{"id":1817,"date":"2024-11-10T17:12:40","date_gmt":"2024-11-10T14:12:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=1817"},"modified":"2024-11-10T17:12:42","modified_gmt":"2024-11-10T14:12:42","slug":"4-unite-uluslararasi-iliskilerde-denge-stratejisi-1774-1914","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/10\/4-unite-uluslararasi-iliskilerde-denge-stratejisi-1774-1914\/","title":{"rendered":"4. \u00dcnite Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkilerde Denge Stratejisi (1774-1914)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a011. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 4. \u00fcnitesi\u00a0<\/strong>olan\u00a0Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkilerde Denge Stratejisi\u00a0<\/strong>\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a011. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0<\/strong>ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z.\u00a0G\u00fcncel 11. s\u0131n\u0131f Tarih ders kitab\u0131na\u00a0<\/strong>uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkilerde Denge Stratejisi (1774-1914) \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih 4. \u00dcnite Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkilerde\u00a0Denge Stratejisi (1774-1914)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1774- 1914 ARASI S\u0130YAS\u0130 GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • 1779 Aynal\u0131kavak Tenkihnamesi: Osmanl\u0131, \u015eahin Giray\u2019\u0131n hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131ya\u00adcak.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1783 K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131n Rusya taraf\u0131ndan ilhak\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1789 Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1791 Zi\u015ftovi Antla\u015fmas\u0131:\u00a0\u00a0 Avusturya ile imzaland\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1792 Ya\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131:\u00a0 K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131n Ruslara ait oldu\u011funu ka\u00adbul edecek<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1798 Fransa taraf\u0131ndan M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n i\u015fgali<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1801 El-Ari\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131: Frans\u0131zlar M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne teslim ettiler<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1804 S\u0131rp \u0130syan\u0131: \u0130lk az\u0131nl\u0131k isyan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1808 Sened-i \u0130ttifak: II. Mahmud D\u00f6nemi padi\u015fah ile ayanlar aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmedir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1812 B\u00fckre\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, S\u0131rbistan\u2019a ayr\u0131cal\u0131k verdi. Rusya ile imzaland\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1815 Viyana Kongresi: Napolyon Sava\u015flar\u0131 sonras\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n durumu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1821 Rum \u0130syan\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1821- 1881 Sudan\u2019da M\u0131s\u0131r- Osmanl\u0131 hakimiyetinin kurulmas\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1827 Navarin Olay\u0131: Fransa-\u0130ngiltere, Rusya m\u00fcttefik filolar\u0131n\u0131n, Navarin\u2019deki Osmanl\u0131-M\u0131s\u0131r donanmas\u0131na bask\u0131n\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1829 Edirne Antla\u015fmas\u0131: Yunanistan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1830 Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n Cezayir\u2019i almas\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1833 K\u00fctahya Antla\u015fmas\u0131: Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa’ya M\u0131s\u0131r ve Girit valiliklerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u015eam valili\u011fi verilecekti<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1833 H\u00fcnkar \u0130skelesi Antla\u015fmas\u0131: Osmanl\u0131larla Ruslar aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1838 Balta Liman\u0131 Antla\u015fmas\u0131: \u0130ngilizlere ekonomik ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar verildi<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1839 Nizip Muharebesi: Osmanl\u0131 kaybetti, Kavalal\u0131\u2019ya \u0130stanbul yolu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1839 Tanzimat Ferman\u0131: Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid d\u00f6neminde Hariciye Naz\u0131r\u0131 Mustafa Re\u015fit Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan okunmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1840 Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131: M\u0131s\u0131r, Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa ve soyundan gelen ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilecektir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1841 Londra Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Bo\u011fazlar \u00fczerindeki mutlak egemenli\u011fi sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1853- 1856 K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131: \u0130ngiltere ,Fransa, Piyemonte ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Rusya\u2019y\u0131 yendi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1856 Islahat Ferman\u0131: Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131nda Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n deste\u011fini almak i\u00e7in haz\u0131rland\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1856 Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Avrupa devletler toplulu\u011funun bir \u00fcyesi olacak<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1869 S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131: Frans\u0131z m\u00fchendisi Ferdinand de Lessepsin te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcyle a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1876 Kanun-\u00ee Esasi\u2019nin ilan\u0131: \u0130lk Osmanl\u0131 anayasas\u0131, II. Abd\u00fclhamid d\u00f6nemi<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1877- 1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131: Osmanl\u0131 devleti Rusya\u2019ya yenildi (93 Harbi)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1878 Ayastefanos Antla\u015fmas\u0131: Osmanl\u0131 \u2013 Rusya<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1878 \u0130ngilizlerin K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgali:<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1878 Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131: 93 Harbi sonras\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131ld\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1881 Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n Tunus\u2019u i\u015fgali<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1881 D\u00fcy\u00fbn-\u0131 Um\u00fbmiye \u0130daresinin kurulmas\u0131: Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 takip eden ve d\u00fczenleyen kurum<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1882 \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130ttifak\u2019\u0131n kurulmas\u0131: Almanya, Avusturya-Macaristan, ve \u0130talya<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1882 \u0130ngilizlerin M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgali<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1907 \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130tilaf\u2019\u0131n kurulmas\u0131: Fransa, \u0130ngiltere ve Rusya<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1908 II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in ilan\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1908 Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmas\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1908 Girit\u2019in Yunanistan Taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgali<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1908 Bosna- Hersek\u2019in Avusturya Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan ilhak\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1909 31 Mart Olay\u0131: Osmanl\u0131da rejime kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan ilk isyan<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1911 Trablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131: Osmanl\u0131- \u0130talya<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1912 U\u015fi Antla\u015fmas\u0131: Trablusgarp Osmanl\u0131 Devletinden ayr\u0131lan son Afrika topra\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. (\u0130talya )<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1912 I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131: Bulgaristan, S\u0131rbistan, Karada\u011f ve Yunanistan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile sava\u015ft\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1913 Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 Midye-Enez hatt\u0131 oldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1913 B\u00e2b\u0131\u00e2li Bask\u0131n\u0131: Enver Pa\u015fa \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde d\u00fczenlenen bir h\u00fckumet darbesi\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1913 II. