{"id":1825,"date":"2024-11-11T14:45:30","date_gmt":"2024-11-11T11:45:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=1825"},"modified":"2024-11-11T14:45:33","modified_gmt":"2024-11-11T11:45:33","slug":"4-unite-iki-savas-arasindaki-donemde-turkiye-ve-dunya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/11\/4-unite-iki-savas-arasindaki-donemde-turkiye-ve-dunya\/","title":{"rendered":"4. \u00dcnite\u00a0\u0130ki Sava\u015f Aras\u0131ndaki D\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye ve D\u00fcnya"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a012. s\u0131n\u0131f T.C. \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi ve Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck dersi<\/strong>\u00a04. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0\u0130ki Sava\u015f Aras\u0131ndaki D\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye ve D\u00fcnya\u00a0<\/strong>\u00fcnitesinin \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a012. s\u0131n\u0131f \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0<\/strong>ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. G\u00fcncel\u00a012 . s\u0131n\u0131f \u0130nk\u0131lap tarihi ve Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck<\/strong>\u00a0ders kitab\u0131na uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0\u0130ki Sava\u015f Aras\u0131ndaki D\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye ve D\u00fcnya ders notlar\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T.C \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi ve Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck 4. \u00dcnite\u00a0\u0130ki Sava\u015f Aras\u0131ndaki D\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye ve D\u00fcnya <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

I. Meclis <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

23 Nisan 1920\u2019de kurulan TBMM, I. Meclis olarak bilinir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadeleyi y\u00f6netmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meclisin amac\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 yurttan atmak ve yurtta ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa I. Grup diye bilinen Anadolu ve Rumeli M\u00fcdafaa i Hukuk Grubu\u2019nu kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer milletvekillerinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu gruba da II. Grup ad\u0131 verilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Meclis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele D\u00f6nemi sona erince TBMM, 1 Nisan 1923\u2019te se\u00e7imlerin yenilenmesine karar verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 1923\u2019te Mustafa Kemal\u2019in kurdu\u011fu I. Grup (Halk F\u0131rkas\u0131) \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu elde etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11 A\u011fustos 1923\u2019te toplanan II. Meclis\u2019in ilk faaliyetlerinden biri, 23 A\u011fustos 1923\u2019te Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 onaylamak oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13 Kas\u0131m 1918\u2019de fiilen i\u015fgale u\u011frayan \u0130stanbul, 6 Ekim 1923\u2019te d\u00fc\u015fman i\u015fgalinden kurtar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ok Partili Hayata Ge\u00e7i\u015f Denemeleri ve Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan Tepkiler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demokrasi, bir milletin iyi, g\u00fczel ve mutluluk i\u00e7inde ya\u015famas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan en iyi y\u00f6netim sistemidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halk\u0131n y\u00f6netime kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 olarak bilinir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cumhuriyet ise demokrasinin uygulama bi\u00e7imidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demokrasilerin en \u00f6nemli unsuru farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin serbest\u00e7e te\u015fkilatland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 siyas\u00ee partilerle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dclke y\u00f6netiminde s\u00f6z sahibi olmak amac\u0131yla \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen bu gruplara, siyasi partiler ad\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cumhuriyet Halk F\u0131rkas\u0131 9 Eyl\u00fcl 1923<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019nin kazan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Mustafa Kemal, ink\u0131laplar\u0131 yapabilmek i\u00e7in, birlikte uyum i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilece\u011fi kadro olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dclkede yap\u0131lacak yenilikleri parti program\u0131na almak ve yap\u0131lacak ink\u0131laplar\u0131 benimseyecek milletvekilleri ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in Cumhuriyet Halk F\u0131rkas\u0131 olu\u015fturuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Partiyi herhangi bir toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n de\u011fil b\u00fct\u00fcn halk\u0131n partisi yapmak ama\u00e7 edinildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Terakkiperver (\u0130lerici) Cumhuriyet F\u0131rkas\u0131 17 Kas\u0131m 1924<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zaferin kazan\u0131lmas\u0131, sonunda, I. Meclis’in g\u00f6revini tamamlamas\u0131 ile II. Meclis \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal ile baz\u0131 arkada\u015flar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal\u2019in iste\u011fi \u00fczerine meclisin \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yasayla askerlik mesle\u011fini yapanlar\u0131n milletvekili olmalar\u0131 yasakland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece ordu siyaset d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Fuat Cebesoy, Kaz\u0131m Karabekir, Rauf Orbay, Refet Bele, Adnan Ad\u0131var yeni bir parti haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na giri\u015ftiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17 Kas\u0131m 1924’te yeni bir parti kurdular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Partinin genel ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Kaz\u0131m Karabekir yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parti demokrasiye ve din duygusuna sayg\u0131l\u0131; ekonomide Liberalizmi destekler\u201d ilkelerini benimsedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do\u011frudan ink\u0131lap hareketlerine kar\u015f\u0131 kurulan bu parti \u00fclkedeki muhalefetin \u015femsiyesi oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Musul sorunu s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan \u015eeyh Said \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 \u0130ngiltere destekledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eeyh Said isyan\u0131 gerek\u00e7e edilerek Parti, \u0130stiklal Mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan kapat\u0131ld\u0131 (3 Haziran 1925).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cumhuriyet tarihinin ilk muhalefet partisi olan Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet F\u0131rkas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131yla \u00e7ok partili hayat kesintiye u\u011fram\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not: <\/strong>Yeni kitapta \u2018\u2019 \u015eeyh Sait \u0130syan\u0131\u2019\u2019 yerine \u2018\u2019 do\u011fuda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ayaklanma \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u2019\u2019 ibaresi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eeyh Said Ayaklanmas\u0131 (13 \u015eubat 1925)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nedeni:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saltanat ve halifeli\u011fin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na duyulan tepki,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere’nin Musul \u00fczerindeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri nedeni ile K\u00fcrt devletine destek olmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toprak reformuna do\u011fudaki az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n tepkisi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Terakkiperver Partisinin do\u011fudaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nk\u0131laplar\u0131n etkisi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fbakan Fethi Bey h\u00fck\u00fcmeti d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, \u0130smet Pa\u015fa h\u00fck\u00fcmetini kurdu,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seferberlik ilan edildi, Nisan 1925’te isyan bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130syanc\u0131lardan \u015eeyh Sait yakaland\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stiklal Mahkemelerinde yarg\u0131lama yap\u0131ld\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rejim tehlike ge\u00e7irdi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngilizlerin Musul \u00fczerindeki etkisi sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Takrir-i S\u00fckun Kanunu \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asayi\u015fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, vatan\u0131n korunmas\u0131, rejimin k\u00f6kle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in tedbirler al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal’e Suikast Giri\u015fimi (16 Haziran 1926)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet F\u0131rkas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra yeniliklere kar\u015f\u0131 olanlar ve eski \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar, siyasal yoldan ula\u015famad\u0131klar\u0131 ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 Mustafa Kemal\u2019e suikast yaparak elde etmek istediler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal’e \u0130zmir gezisi \u00f6ncesi suikast giri\u015fimi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 (16 Haziran 1926).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suikast\u00e7\u0131lar, Giritli \u015eevki\u2019nin ihbar etmesi sonucu ele ge\u00e7irildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suikast\u00e7\u0131lar, \u0130stiklal mahkemelerinde cezaland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vatan\u0131n korunmas\u0131, rejimin k\u00f6kle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in tedbirler al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Serbest Cumhuriyet F\u0131rkas\u0131 12 A\u011fustos 1930<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mecliste yaln\u0131z Cumhuriyet Halk Parti\u2019si vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ok partili hayata ge\u00e7i\u015fin birinci a\u015famas\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. D\u00f6nem mecliste \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcrken Mustafa Kemal, “1929 D\u00fcnya ekonomik bunal\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmak amac\u0131 ile h\u00fck\u00fcmetin politikalar\u0131n\u0131n denetlenmesi ve yeni kadrolar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yak\u0131n arkada\u015f\u0131 Fethi Okyar Bey’e 12 A\u011fustos 1930’da Serbest Cumhuriyet F\u0131rkas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kurdurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Serbest Cumhuriyet F\u0131rkas\u0131 Cumhuriyet\u00e7i, milliyet\u00e7i, l\u00e2ik, Ekonomide Liberal bir partiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bu parti de b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131 h\u0131zla parti etraf\u0131nda topland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laiklik aleyhtarlar\u0131 artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun \u00fczerine parti 18 Aral\u0131k 1930’da kapat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Menemen Olay\u0131 (23 Aral\u0131k 1930)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nedeni:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tekke