASI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Mahmut\u2019un tahta \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan Rus\u00e7uk Ayan\u0131 Alemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa, kendine ba\u011fl\u0131 askeri kuvvetleri olan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir sadrazamd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nce Nizam-\u0131 Cedit\u2019in benzeri olarak Sekban-\u0131 Cedit Oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1808\u2019de Alemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Sekban-\u0131 Cedit kuvvetleri ile halk ve yeni\u00e7eriler aras\u0131nda adeta bir i\u00e7 sava\u015f ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni\u00e7eriler, Alemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcp saraya do\u011fru harekete ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Mahmut, Osmanl\u0131 Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tek erkek \u00fcyesi olarak kalmak i\u00e7in IV. Mustafa\u2019y\u0131 idam ettirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Mahmut 1826 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 tarihine bu olay \u201cVaka-i Hayriye\u201d (Hay\u0131rl\u0131 olay) olarak ge\u00e7ti. Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yerine \u201cAs\u00e2kir-i Mans\u00fbre-i Muhammediye\u201d ad\u0131yla yeni bir ordu kuruldu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As\u00e2kir-i Mans\u00fbre-i Muhammediye ordusu zorunlu askerli\u011fe tabi oldu\u011fundan paral\u0131 askerlik sistemi de kald\u0131r\u0131larak mill\u00ee orduya ge\u00e7i\u015fte \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asker ihtiyac\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131n 15-25 ya\u015f aras\u0131 gen\u00e7lerinden kar\u015f\u0131lanmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u015finin askerlikten ayr\u0131l\u0131p sivil hayata d\u00f6nebilmesi, ticaret veya ziraatla u\u011fra\u015fabilmesi ve emeklili\u011fe hak kazanabilmesi i\u00e7in on iki y\u0131l askerlik hizmeti yapmas\u0131 gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bek\u00e2rlara y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcl\u00e2z\u0131m\u0131 (te\u011fmen) olana kadar evlenmek yasakt\u0131 ancak evli olanlar\u0131n orduya girmesine engel yoktu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni ordunun \u00fcniforma, bot ve di\u011fer te\u00e7hizat\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla feshane, debba\u011fhane (deri imalathanesi) ve iplikhane adlar\u0131yla imalathaneler kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prusya\u2019dan piyade, s\u00fcvari ve top\u00e7u subaylar getirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern harp sanat\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek amac\u0131yla Avrupa\u2019ya \u00f6\u011frenci g\u00f6nderildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asker\u00ee talim ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerin \u00f6nemli unsurlar\u0131ndan olan bando ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere Mehterh\u00e2ne kald\u0131r\u0131larak yerine M\u0131z\u0131ka-i H\u00fcm\u00e2yun kuruldu (1834) ve ba\u015f\u0131na devrin \u00f6nde gelen m\u00fczik adamlar\u0131ndan \u0130talyan Giuseppe Donizetti (Cuseppe Donizetti) getirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni ordunun giderlerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in \u201cAs\u00e2kir-i Mans\u00fbre Hazinesi\u201d kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0131bbiye ve Harbiye mektepleri modernle\u015fme ve ilerleme hareketlerinde birinci derecede rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yabanc\u0131 hocalar\u0131n buralarda ders vermesi nedeniyle Bat\u0131 ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin ve Bat\u0131 siyaset anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne girmesinde etkili oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1836 y\u0131l\u0131nda asker\u00ee i\u015fleri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp karara ba\u011flayacak olan D\u00e2r-\u0131 \u015e\u00fbra-y\u0131 Asker\u00ee (Asker\u00ee \u015e\u00fbra) adl\u0131 y\u00fcksek dan\u0131\u015fma kurulu olu\u015fturuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00dcZENL\u0130 ORDUYU DEVAM ETT\u0130RME \u00c7ABALARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1815 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra Fransa\u2019da ilk uygulamas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnen kura ile askere alma i\u015flemi, 1843 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan d\u00fczenlemeyle Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde de kabul edilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kurada ismi \u00e7\u0131kanlar\u0131n, kendi yerlerine \u201cbedel-i \u015fahsi\u201d ad\u0131yla bir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131 vekil olarak g\u00f6ndermesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu gibi \u201cbedel-i nakd\u00ee\u201d \u00f6demek suretiyle askerlik vazifesini bedeli kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerine getirmeleri de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn h\u00e2le getirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu uygulamaya bedel-i asker\u00ee denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131 da M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla gayrim\u00fcslimlerin ayn\u0131 orduda g\u00f6rev yapmalar\u0131na s\u0131cak bakm\u0131yorlard\u0131 fakat Tanzimat ferman\u0131 ile ilk kez gayrim\u00fcslimlere de askerlik yapt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Askere al\u0131nacak gayrim\u00fcslimlerden