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131: Bulgaristan\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 S\u0131rbistan, Yunanistan, Karada\u011f, Romanya ve Osmanl\u0131 sava\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1913 Atina Antla\u015fmas\u0131: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Yunanistan aras\u0131nda imzaland\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 1913 B\u00fckre\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131: Bulgaristan ile di\u011fer balkan devletleri aras\u0131nda imzaland\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 29 Eyl\u00fcl 1913 \u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131: Osmanl\u0131 K\u0131rklareli, Edirne ve Dimetoka ‘y\u0131 Bulgaristan\u2019dan geri ald\u0131. Meri\u00e7 nehri iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131r kabul edildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • 13 Mart 1914 \u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile S\u0131rbistan aras\u0131nda imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    XIX. Y\u00dcZYILDA OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130 VE STRATEJ\u0130K RAK\u0130PLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    FRANSA<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130htilal sonras\u0131 1848 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cumhuriyet y\u00f6netimine ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik faaliyetlerinde \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin gerisinde kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 ile ili\u015fkileri d\u00fczelse de Rusya ile bazen Osmanl\u0131 aleyhine faaliyetlerde bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130NG\u0130LTERE<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    XIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devleti konumunda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rusya\u2019n\u0131n yay\u0131lmac\u0131 politikas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrge yollar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc korumas\u0131 taraftar\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Almanya\u2019n\u0131n siyasi birli\u011fini tamamlamas\u0131 \u00fczerine Rusya\u2019y\u0131 yan\u0131na \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in Rusya\u2019y\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 \u00fczerindeki emellerinde serbest b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    AVUSTURYA<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Eski g\u00fcc\u00fcnden uzak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00c7ok uluslu yap\u0131s\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Milliyet\u00e7ilik ve Panslavizm ak\u0131m\u0131ndan olumsuz etkilendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Siyasi birli\u011fini sa\u011flayan Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Pangermenizm politikas\u0131 Avusturya\u2019y\u0131 rahats\u0131z etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    RUSYA<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    S\u0131cak denizlere inme politikas\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Panslavizm politikas\u0131 ile Balkanlara hakim olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    S\u0131k s\u0131k Osmanl\u0131 ile sava\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130TALYA<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1870 y\u0131l\u0131nda Piyemonte Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 etraf\u0131nda siyasi birli\u011fini tamamlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ham madde ve Pazar aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na girdi. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Kuzey Afrika topraklar\u0131na g\u00f6z dikti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ALMANYA<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1871 y\u0131l\u0131nda Prusya liderli\u011finde siyasi birli\u011fini tamamlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 devletine yak\u0131nl\u0131k duydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NE Y\u00d6NEL\u0130K STRATEJ\u0130K TEHD\u0130TLER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    XIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Avrupa\u2019daki devletler aras\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 dengesinin \u015fartlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu de\u011fi\u015fim kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti d\u0131\u015fardan kendisine y\u00f6nelen tehlikelere kar\u015f\u0131, yan\u0131na en az bir b\u00fcy\u00fck devleti almak suretiyle siyasi denge meydana getirerek varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (Denge politikas\u0131)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Viyana Kongresi (1815)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sanayi \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131 ile birlikte geli\u015fen yeni s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 beraberinde ham madde ve pazar aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu ama\u00e7la hareket eden Avrupal\u0131 devletler Asya, Avrupa ve Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131nda milyonlarca kilometrekare topra\u011fa sahip Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni par\u00e7alama planlar\u0131n\u0131 devreye koydular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Napolyon Sava\u015flar\u0131 sonras\u0131 bozulan dengelerin yeniden kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7layan Rusya, Avusturya ve Prusya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin de kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla monar\u015fi y\u00f6netimleri Viyana\u2019da (1815) bir araya geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Fransa girdi\u011fi sava\u015flardan yenik \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen kongreye davet edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Viyana Kongresi\u2019nde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclen konulardan biri de \u015eark Meselesi\u2019dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u015eark Meselesi, Avrupa devletlerinin XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ve sonras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctecekleri siyaseti ifade eden bir kavramd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Amac\u0131 T\u00fcrkleri Anadolu\u2019dan ve Balkanlar\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131karmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rusya, \u015eark Meselesi\u2019nde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin jeopolitik \u00f6neme sahip topraklar\u0131ndan en b\u00fcy\u00fck pay\u0131 almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Avrupal\u0131 devletler, Balkanlar\u2019da S\u0131rplar\u0131n isyan \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck ederken Yunanlara devlet kurma yolunu a\u00e7t\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rum \u0130syan\u0131 ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    XVIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131la gelindi\u011finde Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019nden etkilenen Rumlar, Megali \u0130dea ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00e7evresinde bir araya gelerek isyan haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin temelinde Bizans\u2019\u0131 yeniden diriltme \u00fclk\u00fcs\u00fc yatmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yeni \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan H\u00fcmanizm ve R\u00f6nesans hareketleriyle Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ayd\u0131nlar\u0131, eski Yunan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle temas edince Avrupa\u2019da Yunan hayranl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rumlar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6t\u00fcrecek ilk ad\u0131m 1814\u2019te Odessa\u2019da gizlice Filik-i Eterya Cemiyeti kurularak at\u0131ld\u0131. Bu cemiyet 1894\u2019te Etnik-i Eterya Cemiyeti ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte e\u011fitim- \u00f6\u011fretim amac\u0131yla kurulan bu dernek, Rum ayaklanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in para toplayarak, silah da\u011f\u0131tarak propaganda faaliyetleri yap\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu yeniden canland\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan cemiyetin 1815 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019da ilk \u015fubesi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rumlar\u0131n ilk isyan\u0131 Bo\u011fdan\u2019da Alexander (Aleksandr) \u0130psilanti taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rum \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Eflak-Bo\u011fdan\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck nedeni Rusya\u2019ya s\u0131n\u0131r olmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ne Bo\u011fdan\u2019daki Romenler ayaklanmaya kat\u0131ld\u0131 ne de Rusya\u2019dan istenilen destek geldi. Bu sayede isyan, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rumlar\u0131n as\u0131l isyan\u0131 1821\u2019de Mora Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019nda ba\u015flad\u0131. Mora \u0130syan\u0131 ile beraber Yanya Valisi Tepedelenli Ali Pa\u015fa da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 isyan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tepedelenli Ali Pa\u015fa isyan\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ancak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Mora Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019nda ba\u015flayan Rum \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 bast\u0131rmakta yetersiz kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bunun \u00fczerine Padi\u015fah II. Mahmut, M\u0131s\u0131r Valisi Kavalal\u0131 Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa\u2019dan Mora \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yard\u0131m istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa yard\u0131m kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda II. Mahmut\u2019tan kendisine Mora\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda Girit valili\u011finin de verilmesini talep etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa, o\u011flu \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 Mora\u2019ya isyan\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderdi. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan gelen yard\u0131m sayesinde Osmanl\u0131 Mora \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 bast\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rum \u0130syan\u0131 bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131nca bu durumdan rahats\u0131z olan \u0130ngiltere, Rusya ve Fransa; Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden Yunanistan\u2019a \u00f6zerklik verilmesini istediler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti bu iste\u011fi reddedince Osmanl\u0131 ve M\u0131s\u0131r donanmalar\u0131 1827\u2019de Navarin\u2019de bask\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131 ve yak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130ngiltere Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 ve M\u0131s\u0131r donanmas\u0131n\u0131n yok edilmesiyle Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 durabilecek bir deniz g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn kalmamas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 endi\u015felendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rusya yeni topraklar kazanmak i\u00e7in 1828 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne sava\u015f ilan etti. 1829 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin yenilmesi \u00fczerine Edirne Antla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu antla\u015fma ile Yunanistan\u2019a ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kutsal Yerler Sorunu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Semavi \u00fc\u00e7 din (\u0130slamiyet, Hristiyanl\u0131k ve Musevilik) a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kutsal bir yere sahip olan Kud\u00fcs, tarih boyunca \u00f6nemini korumu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Hz. \u0130sa\u2019n\u0131n Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer olmas\u0131 ve Hristiyanlara ait bir\u00e7ok kilise ve t\u00f6ren yerlerinin in\u015fa edilmesi Hristiyanlar i\u00e7in Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc kutsal k\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ortodoks ve Katolik Hristiyanlar aras\u0131nda kutsal yerlerin koruyuculu\u011fu \u00fczerinden s\u00fcregelen rekabetin ad\u0131 \u201cKutsal Yerler Sorunu\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yavuz Sultan Selim D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na kat\u0131lan Kud\u00fcs\u2019teki kutsal yerlerin haklar\u0131 ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 Rum ve Ermenilere yeni men\u015furlarla verilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ortodoks ve Katolikler aras\u0131nda bazen kutsal yerlere ili\u015fkin sorunlar \u00e7\u0131ksa da genel olarak bu sorun Ortodokslar\u0131n lehine \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleniyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni y\u0131kma politikas\u0131nda kararl\u0131 olan Rusya, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki Hristiyanlar\u0131 etkileme amac\u0131yla Ortodokslar\u0131n koruyucusu durumuna gelmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kutsal yerlerin koruyuculu\u011fu konusunda Katolik olan Frans\u0131zlara da bir k\u0131s\u0131m haklar tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1789 Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019nin etkisiyle din ve devlet i\u015flerini ayr\u0131 tutan Frans\u0131z politikas\u0131 Rusya\u2019n\u0131n i\u015fine gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rusya, Kutsal Yerler Meselesi ve Ortodokslar\u0131n himayesi gibi konular\u0131 dile getirerek Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni bask\u0131 alt\u0131na almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130stekleri kabul edilmeyince 1853\u2019te Ruslar, Eflak ve Bo\u011fdan\u2019a sald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l bu sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in Viyana\u2019da \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Avusturya ve Prusya aras\u0131nda bir kongre d\u00fczenlendi. Kongre sonucunda Rusya ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne aralar\u0131nda anla\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in nota g\u00f6nderildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rusya kongreden \u00e7\u0131kan talepleri kabul etmedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin 4 Ekim 1853\u2019te Rusya\u2019ya sava\u015f ilan etmesiyle K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 (1853) ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 (1853-1856)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Rumeli ve Anadolu\u2019da Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan sava\u015flarda ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ba\u015far\u0131lar elde etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rusya ise Sinop\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131n\u0131 bir bask\u0131nla yakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131n\u0131n Sinop\u2019ta yak\u0131lmas\u0131 Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Karadeniz\u2019deki asker\u00ee varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ne d\u00fczeye getirdi\u011fini Fransa ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130stanbul\u2019un ve Bo\u011fazlar\u0131n tehlike alt\u0131na girdi\u011fini anlayan \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Piyemonte (\u0130talya) 1854 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131na d\u00e2hil oldular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 devam ederken Osmanl\u0131 Devleti i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc mali s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lardan dolay\u0131 ilk kez d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lanmaya ba\u015fvurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130lk bor\u00e7 antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 24 A\u011fustos 1854 tarihinde \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa ile imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1855 y\u0131l\u0131 Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131na gelindi\u011finde Sivastopol, Ruslardan geri al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    M\u00fcttefiklerin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, \u00c7ar I. Nikola\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve yerine ge\u00e7en \u00c7ar II. Aleksander\u2019\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f talep etmesi K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 bitirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1856)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rusya ile yap\u0131lacak bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri i\u00e7in 1856\u2019de Fransa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Paris\u2019te Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Avusturya, Prusya ve Piyemonte bir araya geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti tarihinde ilk defa Avrupa devletleriyle bir kongreye e\u015fit ko\u015fullarda kat\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1856 Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Avrupa hukukundan yararlanma hakk\u0131 elde ederek Avrupal\u0131 bir devlet say\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Karadeniz bu antla\u015fma ile uluslararas\u0131 ticarete a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Karadeniz\u2019de sava\u015f gemisi bulundurmas\u0131 ve liman kurmas\u0131 yasakland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda Rusya taraf\u0131ndan bozulan devletler aras\u0131 dengeler yeniden kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne devletler aras\u0131 hukuktan faydalanma hakk\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve devlet topraklar\u0131n\u0131n Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin garantisi alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 (93 Harbi)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc1856\u2019dan beri savunan Avrupal\u0131 devletler, 1871\u2019den sonra bu siyasetlerini terk etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1871\u2019de Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 il\u00e2n etmesi Rus tehlikesini tekrar g\u00fcndeme getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rusya bu d\u00f6nemde, Balkan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131, bir \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplamay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan Panslavizm politikalar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda onlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmaya devam ediyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rusya\u2019n\u0131n bu \u00e7abalar\u0131 1875\u2019te Bosna-Hersek \u0130syan\u0131 ve 1876\u2019da Bulgar \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Balkanlar\u2019da bu geli\u015fmeler ya\u015fan\u0131rken II. Abd\u00fclhamit tahta ge\u00e7mi\u015fti. S\u0131rp ve Karada\u011f isyanlar\u0131 ise devam etmekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, S\u0131rp \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yla bast\u0131rd\u0131 ve Balkanlar\u2019da kontrol\u00fc yeniden sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu durum Avrupal\u0131 devletleri rahats\u0131z etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130stanbul Konferans\u0131 1876 (Tersane Konferans\u0131)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Balkanlar\u2019daki geli\u015fmelerin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesi amac\u0131yla \u0130stanbul Konferans\u0131 (Tersane Konferans\u0131) yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu esnada Osmanl\u0131 Devleti I. Me\u015frutiyeti ilan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin buradaki ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri de az\u0131nl\u0131klarla ilgili olumsuz bir karar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na engel olmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Konferansa kat\u0131lan devletler (\u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Rusya, Avusturya, Almanya ve \u0130talya) I. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in ilan\u0131n\u0131 ciddiye almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi S\u0131rbistan ve Karada\u011f\u2019\u0131n topraklar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015fletilmesini talep ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ayr\u0131ca Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden Bosna-Hersek ve Bulgaristan\u2019da \u00f6zerk y\u00f6netimler kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 istediler. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti bu taleplerin hi\u00e7birini kabul etmedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130stanbul Konferans\u0131\u2019na kat\u0131lan devletler Londra\u2019da yeni bir protokol imzalad\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, 1877\u2019de Londra Protokol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc reddetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu geli\u015fmeler \u00fczerine Rusya Osmanl\u0131 devletine sava\u015f ilan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131, Rumi takvimin 1293 senesinde cereyan etmesinden dolay\u0131 bu sava\u015f, 93 Harbi ad\u0131yla an\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1877\u2019de Balkanlar \u00fczerinden b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flatan Rus ordusu ayn\u0131 anda Kuzeydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019ya da y\u00f6neldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tuna Nehri\u2019nin g\u00fcneyine ge\u00e7en Ruslar, Bulgaristan\u2019a girdi ve buradaki T\u00fcrk k\u00f6ylere y\u00f6nelik b\u00fcy\u00fck katliamlar yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    S\u00fcleyman Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ordusu Ruslar\u0131, \u015e\u0131pka Ge\u00e7idi\u2019nde (Bulgaristan) durdurdu\u011fu gibi geri \u00e7ekilmeye zorlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Balkanlar\u2019\u0131 a\u015fmak isteyen Ruslar bu defa Plevne \u00fczerinden sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ruslar, Osman Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131nda savunulan Plevne\u2019ye \u00fc\u00e7 defa sald\u0131rsalar da istedikleri ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015famad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Plevne\u2019yi sald\u0131r\u0131yla alamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayan Ruslar \u015fehri ku\u015fatma yoluna gitti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 ordusu bu ku\u015fatma i\u00e7inde yok olmaktansa bir yarma hareketiyle ku\u015fatma \u00e7emberini a\u015fmaya karar verdi. Osmanl\u0131 ordusu \u00e7emberi a\u015famay\u0131nca teslim olmaya mecbur kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    20 Ocak\u2019ta Ruslar, Edirne\u2019ye girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da 20 Nisan\u2019da Do\u011fubeyaz\u0131t, 17 May\u0131s\u2019ta Ardahan d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ruslar bu defa Kars\u2019a y\u00f6neldi. Kars y\u00f6n\u00fcnde takip edilen Rus ordusu Ahmet Muhtar Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 sonucu beklenmedik bir yenilgi ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ekimde Ruslar yeni bir sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. Muhtar Pa\u015fa\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 ordu Erzurum\u2019a \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kahraman bir T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n (Nene Hatun) te\u015fviki ve ordu kuvvetlerinin de yard\u0131m\u0131yla p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclen Rus ordusu Erzurum\u2019a giremeden geri \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ruslar\u0131n Balkanlar\u2019da ilerlemesi ve Edirne\u2019ye kadar gelmeleri sonucunda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti bar\u0131\u015f istemek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1878 Ayastefanos Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (Ye\u015filk\u00f6y)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Romanya, S\u0131rbistan ve Karada\u011f\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 tan\u0131narak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    B\u00fcy\u00fck Bulgaristan Prensli\u011fi kurularak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne ba\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bosna-Hersek\u2019in Rusya ve Avusturya taraf\u0131ndan ortakla\u015fa himaye edilmesine karar verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kars, Ardahan, Batum ve Do\u011fubeyaz\u0131t Rusya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Girit, Teselya ve Arnavutluk\u2019ta \u0131slahatlar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 karar alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ayastefanos Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Avusturya ile \u0130ngiltere \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 zedelendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130ngiltere, Avusturya ile bir araya gelerek Ayastefanos Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 bir konferansta ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 konusunda ortak karar ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rusya, Ayastefanos Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesi yolunda yap\u0131lan teklifi kabul etmek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n \u0130\u015fgali 1878<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Berlin Kongresi (1878) \u00f6ncesi \u0130ngiltere, Rus tehlikesinden Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni koruma amac\u0131yla K\u0131br\u0131s Adas\u0131\u2019na yerle\u015fmek istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    K\u0131br\u0131s Adas\u0131, Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019in stratejik a\u00e7\u0131dan kritik bir noktas\u0131nda bulunmaktayd\u0131. Ada ayr\u0131ca \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Asya\u2019daki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerine giden yol g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131 \u00fczerinde bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1878\u2019de K\u0131br\u0131s Adas\u0131\u2019na \u0130ngilizlerin gelmesine izin verildi. \u0130ngilizlerin ge\u00e7ici bir yerle\u015fme olarak g\u00f6sterdikleri bu giri\u015fim zamanla K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgaliyle sonu\u00e7lanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Berlin Kongresi (1878)<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    93 Harbi sonras\u0131 Berlin\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Rusya, \u0130ngiltere, Avusturya, Fransa, \u0130talya ve Almanya devletleri bir araya geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 savunmas\u0131n\u0131 beklerken tam tersi bir durum ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Romanya, S\u0131rbistan ve Karada\u011f resmen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    B\u00fcy\u00fck Bulgar Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 par\u00e7aya b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne vergi verecek olan Bulgar Prensli\u011fi, idari \u00f6zerkli\u011fe sahip Do\u011fu Rumeli Eyaleti ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 Makedonya olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bosna-Hersek y\u00f6netimi ge\u00e7ici olarak Avusturya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Islahat yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131yla Makedonya, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Do\u011fubayaz\u0131t\u2019\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne verilmesi \u015fart\u0131yla Kars, Ardahan ve Batum Ruslara b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Berlin Kongresi\u2019nde Avrupal\u0131 devletler, Ermeniler i\u00e7in de \u0131slahatlar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kongre\u2019de Girit Adas\u0131 i\u00e7in Rumlar\u0131n lehine d\u00fczenlemelerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 istendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130ngiltere K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019a kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak yerle\u015fti. Fransa, kongreden eli bo\u015f d\u00f6n\u00fcnce Kuzey Afrika\u2019daki Osmanl\u0131 topra\u011f\u0131 olan Tunus\u2019u i\u015fgal etmeyi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dile getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca \u201cDenge Stratejisi\u201d y\u00fcr\u00fcten Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Almanya ile siyasi ve asker\u00ee alanda yak\u0131nla\u015fma d\u00f6nemini ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Berlin Kongresi\u2019nde Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir tutum sergilememesi bu yak\u0131nla\u015fmada etkili olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ermeni Meselesinin Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve Geli\u015fimi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde \u201cMillet-i Sad\u0131ka\u201d ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan Ermeniler, devlet i\u00e7erisinde \u00f6nemli mevkilere getirilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ermenileri Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 kullanmak isteyen Avrupal\u0131 devletler ilk olarak Ermeniler aras\u0131ndaki mezhep ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131ndan faydaland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ortodoks olan Ermeniler aras\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n etkisiyle Katolik ve Protestanl\u0131k mezhepleri de yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu ama\u00e7 do\u011frultusunda Osmanl\u0131\u2019da az\u0131nl\u0131k ve yabanc\u0131 okullar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu okullarda Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan Ermeniler ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer az\u0131nl\u0131klara Osmanl\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 temelinde milliyet\u00e7ilik fikri a\u015f\u0131lanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1878 Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131, XIX ve XX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fanan Ermeni Meselesi\u2019nin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1878 Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 61. Maddesine g\u00f6re Avrupal\u0131 devletler, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden Ermenilerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 vilayetlerde zaman ge\u00e7irmeden \u0131slahat yapmas\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenliklerinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Avrupa devletlerinin deste\u011fiyle Ermenileri, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmak amac\u0131yla 1887\u2019de \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019nin Cenevre \u015fehrinde H\u0131n\u00e7ak, 1890\u2019da Tiflis\u2019te Ta\u015fnak komitalar\u0131 kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu tarihten itibaren Ermeniler, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na kadar bir dizi isyan ve bask\u0131n giri\u015fimlerinde bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Anadolu\u2019nun \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan isyanlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Ermeni komitac\u0131lar\u0131n bask\u0131n ve sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan korunmak i\u00e7in yerlerini terk etmek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    27 May\u0131s 1915 Ge\u00e7ici Sevk ve \u0130sk\u00e2n Kanunu (Tehcir Kanunu)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1915 Nisan ay\u0131 ortalar\u0131nda \u00c7anakkale Gelibolu\u2019ya asker \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131ndan on g\u00fcn \u00f6nce \u0130tilaf Devletleri, Ermenilerden genel bir isyan ba\u015flatmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ermeniler karakollara ve T\u00fcrk evlerine sald\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ruslar\u0131n Ermenilerle ba\u011flant\u0131 kurup beraber hareket etmeleri ve \u0130tilaf devletlerince Gelibolu\u2019ya \u00e7\u0131kartma yap\u0131lmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni zor duruma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130ttihat ve Terakki H\u00fck\u00fbmeti tedbir ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    27 May\u0131s 1915\u2019te Ge\u00e7ici Sevk ve \u0130sk\u00e2n Kanunu (Tehcir Kanunu) \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    D\u00e2hiliye Nezareti\u2019nin \u00f6nerisi \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bu kanunla bir k\u0131s\u0131m Ermeni\u2019nin sava\u015f b\u00f6lgelerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 uygun g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu suretle \u00f6zellikle Van, Bitlis ve Erzurum vilayetlerinde isyana kar\u0131\u015fan Ermeniler, Halep ve Suriye vilayetlerinin baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerine zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7e tabi tutuldular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7, b\u00fct\u00fcn Ermenilere uygulanmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 nedeniyle baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde Ermenilerin silahl\u0131 direni\u015fi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden olaylar \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, yollarda asayi\u015fsizlik ve hastal\u0131k sebebiyle kay\u0131plar olmu\u015f,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    T\u00fcrkleri az tan\u0131yan Bat\u0131 kamuoyu k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131lmak istenmi\u015fti. Avrupa\u2019da zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7e, adeta soyk\u0131r\u0131m g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc verilerek Bat\u0131\u2019da bas\u0131n yay\u0131n organlar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkler kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 propagandalar yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Makedonya Sorunu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Balkan devletlerinin hepsinin isteklerinin kesi\u015fti\u011fi yer Makedonya\u2019yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Makedonya\u2019da ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck isyan Manast\u0131r \u015fehrinde 2 A\u011fustos 1903\u2019te ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130syan k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bast\u0131r\u0131lsa da ba\u015fka yeni isyanlar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1908\u2019e gelindi\u011finde b\u00f6lgedeki M\u00fcslim ve gayrim\u00fcslim vatanda\u015flar aras\u0131nda h\u00fcrriyet\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Makedonya\u2019da ya\u015fanan bu geli\u015fmeler neticesinde II. Me\u015frutiyet 1908\u2019de ilan edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bulgaristan, Makedonya\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in buradaki \u00e7etecilik faaliyetlerini k\u00f6r\u00fckledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Trablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda (1911) \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 f\u0131rsat bilen bu \u00e7eteler Makedonya\u2019da \u00e7e\u015fitli katliamlara ve ya\u011fmalamalara giri\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Makedonya, 1912-1913 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda cereyan eden Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 sonunda imzalanan B\u00fckre\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile S\u0131rbistan, Yunanistan ve Bulgaristan aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00dc\u00c7L\u00dc \u0130TT\u0130FAK<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Avrupa siyasetine Rusya, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda Almanya ve \u0130talya yeni bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Alman mill\u00ee birli\u011finin kurucusu Bismarck, Almanya\u2019y\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n karada en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devleti h\u00e2line getirmek amac\u0131yla d\u0131\u015f politikada farkl\u0131 bir yol izledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Alman mill\u00ee birli\u011fi kuruldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde Frans\u0131zlar, Sedan Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda  Almanlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yenilgiye u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bismarck, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n en k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede kendisini toparlayaca\u011f\u0131 ve Almanya\u2019dan bu yenilginin intikam\u0131n\u0131 almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131s\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Almanya\u2019y\u0131, Fransa\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletleri kendi yan\u0131na \u00e7ekme aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na y\u00f6neltti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    B\u00f6ylece d\u00fcnya devletleri aras\u0131nda ilk kez grupla\u015fma hareketi (blokla\u015fma) ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Almanya, 1860-1890 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan antla\u015fmalarla Rusya ve Avusturya-Macaristan\u2019\u0131 yan\u0131na \u00e7ekmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Bu birli\u011fe \u201c\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130ttifak\u201d ad\u0131 verildi. \u0130talya da daha sonra bu ittifaka kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rusya ile Avusturya-Macaristan rekabetinden dolay\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ittifak i\u00e7indeki denge bozuldu. 