ve zaviyelerin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anayasan\u0131n laikle\u015fmesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Serbest Cumhuriyet f\u0131rkas\u0131n\u0131n kapanmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dervi\u015f Mehmet, Menemen\u2019de “Din elden gidiyor! \u015eeriat isteriz” \u015feklinde halk\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131nca, Yedek subay \u00d6\u011fretmen Kubilay’\u0131n olaya el koymak istedi\u011fi s\u0131rada \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ile ba\u015flayan olaya Menemen Olay\u0131 denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmet duruma el koydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Olaya kar\u0131\u015fanlar \u015fiddetle cezaland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sonradan patlak vermesi ile \u00e7ok partili hayata ge\u00e7i\u015f ask\u0131ya al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Menemen Olay\u0131 laiklik ilkesinin yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu olay sonunda \u0130nk\u0131laplara h\u0131z verilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not:<\/strong> Serbest F\u0131rka denemesi ve Menemen olay\u0131 ile \u00fclkede daha demokrasi ortam\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ok Partili Hayata Ge\u00e7ilememesinin Nedenleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dclkede siyasi olgunlu\u011fun istenilen seviyede olmamas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni partilerin kurulmas\u0131yla Cumhuriyet y\u00f6netiminin ve ink\u0131laplar\u0131n tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eskiye d\u00f6nmek isteyenlerin muhalefet partilerine kat\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not: \u00c7ok partili siyasi hayata ge\u00e7i\u015f 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atat\u00fcrk D\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ki ana b\u00f6l\u00fcme ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1923-1930 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 d\u0131\u015f politika \u00f6ncelikleri Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131\u2019ndan kalan sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmeye y\u00f6neliktir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1930-1938 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrk d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nceliklerinde ise 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llarda Almanya ve \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n sald\u0131rgan ve yay\u0131lmac\u0131 politikalar\u0131 sonucu yakla\u015fan II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131 al\u0131nacak tedbirler \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye- Yunanistan \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan sonra T\u00fcrk-Yunan ili\u015fkilerinde n\u00fcfus m\u00fcbadelesi ve patrikhane \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re 30 Ekim 1918 tarihli Mondros Ate\u015fkes Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan \u00f6nce \u0130stanbul\u2019da yerle\u015fik olan Rumlar ve Bat\u0131 Trakya\u2019daki T\u00fcrkler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Rumlar\u0131n ve Yunanistan\u2019daki T\u00fcrklerin m\u00fcbadelesi (de\u011fi\u015fimi) kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunanistan, \u0130stanbul\u2019da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar fazla say\u0131da Rum b\u0131rakmak istiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10 Haziran 1930\u2019da Ankara\u2019da imzalanan bir antla\u015fmayla yerle\u015fme tarihlerine bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n \u0130stanbul Rumlar\u0131 ile Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrklerinin hepsi \u201cyerle\u015fik\u201d say\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk-Yunan antla\u015fman\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131nda \u0130talya\u2019da Mussolini liderli\u011finde kurulan fa\u015fist y\u00f6netimin etkisi oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Patrikhane meselesini Yunanistan Uluslararas\u0131 Lahey Adalet Divan\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcrmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Patrikhane sorununu T\u00fcrkiye bir i\u00e7 sorun olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00fcfus m\u00fcbadelesi sorununun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesinden sonra Yunanistan Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Venizelos, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi ziyaret etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

30 Ekim 1930\u2019da T\u00fcrk-Yunan Dostluk Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1934\u2019te Venizelos, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fc Nobel Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019ne aday g\u00f6sterdi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan aras\u0131nda kurulan dostluk ve i\u015f birli\u011fi ortam\u0131, 1950\u2019li y\u0131llarda ba\u015flayacak olan K\u0131br\u0131s Sorunu\u2019nun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na kadar devam etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye-\u0130ngiltere \u0130li\u015fkileri ve Musul Sorunu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonunda, Mondros Ate\u015fkes Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n daha m\u00fcrekkebi kurumadan 3 Kas\u0131m 1918\u2019de Musul\u2019u i\u015fgal etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye, Misak-\u0131 Mill\u00ee s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer alan Musul\u2019u geri alabilmek i\u00e7in Lozan\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir u\u011fra\u015f vermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Musul Meselesi\u2019nin T\u00fcrkiye ile \u0130ngiltere aras\u0131nda ikili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 kabul edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7 politikada ya\u015fanan olumsuz geli\u015fmeler ve i\u00e7 g\u00fcvenlik sorunlar\u0131 nedeniyle T\u00fcrkiye, Milletler Cemiyetinin karar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Misak-\u0131 Mill\u00ee\u2019den taviz verilmek zorunda kal\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5 Haziran 1926\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130ngiltere, Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 imzalad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1926\u2019da Musul konusunda var\u0131lan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmden sonra T\u00fcrk-\u0130ngiliz ili\u015fkileri geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1929\u2019da \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Akdeniz Filosu\u2019nun \u0130stanbul\u2019u ziyareti, ili\u015fkilerde yumu\u015fama s\u00fcrecini art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1936\u2019da \u0130ngiltere Kral\u0131 VIII. Edward\u2019\u0131n ziyareti, ili\u015fkileri olumlu y\u00f6nde etkiledi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye- Fransa \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan sonra T\u00fcrkiye ile Fransa aras\u0131ndaki ilk sorun T\u00fcrkiye-Suriye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n tespiti olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karma komisyonun ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 karar 30 May\u0131s 1926\u2019da imzaland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye-Suriye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 tam olarak belirlendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer bir sorun Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin bor\u00e7lar\u0131 konusunda ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin en fazla bor\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclke Fransa idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bor\u00e7lar\u0131n ne kadar s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde ve hangi \u00fclkenin paras\u0131yla \u00f6denece\u011fi 13 Haziran 1928\u2019de imzalanan bir antla\u015fmayla belirlendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki yabanc\u0131 okullar sorunu, T\u00fcrk-Frans\u0131z ili\u015fkilerini etkileyen bir di\u011fer konu ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye, konuyu i\u00e7 meselesi sayarak tutumundan hi\u00e7bir \u00f6d\u00fcn vermeden uygulamalar\u0131na devam etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fransa ile ya\u015fanan di\u011fer anla\u015fmazl\u0131k konusu ise, Adana-Mersin demir yolunun mill\u00eele\u015ftirilmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Haziran 1929\u2019da Adana-Mersin demir yolu bir Frans\u0131z \u015firketine verilmedi, T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hatay\u2019\u0131n stat\u00fcs\u00fc konusu, T\u00fcrkiye ile Fransa aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan ba\u015fka bir sorundur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hatay\u2019\u0131n 1939\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla mesele son buldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye-Sovyetler Birli\u011fi (SSCB) \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk-Sovyet ili\u015fkilerine temel te\u015fkil eden antla\u015fma, 16 Mart 1921\u2019de imzalanan Moskova Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, TBMM\u2019yi ve Misak-\u0131 Mill\u00ee\u2019yi resmen tan\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Musul sorunu s\u0131ras\u0131nda 17 Aral\u0131k 1925\u2019te, Dostluk ve Tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanarak T\u00fcrkiye ile SSCB aras\u0131ndaki yak\u0131nla\u015fma devam etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1936\u2019dan itibaren T\u00fcrk-\u0130ngiliz yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131, T\u00fcrk-Sovyet ili\u015fkilerinin zay\u0131flamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Milletler Cemiyetine Giri\u015fi (1932)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Wilson\u2019un I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra d\u00fcnya bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak ve korumak amac\u0131yla Milletler Cemiyetinin kurulmas\u0131 karar\u0131, Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131\u2019nda al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milletler Cemiyeti, 10 Ocak 1920\u2019de Cenevre\u2019de kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n ve \u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nerisiyle Milletler Cemiyeti, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi \u00fcyeli\u011fe davet etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye, d\u00fcnya bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Milletler Cemiyeti \u00fcyesi oldu (18 Temmuz 1932).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Balkan Antant\u0131 (1934)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1930\u2019da T\u00fcrk- Yunan etabli sorununun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi ve Venizelos\u2019un T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi ziyareti iki devlet aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri iyile\u015ftirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bulgaristan kom\u015fular\u0131ndan toprak talep ediyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1932 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren d\u00fcnyada g\u00fc\u00e7 dengeleri de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130talya ve Almanya\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan totaliter rejimler (Fa\u015fizm ve Nazizm)\u2019in sald\u0131rgan ve yay\u0131lmac\u0131 politikalar\u0131, Balkan Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019ndaki devletleri endi\u015felendirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye, Yunanistan, Romanya ve Yugoslavya, Atina\u2019da toplanarak  9 \u015eubat 