{"id":1833,"date":"2024-11-11T15:25:18","date_gmt":"2024-11-11T12:25:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=1833"},"modified":"2024-11-11T15:25:20","modified_gmt":"2024-11-11T12:25:20","slug":"inkilap-tarihi-7-unite-toplumsal-devrim-caginda-dunya-ve-turkiye","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/11\/inkilap-tarihi-7-unite-toplumsal-devrim-caginda-dunya-ve-turkiye\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi 7. \u00dcnite\u00a0Toplumsal Devrim \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda\u00a0D\u00fcnya ve T\u00fcrkiye"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a012. s\u0131n\u0131f T.C. \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi ve Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck dersi<\/strong>\u00a07. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0Toplumsal Devrim \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda\u00a0D\u00fcnya ve T\u00fcrkiye\u00a0<\/strong>\u00fcnitesinin \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a012. s\u0131n\u0131f \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0<\/strong>ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. G\u00fcncel\u00a012 . s\u0131n\u0131f \u0130nk\u0131lap tarihi ve Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck<\/strong>\u00a0ders kitab\u0131na uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0Toplumsal Devrim \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda\u00a0D\u00fcnya ve T\u00fcrkiye ders notlar\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. s\u0131n\u0131flar T.C. \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi ve Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck 7. \u00dcnite\u00a0Toplumsal Devrim \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda\u00a0D\u00fcnya ve T\u00fcrkiye<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960 Sonras\u0131nda D\u00fcnya Siyaseti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1945\u2019te sona eren II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan d\u00fcnya dengeleri yeniden kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sona ermesinden sonra ABD ve SSCB\u2019nin siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fc etraf\u0131nda k\u00fcmelenen devletlerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu, \u00e7ok kutuplu d\u00fcnyadaki g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelesi So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6nemini ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Bloklar\u0131; ABD ve SSCB \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde asker\u00ee, siyasi ve ekonomik alanlarda te\u015fkilatlanarak \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 keskinle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD ve SSCB aras\u0131ndaki gerilim Kore Sava\u015f\u0131 ile \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya devletlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 siyasi durumlar\u0131na g\u00f6re ya ABD ya da SSCB yan\u0131nda yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bloklar Aras\u0131 Rekabet<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1955\u2019te yap\u0131lan Bandung Konferans\u0131 ile \u201c\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya Devletleri\u201d olarak isimlendirilen Asya, Afrika ve Latin Amerika Devletleri taraf\u0131ndan Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131zlar Bloku olu\u015fturuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya siyaset dengesindeki gerilimin etkisini azaltacak bir s\u00fcreci ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, yani hi\u00e7bir blo\u011fa veya asker\u00ee ittifaka ba\u011fl\u0131 olmama hareketinin ilk te\u015fkilatlanmas\u0131, Yugoslavya lideri Tito ile M\u0131s\u0131r Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Nas\u0131r\u2019\u0131n te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc ile 1961 y\u0131l\u0131nda olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu iki liderin te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc ile 1-6 Eyl\u00fcl 1961 g\u00fcnlerinde Belgrad\u2019da 25 tarafs\u0131z ve ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131z \u00fclkenin kat\u0131lmas\u0131 ile bir konferans topland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toplant\u0131n\u0131n sonunda 27 maddelik bir bildiri yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bildiride, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc koloniyalizm ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 geliniyor,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketlerinin desteklenmesi isteniyor, bilhassa Kongo, Angola, Cezayir\u2019in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketleri destekleniyor,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti\u2019ndeki \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 ayr\u0131m mahk\u00fbm ediliyor,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Filistin Arap halk\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm haklar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yabanc\u0131 \u00fcslerin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, genel ve tam bir silahs\u0131zlanma, b\u00fct\u00fcn n\u00fckleer silahlar\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerin k\u0131sa zamanda silahs\u0131zlanma antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalamalar\u0131 ve \u00c7in\u2019in Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletlere kabul\u00fc isteniyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren So\u011fuk Sava\u015f yerini Yumu\u015fama (Detant) D\u00f6nemi\u2019ne b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yumu\u015fama D\u00f6nemi\u2019ne ge\u00e7i\u015fte Do\u011fu Bloku aras\u0131nda meydana gelen \u00e7atlaklar, (Yugoslavya ve \u00c7in\u2019in SSCB ile ters d\u00fc\u015fmesi) ve ABD ve SSCB aras\u0131nda 1962\u2019de meydana gelen K\u00fcba Krizi ile kendisini g\u00f6steren k\u00fcresel \u00e7apta bir n\u00fckleer sava\u015f tehlikesi etkili oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yumu\u015fama D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde bloklarda meydana gelen yap\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Bloklar\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1972\u2019de SALT I ve 1979\u2019da SALT II Antla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131yla ABD ve SSCB n\u00fckleer silahlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltma giri\u015fimlerinde bulundular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bloklar\u0131n birbirlerinin varl\u0131klar\u0131na sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stereceklerini taahh\u00fct ettikleri Helsinki S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ni imzalad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ARAP-\u0130SRA\u0130L SAVA\u015eLARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1948\u2019de Filistin topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u0130srail Devleti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131yla Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da ba\u015flayan gerginlik, uzun soluklu sava\u015f d\u00f6nemini ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1948\u2019de Filistin\u2019in Yahudiler ve Araplar aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler karar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in Araplar sava\u015fa gitme karar\u0131 ald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Araplar\u0131n yenilgisiyle biten 1948\u2019deki ilk Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1978\u2019de M\u0131s\u0131r ve \u0130srail aras\u0131nda imzalanan Camp David (Kemp Deyvid) Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na kadar \u0130srail ve Arap devletleri aras\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6nemli sava\u015f daha ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fcvey\u015f Bunal\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1952\u2019de H\u00fcr Subaylar taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen asker\u00ee darbeden sonra M\u0131s\u0131r devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren Albay Abd\u00fcnn\u00e2s\u0131r, S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131\u2019n\u0131 mill\u00eele\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1881\u2019den beri M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da etkin olan \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin \u00fclkeden tamamen \u00e7ekilmesini istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve \u0130srail aralar\u0131nda anla\u015farak Abd\u00fcnn\u00e2s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n bu hamlesini \u00f6nlemek istediler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130srail, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n \u00dcrd\u00fcn ve Suriye ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 asker\u00ee ittifak\u0131n kendisini tehdit etti\u011fini bahane ederek M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a sald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiliz ve Frans\u0131z birlikleri de S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131\u2019n\u0131 i\u015fgal etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r bu sald\u0131r\u0131lar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda tutunamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SSCB\u2019nin M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan yana tav\u0131r sergilemesi \u00fczerine ABD, Arap d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Sovyet