1890\u2019da Almanya\u2019da bir taht de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yeni imparatorla Ba\u015fbakan Bismarck aras\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f politikada ciddi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ya\u015fanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden Bismarck ba\u015fbakanl\u0131ktan istifa etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    II. Wilhelm D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Almanya, \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kendi yan\u0131nda yer almas\u0131n\u0131 gereksiz g\u00f6rd\u00fc ve 1890\u2019da \u00e7arl\u0131k Rusya ile s\u00fcresi dolan antla\u015fma yenilenmedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00dc\u00c7L\u00dc \u0130T\u0130LAF<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Almanya ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 antla\u015fman\u0131n uzat\u0131lmamas\u0131 \u00fczerine Rusya 1894\u2019de Fransa ile anla\u015ft\u0131. Bu birli\u011fe \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin de kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130ttifak\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130tilaf blo\u011fu olu\u015fturuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Zaman i\u00e7erisinde bloklar aras\u0131ndaki ekonomik rekabet, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge elde etme ve silahlanma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerginlik, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n temel nedeni oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    MISIR SORUNU VE KAVALALI MEHMET AL\u0130 PA\u015eA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sultan II. Mahmut d\u00fczenli vergisini vermesi ve Hicaz\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren Vehhabileri etkisiz k\u0131lmas\u0131 ko\u015fuluyla Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 1805\u2019te M\u0131s\u0131r Valisi olarak atad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Arabistan Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Necit b\u00f6lgesinde Muhammed bin Abd\u00fclvahhap\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Vehhabilik adl\u0131 bir hareket do\u011fmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mekke ve Medine, Vehhabilerin eline ge\u00e7ti\u011fi i\u00e7in hac g\u00f6revi de yerine getirilemiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu \u00f6nemli mesele,1811\u2019e kadar bertaraf edilemedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa, Hicaz\u2019da etkinlik g\u00f6steren Vehhabilere kar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130syan k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r ordusu, 1813\u2019te Mekke\u2019yi Vehhabiler\u2019den geri ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1815\u2019te Bass ve Taraba aras\u0131nda toplanan Vehhabileri b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ma\u011flubiyete u\u011fratt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u0130slam \u00e2leminde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir itibara sahip oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mora ve Girit valiliklerinin kendisine verilmesi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Yunan \u0130syan\u0131\u2019nda Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimine yard\u0131m eden M\u0131s\u0131r Valisi Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa, Edirne Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1829) ile Mora kaybedilince, Suriye valili\u011fini istemi\u015f, red cevab\u0131 al\u0131nca da isyan etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    O\u011flu \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131ndaki birlikler Osmanl\u0131 ordusunu yenerek K\u00fctahya\u2019ya kadar ilerlemi\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Rusya\u2019dan yard\u0131m istemek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1833 K\u00fctahya Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu geli\u015fme \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019y\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irerek Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile M\u0131s\u0131r aras\u0131nda K\u00fctahya Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1833).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu antla\u015fma ile;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131nda Girit ve Suriye valilikleri Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa\u2019ya verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n o\u011flu \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa\u2019ya Cidde ve Adana valilikleri verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    NOT: M\u0131s\u0131r Sorunu, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin bir i\u00e7 sorunu iken bir Avrupa sorunu h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1833 H\u00fcnkar \u0130skelesi Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n tutumundan rahats\u0131z olan II. Mahmut, kendisini g\u00fcvencede hissetmeyerek, Rusya ile ittifak yapma karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frarsa Rusya yard\u0131m g\u00f6nderecekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rusya sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frarsa Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Bo\u011fazlar\u0131 kapatacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu antla\u015fma, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Bo\u011fazlar \u00fczerindeki egemenlik haklar\u0131n\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 son antla\u015fmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rusya, Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi \u00fczerinde etkinlik sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f, \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 tehlikeye d\u00fc\u015fen \u0130ngiltere bu y\u00fczden \u00e7ok rahats\u0131z olmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylece Bo\u011fazlar Sorunu ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1838 Baltaliman\u0131 Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti M\u0131s\u0131r sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zme konusunda \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin deste\u011fini de alabilmek amac\u0131yla 1838’de Baltaliman\u0131 Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu antla\u015fma, \u0130ngiliz mallar\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 pazarlar\u0131na egemen olmas\u0131na ortam haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesi \u0130ngiltere’nin a\u00e7\u0131k pazar\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1840 Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    K\u00fctahya Antla\u015fmas\u0131 Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 memnun etmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130ki taraf aras\u0131nda Nizip\u2019te ya\u015fanan sava\u015f\u0131 yine M\u0131s\u0131r ordusu kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1839).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin giri\u015fimleri ile Londra\u2019da bir konferans d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f ve Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1840).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu antla\u015fma ile;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n idaresi kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa ve ailesine b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Suriye, Adana ve Girit valilikleri Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimine yeniden ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1841 Londra Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    H\u00fcnkar \u0130skelesi Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n s\u00fcresi bitince, \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa liderli\u011finde bir konferans d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f ve Londra Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1841).