{"id":1819,"date":"2024-11-10T17:17:57","date_gmt":"2024-11-10T14:17:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=1819"},"modified":"2024-11-10T17:17:59","modified_gmt":"2024-11-10T14:17:59","slug":"5-unite-xix-ve-xx-yuzyilda-degisen-sosyo-ekonomik-hayat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/10\/5-unite-xix-ve-xx-yuzyilda-degisen-sosyo-ekonomik-hayat\/","title":{"rendered":"5. \u00dcnite XIX. ve XX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda De\u011fi\u015fen Sosyo-Ekonomik Hayat"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a011. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 5. \u00fcnitesi\u00a0<\/strong>olan\u00a0XIX. ve XX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda De\u011fi\u015fen Sosyo-Ekonomik Hayat\u00a0<\/strong>\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a011. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0<\/strong>ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z.\u00a0G\u00fcncel 11. s\u0131n\u0131f Tarih ders kitab\u0131na\u00a0<\/strong>uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0XIX. ve XX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda De\u011fi\u015fen Sosyo-Ekonomik Hayat \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih 11 5. \u00dcnite XIX. ve XX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda De\u011fi\u015fen Sosyo-Ekonomik Hayat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

SANAY\u0130 \u0130NKILABI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanayi \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131\u2019yla makine g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu \u00fcretim tarz\u0131na ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere\u2019de 1760 y\u0131l\u0131nda James Watt (Ceym\u0131s Vat) \u201cbuhar makinesini\u201d icat etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece sanayide insan g\u00fcc\u00fc yerine makine kullan\u0131m\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu tarz \u00fcretim, tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnden ba\u015flayarak di\u011fer sekt\u00f6rlere de yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni teknolojik bulu\u015flar ve aletlerle \u00fcretim h\u0131z\u0131 artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seri \u00fcretimle birlikte \u00fcr\u00fcn miktar\u0131 da artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan teknolojik geli\u015fmeler sanayi ve ula\u015f\u0131mda ya\u015fanan yeni ilerlemelerle ham madde ve pazar ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

KLAS\u0130K \u00dcRET\u0130M\u2019\u0130N \u00d6ZELL\u0130KLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcretimde el eme\u011fi \u00f6n plandad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcretim k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck at\u00f6lyelerde s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde geleneksel e\u011fitimden yararlan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcretim teknolojisi basittir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcretimde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan say\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti zanaatk\u00e2ra aittir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcretim ve sat\u0131\u015f ayn\u0131 mek\u00e2nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

END\u00dcSTR\u0130YEL \u00dcRET\u0130M\u2019\u0130N \u00d6ZELL\u0130KLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcretimde makinele\u015fme \u00f6n plandad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcretim fabrikalarda seri h\u00e2lde ve y\u00fcksek miktarlarda yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde modern e\u011fitimden faydalan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcretimde geli\u015fmi\u015f teknolojiler kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fan say\u0131s\u0131 binlerle ifade edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti fabrika\/firma sahibine aittir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcretim fabrikalarda, sat\u0131\u015flar i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f pazarlarda yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NDE SANAY\u0130LE\u015eME \u00c7ABALARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde en yayg\u0131n ekonomik faaliyet ziraatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu faaliyetin temelinde t\u0131mar sistemi bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XVII. ve XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fanan siyasi ve ekonomik geli\u015fmeler sonucunda t\u0131mar sistemi \u00f6nemini kaybetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sistem \u00f6ncelikli olarak yereldeki ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 giderdi\u011fi i\u00e7in merkeze (hazineye) istenilen d\u00fczeyde katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durum Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde sermaye birikiminin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engelledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa\u2019da ise ileri d\u00fczeyde bir sermaye birikimi oldu\u011fundan sanayile\u015fmede sermaye sorunu ya\u015fanmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde sanayi \u00fcretimi devlet kontrol\u00fcndeki