{"id":1823,"date":"2024-11-11T13:49:36","date_gmt":"2024-11-11T10:49:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=1823"},"modified":"2024-11-11T13:49:38","modified_gmt":"2024-11-11T10:49:38","slug":"inkilap-tarihi-3-unite-ataturkculuk-ve-turk-inkilabi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/11\/inkilap-tarihi-3-unite-ataturkculuk-ve-turk-inkilabi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi 3. \u00dcnite Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck ve T\u00fcrk \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0<strong>12. s\u0131n\u0131f T.C. \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi ve Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck dersi<\/strong>\u00a03. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0<strong>Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck ve T\u00fcrk \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>\u00fcnitesinin \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0<strong>12. s\u0131n\u0131f \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0<\/strong>ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. G\u00fcncel\u00a0<strong>12 . s\u0131n\u0131f \u0130nk\u0131lap tarihi ve Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck<\/strong>\u00a0ders kitab\u0131na uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0<strong>Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck ve T\u00fcrk \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131 ders notlar\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T.C \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi ve Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck 3. \u00dcnite Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck ve T\u00fcrk \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131 Ders Notlar\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00dcRK \u0130NKIL\u00c2BI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti XIX. ve XX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f milletlerden geri kalmamak i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli ad\u0131mlar atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fma ad\u0131na bir\u00e7ok kanunlar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u201c\u0131slahat\u201d ad\u0131 verilen pek \u00e7ok yenilikler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ama ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>XX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Atat\u00fcrk \u00f6nderli\u011finde bir\u00e7ok alanda yeni kurumlar olu\u015fturuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7a\u011f\u0131n gereklerine uymayan eski kurumlar yenilendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk milletinin tarih\u00ee birikimleri esas al\u0131narak yap\u0131lan t\u00fcm bu \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fma \u00e7abalar\u0131na T\u00fcrk ink\u0131lab\u0131 ad\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk ink\u0131lab\u0131n\u0131n esaslar\u0131 Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemini olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ATAT\u00dcRK \u0130LKELER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk toplumunun ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131ndan do\u011fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Temelinde T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Herhangi bir d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131, zorlama ve taklit\u00e7ili\u011fe dayal\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Akla ve bilime dayal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anlam ve ama\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birbirini tamamlayan bir b\u00fct\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk milletini \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f uygarl\u0131k d\u00fczeyine ula\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Milliyet\u00e7ilik duygusuna dayal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131 ile uygulamaya konulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5 \u015eubat 1937\u2019de, 1924 Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda yap\u0131lan bir de\u011fi\u015fiklikle, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin temel nitelikleri olarak kabul edilen Atat\u00fcrk \u0130lkeleri anayasaya girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Temel ilkeler:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Milliyet\u00e7ilik (Ulus\u00e7uluk) 1919<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k 1920<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilik 1923<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Laiklik 1924<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Devlet\u00e7ilik 1931<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130nk\u0131lap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilik<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sisteminin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan en temel ilke cumhuriyet\u00e7iliktir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhuriyet, milletin egemenli\u011fini kendi elinde tuttu\u011fu bir devlet \u015feklidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhuriyet&#8217;te egemenlik; ki\u015fi, z\u00fcmre, s\u0131n\u0131f gibi toplumun bir k\u0131sm\u0131na de\u011fil t\u00fcm halka aittir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhuriyet y\u00f6netiminin esas\u0131; halk\u0131n \u00fclke y\u00f6netiminde kendisini temsil edecek devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131, y\u00f6neticileri ve temsilcileri, anayasada belirlenen s\u00fcrelerde, se\u00e7im yoluyla i\u015fba\u015f\u0131na getirmesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1919&#8217;da ba\u015flayan Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele, kongrelerde al\u0131nan kararlarla, mill\u00ee iradeyi esas alarak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 23 Nisan 1920&#8217;de TBMM&#8217;nin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla cumhuriyet y\u00f6netimine do\u011fru giden s\u00fcre\u00e7 h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>29 Ekim 1923&#8217;te Cumhuriyet&#8217;in ilan\u0131yla yeni T\u00fcrkiye Devleti resm\u00ee olarak, mill\u00ee egemenli\u011fe dayal\u0131 bir y\u00f6netime kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhuriyet y\u00f6netimlerinin temel ilkelerinden biri de devletin yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve yarg\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin birbirinden ayr\u0131 olmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelen &#8220;kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8221;d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cT\u00fcrk Devleti&#8217;nin y\u00f6netim \u015fekli Cumhuriyettir\u201d \u0130lkesi 1924 anayasas\u0131ndan itibaren b\u00fct\u00fcn anayasam\u0131zda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>TBMM&#8217;nin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, saltanat\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, Halifeli\u011fin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, Cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131 21 ve 24 Anayasalar\u0131n\u0131n kabul\u00fc, \u00e7ok partili