1934\u2019te Balkan Antant\u0131\u2019n\u0131 imzalad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu antant ile s\u0131n\u0131rlar kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak g\u00fcvenlik alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Balkan \u00fclkesi olan Bulgaristan revizyonist bir politika takip etmesi, Arnavutluk ise \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131 nedeniyle bu antanta kat\u0131lmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yugoslavya’n\u0131n paktan ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 ile pakt da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Montreux (Montr\u00f6) Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi (1936)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re Bo\u011fazlar\u0131n her iki yakas\u0131 askerden ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131larak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 bir komisyonun y\u00f6netimine b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1930\u2019lu y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131 bir silahlanma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130talya Habe\u015fistan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Japonya \u00c7in\u2019e ait Man\u00e7urya b\u00f6lgesini i\u015fgal etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olan Milletler Cemiyeti yetersiz kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te Atat\u00fcrk, Milletler Cemiyetine ba\u015fvurarak bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 yolla bo\u011fazlar\u0131n stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesini istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019nin Montr\u00f6 \u015fehrinde bir konferans topland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere, Bo\u011fazlarla ilgili T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tezlerini desteklerken Sovyet Rusya baz\u0131 konularda kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130talya ve Japonya ise bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi imzalamak istemediler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20 Temmuz 1936\u2019da Montr\u00f6 Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi imzaland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Montreux (Montr\u00f6) Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bo\u011fazlar Komisyonu kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bo\u011fazlar\u0131n savunmas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yabanc\u0131 ticaret gemilerinin Bo\u011fazlardan ge\u00e7i\u015fi serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f gemilerinin ge\u00e7i\u015fi i\u00e7in baz\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar getirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Montr\u00f6 Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Bo\u011fazlar \u00fczerindeki egemenli\u011fini s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmler kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Bo\u011fazlarda tam egemenlik hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019deki stratejik \u00f6nemi artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sadabat Pakt\u0131 (1937)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Habe\u015fistan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal etmesi ve do\u011fu \u00fclkelerini hedef alan yay\u0131lmac\u0131 siyaseti \u00fczerine T\u00fcrkiye \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u0130ran, Irak ve Afganistan bir araya geldiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ili\u015fkilerin kurulmas\u0131nda \u0130ran \u015eah\u0131 R\u0131za Pehlevi\u2019nin 1934 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi ziyareti de etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler sonucunda \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Tahran\u2019da Sadabat Pakt\u0131 imzaland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sadabat Pakt\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re; \u00fcye \u00fclkeler birbirlerinin i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmamay\u0131, ortak s\u0131n\u0131rlara sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermeyi kabul ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sadabat Pakt\u0131 ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 T\u00fcrkiye ile Hatay meselesi ve Irak ile toprak sorunu olan Suriye, Sadabat Pakt\u0131\u2019na kat\u0131lmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hatay\u2019\u0131n Ana Vatana Kat\u0131lmas\u0131 (1939)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

TBMM ile Fransa 20 Ekim 1921\u2019de Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131 sonunda T\u00fcrkiye-Suriye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7izilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antla\u015fmada Hatay sanca\u011f\u0131nda Fransa denetiminde \u00f6zel bir y\u00f6netim kurulmas\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1936\u2019da Fransa, Suriye \u00fczerindeki manda y\u00f6netimine son vererek Suriye\u2019den \u00e7ekilme karar\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fransa \u0130skenderun ve Antakya \u015fehirlerini Suriye\u2019ye b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durum Hatay T\u00fcrkleri aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck endi\u015fe yaratt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye, Hatay\u2019\u0131n gelece\u011fini belirlemek i\u00e7in Milletler Cemiyetine ba\u015fvurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fransa ise Hatay\u2019\u0131n, Suriye\u2019nin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milletler Cemiyeti, Hatay Sorunu\u2019nu ara\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bir komisyon kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milletler Cemiyeti Hatay halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun T\u00fcrk oldu\u011funu, Suriye\u2019ye ba\u011flanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Hatay\u2019da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devletin kurulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milletler Cemiyeti, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Hatay Devleti i\u00e7in bir Anayasa haz\u0131rlatt\u0131 (29 May\u0131s 1937) .