cizye al\u0131nmayacakt\u0131 ancak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan baz\u0131 sorunlar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden bu karar uygulanmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha sonra ise M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayanlar\u0131n bedel-i nakd\u00ee veya bedel-i \u015fahsi \u00f6deyerek askerlikten muaf tutulmalar\u0131 yoluna gidildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NDE HABERLE\u015eME<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid d\u00f6neminde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne elektrikli telgraf hatt\u0131 ilk defa 1855\u2019te \u0130stanbul\u2019u Avrupa\u2019ya ba\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elektrikli telgraf Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fcn merkez\u00eele\u015fmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede merkezden vilayetlerin ve sancaklar\u0131n valilerine, asker\u00ee birliklere ve jandarmalara emir g\u00f6ndermek \u00e7ok daha kolayla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DEM\u0130RYOLLARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti demir yollar\u0131n\u0131 Sanayi Devrimi\u2019ni ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f Avrupa devletlerine imtiyazlar vermek suretiyle yapt\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde demir yolu ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ilk kez 1851\u2019de Kahire ve \u0130skenderiye aras\u0131ndaki hatt\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu\u2019da ise 1856 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130zmir-Ayd\u0131n Demir Yolu\u2019nun in\u015fas\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa K\u0131tas\u0131\u2019ndaki ilk Osmanl\u0131 demir yolu 1856\u2019da Cenova-K\u00f6stence Demir Yolu \u0130ngiliz \u015firketlerince a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1872\u2019de demir yolu yap\u0131m ve i\u015fletmesini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla da Demir Yollar\u0131 \u0130daresi kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde \u0130stanbul\u2019u Ba\u011fdat\u2019a ba\u011flayacak olan demir yolu yap\u0131lmas\u0131 planland\u0131ysa da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin 1875\u2019te iflas etmesi \u00fczerine bu proje uygulanamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde en fazla demir yolu yap\u0131m\u0131 II. Abd\u00fclhamit D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde D\u00fcy\u00fbn-\u0131 Um\u00fbmiye \u0130daresi\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde demir yolu politikas\u0131 savunma politikalar\u0131yla birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019in en b\u00fcy\u00fck projelerinden biri de Ba\u011fdat Demir Yolu\u2019nun yap\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131. Bu hatt\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 Almanlara veren II. Abd\u00fclhamit bu hat sayesinde \u0130ngiltere ve Rusya\u2019y\u0131 tela\u015fa ve korkuya s\u00fcr\u00fckledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019in demir yollar\u0131 projesi Avrupa devletlerini kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019e g\u00f6re demir yollar\u0131 sayesinde Osmanl\u0131 tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin pazara sevki kolayla\u015facak, halk\u0131n zenginli\u011fi artacak, ticaret geli\u015ferek ithalat ve ihracattan al\u0131nan g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergileri hazineye katk\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca merkezden \u00fclkenin di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerine kolayca asker g\u00f6nderilebilecekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M KURUMLARINI MODERNLE\u015eT\u0130RME \u00c7ABALARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Mahmut d\u00f6neminde Frans\u0131z olan Conte de Bonneval\u2019in (Kont d\u00f6 Boneval) \u00fclkeye davet edilmesidir. \u0130slamiyet\u2019i kabul eden Bonneval, Humbarac\u0131 Ahmet Pa\u015fa unvan\u0131yla \u00f6ncelikle Humbarac\u0131 Oca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 \u0131slah etti. Bu d\u00f6nemde Avrupa \u00f6rnek al\u0131narak teknik alanda asker\u00ee e\u011fitim veren \u201cHendesehane\u201d \u0130stanbul\u2019da kuruldu (1734).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Abd\u00fclhamid d\u00f6neminde, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin 1770 \u00c7e\u015fme Bozgunu\u2019nda kaybetti\u011fi deniz g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc tekrar kazan\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in deniz subay\u0131 ve m\u00fchendisleri yeti\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla \u201cM\u00fchendishane-i Bahri-i H\u00fcm\u00e2yun\u201d ad\u0131ndaki asker\u00ee okulu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 (1775).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, kara ordusuna subay ve teknik elemanlar yeti\u015ftirmek \u00fczere III. Selim D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde M\u00fchendishane-i Berri-i H\u00fcm\u00e2yun ad\u0131nda bir okul a\u00e7t\u0131 (1795).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu m\u00fchendishanenin en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi medrese tarz\u0131 e\u011fitim yerine tamamen Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131nda ders verilen bir y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumu olmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Mahmut D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde modern t\u0131p e\u011fitiminin verilmesi amac\u0131yla \u0130stanbul\u2019da Mekteb-i T\u0131bbiye ad\u0131yla asker\u00ee bir mektep a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 (1827).