loncalar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l ile birlikte Avrupa\u2019da meydana gelen teknik ve ekonomik geli\u015fmeler sonucunda yeni bir d\u00fczen ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131lda, ba\u015fta \u0130ngiltere olmak \u00fczere seri \u00fcretime ge\u00e7en Avrupa devletleri di\u011fer \u00fclke pazarlar\u0131n\u0131 denetim alt\u0131na ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. Selim ve II. Mahmut d\u00f6nemlerinde sanayile\u015fme te\u015febb\u00fcslerinin \u00f6z\u00fcnde devlet ve toplum hayat\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle asker\u00ee alanda ba\u015flat\u0131lan yenile\u015fme (Nizam-\u0131 Cedit) hareketi \u00f6n plandayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1830\u2019a kadar ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bu hamlelerle birlikte k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t, \u00e7uha, deri, kundura ve iplik fabrikalar\u0131 kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde 1838 Balta Liman\u0131 Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla birlikte Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ucuz ve kaliteli mallar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 pazarlar\u0131na girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durum Osmanl\u0131 yerli sanayisinin zay\u0131flamas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde, 1840-1860 aras\u0131 devlet\u00e7ilik politikas\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu politika do\u011frultusunda Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131nda fabrikalar ve imalathaneler kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer yandan mevcut fabrikalar\u0131n modernize edilmesi yoluna gidildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devletin amac\u0131, bu te\u015febb\u00fcsler ile Avrupa devletlerinin Osmanl\u0131 pazarlar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesini \u00f6nlemekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015e\u0130RKETLE\u015eME HAREKETLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1850\u2019de ilk ad\u0131m olarak Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i vapur seferlerini y\u00fcr\u00fctmek \u00fczere Cevdet Pa\u015fa ile Fuat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00f6nce \u015eirket-i Hayriye ard\u0131ndan da yerli ve yabanc\u0131 pek \u00e7ok \u015firket kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1849\u2019dan 1910\u2019a kadar toplam 95 \u015firket kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SERG\u0130-\u0130 UMUM\u0130-\u0130 OSMAN\u00ce\u2019N\u0130N A\u00c7ILMASI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1863\u2019te \u0130stanbul Sultanahmet\u2019te tar\u0131m ve sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin tan\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk sergi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu tarihten itibaren \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin tan\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir dizi sergi d\u00fczenlendi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ISLAH-I SANAY\u0130 KOM\u0130SYONU\u2019NUN KURULMASI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1864\u2019te kurulan bu komisyon, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ticaret ve sanayi odalar\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u015fekliydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DEM\u0130R YOLU PROJELER\u0130N\u0130N HAYATA GE\u00c7\u0130R\u0130LMES\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde ilk demiryolu ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 1854’te Kahire-\u0130skenderiye hatt\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1856\u2019da Anadolu\u2019da ilk demir yolu hatt\u0131 \u0130zmir-Ayd\u0131n ve \u0130zmir-Turgutlu (Manisa) aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 1900-1908 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u015eam-Medine aras\u0131nda in\u015fa edilen Hicaz Demir Yolu en \u00f6nemli demir yollar\u0131ndan birisidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SANAY\u0130 MEKTEPLER\u0130N\u0130N A\u00c7ILMASI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1864\u2019ten itibaren \u0130stanbul ve di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerde erkekler ve k\u0131zlar i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 pek \u00e7ok sanayi mektebi kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mithat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Tuna valili\u011fi d\u00f6neminde Ni\u015f\u2019te bu mekteplerin kurulmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ilk ad\u0131m at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu mekteplerde \u00e7ocuklara ekonominin ve toplumun ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu terzilik, dokumac\u0131l\u0131k, dericilik, demircilik ve matbaac\u0131l\u0131k gibi alanlarda mesleki e\u011fitim verilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ESNAF \u015e\u0130RKETLER\u0130N\u0130N KURULMASI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k vaziyette faaliyet g\u00f6steren esnaf\u0131 bir araya getirmek suretiyle daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli esnaf \u015firketlerinin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu proje kapsam\u0131nda Simke\u015fler \u015eirketi, Debba\u011flar \u015eirketi, Sara\u00e7lar \u015eirketi, Kuma\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar \u015eirketi, D\u00f6k\u00fcmc\u00fcler \u015eirketi ve Demirciler \u015eirketi gibi bir\u00e7ok \u015firket a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XVIII ve XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretime ge\u00e7i\u015fte birtak\u0131m zorluklarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