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2 Eyl\u00fcl 1938\u2019de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Hatay Cumhuriyeti kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Tayfur S\u00f6kmen oldu. Hatay\u2019\u0131n 1939\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla mesele son buldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1937 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru bozuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olan siroz hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131s\u0131 Dr. Nihat Re\u015fat Belger taraf\u0131ndan Ocak 1938\u2019de konuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atat\u00fcrk, dinlenmek \u00fczere 26 May\u0131s 1938\u2019de \u0130stanbul\u2019a gitti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Savarona Yat\u0131\u2019nda istirahat ettiyse de sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rla\u015f\u0131nca Dolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131\u2019na nakledildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2 Eyl\u00fcl 1938\u2019de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Hatay Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulu\u015fu onu \u00e7ok mutlu etti kendi iste\u011fi ile vasiyetnamesini haz\u0131rlatt\u0131 (5 Eyl\u00fcl 1938).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Servetinin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu ve T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumunun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na kaynak olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk milletine ba\u011f\u0131\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1 Kas\u0131m 1938\u2019de TBMM\u2019nin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f t\u00f6reni nedeniyle haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmas\u0131 Celal Bayar taraf\u0131ndan meclis k\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fcnden okundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8 Kas\u0131m 1938\u2019de durumu iyice a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fan Atat\u00fcrk komaya girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10 Kas\u0131m 1938 Per\u015fembe g\u00fcn\u00fc saat 09.05\u2019te Dolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131\u2019nda hayata g\u00f6zlerini yumdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn naa\u015f\u0131 19 Kas\u0131m 1938\u2019de Yavuz Z\u0131rhl\u0131s\u0131 ile \u0130zmit\u2019e oradan \u00f6zel bir trenle Ankara\u2019ya getirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21 Kas\u0131m 1938\u2019de Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn naa\u015f\u0131, Etno\u011frafya M\u00fczesindeki ge\u00e7ici kabrine konuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10 Kas\u0131m 1953\u2019te ise ebedi istirahatg\u00e2h\u0131 olan An\u0131tkabir\u2019e nakledildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Se\u00e7ilmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

11 Kas\u0131m 1938\u2019de toplanan TBMM, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn en yak\u0131n silah ve fikir arkada\u015flar\u0131ndan \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc\u2019y\u00fc ikinci Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak se\u00e7ti<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc, 1950\u2019ye kadar Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan Sonra Kal\u0131c\u0131 Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 Sa\u011flama \u00c7abalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 sonland\u0131ran anla\u015fmalar bar\u0131\u015f d\u00f6nemini ba\u015flatmaya yetmedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yenen devletler kendilerinin belirledi\u011fi bir d\u00fcnya olu\u015fturma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kal\u0131c\u0131 bir bar\u0131\u015f amac\u0131 ile bir\u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milletler Cemiyetinin Kurulmas\u0131 (10 Ocak 1920)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Wilson, d\u00fcnya bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla uluslararas\u0131 bir te\u015fkilat\u0131n kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131\u2019nda bu fikir 32 devlet taraf\u0131ndan kabul edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10 Ocak 1920\u2019de merkezi Cenevre olan ve asil \u00fcyelerini I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n galip devletlerinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu Milletler Cemiyeti kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015fta tarafs\u0131z kalm\u0131\u015f olan devletler de asil \u00fcyeler aras\u0131na d\u00e2hil edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Habe\u015fistan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgaline, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Avusturya\u2019y\u0131 ilhak\u0131na ve II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131na engel olamayan Milletler Cemiyeti, uluslararas\u0131 pek \u00e7ok sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Locarno Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1 Aral\u0131k 1925)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fransa, Almanya, \u0130ngiltere, \u0130talya, Polonya, \u00c7ekoslavakya ve Bel\u00e7ika aras\u0131nda \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019nin Locarno \u015fehrinde imzalanan bu antla\u015fmayla devletler birbirlerinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z-Alman ili\u015fkileri, Locarno Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00fcven \u00e7er\u00e7evesi i\u00e7ine girebildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya, 