etkisinin artaca\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7ekinerek bu harek\u00e2t\u0131 desteklemedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nan kararla \u0130srail, \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n i\u015fgal etti\u011fi M\u0131s\u0131r topraklar\u0131ndan \u00e7ekilmesi istendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6nemin iki s\u00fcper g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn de bu karara destek vermesi \u00fczerine \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve \u0130srail i\u015fgal ettikleri M\u0131s\u0131r topraklar\u0131ndan \u00e7ekildiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sava\u015f sonucunda Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da siyasi dengeler de\u011fi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere ve Fransa Orta Do\u011fu \u00fczerindeki n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6lgede ABD ve SSCB\u2019nin etkisi artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Cemal Abd\u00fcnnas\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Arap d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fc artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alt\u0131 G\u00fcn Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Abd\u00fcnn\u00e2s\u0131r, 1948 ve 1956 Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015flar\u0131ndaki yenilgileri telafi etmek i\u00e7in yeni bir sava\u015fa haz\u0131rland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r, Suriye, \u00dcrd\u00fcn ve Irak aras\u0131nda \u0130srail\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 asker\u00ee bir ittifak olu\u015fturuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1967\u2019de Filistinli direni\u015f\u00e7i gruplar\u0131n Suriye \u00fczerinden \u0130srail topraklar\u0131na sald\u0131rmas\u0131 yeni bir sava\u015f\u0131 ate\u015fledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SSCB taraf\u0131ndan silahland\u0131r\u0131lan Arap devletleri \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede \u0130srail kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131r bozguna u\u011frad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAlt\u0131 G\u00fcn Sava\u015f\u0131\u201d diye bilinen 1967 Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda \u0130srail, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Sina Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131, Suriye\u2019nin Golan Tepeleri\u2019ni, \u00dcrd\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn Bat\u0131 \u015eeria b\u00f6lgesini ve Do\u011fu Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc i\u015fgal ederek s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6rt kat geni\u015fletti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sava\u015f sonucu Yahudiler yakla\u015f\u0131k iki bin y\u0131l sonra ilk defa Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn tamam\u0131na egemen h\u00e2le geldiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yom Kippur Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1973\u2019te meydana gelen ve Yom Kippur Sava\u015f\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015f\u0131, 1967 sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bir devam\u0131 niteli\u011findeydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1967 Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda a\u011f\u0131r yenilgiye u\u011frayan M\u0131s\u0131r, Suriye ve \u00dcrd\u00fcn kaybettikleri topraklar\u0131 geri almak i\u00e7in yeniden sava\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1970-1973 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u0130srail ve M\u0131s\u0131r s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda ya\u015fanan b\u00f6lgesel \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar sonunda topyek\u00fbn bir sava\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taraflar, BM G\u00fcvenlik Konseyinin \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 durdurma \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 dikkate alarak sava\u015f\u0131 sonland\u0131rd\u0131lar. 1974\u2019te kesin ate\u015fkes sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130srail\u2019in M\u0131s\u0131r ve Suriye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na BM Bar\u0131\u015f G\u00fcc\u00fc askerlerinin yerle\u015ftirilmesi kabul edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1973 Arap-\u0130srail sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda Arap \u00fclkeleri, \u0130srail\u2019i destekleyen Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerine kar\u015f\u0131 petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 bir siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak kullanma karar\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arap \u00fclkelerinin \u00fcretimi azaltmas\u0131yla 1970\u2019te varili 1,80 dolar olan ham petrol fiyat\u0131 1973\u2019te 34 dolara kadar y\u00fckseldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte bir petrol krizi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Camp David (Kemp Deyvid) Antla\u015fmalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1948\u2019de \u0130srail\u2019in kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ba\u015flayan Arap-\u0130srail sava\u015flar\u0131, 1978\u2019de \u0130srail ve M\u0131s\u0131r aras\u0131nda imzalanan Camp David Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile yeni bir s\u00fcrece girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n yeni devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Enver Sedat, SSCB ile i\u015f birli\u011finden vazge\u00e7ip ABD\u2019ye yakla\u015fma karar\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun \u00fczerine ABD, M\u0131s\u0131r ile \u0130srail aras\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in arabuluculuk yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD, \u0130srail ve M\u0131s\u0131r aras\u0131nda 17 Eyl\u00fcl 1978\u2019de Camp David Antla\u015fmalar\u0131 imzaland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antla\u015fmalara g\u00f6re \u0130srail, Sina Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a geri verecek,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r da \u0130srail\u2019in siyasi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131yacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece kuruldu\u011fu 1948\u2019den bu yana \u0130srail\u2019in siyasi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bir Arap devleti ilk kez resmen kabul etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Camp David Antla\u015fmalar\u0131 ile  M\u0131s\u0131r ve \u00dcrd\u00fcn\u2019de ABD etkisini art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antla\u015fmalara \u015fiddetle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan Arap devletlerinden Suriye, Irak, Libya, G\u00fcney Yemen ve Cezayir, bir \u201cRed Cephesi\u201d kurarak SSCB\u201fye yakla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ran-Irak Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Irak- \u0130ran anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n genel nedenlerini \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralayabiliriz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Basra K\u00f6rfezi \u00fczerinde h\u00e2kimiyet kurma m\u00fccadelesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eatt\u00fclarap suyolu meselesi, ve<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Din\u00ee ve etnik anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1975\u2019te Cezayir Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131yla sorun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ran\u2019da 1979\u2019da \u015eah Rejimi\u2019nin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ve din\u00ee lider Ayetullah Humeyn\u00ee\u2019nin \u00f6nderli\u011finde \u0130slam Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131 bu dengeyi bozdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Irak\u2019\u0131n devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Saddam H\u00fcseyin, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 \u00fclkesindeki \u015ei\u00ee M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 isyana te\u015fvik etti\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle su\u00e7lad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saddam H\u00fcseyin\u2019in as\u0131l amac\u0131 \u0130ran\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen devrim sonras\u0131 zay\u0131flayan \u0130ran ordusunun durumundan yararlanarak sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7mek ve \u015eatt\u00fclarap suyolunun denetimini ele ge\u00e7irmekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