END\u00dcSTR\u0130YEL \u00dcRET\u0130ME GE\u00c7\u0130\u015eTE KAR\u015eILA\u015eILAN ZORLUKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusya ve Avusturya ile yap\u0131lan uzun s\u00fcreli sava\u015flar\u0131n getirdi\u011fi mali s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. Selim ve II. Mahmut d\u00f6nemlerinde ba\u015flat\u0131lan \u0131slahatlara uleman\u0131n ve Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devlet s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde meydana gelen isyanlar (Balkanlar, Anadolu ve M\u0131s\u0131r isyanlar\u0131)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eark Meselesi kapsam\u0131nda Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni par\u00e7alama te\u015febb\u00fcsleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1838 BALTA L\u0130MANI T\u0130CARET ANTLA\u015eMASI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r valisi Kavalal\u0131 Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n isyan\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Rus tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, \u0130ngiltere\u2019den yard\u0131m almak i\u00e7in 16 A\u011fustos 1838\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 \u0130ngilizlerle Balta Liman\u0131 Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1838 Balta Liman\u0131 Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131 \u0130le<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tekel sistemi kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngilizlere diledikleri miktarda ham maddeyi sat\u0131n alma imk\u00e2n\u0131 verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7 ticarete Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u0130ngilizlerin de kat\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngilizlerle olan transit ticaretten al\u0131nan vergi kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1838 BALTA L\u0130MANI T\u0130CARET ANTLA\u015eMASI\u2019NA G\u00d6RE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiliz vatanda\u015flar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini, Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131ndan tacirlerle ayn\u0131 vergi ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda sat\u0131n alma hakk\u0131na sahip oldular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antla\u015fmayla birlikte ihracattan %12, ithalattan ise %5 g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisi al\u0131nmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yerli t\u00fcccarlar %12 nispetinde i\u00e7 g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisini \u00f6demeye devam ederken yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcccarlar bu vergilerden muaf tutuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1838 BALTA L\u0130MANI T\u0130CARET ANTLA\u015eMASI\u2019YLA B\u0130RL\u0130KTE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 pazarlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n denetimine ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa ile rekabet edemeyen Osmanl\u0131 esnaf\u0131 yava\u015f yava\u015f faaliyetlerini durdurmak mecburiyetinde kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 ham maddeleri daha fazla \u00fccret teklif eden Avrupal\u0131 t\u00fcccarlara sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu ham maddelerin fiyatlar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck art\u0131\u015flar g\u00f6zlendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esnaf ham madde bulmakta s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 \u00e7ekti hatta baz\u0131 ham maddeleri hi\u00e7 tedarik edemedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1850\u2019de yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklik ile g\u00fcmr\u00fck gelirlerinin d\u00fc\u015fmesinden ve K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi maliyetten dolay\u0131 devlet i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lanmaya gitti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00dcYUN-I UMUM\u0130YE \u0130DARES\u0130N\u0130N KURULMASI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar ya\u015fanan b\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131, Galata bankerleri olarak bilinen sermaye sahiplerinden al\u0131nan kredilerle kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak Osmanl\u0131\u2019daki idari yap\u0131 ve ordunun modernle\u015ftirilme \u00e7abalar\u0131, devlet harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n daha da artmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1853 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi Osmanl\u0131 maliyesini zor durumda b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticileri, K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda destek veren \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n kredi a\u00e7ma konusundaki tekliflerini kabul ederek ilk bor\u00e7 antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 24 A\u011fustos 1854 tarihinde \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa ile imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her bor\u00e7 al\u0131\u015fta devlet, gelir kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 teminat olarak g\u00f6stermi\u015f ve bu durum \u00fclkeyi ipotek alt\u0131na sokmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1875 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti art\u0131k Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerden ve bankerlerden bor\u00e7 alamayacak duruma geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c93 Harbi\u201d olarak bilinen 1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen 1878 Berlin Konferans\u0131\u2019nda ele al\u0131nan konulardan biri Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demesiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1879\u2019da bir araya gelen taraflar anla\u015fma karar\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Al\u0131nan bor\u00e7lanma kararlar\u0131na g\u00f6re R\u00fcsum-\u0131 Sitte (alt\u0131 vergi) ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan vergileri toplamak \u00fczere R\u00fcsum-\u0131 Sitte \u0130daresi kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00fcsum-\u0131 Sitte \u0130daresinden istenilen sonu\u00e7 elde edilemedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, alacakl\u0131 taraflar\u0131n temsilcileri ile 1881\u2019de toplanarak bir anla\u015fma yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu anla\u015fmada al\u0131nan kararlar hicri Muharrem ay\u0131nda ilan edildi\u011finden, \u201cMuharrem Kararnamesi\u201d ad\u0131yla an\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Abd\u00fclhamit d\u00f6neminde \u201cMuharrem Kararnamesi\u201d do\u011frultusunda \u201cD\u00fcy\u00fbn-\u0131 Um\u00fbmiye \u0130daresi\u201d kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stanbul merkezli komisyonda \u0130ngiltere, Hollanda, Fransa, Almanya, Avusturya, \u0130talya ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden birer \u00fcye bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meclisin her y\u0131l haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00e7e h\u00fck\u00fcmet\u00e7e onayland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1882 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flayan meclis, kendisine ba\u011flanan vergileri do\u011frudan toplamakla yetkiliydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar sorunu Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele sonras\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1923\u2019te Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar meselesi tekrar ele al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti kendi pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen bor\u00e7lar\u0131 taksitlendirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son taksit 1954\u2019te Adnan Menderes D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde \u00f6dendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130TT\u0130HAT VE TERAKK\u0130\u2019N\u0130N M\u0130LL\u00ce \u0130KT\u0130SAT POL\u0130T\u0130KASI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alman iktisat\u00e7\u0131 Frederich List\u2019in (Frederik List) korumac\u0131 mill\u00ee ekonomi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti liderleri aras\u0131nda itibar g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cemiyete g\u00f6re mill\u00ee burjuvazi olu\u015fturulmadan ekonomik kalk\u0131nma olamazd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar bu kapsamda, yabanc\u0131 burjuvazinin yerine T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman burjuvazisinin ge\u00e7mesini hedefledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na girdikten sonra b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada oldu\u011fu gibi i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f ticarette b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zor \u015fartlar\u0131 ganimet bilen baz\u0131 f\u0131rsat\u00e7\u0131 t\u00fcccarlar, mallar\u0131 depolay\u0131p el alt\u0131ndan y\u00fcksek fiyatla piyasaya s\u00fcrmekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sorunlarla m\u00fccadele edecek kurumlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen \u0130stanbul \u015eehremaneti (\u0130stanbul Belediyesi) ise modern bir belediye olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlenemedi\u011fi ve sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti yeni d\u00fczenlemelerle belediye hizmetlerini modernize etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0130LL\u00ce \u0130KT\u0130SAT POL\u0130T\u0130KASI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1914\u2019te kapit\u00fclasyonlar kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve D\u00fcy\u00fbn-\u0131 Um\u00fbmiye faaliyetleri ask\u0131ya al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1916\u2019da ticari i\u015flemlerde T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lan bir yasa meclisten ge\u00e7irildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yabanc\u0131 sermayeli \u015firketler denetim alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lan kanunlarla yeni g\u00fcmr\u00fck yasalar\u0131 onaylanarak y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1914- 1918 y\u0131llar\u0131nda anonim \u015firketler (Mill\u00ee Mahsulat Anonim \u015eirketi, Mill\u00ee \u0130thalat Kantariye Anonim \u015eirketi vb.) kurularak \u015firketlerin say\u0131lar\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devlet bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla yeni mill\u00ee kredi kurumlar\u0131 olu\u015fturuldu. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde ticaretle u\u011fra\u015fanlar ve zanaatk\u00e2rlar ile o zamana kadar vergiden muaf olan t\u00fcm yabanc\u0131lar, vergiye tabi tutuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NOT: <\/em><\/strong>Mustafa Kemal \u00d6nderli\u011finde 1923\u2019te d\u00fczenlenen T\u00fcrkiye \u0130ktisat Kongresinde Bu politikalar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kararlar al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ULUS-DEVLET ANLAYI\u015eININ OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NE ETK\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde isyanlar Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019nin etkisi ilk \u00f6nce Balkan topraklar\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle de Rumlar ve S\u0131rplar aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa\u2019da Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yenilgiler ve toprak kay\u0131plar\u0131 sonucunda orada ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na do\u011fru g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeleri Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin demografik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fimine neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ya\u015fanan g\u00f6\u00e7lerle beraber kaybedilen toprak gelirlerinin de azalmas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 maliyesi \u00fczerine b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u00fck getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin yerle\u015ftirildi\u011fi y\u00f6relerde toprak, su ve g\u00fcvenlik konular\u0131nda sorunlar ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne Balkanlar’dan, Kafkaslardan ve K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019dan kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7ler olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bask\u0131 ve katliamlara maruz kalan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve gayrim\u00fcslim halklardan insanlar Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6\u00e7ler sonras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in 1857 tarihli Muhacirun Kanunnamesi yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f ve 1860-1861 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Muhacirun Komisyonu kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1848 \u0130htilalleri’nden sonra \u00c7ekler, Macarlar ve Lehlerden (Polonyal\u0131lar) \u00f6nemli say\u0131da n\u00fcfus Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin topraklar\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1831-1882 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019daki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusu ikiye katlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durumun olu\u015fmas\u0131nda 1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n etkisi b\u00fcy\u00fck olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde Anadolu\u2019ya aralar\u0131nda Tatar ve \u00c7erkezlerin de bulundu\u011fu bir milyondan fazla g\u00f6\u00e7men gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De\u011fi\u015fik co\u011frafyalardan gelen muhacirler, \u00e7o\u011funlukla bo\u015f topraklar \u00fczerine k\u00f6yler kurarak yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fcrekli yerle\u015fimlerden sonra muhacirler bir\u00e7ok sorunla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yerli halk ile aralar\u0131ndaki arazi anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 en \u00f6nemli sorundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu\u2019ya yap\u0131lan g\u00f6\u00e7lerin olumlu y\u00f6nleri de vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6\u00e7ler sonras\u0131 buraya gelen n\u00fcfuzlu aileler getirdikleri sermaye ile Anadolu\u2019nun ekonomik ve ticari hayat\u0131n\u0131 canland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mesleki ve teknik anlamda Anadolu\u2019nun kalk\u0131nmas\u0131na, bo\u015f tar\u0131m arazilerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MODERNLE\u015eME VE DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130M<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanayi devrimi sonras\u0131 ya\u015fanan teknolojik geli\u015fmeler modern kent ve metropollerin kurulmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kentlerin kurulmas\u0131 belediyecilik hizmetlerini de beraberinde getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demiryolu ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck ilerlemeler sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131rsal alandan kente g\u00f6\u00e7 h\u0131z kazand\u0131 ve \u015fehirlerde zengin