hayat denemeleri ilgili ink\u0131laplar Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilikle ilgilidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin en b\u00fcy\u00fck hedeflerinden birisi mill\u00ee egemenliktir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Milliyet\u00e7ilik<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Atat\u00fcrk&#8217;\u00fcn milliyet\u00e7ilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 reddeder. Laiktir, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ve insanc\u0131ld\u0131r. T\u00fcrk Milletini \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f uygarl\u0131k d\u00fczeyine ula\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7 edinir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu ilke Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yeni T\u00fcrk harflerinin kabul edilmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu ve T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu\u2019nun kurulmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kabotaj Yasas\u0131n\u0131n kabul\u00fc<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk Paras\u0131n\u0131 Koruma Kanununun kabul\u00fc. Merkez Bankas\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n kurdu\u011fu baz\u0131 i\u015fletmelerin millile\u015ftirilmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Misak\u0131milli\u2019nin kabul edilmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Erzurum ve Sivas kongrelerindeki Vatan bir b\u00fct\u00fcnd\u00fcr par\u00e7alanamaz karar\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ilkesi, \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan de\u011fi\u015fik sosyal gruplar\u0131n mutluluk ve refah\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar. Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta e\u015fitlik esast\u0131r. Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ilkesi; cumhuriyet\u00e7ilik ve milliyet\u00e7ilik ilkelerinin do\u011fal (zorunlu) bir sonucudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A\u015far Vergisi\u2019nin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u0131l\u0131k-K\u0131yafet Kanununun kabul\u00fc<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Medeni Kanunun kabul\u00fc<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131nlara siyasal haklar verilmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Soyad\u0131 Kanununun kabul edilmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unvan ve lakaplar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130lk\u00f6\u011fretimin zorunlu hale getirilmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sosyal devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ilkesiyle ilgilidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Devlet\u00e7ilik<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Devlet\u00e7ili\u011fin esas\u0131, ba\u015fta ekonomi olmak \u00fczere her alanda devletin planlamac\u0131 bir tutum tak\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Devlet\u00e7ilik ilkesi, devletin planlama g\u00f6revinin yan\u0131nda bireysel faaliyeti ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 da kabul eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1933\u2019te planl\u0131 kalk\u0131nmaya ge\u00e7i\u015f anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan Devlet\u00e7ilik ilkesi bu y\u0131ldan itibaren uygulamaya konulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Demir, \u00e7imento, \u015feker fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00fcmerbank ve Etibank\u2019\u0131n kurulmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I. Be\u015f Y\u0131ll\u0131k Kalk\u0131nma Plan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 devlet\u00e7ilikle ilgilidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Laiklik<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir kavram olarak laiklik, din\u00ee olanla d\u00fcnyevi olan\u0131n birbirinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Laiklik yoluyla devlet ya\u015fam\u0131nda akl\u0131n ve bilimin egemen olmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Saltanat\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Halifeli\u011fin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015eeriye ve Evkaf Vekaletinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu\u2019nun kabul\u00fc<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Medreselerin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Maarif Te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u0131l\u0131k-K\u0131yafet Kanununun kabul\u00fc<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tekke, zaviye ve t\u00fcrbelerin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanununun kabul\u00fc<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1924 Anayasas\u0131nda yer alan Devletin dini \u0130slamd\u0131r h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn 1928&#8217;de Anayasa dan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anayasa\u2019ya 1937&#8242; de Laiklik maddesinin konulmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 ve vekil yemin \u015feklinin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130nk\u0131lap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k (Devrimcilik)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Toplum d\u00fczenini ve yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 daha iyi duruma getirmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fikliklere ink\u0131lap denmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk toplumunu \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n gerisinde b\u0131rakan kurumlar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak veya bu kurumlar\u0131 yeni geli\u015fmelere uygun h\u00e2le getirmektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130nk\u0131lap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ilkesi \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fmay\u0131 sa\u011flayan g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130nk\u0131lap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ilkesinin uygulanmas\u0131, Cumhuriyet&#8217;in ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda ayd\u0131n bir nesil olu\u015fmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Atat\u00fcrk ink\u0131laplar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yap\u0131lan her yenilik hareketi, Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin ink\u0131lap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ilkesi kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Saat, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc, takvim, hafta tatili konular\u0131nda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklikler \u0130nk\u0131lap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ilkesi ile ilgilidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130NKILAPLAR<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>S\u0130YAS\u0130 ALANDA YAPILAN \u0130NKILAPLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Saltanat\u0131n Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (1 Kas\u0131m 1922)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>II. TBMM A\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 (11 A\u011fustos 