22 Eyl\u00fcl 1980\u2019de Irak kuvvetleri \u0130ran\u2019a s\u00fcrpriz bir sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Irak kuvvetleri \u0130ran topraklar\u0131na girerek Huzistan b\u00f6lgesini ele ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1982\u2019den itibaren \u0130ran kuvvetleri toparlanarak Irak\u2019\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi topraklar\u0131 geri ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ki taraf birbirine \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flayamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sekiz y\u0131l s\u00fcren \u0130ran-Irak Sava\u015f\u0131, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletlerin ara buluculu\u011fu ile 1988\u2019de sona erdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ran-Irak Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Camp David Antla\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda olu\u015fan Arap d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeler daha da artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015fta Suriye ve Libya \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 desteklerken; Suudi Arabistan, \u00dcrd\u00fcn ve K\u00f6rfez \u00dclkeleri Irak\u2019a destek verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD, SSCB, Avrupa \u00fclkeleri ve T\u00fcrkiye tarafs\u0131z kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131br\u0131s Sorunu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Selim D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde (1571) K\u0131br\u0131s T\u00fcrk egemenli\u011fine girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1877-78 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011findeki K\u0131br\u0131s Adas\u0131 \u0130ngiltere taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1914\u2019te ba\u015flayan I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin rakip taraflarda yer almas\u0131 \u00fczerine \u0130ngiltere, K\u0131br\u0131s Ada\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 imparatorlu\u011funa katt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1923 Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile K\u0131br\u0131s Adas\u0131\u2019nda resmen \u0130ngiliz egemenli\u011fini d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1974 K\u0131br\u0131s Bar\u0131\u015f Harek\u00e2t\u0131 s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatan K\u0131br\u0131s sorunu, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n ada ile daha fazla ilgilenmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunanistan 1951\u2019de adan\u0131n kendi y\u00f6netimine b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye ba\u015fvurdu fakat olumsuz cevap ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunanistan, 1954\u2019te Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletlere ba\u015fvurarak K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n kendi kaderini belirlemesi i\u00e7in adada halk oylamas\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n amac\u0131, halk oylamas\u0131yla adan\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu olu\u015fturan Rumlar sayesinde K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n kendisine ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n bu giri\u015fimi de BM taraf\u0131ndan kabul g\u00f6rmedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fakat bu giri\u015fim, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin de K\u0131br\u0131s Sorunu ile ilgilenme s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1954\u2019ten itibaren K\u0131br\u0131s, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli meselesi h\u00e2line geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 Rumlar, EOKA adl\u0131 bir ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc kurdular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EOKA\u2019n\u0131n amac\u0131 \u0130ngilizlere ve T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddet kullanarak aday\u0131 \u0130ngilizlerden ve T\u00fcrklerden temizleyerek Rumla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve daha sonra K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131 Yunanistan\u2019a katmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adadaki Rumlar bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye \u201cenosis\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 veriyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131br\u0131s adas\u0131ndaki olaylar\u0131n bunal\u0131ma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi \u00fczerine \u0130ngiltere, T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan\u2019\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeye davet ederek sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zmek istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1955’te toplanan Londra Konferans\u0131\u2019nda bir sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7 devletin de K\u0131br\u0131s adas\u0131 ile ilgili \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerisi farkl\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diplomasi masas\u0131nda sorun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemezken adada olaylar t\u0131rmand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EOKA ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 T\u00fcrk k\u00f6ylerinde yap\u0131lan katliamlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1956\u2019dan itibaren T\u00fcrkiye, adan\u0131n T\u00fcrk ve Rum toplumlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesini \u00f6nerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin bu \u00f6nerisine \u0130ngiltere ve Yunanistan s\u0131cak bakmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 T\u00fcrkler, EOKA ter\u00f6r\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 1957\u2019de TMT\u2019yi (T\u00fcrk Mukavemet Te\u015fkilat\u0131) kurarak kendilerini savunmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1958\u2019de \u0130ngiltere taraf\u0131ndan Mac Millan (Mak Milen) Plan\u0131 ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu plana g\u00f6re adada \u0130ngiltere, T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n i\u015f birli\u011fine dayal\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir y\u00f6netim kurulacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gerilimin NATO\u2019ya zarar verdi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen ABD, duruma m\u00fcdahale etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 1959\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan aras\u0131nda Z\u00fcrih\u2019te ba\u015flayan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde K\u0131br\u0131s adas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet olmas\u0131 fikri kabul edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11 \u015eubat 1959 Z\u00fcrih Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 resm\u00eele\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960\u2019ta \u0130ngiltere, T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulu\u015f s\u00fcreci resmen ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019ta ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrk ve Rum toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, garant\u00f6r devletler olan T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan da ayn\u0131 hukuki haklara kavu\u015fmu\u015f oluyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960-1963 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Rumlar, antla\u015fmalarla T\u00fcrklere tan\u0131nan haklar\u0131n verilmesini geciktirdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rumlar, enosis fikrini hayata ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in Akritas Plan\u0131 ad\u0131 verilen bir proje haz\u0131rlad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Enosis K\u0131br\u0131s adas\u0131n\u0131n “Yunanistan’a ba\u011flanmas\u0131” anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rumlar\u0131n plan\u0131na g\u00f6re anayasada yap\u0131lmak istenilen de\u011fi\u015fiklikler T\u00fcrkiye ve adadaki T\u00fcrk toplumu taraf\u0131ndan reddedildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rumlar ve T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda gerginlik artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rumlar Akritas Plan\u0131 gere\u011fince genel sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7tiler ve pek \u00e7ok T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fc vah\u015fice katlettiler. Ya\u015fanan bu cinayetlere ve katliama Kanl\u0131 Noel ad\u0131 verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kanl\u0131 Noel olaylar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fanmas\u0131 ve adadaki T\u00fcrklerin katledilmesine T\u00fcrkiye sert tepki g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk sava\u015f u\u00e7aklar\u0131 Rumlar\u0131 ihtar etmek i\u00e7in K\u0131br\u0131s \u00fczerinde u\u00e7maya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hava harek\u00e2t\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ada \u00fczerinde u\u00e7u\u015f g\u00f6revinin komutan\u0131 Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Cengiz Topel\u2019in u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131, Rumlar taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Cengiz Topel daha sonra Rumlar\u0131n i\u015fkencesi sonucu \u015fehit oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019taki T\u00fcrk alay\u0131 garnizondan \u00e7\u0131karak T\u00fcrkleri korumak i\u00e7in Lefko\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrk mahallelerine yerle\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Olaylar\u0131 sakinle\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla Lefko\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Rum ve T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131n\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u0130ngiltere taraf\u0131ndan Ye\u015fil Hat ad\u0131 verilen bir s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye, garant\u00f6r olarak m\u00fcdahale edece\u011fini duyurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin bu tutumu Yunanistan ile olan ili\u015fkileri gerginle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Johnson (Cans\u0131n), Ba\u015fbakan \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc\u2019ye bir mektup yazarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin m\u00fcdahale fikrinden vazge\u00e7mesini ve bu durumun endi\u015fe verici oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kararl\u0131 tavr\u0131 ile 1964\u2019te Rum sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 azald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1967\u2019den itibaren Ada\u2019da tekrar tansiyon y\u00fckseldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunanistan, K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019a \u00e7ok say\u0131da asker g\u00f6nderdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n deste\u011fi ile silahland\u0131r\u0131lan Rum Mill\u00ee Muhaf\u0131z Te\u015fkilat\u0131, T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 sistematik olarak etnik bir temizli\u011fe ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk sava\u015f u\u00e7aklar\u0131 tekrar Ada \u00fczerinde u\u00e7u\u015flara ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uluslararas\u0131 toplumun da tepki g\u00f6stermesiyle Rumlar\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 tekrar durduruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk toplumu, 1967\u2019de Dr. Faz\u0131l K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6nderli\u011finde K\u0131br\u0131s Ge\u00e7ici T\u00fcrk Y\u00f6netimi\u2019ni kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1971\u2019de ge\u00e7ici ifadesi kald\u0131r\u0131larak olu\u015fum K\u0131br\u0131s T\u00fcrk Y\u00f6netimi\u2019ne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131br\u0131s Bar\u0131\u015f Harek\u00e2t\u0131 \u201cAy\u015fe Tatile \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

15 Temmuz 1974\u2019te K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019ta Yunanistan\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 subaylar asker\u00ee bir darbe yaparak Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Makarios\u2019u devirdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yerine EOKA\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 Nikos Samson\u2019u ge\u00e7irdiler ve K\u0131br\u0131s Elen Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni ilan ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131br\u0131s Anayasas\u0131\u2019na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak yap\u0131lan ve Ada\u2019y\u0131 Yunanistan\u2019a ba\u011flamak demek olan harekete T\u00fcrkiye sert tepki g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetleri, 20 Temmuz 1974\u2019de K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019ta bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve anayasal d\u00fczeni yeniden sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in K\u0131br\u0131s Bar\u0131\u015f Harek\u00e2t\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler taraflara ate\u015fkes \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

25 Temmuz 1974\u2019te taraflar Cenevre Konferans\u0131\u2019nda topland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konferans\u0131n sonu\u00e7suz kalmas\u0131 \u00fczerine T\u00fcrkiye 14 A\u011fustos 1974\u2019te \u0130kinci Bar\u0131\u015f Harek\u00e2t\u0131\u2019na ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci Bar\u0131\u015f Harek\u00e2t\u0131 ile Lefke-Lefko\u015fa-Magusa hatt\u0131 \u00e7izildi ve adan\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te biri T\u00fcrk kontrol\u00fcne ge\u00e7ince harek\u00e2t sona erdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131br\u0131s Bar\u0131\u015f Harek\u00e2t\u0131 sonunda Ada\u2019daki T\u00fcrk toplumu 13 \u015eubat 1975\u2019te K\u0131br\u0131s T\u00fcrk Federe Devleti\u2019ni kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011fa se\u00e7ilen Rauf Denkta\u015f\u2019\u0131n temsil etti\u011fi T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131, Rum taraf\u0131 ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerden bir sonu\u00e7 elde edemedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rumlar, K\u0131br\u0131s Sorunu\u2019nu 1983\u2019te Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletlere ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BM Genel Kurulu 13 May\u0131s 1983\u2019te; K\u00fcba, Yugoslavya, Cezayir, Mali, Hindistan, Guyana ve Sri Lanka\u2019n\u0131n oylar\u0131yla Rum tasar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti ve T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131n\u0131n siyasal olu\u015fumunu tan\u0131mad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tasar\u0131; T\u00fcrkiye, Pakistan, Malezya, Somali ve Banglade\u015f taraf\u0131ndan reddedildi. ABD ve \u0130ngiltere oylamada \u00e7ekimser kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BM Genel Kurulunun bu yanl\u0131 karar\u0131ndan sonra K\u0131br\u0131s T\u00fcrk toplumu T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin deste\u011fiyle 15 Kas\u0131m 1983\u2019te Kuzey K\u0131br\u0131s T\u00fcrk Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni kurarak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131br\u0131s T\u00fcrklerinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k karar\u0131 K\u0131br\u0131s sorununda yeni bir d\u00f6nemin ba\u015flamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ege Adalar\u0131 Sorunu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunanistan 1829\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden ayr\u0131larak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z oldu\u011funda bu adalardan bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131\u2019ndan sonra imzalanan 1913 tarihli Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni elindeki G\u00f6k\u00e7eada, Bozcaada; \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n elindeki On \u0130ki Ada d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Ege Adalar\u0131n\u0131n gelece\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerin karar\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019nin kazan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130tilaf Devletleri aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda, Bozcaada ve G\u00f6k\u00e7eada T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On \u0130ki Ada ise \u0130talya\u2019da kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re Anadolu Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019na yak\u0131n adalar\u0131n silahtan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 1947 Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla \u0130talya, asker\u00ee \u00fcsler kurmamak ve silah y\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131 yapmamak kayd\u0131yla On \u0130ki Ada\u2019y\u0131 Yunanistan\u2019a b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece Yunanistan, yerle\u015fti\u011fi Ege Adalar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Bat\u0131 Anadolu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na kadar sokuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On \u0130ki Ada\u2019y\u0131 elde eden Yunanistan, \u00f6zellikle 1963 K\u0131br\u0131s Bunal\u0131m\u0131\u2019ndan sonra, Lozan ve Paris Antla\u015fmalar\u0131\u2019na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak Ege Denizi\u2019ndeki adalar\u0131 silahland\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan aras\u0131ndaki K\u0131br\u0131s Meselesi\u2019ne Ege Adalar\u0131 Meselesi de eklendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131ta Sahanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sorunu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1973\u2019te T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Ege Denizi a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda petrol aramak \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye Petrolleri Anonim \u015eirketine arama ruhsat\u0131 vermesiyle ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunanistan, s\u00f6z konusu b\u00f6lgenin Yunan karasular\u0131na ait oldu\u011funu ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin bu konuda ruhsat vermeye yetkisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye ise co\u011frafi olarak Anadolu\u2019nun do\u011fal uzant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Ege Denizi\u2019nin alt\u0131ndan ruhsat verilen b\u00f6lgelere kadar uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, buralar\u0131n kendi k\u0131ta sahanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n konuya yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan sorun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye, meselenin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde m\u00fczakereleri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken Yunanistan konuyu uluslararas\u0131 platformlara ta\u015f\u0131yarak \u00e7\u00f6zmek istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1976\u2019da Sismik-I adl\u0131 T\u00fcrk ara\u015ft\u0131rma gemisinin Ege Denizi\u2019ne sava\u015f gemileri korumas\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan\u2019\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n e\u015fi\u011fine getirdi ancak iki taraf da temkinli davrand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n sorunu BM G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019ne ve ard\u0131ndan Uluslararas\u0131 Adalet Divan\u0131\u2019na ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 sonu\u00e7suz kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ki taraf aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan m\u00fczakerelerden de bir sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk Az\u0131nl\u0131k Sorunu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131 Trakya, Trakya