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye g\u00f6re;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bo\u011fazlar Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netiminde kalacak; bar\u0131\u015f zamanlar\u0131nda sava\u015f gemilerine kapat\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Avrupal\u0131 devletler s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi garanti alt\u0131nda bulunduracaklard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu s\u00f6zle\u015fme, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Bo\u011fazlar \u00fczerinde elde etti\u011fi ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 konumu kaybetmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, Bo\u011fazlar\u0131n “uluslararas\u0131” bir stat\u00fc kazanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1768-1914 <\/strong>OSMANLI RUSYA REKABET\u0130 VE SONU\u00c7LARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rusya\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131cak denizlere inmesini hedef alan b\u00fcy\u00fck idealinin temelleri onun Bizans\u2019\u0131n din\u00ee ve politik miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olmak iddias\u0131na dayan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1569 y\u0131l\u0131nda Astrahan Seferi\u2019nde ilk Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131 cereyan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1682-1725 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Rus taht\u0131na oturan I. Petro, Ruslar\u0131n s\u0131cak denizlere inme politikas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1770\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131n\u0131n Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan \u00c7e\u015fme\u2019de yak\u0131lmas\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tedirginli\u011fe neden olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sava\u015f 1774\u2019te imzalanan K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile son buldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla Ruslar, K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131n himayesini Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden ald\u0131. Halk\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan bir yer ilk defa Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu noktada Karadeniz\u2019in bir T\u00fcrk g\u00f6l\u00fc olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi de kaybedildi. Rusya, bu antla\u015fma ile Ortodoks Hristiyanlar\u0131n koruyuculu\u011funu da \u00fcstlendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1787-1792 Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015flar\u0131 sonucunda Rusya ile Ya\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1792) imzaland\u0131. K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131n Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011flanmas\u0131 kabul edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rum \u0130syan\u0131 devam ederken Navarin\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 ve M\u0131s\u0131r donanmalar\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131lmas\u0131yla (1827) Rusya bir kez daha Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019de g\u00fc\u00e7 sahibi oldu\u011funu d\u00fcnyaya g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1829 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya, bat\u0131da Edirne, do\u011fuda ise Erzurum\u2019a kadar ilerledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda 1829 tarihinde Edirne Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Antla\u015fmayla Kuban Nehri\u2019nin a\u011fz\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak b\u00fct\u00fcn Karadeniz sahili Rusya\u2019n\u0131n egemenli\u011fine girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rus ticaret gemilerine Bo\u011fazlar\u2019dan ge\u00e7i\u015f hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1833\u2019te imzalanan H\u00fcnk\u00e2r \u0130skelesi Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Bo\u011fazlar \u00fczerinde n\u00fcfuzu artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1853\u2019te ba\u015flayan K\u0131r\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin de yard\u0131m\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 Devleti kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sava\u015f sonunda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Avusturya ve Rusya aras\u0131nda 30 Mart 1856\u2019da Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda yer alan Karadeniz\u2019in tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesi Rusya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na uygun de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1853\u2019te ba\u015flayan K\u0131r\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin de yard\u0131m\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 Devleti kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sava\u015f sonunda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Avusturya ve Rusya aras\u0131nda 30 Mart 1856\u2019da Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda yer alan Karadeniz\u2019in tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesi Rusya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na uygun de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1877-1878 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131  (93 Harbi) tekrar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sava\u015fta Osmanl\u0131 Devleti yenildi ve Ayastefanos Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletler, \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olan bu antla\u015fmay\u0131 tan\u0131mad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ancak bunun yerine imzalanan Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla di\u011fer devletler de bu ya\u011fmaya ortak oldular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rus i\u015fgaliyle birlikte Elviye-i Selase olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Kars, Ardahan ve Batum i\u00e7in k\u0131rk y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek olan esaret d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ermeni Meselesi de bu antla\u015fmayla uluslararas\u0131 bir sorun h\u00e2line gelmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rusya Kafkaslarda ya\u015fayan y\u00fcz binlerce M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fc Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1914\u2019te ba\u015flayan I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda \u0130tilaf Devletleri (\u0130ngiltere, Rusya ve Fransa) taraf\u0131nda yer alan Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ittifak Devletleri aras\u0131nda yer alan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, kendisini par\u00e7alay\u0131p \u015eark Meselesi\u2019ni sonland\u0131rmak isteyen \u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00c7anakkale Cephesi\u2019ndeki sava\u015f\u0131n zaferle sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131 \u0130til\u00e2f Devletleri\u2019nin Rusya\u2019ya yard\u0131m ula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 engelledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yard\u0131m ula\u015fmay\u0131nca Rusya\u2019da i\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu geli\u015fmelerden sonra Rusya\u2019da 1917 Devrimi ya\u015fand\u0131 ve \u00e7arl\u0131k rejimi y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Avrupa\u2019da Blokla\u015fma Faaliyetleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Piyemonte etraf\u0131nda birle\u015fen \u0130talyanlar Avusturya\u2019dan Roma\u2019y\u0131 alarak 1871 y\u0131l\u0131nda siyasi birliklerini tamamlad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ba\u015fbakan Otto von Bismarck \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Prusya Alman birli\u011fini kurmak istiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00d6nce Danimarka ve Avusturya\u2019y\u0131 son olarak da Fransa\u2019y\u0131 Sedan sava\u015f\u0131nda yenen Almanya 1871 y\u0131l\u0131nda siyasi birli\u011fini tamamlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yeni kurulan \u0130talya ve Almanya\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019y\u0131 rahats\u0131z etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130ttifak Bloku (1882): Almanya, Avusturya-Macaristan ve \u0130talya bir araya gelerek bu bloku olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130tilaf Bloku (1907): \u0130ngiltere \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Fransa ve Rusya bir araya gelerek bu bloku olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Meydana gelen bu blokla\u015fma I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131nda etkili oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    I. BALKAN SAVA\u015eI (1912)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    XIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Yunanistan, Romanya, S\u0131rbistan ve Karada\u011f ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bulgaristan da XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6zerklik elde etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu devletler kendi idealleri do\u011frultusunda hareket ederek Balkanlar\u2019da topraklar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bulgaristan, Yunanistan, S\u0131rbistan ve Karada\u011f Osmanl\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir cephede birle\u015ftiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 8 Ekim 1912\u2019de Karada\u011f\u2019\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Haz\u0131rl\u0131ks\u0131z yakalanan Osmanl\u0131 ordusu sava\u015f\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nemlerinde istenilen ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 yakalayamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc sava\u015f \u00f6ncesinde Balkanlar\u2019daki Osmanl\u0131 askerlerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 terhis edilmi\u015f di\u011fer bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise Makedonya ve Trakya\u2019ya sevk edilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, sava\u015f esnas\u0131nda hem yeterli erzak ve lojistik ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamam\u0131\u015f