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yine II. Mahmut D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Frans\u0131z e\u011fitim sistemi \u00f6rnek al\u0131narak 1834\u2019te asker\u00ee e\u011fitim veren Mekteb-i Harbiye a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde baz\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenciler Viyana, Paris ve Londra\u2019ya e\u011fitim i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderildi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ders vermeleri i\u00e7in Avrupa\u2019dan \u00f6\u011fretmenler getirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Mahmut D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin sonlar\u0131nda memur yeti\u015ftirmek \u00fczere Mekteb-i Ma\u00e2rif-i Adliyye ve Mekteb-i Ul\u00fbm-u Edebiyye ad\u0131nda mesleki okullar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Mahmut, erkek \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n s\u0131byan mekteplerine devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak zorunlu e\u011fitimi ba\u015flatacak bir ferman yay\u0131nlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Maarif Naz\u0131r\u0131 Sami Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan temeli at\u0131lan M\u00fclkiye Mektebi,1859 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fretime ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde \u00fclkede nitelikli memur yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Mekteb-i Ma\u00e2rif-i Adliyye ve Mekteb-i Akl\u00e2m a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mesleki ve teknik eleman yeti\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelik \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar atan Mithat Pa\u015fa \u201cIsl\u00e2hh\u00e2ne\u201d ve Mekteb-i Sanayi\u2019yi kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131zlar\u0131n meslek \u00f6\u011fretimi ile ilgili olarak a\u00e7\u0131lan Cevri Kalfa Mektebi ile K\u0131z Sanayi Mektebi d\u00f6nemin \u00f6nemli meslek okullar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca mesleki ve teknik eleman ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak amac\u0131yla Asker\u00ee Baytar Mektebi, Ziraat Talimhanesi, Maadin Mektebi, Telgraf Mektebi adlar\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok okul a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Memurlar\u0131n dil \u00f6\u011frenebilmesi i\u00e7in Lisan Mektebi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NDE A\u00c7ILAN YABANCI OKULLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu zamanda bir problem te\u015fkil etmeyen az\u0131nl\u0131k okullar\u0131 XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren devletin denetiminden uzakla\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Islahat Ferman\u0131 ile gayrim\u00fcslimlere okul a\u00e7ma yetkisi verilirken ayn\u0131 zamanda da devlet okullar\u0131nda okuyarak memur ve asker olmalar\u0131n\u0131n yolu da a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gayrim\u00fcslimler \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 yabanc\u0131 okullar ile misyoner okullar\u0131na g\u00f6ndermeyi daha \u00e7ok tercih ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yabanc\u0131 okullar\u0131n zararlar\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131na varan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, birtak\u0131m kanunlar \u00e7\u0131kararak bu okullar\u0131 denetim alt\u0131na almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk olarak 1846\u2019da Meclis-i Maarif-i Um\u00fbmiye kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En kapsaml\u0131 d\u00fczenleme 1869 y\u0131l\u0131nda Saffet Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan ve e\u011fitimin hemen hemen her a\u015famas\u0131na ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler getiren Maarif-i Um\u00fbmiye Nizamnamesi oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1914 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin sava\u015fa girmesi \u00fczerine sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 devletlere ait olan yabanc\u0131 okullar\u0131 kapatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan Mek\u00e2tib-i Hususiye Talimatnamesi ile yabanc\u0131 ve misyoner okullar\u0131 ile ilgili k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 kanun y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi ve bir\u00e7ok yabanc\u0131 okul kapat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. ABD\u00dcLHAM\u0130T D\u00d6NEM\u0130 E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M POL\u0130T\u0130KASI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Abd\u00fclhamit e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim faaliyetlerinde merkeziyet\u00e7i, e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ise denge politikas\u0131 izledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011fitim faaliyetlerinde T\u00fcrklerin yo\u011fun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Anadolu\u2019ya a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Az\u0131nl\u0131k ve yabanc\u0131 okullara T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmenler atanarak kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130lk dereceli okullarda \u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k, orta dereceli okullarda ise Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan programlar uyguland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 da yava\u015f yava\u015f okullar\u0131n m\u00fcfredat\u0131na girmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Abd\u00fclhamit