B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Yunanistan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kalan bat\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6lge I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 sonucunda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Midye-Enez hatt\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ekilmesiyle T\u00fcrk egemenli\u011finden \u00e7\u0131karak Bulgaristan h\u00e2kimiyetine girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda T\u00fcrk birlikleri Edirne\u2019yi geri almalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Meri\u00e7 Nehri\u2019nin bat\u0131s\u0131na ilerleyemedi\u011finden Bat\u0131 Trakya d\u00fc\u015fman i\u015fgalinden kurtar\u0131lamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131 Trakya Ku\u015f\u00e7uba\u015f\u0131 E\u015fref komutas\u0131ndaki birlikler taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgalcilerden temizledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ku\u015f\u00e7uba\u015f\u0131 E\u015fref G\u00fcm\u00fclcine\u2019yi alarak 31 A\u011fustos 1913\u2019te \u201cBat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk tarihinin en k\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc devleti olan bu devlet ayn\u0131 zamanda T\u00fcrk tarihinde kurulan ilk cumhuriyet oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla Bat\u0131 Trakya resmen Bulgaristan\u2019a b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin deste\u011fini yitiren Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk Cumhuriyeti de varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcremedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Bat\u0131 Trakya, Frans\u0131zlar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mondros Ate\u015fkes Anla\u015fmas\u0131 sonras\u0131 ba\u015flayan i\u015fgaller sonras\u0131 1919\u2019da kurulan Trakya-Pa\u015faeli M\u00fcdafaa-i Heyet-i Osmaniye Cemiyeti \u201cTrakya Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni kurmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1920 y\u0131l\u0131nda b\u00f6lgenin Yunanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmesiyle Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrklerinin de kendi kaderlerini belirlemesi plan\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015femedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131 Trakya, Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131\u2019nda Yunanistan\u2019a b\u0131rak\u0131lmak zorunda kal\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda hem T\u00fcrkiye hem de Yunanistan az\u0131nl\u0131klar i\u00e7in birtak\u0131m k\u00fclt\u00fcrel haklar tan\u0131m\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrklerine de Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n az\u0131nl\u0131k toplumlar\u0131ndan biri olarak bu haklar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunanistan verdi\u011fi taahh\u00fctlere ra\u011fmen Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrklerini sistemli bir \u015fekilde asimilasyona tabi tutma ve y\u0131ld\u0131rarak g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirme politikas\u0131 izlemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131 Trakya\u2019da ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n durumu uluslararas\u0131 alanda imzalanan antla\u015fmalar\u0131n verdi\u011fi hukuki haklar do\u011frultusunda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00f6nemli bir d\u0131\u015f politika sorunu haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ermenilerin Faaliyetleri ve ASALA Ter\u00f6r \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1877-78 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda imzalanan Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda Ermeni sorunu Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerinde deste\u011fi ile g\u00fcndeme geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda faaliyete ba\u015flayan H\u0131n\u00e7ak, Ta\u015fnak, Ramgavar, H\u0131n\u00e7ak \u0130htilal Komitesi, Silahl\u0131lar Cemiyeti ve Karaha\u00e7 Cemiyeti gibi halk\u0131 silahl\u0131 ayaklanmaya sevk eden ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleri, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flayarak Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda \u015fiddetin artmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Ermeni \u00e7etelerinin Rus ordusu saflar\u0131nda sava\u015fmalar\u0131 ve cephe gerisinde T\u00fcrk k\u00f6ylerine sald\u0131rmalar\u0131 \u00fczerine Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Tehcir Kanunu ile 1915\u2019te Ermenileri, Suriye b\u00f6lgesine zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7e tabi tuttu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele s\u0131ras\u0131nda Ermeni \u00e7etelerinin Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019daki sald\u0131rgan faaliyetlerine Kaz\u0131m Karabekir Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131ndaki 15. Kolordu kar\u015f\u0131 koydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1920\u2019de Do\u011fu Cephesi komutan\u0131 olarak atanan Kaz\u0131m Karabekir Pa\u015fa, Kars ve Ardahan\u2019\u0131 Ermenilerden geri ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1920\u2019de TBMM H\u00fck\u00fbmeti ve Ermenistan aras\u0131nda imzalanan G\u00fcmr\u00fc Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla Ermenilerin y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 faaliyetleri son buldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcmr\u00fc Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131ndan sonra 1965\u2019e kadar T\u00fcrk-Ermeni ili\u015fkileri sakin bir d\u00f6nem ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ermeni lobisinin k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131 ve Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin deste\u011fiyle T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 Ermeni \u015fiddeti yeniden canland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde isminden en \u00e7ok s\u00f6z ettiren ve Ermeni ter\u00f6r\u00fc ile e\u015f anlamda kullan\u0131lan \u201cErmenistan\u2019\u0131n Kurtulu\u015fu \u0130\u00e7in Ermeni Gizli Ordusu\u201d isimli ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc \u201cASALA\u201d etkili oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ASALA ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrk temsilcilik ve kurulu\u015flar\u0131na, T\u00fcrk diplomat ve b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilik g\u00f6revlilerine y\u00f6nelik silahl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar d\u00fczenlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ASALA\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ter\u00f6r, k\u0131sa zamanda h\u0131zla artt\u0131 ve yo\u011funluk kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa, \u00e7e\u015fitli do\u011fu \u00fclkeleri, Suriye ve L\u00fcbnan\u2019da \u00fcsler edinen Ermeniler; K\u0131br\u0131s Rum Y\u00f6netimi\u2019nden ve Yunanistan\u2019dan lojistik ve siyasi destek ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ASALA ter\u00f6r\u00fc, 1973\u2019te M\u0131g\u0131rdi\u00e7 Yan\u0131kyan adl\u0131 bir Ermeni\u2019nin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Los Angeles B\u00fcy\u00fck El\u00e7isi Mehmet Baydar ve Konsolos Bahad\u0131r Demir\u2019i \u015fehit etmesiyle eylemlerine ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 1973-1984 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrk diplomat ve temsilciler \u015fehit edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ASALA, 15 Temmuz 1983\u2019te Paris\u2019in Orly Havaalan\u0131\u2019ndaki Eylemi ile Avrupa\u2019daki deste\u011fini kaybetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1994\u2019ten sonra \u00f6rg\u00fct etkisini tamamen yitirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ermenilerin Faaliyetleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ermeni meselesi konusunda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi soyk\u0131r\u0131m yapan bir \u00fclke olarak tan\u0131mas\u0131 i\u00e7in Ermeni diasporas\u0131 ABD\u2019li y\u00f6neticileri ikna etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So\u011fuk Sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131ndan itibaren T\u00fcrkiye ile stratejik ortak olan ABD ise hem T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin m\u00fcttefikli\u011fini hem de Ermeni lobisinin deste\u011fini kaybetmekten ka\u00e7\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her y\u0131l 24 Nisan y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcmlerinde \u201csoyk\u0131r\u0131m\u201d kelimesi yerine \u201ckatliam, trajedi\u201d gibi kelimeler kullanarak T\u00fcrk ve Ermeni taraflar\u0131n\u0131 dengeleme yoluna gitmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Biden, 24 Nisan 2021’de 1915’te ya\u015fananlara “soyk\u0131r\u0131m” dedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa\u2019da ise Ermeni diasporas\u0131n\u0131n etkisi ABD\u2019de oldu\u011fu kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu konuda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 daha olumsuz bir tav\u0131r tak\u0131nan \u00fclke Fransa\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1972-1984 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ASALA\u2019n\u0131n i\u015fledi\u011fi cinayetleri Fransa\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesine ra\u011fmen, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n gerekli tepkiyi g\u00f6stermemi\u015f olmas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye-Fransa