s\u0131n\u0131f, fakir s\u0131n\u0131f, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 gibi tabakala\u015fmalar meydana geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00fcfusun artmas\u0131, teknolojik geli\u015fmelerin ya\u015fanmas\u0131 \u015fehirle\u015fme hareketlerine h\u0131z ve yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazand\u0131r\u0131rken b\u00fcy\u00fck metropollerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na da zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanayi \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131\u2019ndan sonra kentle\u015fme ailenin bi\u00e7imsel olarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmesine, akrabal\u0131k ili\u015fkilerinin g\u00f6receli olarak zay\u0131flamas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupada dinin devlet ve toplum hayat\u0131nda etkisi azald\u0131 ve bireysellik artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLI VE MODERNLE\u015eME<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131, Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilan\u0131ndan sonra Avrupa medeniyetine yakla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanzimatla birlikte modern belediyecilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ilk kez \u0130stanbul\u2019da ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyo\u011flu (Pera) ve Galata civar\u0131 \u015fehrin bat\u0131ya a\u00e7\u0131lan y\u00fcz\u00fc oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stanbul\u2019a yap\u0131lan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in II. Mahmut zaman\u0131nda M\u00fcrur tezkiresi (pasaport) uygulamas\u0131na ge\u00e7ildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abd\u00fclmecid d\u00f6neminde yap\u0131lan Dolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131 ile birlikte ilk kez Avrupa saray mimarisi \u00f6rnek al\u0131nd\u0131. Dolmabah\u00e7e Camii, \u00c7\u0131ra\u011fan Saray\u0131, Haydarpa\u015fa Tren Gar\u0131 da yine Bat\u0131 mimarisi \u00f6rnek al\u0131narak yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa\u2019da sanat e\u011fitimi alan Osman Hamdi Bey taraf\u0131ndan Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi ( G\u00fczel Sanatlar Okulu) a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde \u015eeker Ahmet Pa\u015fa, Osman Hamdi Bey ve \u0130brahim \u00c7all\u0131 gibi \u00fcnl\u00fc ressamlar yeti\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Mahmut d\u00f6neminde M\u0131z\u0131ka-i H\u00fcmayun kurularak konservatuvarlar\u0131n temeli at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fczik alan\u0131nda Dede Efendi, Hac\u0131 Arif Bey ve \u00f6\u011frencisi \u015eevki Bey gibi \u00fcnl\u00fc m\u00fczisyenler yeti\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanzimat d\u00f6neminde G\u00fcll\u00fc Agop modern Osmanl\u0131 tiyatrosunu kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XIX. Y\u00dcZYILDA SALGIN HASTALIKLAR VE ETK\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu\u2019ya yap\u0131lan g\u00f6\u00e7ler ve s\u0131k s\u0131k ya\u015fanan sava\u015flar Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Abd\u00fclhamid Kuduz a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u0130stanbul\u2019da \u00fcretilmesi i\u00e7in Lui Past\u00f6r\u2019\u00fc \u0130stanbula davet etti. Past\u00f6r gelemeyince Paris\u2019e bir ekip g\u00f6nderildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuduz a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 \u00fcretmek amac\u0131yla1887 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019da Dar\u00fcl-Kelp ve Bakteriyoloji Ameliyathanesi kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015ei\u015fli Etfal Hastanesi \u0130stanbul’un \u015ei\u015fli il\u00e7esinde yer alan bir e\u011fitim ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma hastanesidir. 1899 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131 II. Abd\u00fclhamid’in emriyle kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015ei\u015fli Etfal Hastanesi T\u00fcrkiye’nin ilk \u00e7ocuk hastanesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8 Haziran 1918\u2019de \u0130stanbul\u2019da Veremle M\u00fccadele Osmanl\u0131 Cemiyeti kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

KAMUOYU KAVRAMININ SOSYAL GE\u00c7ERL\u0130L\u0130K HAL\u0130NE GELMES\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kamuoyu kavram\u0131n\u0131 \u0130ngilizler, \u201chalk\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi\u201d anlam\u0131nda, Frans\u0131zlar ise \u201ctoplumun tavr\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131nda kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa\u2019daki b\u00fcy\u00fck kentler \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f anlamda kamuoyu olgusunun toplumsal ya\u015famda yer edinmesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halk aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lan haberler ve tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan konular kamuoyunu olu\u015ftururdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Mahmut D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde ilk resm\u00ee gazete Takvim-i Vekay\u00ee’nin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve halk\u0131n devletin yapt\u0131klar\u0131ndan haberdar olmas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131’daki ilk kamuoyu uygulamas\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NDE YAYIMLANAN GAZETELER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Takvim-i Vekay\u00ee: 1831y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.  Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin \u0130lk resmi T\u00fcrk\u00e7e gazetedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ceride-i Havadis:1840 y\u0131l\u0131nda William Churchill taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Yar\u0131 resm\u00ee gazetedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Terc\u00fcman-\u0131 Ahv\u00e2l, \u015einasi ve Ag\u00e2h Efendi taraf\u0131ndan 1860 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130lk \u00f6zel Osmanl\u0131 gazetesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tasvir-i Efkar: 1862 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015einasi taraf\u0131ndan kurulan siyasi haberlerin oldu\u011fu gazete<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Muhbir: 1866 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ali Suavi taraf\u0131ndan kurulan siyasi haberlerin oldu\u011fu gazete<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130bret: 1872 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nam\u0131k Kemal taraf\u0131ndan kurulan siyasi haberlerin oldu\u011fu gazete<\/p>\n\n\n\n

KAMUOYU KAVRAMININ SOSYAL GE\u00c7ERL\u0130L\u0130K HAL\u0130NE GELMES\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1870 y\u0131l\u0131nda Teodor Kasap taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Diojen ilk mizahi dergidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Me\u015frutiyet d\u00f6neminde bir\u00e7ok gazete kapat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde Sabah, Terc\u00fcma-\u0131 Hakikat ve II.  Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019e muhalif olan \u0130ktam gibi gazeteler ve Servet-i F\u00fcnun ve Malumat gibi dergiler bas\u0131n hayat\u0131nda yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Me\u015frutiyet sonras\u0131 sans\u00fcr uygulamas\u0131na son verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00fcseyin Cahit \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Tanim ve \u0130ttihat Terakki kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 Volkan gazetesi yay\u0131n hayat\u0131na girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLI YAYIN HAYATINDA KADINLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fatma Aliye \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ba\u015flayan kad\u0131n hareketi bas\u0131na da yans\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1869 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk kad\u0131n dergisi olan \u2018\u2019Terakki-i Muhadderat\u2019\u2019 yay\u0131n hayat\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1886\u2019da yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 kad\u0131n olan \u2018\u2019\u015e\u00fckufezar\u2019\u2019 dergisi yay\u0131n hayat\u0131na girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1895 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fatma Aliye \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u2018\u2019Han\u0131mlara Mahsus Gazete\u2019\u2019 yay\u0131mlanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1908 y\u0131l\u0131nda Halide Edip ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 \u2018\u2019Demet\u2019\u2019 adl\u0131 dergiyi \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TOPLUMSAL HAYATA POP\u00dcLER K\u00dcLT\u00dcR\u00dcN YANSIMALARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr toplumlar\u0131n ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imlerinin bir g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pop\u00fcler k\u00fclt\u00fcr ise belli bir d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli plan, h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00fcretilen ve h\u0131zl\u0131 t\u00fcketilen k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00f6gelerinin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kapsar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pop\u00fcler k\u00fclt\u00fcrde her a\u015famada insanlar\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirici bir etkiye sahiptir. Bu amaca ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in de kitle ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 devletinin son d\u00f6neminde \u2018\u2019Avrupa Modas\u0131\u2019\u2019 hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda kendini hissettirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a011. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 5. \u00fcnitesi\u00a0olan\u00a0XIX. ve XX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda De\u011fi\u015fen Sosyo-Ekonomik Hayat\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a011. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1340,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[160],"tags":[91,6],"class_list":["post-1819","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-11-sinif-tarih-ders-notlari","tag-11-sinif-tarih","tag-tarih-ders-notlari"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"\n5. \u00dcnite XIX. ve XX. 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