1923)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ankara&#8217;n\u0131n Ba\u015fkent Olu\u015fu (13 Ekim 1923)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cumhuriyetin \u0130lan\u0131 (29 Ekim 1923)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Halifeli\u011fin Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (3 Mart 1924)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anayasa Hareketleri<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Saltanat\u0131n Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (1 Kas\u0131m 1922)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nedenleri:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Saltanat\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n millet iradesi ile uyu\u015fmamas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lozan Konferans\u0131na TBMM yan\u0131nda \u0130stanbul h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin de \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lmas\u0131 (iki ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak),<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>TBMM a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile saltanat\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n gereksizli\u011fi (Millet iradesinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi),<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>16 Mart 1920&#8217;de \u0130stanbul&#8217;un i\u015fgali ile Saltanat\u0131n i\u015flerli\u011fini kaybetmesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dini otorite ile siyasi otoritenin ayr\u0131larak, Laikli\u011fe ge\u00e7i\u015fin h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmak istenmesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Lozan Konferans\u0131&#8217;nda T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda ikilik \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u00f6nlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mill\u00ee egemenli\u011fin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki \u00f6nemli bir engel ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Devrimlerin ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki \u00f6nemli bir engel ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti siyas\u00ee olarak resmen sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>l. TBMM kayda de\u011fer tek devrimini yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Son padi\u015fah Vahdettin \u00fclkeyi terk etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Abd\u00fclmecit Efendi TBMM taraf\u0131ndan halife ilan edilmi\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>II. TBMM A\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 (11 A\u011fustos 1923)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>23 Nisan 1920 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Meclis kurucu meclisti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda meclisin yenilenmesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazand\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M. Kemal&#8217;e kar\u015f\u0131 saltanat\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile bir muhalefetin olu\u015fmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I. TBMM&#8217;nin sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda y\u0131pranmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yeni T\u00fcrk Devletini \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015ft\u0131rma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M. Kemal daha \u00f6nce olu\u015fan M\u00fcdafaa-i Hukuk grubunu esas alarak 9 Eyl\u00fcl 1923&#8217;te yeni T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin ilk siyasi partisini (Halk F\u0131rkas\u0131) kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>II. Meclis 11 A\u011fustos 1923\u2019te a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Saltanat\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ink\u0131laplar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren meclis bu meclistir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ankara&#8217;n\u0131n Ba\u015fkent Olu\u015fu (13 Ekim 1923)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130stanbul bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131nca (6 Ekim 1923), yeni ba\u015fkentin neresi olaca\u011f\u0131 konusu g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir. Ankara, yasayla ba\u015fkent say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu tercihte Ankara\u2019n\u0131n co\u011frafi, jeopolitik ve stratejik konumu rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ankara\u2019n\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu konumun \u00fclkenin savunmas\u0131nda ve idaresinde avantaj olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ankara, TBMM&#8217;de 13 Ekim 1923&#8217;te \u00e7\u0131kan kanunla resmen T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti&#8217;nin ba\u015fkenti oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cumhuriyetin \u0130lan\u0131 (29 Ekim 1923)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nedeni:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>TBMM&#8217;nin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla Ulusal Egemenlik ilkesi y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konmu\u015f, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Cumhuriyet y\u00f6netimi fiilen uygulanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>II. Meclisin g\u00f6revine ba\u015flamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kuramamas\u0131, bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet bunal\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fanmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u00fck\u00fcmet bunal\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n Meclis H\u00fck\u00fcmeti Sistemi nedeniyle a\u015f\u0131lamamas\u0131, kabine sistemine ge\u00e7mek dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da Cumhuriyeti ilan etmek i\u00e7in uygun bir ortam yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u00f6ylelikle 29 Ekim l923\u2018te bir Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle Cumhuriyet ilan edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sonu\u00e7:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Devlet rejiminin ad\u0131 konuldu, devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meclis H\u00fck\u00fcmeti sisteminden Kabine Sistemine ge\u00e7ildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yap\u0131lacak yeni ink\u0131laplara ortam haz\u0131rland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130lk cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Mustafa Kemal, meclis ba\u015fkan\u0131 Fethi Okyar, ba\u015fbakan ise \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilan\u0131 Milli egemenli\u011fe ge\u00e7i\u015fte en \u00f6nemli ad\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Halifeli\u011fin Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (3 Mart 1924)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hazreti Muhammed&#8217;in vefat\u0131yla \u0130sl\u00e2m devletlerinde devlet i\u015flerinin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi i\u015fini halifeler \u00fcstlendiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 halife ismi ile birlikte