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda Milletler Cemiyetine \u00fcye olarak kabul edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Briand-<\/strong> <\/strong>Kellog Pakt\u0131 (27 A\u011fustos 1928)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fransa ve ABD\u2019nin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmesi ile ba\u015flayan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler, 27 A\u011fustos 1928\u2019de dokuz devlet aras\u0131nda (ABD, Fransa, \u0130ngiltere, Almanya, \u0130talya, Japonya, Bel\u00e7ika, Polonya ve \u00c7ekoslavakya) imzaland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1929\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi de kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Briand- Kellog Pakt\u0131 ile \u201csavunmaya dayanmayan sava\u015f\u201d kanun d\u0131\u015f\u0131 say\u0131lm\u0131\u015f fakat bu pakt hayata ge\u00e7irilememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Bunal\u0131m\u0131 (Kara Per\u015fembe) 24 Ekim 1929<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1929 D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Bunal\u0131m\u0131, dar anlam\u0131yla New York Borsas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6kmesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD\u2019de I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi zorluklar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u015firketler birle\u015fmi\u015f ve tekeller olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde ve s\u0131ras\u0131nda Avrupal\u0131 devletlere b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekte kredi bor\u00e7lar vermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amerikan ekonomisi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131ya girince ABD y\u00f6netimi bu bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denmesini istedi fakat bor\u00e7 alan devletlerin bunu \u00f6demesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu geli\u015fmeler \u00fczerine para politikas\u0131ndan sorumlu Amerikal\u0131 yetkililer, 1929 yaz\u0131nda kredileri k\u0131s\u0131tlamaya karar verdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu karar sonras\u0131nda New York Wall Street Borsas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cKara Per\u015fembe\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan 24 Ekim 1929 Per\u015fembe g\u00fcn\u00fc on iki milyon hissenin sat\u0131\u015fa sunulmas\u0131yla New York borsas\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir\u00e7ok banka batt\u0131, y\u00fczlerce \u015firket iflas etti, fabrikalar kapand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milyonlarca insan i\u015fsiz kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6ylerde topraklar terk edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti, insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On y\u0131l s\u00fcren karga\u015fan\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck sebeplerinden biri de b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyay\u0131 etkisine alan bu ekonomik bunal\u0131m oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130DEOLOJ\u0130LER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Liberalizm<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bireysel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck \u00fczerine kurulan ideolojidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomide liberalizm, serbest ticareti ve devletin ekonomiye m\u00fcdehale etmemesini savunur<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyalizm<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyalizm, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n hakimiyetinin topluma ait oldu\u011funu savunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin y\u00f6netime kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ortak m\u00fclkiyeti savunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ama\u00e7 kapitalist ekonomiyi ortadan kald\u0131rmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizm<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyeti ve serbest piyasa ekonomisini savunan ekonomik sistem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sistemde ekonomiye \u015firketler y\u00f6n verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnizm<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm mallar\u0131n ortak m\u00fclkiyeti fikrine dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizme kar\u015f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z, paras\u0131z ve devletsiz bir toplumsal d\u00fczeni ama\u00e7lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyalizmden fark\u0131 \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin asla olmamas\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn mallar\u0131n devlete ait olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fa\u015fizm<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130talya\u2019da Mussolini taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan sistemdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Otoriter devlet d\u00fczenini savunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nazizm<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130talya\u2019daki fa\u015fist ak\u0131mdan etkilenilerek Almanya\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adolf Hitler milliyet\u00e7i bir sosyalizm fikrini Almanya\u2019da uygulamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya\u2019da Nazizm<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan yenik \u00e7\u0131kan Almanya\u2019da sava\u015f\u0131n getirdi\u011fi y\u0131k\u0131m ve Versay Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fckledi\u011fi a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar sonucu bir\u00e7ok siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik \u00e7alkant\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya\u2019da iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren Nasyonal Sosyalist Alman \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisinin (NAZ\u0130) ba\u015f\u0131na Adolf Hitler ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1929 D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Bunal\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Alman ekonomisi \u00fczerindeki olumsuz etkileri, Nazi Partisine iktidar yolunu a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hitler; Alman \u0131rk\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne, Yahudilerin zenginli\u011fine el koymaya ve devletin kutsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na dayal\u0131 totaliter bir rejim kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 ana esas \u00fczerine \u015fekillendirildi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Versay\u2019\u0131n getirdi\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u0131s\u0131tlama ve yapt\u0131r\u0131mlardan kurtulmak.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Almanya s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fayan b\u00fct\u00fcn Almanlar\u0131 bir devlet alt\u0131nda toplamak.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Hayat Sahas\u0131 (Lebensraum) denilen yay\u0131lmac\u0131 politikay\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130talya\u2019da Fa\u015fizm<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Siyasi birli\u011fini 1870\u2019te tamamlayan \u0130talya s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilikte ge\u00e7 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Benito Mussolini, Ulusal Fa\u015fist Partinin iktidara gelmesinde etkili oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Benito Mussolini \u2018\u2019Kara G\u00f6mlekliler\u2019in Roma\u2019ya y\u00fcr\u00fcmesiyle 1922 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015fbakan oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

     Mussolini 1926\u2019daki \u00fcnl\u00fc Scala (S\u0131kala) nutkunda: \u201cHer \u015fey devlet i\u00e7inde ve devlet i\u00e7in, hi\u00e7bir \u015fey devlet d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve ba\u015fka bir \u015fey i\u00e7in de\u011fildir.\u201d diyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130talya\u2019y\u0131 1922\u2019den 1943\u2019e kadar diktat\u00f6rl\u00fckle y\u00f6neten Mussolini, totaliter bir rejim kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mussolini, Akdeniz\u2019de eski Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu yeniden kurmak istiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Mussolini\u2019nin elinde mill\u00ee bir idealizm h\u00e2line geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mussolini Akdeniz\u2019e \u201cmare nostrum\u201d (bizim deniz) diyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rusya\u2019da Bol\u015fevik \u0130htilali 1917<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1905\u2019te Rus-Japon sava\u015f\u0131ndaki yenilginin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ekonomik y\u00fck\u00fcn a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Petersburg\u2019da bir ayaklanmaya yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ayaklanma bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ysa da \u00c7ar II. Nikola, Rus Meclisini (Duma) a\u00e7may\u0131 ve baz\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler tan\u0131may\u0131 kabul etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1914\u2019te I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Rusya ekonomik zorluklar ve toplumsal hareketlerle u\u011fra\u015fmak zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 iyice zorla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mart 1917\u2019de ba\u015flayan ayaklanma sonucunda \u00c7arl\u0131k y\u00f6netimi y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bol\u015fevikler hari\u00e7 Rusya\u2019daki b\u00fct\u00fcn siyasi e\u011filimlerin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7ici bir h\u00fck\u00fbmet kuruldu (7 Kas\u0131m 1917) ve Brest Litowsk Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile de sava\u015ftan \u00e7ekildiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Topraklar kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak k\u00f6yl\u00fclere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131, bankalar devletle\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rusya\u2019da kurulan bu sosyalist d\u00fczen, kapitalist devletleri rahats\u0131z etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019nin destekledi\u011fi \u00c7ar yanl\u0131s\u0131 Beyaz Ordu, Sovyet y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00dc\u00e7 y\u0131l s\u00fcren bu i\u00e7 sava\u015f Bol\u015feviklerin zaferi ile sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Fakat ya\u015fanan i\u00e7 sava\u015fta on \u00fc\u00e7 milyon insan \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, ekonomi alt \u00fcst olmu\u015f, sanayi \u00fcretimi dibe vurmu\u015f ve kitlesel a\u00e7l\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Lenin, bunun \u00fczerine NEP (Novaya Ekonomi\u00e7eskaya Politika) denen yeni ekonomi politikas\u0131n\u0131 uygulamaya koydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    B\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi dallar\u0131, ula\u015f\u0131m, bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve do\u011fal kaynaklar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan i\u015fletmelerin \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetine izin verildi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a012. s\u0131n\u0131f T.C. \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi ve Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck dersi\u00a04. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0\u0130ki Sava\u015f Aras\u0131ndaki D\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye ve D\u00fcnya\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a012. 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