D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Maarif Merkez\u00ee Te\u015fkilat\u0131 yeniden d\u00fczenlenerek her \u00f6\u011fretim kademesi i\u00e7in genel m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fckler ve m\u00fcfetti\u015flikler olu\u015fturuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130btidai (ilkokul) mektepler, r\u00fc\u015fdiyeler ve idadiler yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk k\u0131z idadisi 1880 y\u0131l\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnuna yeni b\u00f6l\u00fcmler a\u00e7\u0131larak geni\u015fletildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daru\u2019l-Muallimin d\u00fczenlenerek \u201c\u00c2liye\u201d \u015fubesi (Y\u00fcksek \u00d6\u011fretim Okulu) a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mekteb-i Fun\u00fbn-\u0131 Maliye, Ziraat ve Baytar Mektebi , G\u00fcmr\u00fck Mektebi, Hamidiye Ticaret Mektebi, Polis Mektebi gibi memur meslek mektepleri a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mekteb-i Hukuk, Hendese-i M\u00fclkiye, Maliye Mektebi, Ticaret Mektebi, Deniz Ticareti Mektebi, k\u0131z sanayi mektepleri gibi y\u00fcksekokullar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00fc\u015fdiyelerden itibaren yabanc\u0131 dil \u00f6\u011fretimi zorunlu oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devletin kritik b\u00f6lgelerinde yer alan a\u015firetlerin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131l\u0131k bilinciyle yeti\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla \u0130stanbul\u2019da bir A\u015firet Mektebi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. ABD\u00dcLHAM\u0130T D\u00d6NEM\u0130\u2019NDE A\u00c7ILAN HASTANELER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettiren Dar\u00fclaceze kimsesiz \u00e7ocuklar ile ya\u015fl\u0131 ve bak\u0131ma muhta\u00e7 insanlar\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla 1896 y\u0131l\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dar\u00fclaceze 200 yatakl\u0131 bir hastahane, bir yetimhane, \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rhane ile hamam gibi binalar\u0131 ve el sanatlar\u0131 ile ilgili imalathaneler, f\u0131r\u0131n ve mabetlerden (cami, kilise ve havra) olu\u015fan bir kompleksti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hamidiye Etfal Hastanesi II. Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019in D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde a\u00e7\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli kurumlardand\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde 300\u2019den fazla hastane yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EMEKL\u0130L\u0130K S\u0130STEM\u0130 (TEKA\u00dcTL\u00dcK S\u0130STEM\u0130)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1865\u2019te Emeklilik Kanunu ile emeklili\u011fi d\u00fczenleyen ilk kurumlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu konudaki en \u00f6nemli geli\u015fme ise II. Abd\u00fclhamit D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde emekli sand\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni d\u00fczenlemelerle emeklilik sistemi asker\u00ee ve sivil memurlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda dul ve yetimlerini de kapsayacak \u015fekilde geni\u015fletildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyal yard\u0131m uygulamalar\u0131ndan biri de \u015f\u00fcphesiz yoksul ayl\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Maliye Nezareti\u2019nin \u00e7e\u015fitli kalemlerinden ve valilerin \u201cKapualt\u0131 Has\u0131lat\u0131ndan\u201d muhta\u00e7lara maa\u015flar ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Abd\u00fclhamit D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Hazine-i Maliye-i Celile \u00f6demeleri aras\u0131nda \u201cmuhtac\u0131n tertibi\u201d d\u00fczenlemesi ile muhta\u00e7 insanlara maa\u015f ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yoksul ayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 uygulamas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin sosyal bir devlet olma yolunda att\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck ad\u0131mlardan biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0130LL\u0130 VE MANEV\u0130 DE\u011eERLER\u0130M\u0130Z<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karamano\u011flu Mehmet Bey 13 May\u0131s 1277\u2019de Bug\u00fcnden sonra hi\u00e7 kimse divanda, dergahta, mecliste ve meydanda T\u00fcrk\u00e7eden ba\u015fka dil konu\u015fmayacak demi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Padi\u015fah\u0131 II. Murad T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin yozla\u015fmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlemler alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk 1932 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumunun kurulmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a011. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 3. \u00fcnitesi\u00a0olan\u00a0Devrimler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda De\u011fi\u015fen Devlet- Toplum \u0130li\u015fkileri\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a011. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1340,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[160],"tags":[91,6],"class_list":["post-1814","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-11-sinif-tarih-ders-notlari","tag-11-sinif-tarih","tag-tarih-ders-notlari"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"\n3. \u00dcnite Devrimler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda De\u011fi\u015fen Devlet- Toplum \u0130li\u015fkileri - 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