an\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Memluklerin ortadan kalkmas\u0131 ile Yavuz Sultan Selim D\u00f6neminde Osmanl\u0131 Devlet&#8217;ine ge\u00e7en halifelik (1517), Saltanat\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na kadar (1 Kas\u0131m 1922) saltanatla birlikte an\u0131lan bir siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Saltanat\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile halife, siyasi yetkilerinden ayr\u0131l\u0131p dini yetkiler ile varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Eski rejim yanl\u0131lar\u0131 Cumhuriyet&#8217;e kar\u015f\u0131 muhalefetlerini ifade edebilmek i\u00e7in halife Abd\u00fclmecit etraf\u0131nda etkili olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nedenleri:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Halifeli\u011fin cumhuriyet\u00e7i, demokratik, laik, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f ilkelerle ba\u011fda\u015fmamas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Halifeli\u011fin \u00fcmmet\u00e7ilik, TBMM&#8217;nin ise milliyet\u00e7ilik ilkesini esas almas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>TBMM&#8217;nin T\u00fcrk milletinin temsilcisi ve en yetkili y\u00f6netim organ\u0131 haline gelmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Abd\u00fclmecit Efendi&#8217;nin TBMM&#8217;nin i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f politika ilkelerine uymamas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Abd\u00fclmecit Efendi&#8217;nin h\u00e2l\u00e2 otoriteymi\u015f gibi davranmas\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler ve t\u00f6renler yapmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hintli M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n liderlerinin yazd\u0131klar\u0131 mektup ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sonu\u00e7:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>TBMM 3 Mart 1924&#8217;te kabul etti\u011fi bir yasayla Halifeli\u011fi kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ayn\u0131 kanunla Osmanl\u0131 ailesi \u00fcyelerinin de yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmalar\u0131, ileride saltanat ve halifelik iddias\u0131nda bulunmamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in kabul edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tevhid-i Tedrisat (\u00d6\u011fretimin Birle\u015ftirilmesi) Kanunu kabul edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu ile t\u00fcm okullar Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011flanarak, e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretimde birlik ve denetim sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kanun sonucunda medreseler kapanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vak\u0131f, medrese ve ibadethaneleri denetleyen \u015eeriye ve Evkaf Vek\u00e2leti kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Din i\u015fleri ve kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015f\u0131na ise Ankara M\u00fcft\u00fcs\u00fc R\u0131fat B\u00f6rek\u00e7i getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vak\u0131flar\u0131 kontrol etmek amac\u0131yla Vak\u0131flar M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Erkan\u0131harbiye Vek\u00e2leti kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En y\u00fcksek asker\u00ee makam olarak Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3 Mart 1924\u2019te kabul edilen bu kanunla laik devlet d\u00fczenine ge\u00e7i\u015fte \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Anayasa Hareketleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde TBMM a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Kanun-\u0131 Esasi&#8217;si y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>20 Ocak 1921\u2019de TBMM yeni bir anayasa kabul etti. \u0130lk anayasa olan Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esas\u00eeye &nbsp;23 madde ve bir ek maddeden olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131 ile birlikte sava\u015f d\u00f6neminin ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u015fartlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esas\u00eeye yeni d\u00f6nemin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>20 Nisan 1924&#8217;te yeni anayasa TBMM&#8217;de kabul edilerek y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1924 Anayasas\u0131, 27 May\u0131s 1960 asker\u00ee darbesine kadar y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>HUKUK ALANINDA YAPILAN \u0130NKILAPLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1921 Anayasas\u0131 (Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye) 20 Ocak 1921<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1924 Anayasas\u0131 (20 Nisan 1924)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanununun Kabul\u00fc (17 \u015eubat 1926)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Di\u011fer Kanunlar<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kad\u0131nlara Siyas\u0131 Haklar\u0131n Tan\u0131nmas\u0131<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde hukukun kayna\u011f\u0131 \u0130slam dini ve geleneklere dayan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Kapit\u00fclasyonlar, Konsolosluk Mahkemeleri ve Karma Mahkemeler devlet i\u00e7inde hukuk birli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 engelliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>II. Mahmut ve Tanzimat d\u00f6neminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen kanunla\u015ft\u0131rma hareketleri tam anlam\u0131yla amac\u0131na ula\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu d\u00f6nemde yeni kanunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 eski kurallar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumas\u0131 hukuk alan\u0131nda ikili bir sistemin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhuriyetin devrald\u0131\u011f\u0131 hukuk sistemi bir hukuk birli\u011finden yoksun, sorunlar \u00e7\u00f6zmekten uzak ve \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n gerisindeydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1921 Anayasas\u0131 (Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye) 20 Ocak 1921<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>l. TBMM taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kurucu bir anayasad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7er\u00e7eve bir anayasad\u0131r; ayr\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi oldu\u011fundan, ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir anayasa haz\u0131rlanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mill\u00ee iradeyi \u00fcst\u00fcn tutmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meclis h\u00fck\u00fbmeti sistemini benimsemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>G\u00fc\u00e7ler birli\u011fini benimsemi\u015ftir; tam demokratik de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>TBMM \u015feriat i\u015flerini de y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr.&#8221; demektedir; laik de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1924 Anayasas\u0131 (20 Nisan 1924)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>II. TBMM taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mill\u00ee iradeyi \u00fcst\u00fcn tutmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kabine sistemini benimsemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Devletin dini \u0130slam&#8217;d\u0131r.