ili\u015fkilerini germi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ermenilerin yo\u011fun olarak ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir di\u011fer \u00fclke de Rusya\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusya, T\u00fcrkiye-Rusya ili\u015fkilerinde Ermenistan lehinde tutum sergilemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rus Dumas\u0131 (Meclisi) iki kez, 1995 ve 2005 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 iddialar\u0131n\u0131 kabul eden kararlar alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ermeni diasporas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc lobi faaliyetleri sonucu Ermeni meselesi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 siyasal bir koz olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r h\u00e2le gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye, sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn siyasi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, tarih\u00ee bir mesele oldu\u011funu savunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asker\u00ee Darbeler (1960 Darbesi)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mill\u00ee egemenli\u011fe dayanan T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti, yak\u0131n tarihte pek \u00e7ok kez mill\u00ee egemenli\u011fe ayk\u0131r\u0131 bi\u00e7imde m\u00fcdahaleler ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de iktidar\u0131n se\u00e7imle de\u011fil, kuvvet yoluyla el de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi amac\u0131yla T\u00fcrk Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetleri i\u00e7inde kurulan bir cunta antidemokratik ve hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir uygulamayla 27 May\u0131s 1960\u2019ta y\u00f6netime el koydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demokrat Parti kapat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demokrat Parti y\u00f6neticileri Yass\u0131ada\u2019da kurulan bir mahkemeyle yarg\u0131land\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mahkeme sonucunda Ba\u015fbakan Adnan Menderes, bakanlardan Fatin R\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc Zorlu ve Hasan Polatkan idam edildiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960 darbesini 1971 Asker\u00ee Muht\u0131ras\u0131 takip etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12 Mart Muht\u0131ras\u0131 1971<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

12 Mart 1971\u2019de Genel Kurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 ve d\u00f6rt kuvvet komutan\u0131n\u0131n imzalad\u0131klar\u0131 bir muht\u0131ra ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan darbe, T\u00fcrk siyasi tarihinde 12 Mart Muht\u0131ras\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

27 May\u0131s Asker\u00ee Darbesi\u2019nden farkl\u0131 olarak bu sefer y\u00f6netime el konulmad\u0131 ve parlamento kapat\u0131lmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fakat asker\u00ee komuta heyeti, antidemokratik bir y\u00f6ntemle, h\u00fck\u00fbmeti ve Meclis\u2019i muht\u0131radaki \u015fartlar\u0131 yerine getirilmedi\u011fi takdirde TBMM\u2019yi kapatacaklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek tehdit etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Muht\u0131radaki ilk istek, g\u00f6revdeki h\u00fck\u00fbmetin istifa etmesiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Se\u00e7imle g\u00f6reve gelmi\u015f olan Adalet Partisi H\u00fck\u00fbmeti ve Ba\u015fbakan S\u00fcleyman Demirel bu iste\u011fe boyun e\u011fmek zorunda kalarak istifa etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece ad\u0131 \u2018\u2019ara rejim\u2019\u2019 olarak konulan 12 Mart D\u00f6nemi ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980 Darbesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1970\u2019lerin ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de siyasi gerilim sokaklara ta\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6rev ba\u015f\u0131na gelen h\u00fck\u00fbmetler genelde k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli koalisyon h\u00fck\u00fbmetleri oldu\u011fundan \u00fclkede ya\u015fanan siyasi ve ekonomik sorunlara k\u00f6kl\u00fc \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler getiremediler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Artan politik gerilim ve ekonomik darbo\u011faz bir karga\u015fa ortam\u0131 yaratt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durumu gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6steren T\u00fcrk Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetleri komuta kademesi demokrasi d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir y\u00f6ntemle 12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980\u2019de mevcut h\u00fck\u00fbmete asker\u00ee darbe yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12 Eyl\u00fcl asker\u00ee y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan h\u00fck\u00fbmet g\u00f6revden al\u0131nd\u0131,.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TBMM la\u011fvedildi, partiler kapat\u0131ld\u0131 ve anayasa tamamen rafa kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Siyasi parti liderleri \u00f6nce asker\u00ee \u00fcslerde g\u00f6zetim alt\u0131nda tutuldu, ard\u0131ndan yarg\u0131land\u0131 ve siyasetle ilgilenmeleri yasakland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ya\u015fananlar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin demokratikle\u015fmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde yeni bir engel olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1961 ve 1982 Anayasalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk tarihinde anayasa deneyimi 1876 Kanun-\u0131 Esasi ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1921 Anayasas\u0131, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tan daha genel bir metindi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1924 Anayasas\u0131 ise yeni kurulan Cumhuriyet T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sinin yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 hedefliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

27 May\u0131s 1960\u2019da iktidardaki Demokrat Partinin asker\u00ee bir darbe ile devrilmesi, mill\u00ee iradenin demokratik olmayan bir bi\u00e7imde engellenmesiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu bak\u0131mdan T\u00fcrk demokrasisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olumsuz bir geli\u015fmeydi. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7ten sonra T\u00fcrk demokrasi tarihinde yer alan 1961 ve 1982 Anayasalar\u0131 ayn\u0131 olumsuz \u015fartlar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu anayasa metinleriydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1961 ve 1982 Anayasalar\u0131n\u0131n Benzer Y\u00f6nleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her iki anayasa da asker\u00ee darbe ile olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her iki anayasa da y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmeden \u00f6nce halkoyuna sunulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her iki anayasa da bir asker\u00ee, bir sivil kanad\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu kurallar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1961 \u0130le 1982 Anayasalar\u0131 Aras\u0131ndaki Farklar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1961 Anayasas\u0131 ile temel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetlerin s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, yarg\u0131sal denetime tabii k\u0131l\u0131narak \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fme sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oysa 1982 Anayasas\u0131 ile devlet otoritesinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131n, ki\u015filerin yarar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce geldi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ve toplumsal kayg\u0131lar sebebiyle hak ve h\u00fcrriyetlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlamalara gidilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1961 Anayasas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re devletin temel g\u00f6revi, sosyal devlet g\u00f6revini yerine getirmekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1982 Anayasas\u0131 ise g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devlet, otoriter idare kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1961 Anayasas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re 1982 Anayasas\u0131, y\u00fcr\u00fctmede cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n ve ba\u015fbakan\u0131n yetkilerini daha \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1961 Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda yasama yetkisi, Millet Meclisi ve Cumhuriyet Senatosu olarak iki meclis aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Parlamenter sistem uygulanm\u0131\u015f ama iki meclis sistemi getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1982 Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda ise Cumhuriyet Senatosu kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1961 Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda \u00e7o\u011fulcu bir yap\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015f, siyasi partiler g\u00fcvenceli bir hukuki stat\u00fcye kavu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Genel idare i\u00e7inde \u00f6zerk y\u00f6netimle, kendi kendilerini y\u00f6netme yetkisine sahip kurulu\u015flar\u0131n yap\u0131lanmas\u0131na izin verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1982 Anayasas\u0131\u2019ndaysa siyasi partiler, dernekler, kamu kurulu\u015flar\u0131na getirilen yasaklarla daha az kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 demokrasi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 benimsenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zerk y\u00f6netimle, kendi kendilerini y\u00f6netme yetkisine sahip kurulu\u015flar\u0131n yap\u0131lanmas\u0131na izin verilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1961 Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin niteli\u011fi tan\u0131mlan\u0131rken kullan\u0131lan \u201cinsan haklar\u0131na dayal\u0131\u201d ifadesinin yerine 1982 Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda \u201cinsan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131l\u0131\u201d ifadesi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1982 Anayasas\u0131, 1961 Anayasas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 maddeler i\u00e7ermektedir ve h\u00fck\u00fcmler detayland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7 G\u00f6\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 1960 sonras\u0131nda sosyal hayattaki de\u011fi\u015fiminin en ba\u015fta gelen unsuru ya\u015fanan i\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7lerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 1960 sonras\u0131nda k\u00f6yden kente do\u011fru ya\u015fanan bu g\u00f6\u00e7ler, hem kent hayat\u0131n\u0131 hem de k\u00f6y hayat\u0131n\u0131 derinden etkiledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7 G\u00f6\u00e7lerin Ya\u015fanmas\u0131na Etki Eden Ba\u015fl\u0131ca Unsurlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u0131zl\u0131 n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6ylerde topraklar\u0131n kalabal\u0131kla\u015fan n\u00fcfusa yetmemesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern tar\u0131m y\u00f6ntemlerinin geli\u015fmesiyle k\u00f6ylerde i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcne duyulan ihtiyac\u0131n azalmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6ylerde ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n kentlerdeki geli\u015fmi\u015f e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve kamu hizmetlerinden yararlanmak istemesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geli\u015fen ula\u015f\u0131m a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, k\u00f6y n\u00fcfusunun kentlere hareketini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7 G\u00f6\u00e7lerin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6\u00e7 veren yerlerde tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim azald\u0131, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k geri kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6\u00e7 alan kentlerde normalin \u00fcst\u00fcndeki n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7evre kirlili\u011fi, gecekondula\u015fma ve \u00e7arp\u0131k kentle\u015fme, e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve altyap\u0131 hizmetlerinin yetersiz kalmas\u0131 ve su\u00e7 oran\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6y ve kent n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki dengesizlik, siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hayata da yans\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 u\u00e7 politik e\u011filimler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

68 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan gen\u00e7lik hareketleri bu durumun en somut \u00f6rne\u011fi oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kent n\u00fcfusunun artmas\u0131yla do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 da sendikal faaliyetlerin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan itibaren edebiyatta toplumculuk yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 etkisini g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1970\u2019lerden itibaren toplumdaki politikle\u015fmenin h\u0131zlanmas\u0131, \u00e7arp\u0131k kentle\u015fmenin meydana \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar ve i\u015fsizli\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7, edebiyat\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca konular\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk sinemas\u0131 da toplumsal sorunlara a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vererek geli\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk sinemas\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermesiyle ilk kez 1964\u2019te Antalya Film Festivali d\u00fczenlenmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1970\u2019lerden itibaren sinemada teknik geli\u015fmeler ya\u015fansa da televizyonun T\u00fcrk toplum ya\u015fam\u0131na girmesiyle, sinema ikinci plana itildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kente g\u00f6\u00e7 eden ama kentte arad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bulamayan kesimler \u201carabesk\u201d ad\u0131 verilen yeni bir m\u00fczik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960\u2019lar\u0131n sonunda Bat\u0131\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Rock\u2019n Roll m\u00fczik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve yerli folklorun birle\u015ftirilmesiyle Anadolu Rock ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda yeni bir m\u00fczik tarz\u0131 da olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0131\u015f G\u00f6\u00e7ler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de k\u00f6yden kente g\u00f6\u00e7 zaman i\u00e7erisinde sanayile\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin insan g\u00fcc\u00fcne dayal\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak amac\u0131 ile d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc g\u00fcndeme getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli Avrupa \u00fclkeleriyle Libya ve Suudi Arabistan gibi Orta Do\u011fu \u00fclkeleri g\u00f6\u00e7 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7lerinin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eken Almanya\u2019ya yap\u0131lan g\u00f6\u00e7ler, 1958\u2019de ba\u015flad\u0131, 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda h\u0131zland\u0131. Almanya, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den i\u015f\u00e7i talep eden ilk \u00fclke oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na olan g\u00f6\u00e7ler 1974\u2019e kadar artarak devam etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1961-1986 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 1.3 milyon T\u00fcrkiye vatanda\u015f\u0131 Almanya ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli Avrupa \u00fclkelerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6\u00e7 etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerde do\u011fan T\u00fcrk \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n mill\u00ee k\u00fclt\u00fcr de\u011ferlerini \u00f6\u011frenmeleri ve korumalar\u0131 sorunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mill\u00ee de\u011ferlere yabanc\u0131la\u015fma ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yozla\u015fma, sosyal a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemli bir kay\u0131p olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrk i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisine katk\u0131lar\u0131 olumlu oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den sanayile\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelere yap\u0131lan bir ba\u015fka g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketi de beyin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doktor, m\u00fchendis, ekonomist, sanat\u00e7\u0131 vb. \u00e7e\u015fitli mesleklerde iyi yeti\u015fmi\u015f, yetenekli ve ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 insanlar\u0131n yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesi T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plar oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomide Ya\u015fanan Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 1950-1960 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ekonomi politikas\u0131, devlet\u00e7i ekonomik politikalardan liberal ekonomik politikalara ge\u00e7i\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda \u00e7ok partili demokratik d\u00fczene ge\u00e7ildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ok partili hayata ge\u00e7i\u015fle birlikte demokrasi kavram\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015f kitleler taraf\u0131ndan sahiplenilmesi, ekonomik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olan b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fmelere yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomik ve siyasi alanda liberalizmi savunan Demokrat Partinin amac\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 1950\u2019de iktidar olan Demokrat Parti D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde d\u0131\u015fa kapal\u0131 ve korumac\u0131 iktisat politikalar\u0131 h\u0131zla terk edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Serbest d\u0131\u015f ticaret rejimi benimsenerek ithalat yasa\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015f pazarlara y\u00f6nelik bir kalk\u0131nma anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 izlendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1954\u2019ten itibaren Demokrat Parti, d\u0131\u015f ticarette ve tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde meydana gelen t\u0131kanmalar sonucunda tar\u0131ma ve d\u0131\u015f ticarete dayal\u0131 sanayile\u015fme politikas\u0131n\u0131 terk etti ve \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmeye dayal\u0131 sanayile\u015fmeye \u00f6ncelik verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enflasyon oran\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeyi, d\u00f6viz ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 azaltmay\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015f ticaret a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kapatmay\u0131 hedefledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kamu \u0130ktisadi Te\u015fekk\u00fclleri (K\u0130T) ad\u0131 verilen devlete ait i\u015fletmeler kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1950-1960 d\u00f6neminde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ortalama b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131z\u0131 %6,3 oran\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen mill\u00ee gelir ise 166 dolardan 359 dolara \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960\u2019dan sonra anayasada yer alan sosyal devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 do\u011frultusunda hareket edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Planl\u0131 ekonomiye tekrar ge\u00e7ildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