hem de Yunanistan \u0130ngiltere\u2019den deniz g\u00fcc\u00fc deste\u011fi alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sonu\u00e7ta Osmanl\u0131 Devleti beklenmedik bir yenilgi ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. Bulgar ordusu \u0130stanbul\u2019a kadar yakla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    B\u00e2b\u0131\u00e2li Bask\u0131n\u0131 23 Ocak 1913<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda al\u0131nan ani ve a\u011f\u0131r yenilgi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Partisi yo\u011fun bir propaganda faaliyetine giri\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kendilerinin h\u00fck\u00fbmette olmamas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 bu yenilginin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunan parti, 23 Ocak 1913\u2019te Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fbmetine bask\u0131n d\u00fczenledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu bask\u0131nla birlikte \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Partisi devletin y\u00f6netiminde s\u00f6z sahibi oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130ttihat ve Terakki h\u00fck\u00fbmeti ilk olarak 13 \u015eubat\u2019ta Bulgaristan\u2019a sava\u015f a\u00e7arak ku\u015fatma alt\u0131nda olan Edirne\u2019yi kurtarmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ysa da ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n ani sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 sonucu Edirne Bulgarlar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu d\u00f6nemde Ege Denizi\u2019ndeki bir\u00e7ok ada Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n i\u015fgaline, Balkanlar\u2019daki Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da S\u0131rbistan ve Karada\u011f\u2019\u0131n i\u015fgaline u\u011frad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sonu\u00e7ta 30 May\u0131s 1913\u2019te Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131 ve I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 sona erdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    30 May\u0131s 1913 Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Midye-Enez Hatt\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn topraklar Balkan devletlerine b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    S\u0131rbistan\u2019a Orta ve Kuzey Makedonya b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yunanistan\u2019a Selanik, Girit ve G\u00fcney Makedonya verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bulgaristan\u2019a Kavala, Dedea\u011fa\u00e7 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn Trakya verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ege adalar\u0131n\u0131n gelece\u011fi ve Arnavutluk\u2019un s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n tespitinde Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin karar vermesi uygun g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1913 Londra Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla Bulgaristan en fazla toprak kazanan \u00fclke olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda Ege Denizi\u2019ne ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Arnavutluk ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan ederek Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan ayr\u0131lan son Balkan devleti oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    II. BALKAN SAVA\u015eI (1913)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bulgaristan I. Balkan sava\u015f sonras\u0131 en fazla toprak kazanan devletti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu durum S\u0131rbistan, Romanya, Karada\u011f ve Yunanistan taraf\u0131nda rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa neden olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00d6zellikle Balkan devletleri aras\u0131nda Makedonya topraklar\u0131n\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 meselesi devam eden bir sorundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1913 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Haziran ay\u0131nda Bulgaristan\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7en Yunanistan ve S\u0131rbistan ittifak kurdular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bulgar kral\u0131, S\u0131rbistan ve Yunanistan\u2019\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131ks\u0131z yakalay\u0131p t\u00fcm Makedonya\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irme amac\u0131yla 30 Haziran 1913\u2019te iki \u00fclkeye birden sava\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n ani sald\u0131r\u0131 hamlesi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Romanya, bu f\u0131rsattan yararlanarak Bulgaristan topraklar\u0131na girip Dobruca b\u00f6lgesini ele ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n yenilmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131yla sava\u015fa girerek 23 Temmuz\u2019da Edirne\u2019yi Bulgarlardan geri ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    II. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    II. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda 10 A\u011fustos 1913\u2019te B\u00fckre\u015f\u2019te bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu antla\u015fma ile birlikte Bulgaristan I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    29 Eyl\u00fcl 1913\u2019te Bulgaristan ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti aras\u0131nda \u0130stanbul Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Edirne ve K\u0131rklareli Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde kald\u0131 ve Meri\u00e7 Nehri s\u0131n\u0131r kabul edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu antla\u015fma ile Bulgaristan\u2019daki T\u00fcrkler ile Bulgarlar\u0131n e\u015fit haklara sahip olmas\u0131 konusunda anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti 14 Kas\u0131m 1913\u2019te Yunanistan\u2019la Atina Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 imzalad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ege Adalar\u0131 Meselesi anla\u015fma sa\u011flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in zamana b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Di\u011fer yandan Atina Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla Yunanistan\u2019daki T\u00fcrklerin haklar\u0131 korundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Son olarak S\u0131rbistan ile \u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131. \u0130ki \u00fclkenin ortak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131r tespiti yap\u0131lmad\u0131. Antla\u015fmayla i\u015fgal alt\u0131ndaki Makedonya\u2019da kalan T\u00fcrklerin hukuki stat\u00fcleri belirlenerek garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00d6ncesi Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde ilk olarak ili\u015fkilerinde ini\u015fli \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bir seyir takip etti\u011fi \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye ittifak teklifinde bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ancak \u0130ngiltere, Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu\u2019daki \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in Rusya ile ortak hareket etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda g\u00f6z\u00fc olmas\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile ittifak\u0131n\u0131 zora sokmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Daha sonra Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Fransa\u2019n\u0131n deste\u011fini almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ancak Fransa, ittifak konusunda tek ba\u015f\u0131na bir \u015fey yapamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu konuyu m\u00fcttefikleriyle de m\u00fczakere etmeleri gerekti\u011fini belirterek Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne olumsuz yan\u0131t vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Alman \u0130mparatoru II. Wilhelm, Balkanlarda Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Almanya ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti aras\u0131nda 2 A\u011fustos 1914\u2019te ittifak antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015f ve ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 Devleti genel seferberlik ilan etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130slam D\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n Dayan\u0131\u015fma Faaliyetleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topluluklar \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n hamisi olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri Osmanl\u0131 devletine maddi ve manevi yard\u0131mlarda bulundular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1897 Osmanl\u0131-Yunan sava\u015f\u0131nda, Hicaz demir yollar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda ve Balkan sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devletine Hindistan, M\u0131s\u0131r, Rusya, Myanvar ( Eski ad\u0131yla Burma ve Birmanya), Fas, Cezayir, Tunus, Endonezya, Singapur ve G\u00fcney Afrika M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131ndan yard\u0131mlar geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Azerbaycan, \u00d6zbekistan, T\u00fcrkmenistan, K\u0131rg\u0131zistan ve Kazakistan bize maddi ve manevi destek verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NDE DEMOKRAT\u0130KLE\u015eME FAAL\u0130YETLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n