&nbsp; maddesi 1928&#8217;de kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, 1937&#8217;de Atat\u00fcrk ilkeleri&#8221; konmu\u015f; anayasa b\u00f6ylece sonradan laikle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanununun Kabul\u00fc (17 \u015eubat 1926)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin ilk medeni kanunu olan ve 1876&#8217;da y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren Mecelle toplumun ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in yetersiz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131ndan sonra hukuk sistemi laikle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En son haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na en iyi \u015fekilde cevap vermesi gibi nedenlerden dolay\u0131 \u0130svi\u00e7re Medeni Kanunu kabul edilmi\u015f (17 \u015eubat 1926) ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sokulmu\u015ftur (4 Ekim 1926).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanununun Kabul<\/strong><strong>\u00fcyle<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aile hukukunda kad\u0131n, erkek e\u015fitli\u011fi sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7ok e\u015fle evlilik yasakland\u0131. Evliliklerde resmi nikah zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mirasta kad\u0131n erkek e\u015fitli\u011fi sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bo\u015fanma hakk\u0131 kad\u0131na da tan\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131nlara istedi\u011fi mesle\u011fi se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 getirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dinsel ve mezhepsel ayr\u0131mlara son verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanun ile Patrikhanenin ve Konsolosluklar\u0131n mahkeme kurma ve nikah k\u0131yma yetkileri sona erdirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><u>Medeni Kanun kad\u0131na siyasi alanda e\u015fitlik getirmemi\u015ftir<\/u><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Medeni Kanun ile \u00fclkede &#8220;hukuk birli\u011fi&#8221; sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Di\u011fer Kanunlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu: 1 Temmuz 1926&#8217;da y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi. \u0130talya&#8217;dan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu 29 May\u0131s 1926&#8217;da Alman ve \u0130talyan Ticaret Kanunundan etkilenilerek haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hukuk Muhakemeleri Usul\u00fc Kanunu: 18 Haziran 1926&#8217;da y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015f. \u0130svi\u00e7re&#8217;den al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ceza Muhakemeleri Usul\u00fc Kanunu: 4 Nisan 1929&#8217;da kabul edilmi\u015f ve Almanya&#8217;dan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130cra ve \u0130flas Kanunu: Nisan 1929&#8217;da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u0130svi\u00e7re&#8217;den al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kad\u0131nlara Siyas\u0131 Haklar\u0131n Tan\u0131nmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de kad\u0131nlar 20 Mart 1930&#8217;da belediye se\u00e7imlerinde se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 kazand\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1933&#8217;te K\u00f6y Kanunu&#8217;nda muhtar se\u00e7me ve k\u00f6y heyetine se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131 d\u00fczenlendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Milletvekili se\u00e7imlerinde se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131na ise 5 Aral\u0131k 1934&#8217;te yap\u0131lan anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle kavu\u015ftular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8 \u015eubat 1935&#8217;de ilk defa meclis se\u00e7imlerine kat\u0131lan T\u00fcrk kad\u0131nlar\u0131 mecliste 18 sandalye elde ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M ALANINDA YAPILAN \u0130NKILAPLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu (3 Mart 1924)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maarif Te\u015fkilat\u0131 Kanunu (2 Mart 1926)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Harf Devrimi (1 Kas\u0131m 1928)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrk Tarihi Tetkik Cemiyeti\u2019nin kurulu\u015fu 1931<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrk Dili Tektik Cemiyeti\u2019nin kurulu\u015fu (T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu) 1932<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00dcniversite Reformu (1933)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G\u00fczel Sanatlar ve Spor alanlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>E\u011fitim ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr Alan\u0131nda Yap\u0131lan \u0130nk\u0131laplar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 medreseleri Kurulu\u015f ve Y\u00fckselme d\u00f6nemlerindeki ileri durumunu kaybetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Medreselerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Osmanl\u0131 Devleti i\u00e7inde yabanc\u0131 ve az\u0131nl\u0131k okullar\u0131n\u0131n bir arada olmas\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>l. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;nda&nbsp; ve Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131nda e\u011fitimli n\u00fcfusun \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kay\u0131p verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu (3 Mart 1924)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcm okullar MEB&#8217;e ba\u011flanarak e\u011fitim \u00f6\u011fretimde birlik sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Medreseler kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu e\u011fitimde laikle\u015fme a\u015famas\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Maarif Te\u015fkilat\u0131 Kanunu (2 Mart 1926<\/strong>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>E\u011fitim sisteminin mill\u00ee ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f h\u00e2le getirilmesi, okullar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, m\u00fcfredat programlar\u0131n\u0131n halk\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak hale getirilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki yetki ve g\u00f6revler MEB&#8217;e verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130lk\u00f6\u011fretim zorunlu, paras\u0131z ve be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Harf Devrimi (1 Kas\u0131m 1928)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkler tarih i\u00e7inde Uygur, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, Arap ve Latin alfabeleri kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>E\u011fitimde \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bir yap\u0131 olu\u015fturma ve okur-yazar oran\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmak istenmesi amac\u0131yla Latin harfleri kabul edilmi\u015f, baz\u0131 harfler T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye uyarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1928&#8217;de ayr\u0131ca yeni rakamlar kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Millet Mektepleri a\u00e7\u0131larak Latin harfleri \u00f6\u011fretilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Millet Mektepleri\u2018nin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Atat\u00fcrk D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde a\u00e7\u0131lan e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131ndan biri de Halkevleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130lk olarak 1932&#8217;de a\u00e7\u0131lan Halkevleri\u2019nde Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f ve buna dayal\u0131 Atat\u00fcrk ilkelerini yaymak ve ink\u0131laplar\u0131 yerle\u015ftirmek ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Millet Mekteplerinin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 (1 Ocak 1929<\/strong>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Okul \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f vatanda\u015flara yeni harflerle okuma- yazma \u00f6\u011fretmek i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mustafa Kemal\u2019e Millet Mekteplerinin Ba\u015f\u00f6\u011fretmeni unvan\u0131 verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Millet Mekteplerinin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ilkesi ile do\u011frudan ilgilidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Tarih Alan\u0131ndaki \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrklerin insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en eski uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kuran k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir millet oldu\u011funu bilimsel metotlarla ortaya koymak ve tarih bilincini geli\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla 1931de Atat\u00fcrk taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk Tarihi Tetkik Cemiyeti ad\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ama\u00e7lar\u0131;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ve kimli\u011fini korumak<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrklerin medeniyet sahas\u0131ndaki katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymak<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk tarihini ara\u015ft\u0131rmak<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>l. T\u00fcrk Tarih Kongresi&#8217;nde (1932) &#8220;T\u00fcrk Tarih Tezi&#8221; ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>TTK&#8217;nin s\u00fcreli ara\u015ft\u0131rma yay\u0131n\u0131 Belleten\u2019dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1936 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ankara Dil ve Tarih Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dil Alan\u0131ndaki \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk dili, tarih\u00ee ak\u0131\u015f i\u00e7erisinde Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7adan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kelime ve tamlamalarla \u00f6z\u00fcnden uzakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>26 Eyl\u00fcl-5 Ekim 1932 tarihleri aras\u0131nda, Atat\u00fcrk&#8217;\u00fcn de kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla I. T\u00fcrk Dili Kurultay\u0131 topland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>12 Ekim 1932&#8217;de T\u00fcrk Dili Tektik Cemiyeti (T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu) kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kurumun kurulu\u015f hedefi: T\u00fcrk dilinin zenginli\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk Dili Tektik Cemiyeti&#8217;nin 1936&#8217;da ortaya koydu\u011fu \u201cG\u00fcne\u015f Dil Teorisi\u201d de bu do\u011frultuda olu\u015fturulan somut bir \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk dilini zenginle\u015ftirmek, canl\u0131 tutmak ve yabanc\u0131 kelimelerden kurtarmak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve a\u00e7\u0131lan kurumlar\u0131n faaliyetleri Atat\u00fcrk&#8217;\u00fcn milliyet\u00e7ilik ilkesi gere\u011fidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00dcniversite Reformu (1933)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dar\u00fclf\u00fcn\u00fbn, Cumhuriyet \u00f6ncesinde Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerde kurulmu\u015f y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131ndan biriydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yeni T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti 1931 y\u0131l\u0131nda Dar\u00fclf\u00fcn\u00fbn&#8217;da yeni bir d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>16 Ocak 1932&#8217;de Cenevre \u00dcniversitesinden T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye gelen Prof. Dr. Albert Malche (Albert Malke) incelemelerde bulundu ve haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporu Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>31 May\u0131s 1932&#8217;de \u00e7\u0131kan kanunla Dar\u00fclf\u00fcn\u00fbn kapand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>31 Temmuz 1933\u2019te \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1925&#8217;te Ankara Hukuk Mektebi &#8220;Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1936&#8217;da Dil ve Tarih, Co\u011frafya Mektebi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>G\u00fczel Sanatlar ve Spor<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1926&#8217;da a\u00e7\u0131lan Gazi E\u011fitim Enstit\u00fcs\u00fcnde resim b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1928&#8217;de Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminden kalan Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi, G\u00fczel Sanatlar Akademisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclerek \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bir nitelik kazand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1937&#8217;de \u0130stanbul Resim ve Heykel M\u00fczesi a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1924&#8217;te Musiki Muallim Mektebi (M\u00fczik \u00d6\u011fretmen Okulu) kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1932&#8217;de Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Filarmoni Orkestras\u0131 kurulmu\u015f, 1934&#8217;te Mill\u00ee Musiki Akademisi, 1936&#8217;da Ankara Konservatuvar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dar\u00fclbedayi, 1934&#8217;te \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n gereklerine g\u00f6re \u0130stanbul \u015eehir Tiyatrosuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cemal Re\u015fit Bey, Ulvi Cemal Erkin, Ahmet Adnan Saygun gibi <strong>m\u00fczisyenler<\/strong> ve \u0130brahim \u00c7all\u0131, Nam\u0131k \u0130smail gibi ressamlar yeti\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>TOPLUMSAL ALANDA YAPILAN \u0130NKILAPLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015eapka \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131 ve K\u0131yafette Yap\u0131lan D\u00fczenlemeler (25 Kas\u0131m 1925)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tekke, Zaviye ve T\u00fcrbelerin Kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 (30 Kas\u0131m 1925)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Takvim, Saat ve \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclerde Yap\u0131lan De\u011fi\u015fiklikler<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Soyad\u0131 Kanununun Kabul\u00fc (21 Haziran 1934)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk Kad\u0131n\u0131na Verilen Haklar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ama\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Toplum hayat\u0131n\u0131 yeniden d\u00fczenlemek<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Toplumsal d\u00fczeni \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015ft\u0131rmak<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Avrupa ile ili\u015fkilerde kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k ve sorunlar ya\u015fanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u015eapka \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131 ve K\u0131yafette Yap\u0131lan D\u00fczenlemeler (25 Kas\u0131m 1925)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u0131l\u0131k ve k\u0131yafette birli\u011fi sa\u011flamak, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc bir toplum olu\u015fturmak amac\u0131yla 25 Kas\u0131m 1925&#8217;de \u015eapka Giyilmesi Hakk\u0131ndaki kanun kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u0131yafetlerle de\u011fi\u015fiklik Laiklik ve Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ilkesi do\u011frultusunda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir d\u00fczenlemedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00dclke de k\u0131l\u0131k k\u0131yafet birli\u011fi sa\u011flanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri ba\u015fkan\u0131, Haham babas\u0131 ve Patrikler dini k\u0131yafetle dola\u015fabilecekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Tekke, Zaviye ve T\u00fcrbelerin Kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 (30 Kas\u0131m 1925)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anadolu&#8217;nun T\u00fcrkle\u015fmesi ve \u0130slamla\u015fmas\u0131nda tarikatlar \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revler \u00fcstlenmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhuriyet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ki\u015filerin \u00f6rg\u00fctlendi\u011fi kurumlar haline gelen tekke, t\u00fcrbe ve zaviyeler 30 Kas\u0131m 1925&#8217;te bir kanun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eeyh, molla, dervi\u015f, \u00e7elebi, t\u00fcrbedar, m\u00fcrid gibi unvanlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Takvim, Saat ve \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclerde Yap\u0131lan De\u011fi\u015fiklikler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye, Bat\u0131 ile olan ili\u015fkilerde kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ya\u015fanmamas\u0131 amac\u0131yla takvim, saat ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kanunla Milletleraras\u0131 Takvim (Miladi Takvim) ve Saat sistemi kabul edilmi\u015ftir ve 1 Ocak 1926&#8217;da y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1 Nisan 1931&#8217;de \u00e7\u0131kan bir yasayla ticarette kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa, hesaplar\u0131n zorla\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an ar\u015f\u0131n, endaze, d\u00f6n\u00fcm, okka gibi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcler b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f metre ve kilo sistemine ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1935&#8217;te hafta sonu tatili d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Hafta tatili cumadan pazara al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soyad\u0131 Kanununun Kabul\u00fc (21 Haziran 1934)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130sim benzerli\u011fi nedeniyle resm\u00ee i\u015flemlerde kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ya\u015fanmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla 21 Haziran 1934&#8217;te TBMM taraf\u0131ndan Soyad\u0131 Kanunu kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Herkesin toplumsal ya\u015famda ve kanun \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fit olmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Soyad\u0131 Kanunu toplumsal alandaki ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ortaya ald\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan &#8220;halk\u00e7\u0131&#8221; \u00f6zellik ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>TBMM \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kanunla akrabalar\u0131 dahil kendisinden ba\u015fka kimsenin kullanmamas\u0131 kayd\u0131yla Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Gazi Mustafa Kemal&#8217;e \u2018\u2019Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u2019 soyad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00fcrk Kad\u0131n\u0131na Verilen Haklar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sosyal hayatta erkeklerle e\u015fit konuma y\u00fckseltilmesinde ilk ad\u0131m 1926&#8217;da T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu&#8217;nun kabul\u00fc ile at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1927-1928 \u00f6\u011fretim y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren karma e\u011fitime ge\u00e7ildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n siyasal e\u015fitli\u011fe kavu\u015fturacak ilk ad\u0131m 1930&#8217;da T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n\u0131na belediye se\u00e7imlerine kat\u0131lma hakk\u0131 verilmesiyle at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1933&#8217;te T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n\u0131 muhtarl\u0131k se\u00e7imlerine kat\u0131lma hakk\u0131 elde etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5Aral\u0131k 1934&#8217;te kad\u0131nlar genel se\u00e7imlerde de se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme haklar\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fransa&#8217;da kad\u0131nlar 1944&#8217;te, Yunanistan&#8217;da 1952, \u0130svi\u00e7re&#8217;de 1974&#8217;te se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131na kavu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>EKONOM\u0130 ALANINDA YAPILAN \u0130NKILAPLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi 17 \u015eubat 1923<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sanayi ve Ticaret Alan\u0131ndaki Geli\u015fmeler<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tar\u0131m Alan\u0131ndaki Geli\u015fmeler<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ula\u015ft\u0131rma Alan\u0131ndaki Geli\u015fmeler<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sa\u011fl\u0131k Alan\u0131ndaki Geli\u015fmeler<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi 17 \u015eubat 1923<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>17 \u015eubat 1923&#8217;te yeni T\u00fcrk Devleti&#8217;nin ekonomi politikas\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek ve \u00fclkeyi kalk\u0131nd\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi topland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde \u0130zmir&#8217;de 1135 ki\u015finin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir iktisat kongresi yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Misak-\u0131 Ekonomi (Milli Ekonomi And\u0131) kabul edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi 17 \u015eubat 1923<\/strong> <strong>Kongrenin \u00d6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Siyasal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k yan\u0131nda ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131kta hedeflenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ekonomide &#8220;devlet\u00e7ilik&#8221; ilkesi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1934&#8217;te y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulan \u201cBirinci Be\u015f Y\u0131ll\u0131k Sanayi Plan\u0131\u201d ile kalk\u0131nma hamlesi devlet g\u00f6zetiminde ve m\u00fcdahalesiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Atat\u00fcrk d\u00f6neminde Misak-\u0131 \u0130ktisadi program\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde al\u0131nan ekonomik tedbirler sonucu ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen mill\u00ee gelir y\u00fckseldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sanayi, tar\u0131m, bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k ve ula\u015ft\u0131rma faaliyetlerinde ge\u00e7mi\u015f y\u0131llara g\u00f6re mesafe kaydedildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk ekonomisi kendine yetecek h\u00e2le geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sanayi ve Ticaret Alan\u0131ndaki Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>26 A\u011fustos 1924&#8217;te ilk \u00f6zel banka T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>19 Nisan 1925&#8217;te Ticaret Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Sanayi ve Maadin Bankas\u0131 kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Te\u015fvik-i Sanayi Kanunu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. (28 May\u0131s 1927)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1929 Ekonomik bunal\u0131m\u0131 ile yerli mal\u0131 ve \u00fcretim kullan\u0131m\u0131 te\u015fvik edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>U\u015fak&#8217;ta \u015feker fabrikas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. (1926)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Karab\u00fck&#8217;te Demir \u00c7elik Fabrikas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. (1939)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc kuruldu. (1935)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Etibank kuruldu. (1935)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Tar\u0131m Alan\u0131ndaki Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A\u015far vergisi kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. (17 \u015eubat 1925)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 do\u011frultusunda yap\u0131lan bu hamle ile devlet, en b\u00fcy\u00fck vergi kayna\u011f\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ziraat Bankas\u0131ndan \u00e7ift\u00e7iye kredi sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1929&#8217;da Zirai Kredi Kooperatifleri kanunu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ziraat Y\u00fcksek Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ankara&#8217;da, Y\u00fcksek Ziraat Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc kuruldu, sonra Ziraat Fak\u00fcltesi oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1926 toprak reformu ile topraks\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fcye toprak verilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ula\u015ft\u0131rma Alan\u0131ndaki Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ula\u015f\u0131m meselesi mill\u00ee birli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve ekonomik kalk\u0131nma i\u00e7in en ba\u015fta gelen konulardand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde Anadolu ve Trakya&#8217;da toplam 3350 km demir yolu vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde T\u00fcrkiye, tamamen kendi kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak 1925-1933 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 2048 km demir yolu yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1 Temmuz 1926&#8217;da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Kabotaj Kanunu ile T\u00fcrk kara sular\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti vatanda\u015flar\u0131na gemi i\u015fletme hakk\u0131 verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu kanun, milliyet\u00e7ilik ilkesi do\u011frultusunda at\u0131lan bir ad\u0131md\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sa\u011fl\u0131k Alan\u0131ndaki Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Numune hastaneleri, sa\u011fl\u0131k ocaklar\u0131, do\u011fumevleri a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1930&#8217;da Umumi H\u0131fz\u0131ss\u0131hha Kanunu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u0131fz\u0131ss\u0131hha Kanunu ile kolera, veba, tifo, tif\u00fcs, zehirlenme, \u00e7i\u00e7ek, difteri, k\u0131z\u0131l gibi hastal\u0131klar\u0131n ilgili birimlere bildirilme mecburiyeti getirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu t\u00fcr salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar paras\u0131z tedavi edilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1923&#8217;te ise \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Hil\u00e2l-i Ahmer Cemiyeti\u201dnin ad\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilip K\u0131z\u0131lay ad\u0131 verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 hedefine uygun olarak 1924&#8217;te Ebe Okulu, 1925&#8217;te ise K\u0131z\u0131lay Hem\u015fire Okulu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1924&#8217;te \u0130stanbul ve Sivas&#8217;ta sa\u011fl\u0131k memurlar\u0131 yeti\u015ftiren okullar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ATAT\u00dcRK \u0130LKE VE \u0130NKILAPLARININ \u00d6NEM\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemi T\u00fcrk milletinin kendi tarih\u00ee birikimleriyle \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f d\u00fcnyaya uyumunu \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bir sistemdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Egemenli\u011fin millete ait oldu\u011funu savunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk milletinin vatan ve millet sevgisi etraf\u0131nda \u015fekillenmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk mill\u00ee k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmeyi hedefler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk milletinin d\u00fcnya milletleri aras\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr ya\u015fama idealini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Devletin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve sosyal hayat\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk milletini medeni d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 h\u00e2line getirmeyi hedefler<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a012. s\u0131n\u0131f T.C. \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi ve 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\u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1339,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[159],"tags":[95,99],"class_list":["post-1823","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-12-sinif-inkilap-tarihi-ders-notlari","tag-12-sinif-inkilap-tarihi","tag-ders-notlari"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"<!-- 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