24 Ocak 1980\u2019de ekonomiye y\u00f6n verecek baz\u0131 kararlar al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

24 Ocak 1980 Ekonomi Kararlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enflasyonun a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya \u00e7ekilmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Serbest piyasa ekonomisinin harekete ge\u00e7irilmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomiyi d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7arak d\u00f6viz gelirlerinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Al\u0131nan kararlar do\u011frultusunda T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinde k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir liberalle\u015fme s\u00fcreci ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1980\u201fde %2,8 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclen T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisi, 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llara gelindi\u011finde %5,6 b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1985 y\u0131l\u0131nda, katma de\u011fer vergisi (KDV) y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kondu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomide Ya\u015fanan Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 Bat\u0131 Bloku\u2019na yak\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, ABD\u2019nin tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni ekonomik sistemle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme s\u00fcrecine girmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1947\u2019de IMF ve D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131na \u00fcye oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD ile ili\u015fkilerini stratejik ortakl\u0131k d\u00fczeyine ta\u015f\u0131yan T\u00fcrkiye, bu kurulu\u015flardan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 krediler ve dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k destekleriyle yeni uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczene ve para sistemine d\u00e2hil oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye, ilk defa 1950\u2019de D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131ndan ve 1961\u2019de IMF\u2019den kredi ald\u0131. Daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k yard\u0131m\u0131 da alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye, 2008 k\u00fcresel krizi \u00f6ncesinde d\u00fcnyada bu kurulu\u015flardan en y\u00fcksek miktarda kredi alan \u00fclkeler aras\u0131na girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1994\u2019te T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki ekonomik krizin etkilerini yumu\u015fatmak i\u00e7in IMF\u2019nin iste\u011fi do\u011frultusunda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konan program \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u201c5 Nisan\u201d kararlar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye, 11 Mart 1947\u2019de \u00fcye oldu\u011fu IMF ile toplam 19 stand-by (s\u0131tend bay) anla\u015fmas\u0131 yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

52 y\u0131ll\u0131k bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te yap\u0131lan anla\u015fmalarla IMF\u2019den 50 milyar dolara yak\u0131n kredi ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fakat son d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye, ekonomide istikrar\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve s\u00fcrekli h\u00e2le getirilmesi i\u00e7in uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 politika ve \u00f6nlemler sayesinde IMF\u2019ye ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131ktan kurtulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye, IMF\u2019den bor\u00e7 alma d\u00f6nemini kapatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye, IMF\u2019ye olan borcunun son taksitini 14 May\u0131s 2013\u2019de \u00f6dedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ula\u015f\u0131mda Ya\u015fanan Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cumhuriyetin kuruldu\u011fu y\u0131llarda \u00fclkeyi kalk\u0131nd\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n elindeki demir yolu i\u015fletmeleri sat\u0131n al\u0131narak mill\u00eele\u015ftirilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de deniz yolu ile y\u00fck ve yolcu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da 1 Temmuz 1926\u2019da Kabotaj Kanunu\u2019nun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131yla geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1950\u2019den sonraki y\u0131llarda ise kara yollar\u0131, demir yoluna g\u00f6re \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de otomotiv sanayisinin, montaj yoluyla da olsa, kurulmas\u0131 kara yolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zla geli\u015fmesine neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geli\u015fmi\u015fli\u011fin g\u00f6stergelerinden biri kabul edilen otoyollar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ilk defa 1973 y\u0131l\u0131nda hizmete a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devrim Arabas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Cemal G\u00fcrsel, 16 Haziran 1961\u2019de t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yerli \u00fcretim bir otomobil yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 emretti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6revin, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demir Yollar\u0131 (TCDD) i\u015fletmesine verilmesi \u00fczerine 23 m\u00fchendis \u201cDevrim Arabas\u0131\u201d projesine ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk m\u00fchendisler, TCDD\u2019nin Eski\u015fehir\u2019deki fabrikas\u0131nda, 129 g\u00fcnde tamam\u0131yla yerli \u00fcretim olan \u00fc\u00e7 ara\u00e7 yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devrim Arabas\u0131 29 Ekim 1961\u2019de Cumhuriyetin kurulu\u015f y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen s\u00fcr\u00fc\u015f testiyle kamuoyuna takdim edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fakat d\u00f6nemin \u015fartlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bu projeye yeterince sahip \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yerli otomobil \u00fcretimi s\u00fcreci ba\u015far\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilemedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130leti\u015fimde Ya\u015fanan Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde 1847\u2019de ilk telgraf hatt\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 ve 1881\u2019de telefon hatt\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesiyle ileti\u015fim teknolojisi kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019ndeyse telgraf ve telefon hizmetleri yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1927\u2019de \u0130stanbul Radyosu kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960 sonras\u0131nda d\u00fcnyadaki geli\u015fmelere uygun olarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ileti\u015fim teknolojisi geli\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye Radyo Televizyon Kurumu (TRT) kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1968\u2019de TRT taraf\u0131ndan televizyon yay\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1973\u2019te teleks, 1979\u2019da uydu teknolojisi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1983\u2019ten sonra ileti\u015fimde otomatik santrallerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 telefonu yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye 1986 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 cihazlar\u0131, 1994 y\u0131l\u0131ndaysa Mobil \u0130leti\u015fim \u0130\u00e7in K\u00fcresel Sistem (GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications) teknolojisiyle tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ilk kez 12 Nisan 1993\u2019te kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanan internet, GSM ve modern teknoloji ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla birlikte kullan\u0131larak h\u0131zla yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a012. s\u0131n\u0131f T.C. \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi ve Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck dersi\u00a07. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0Toplumsal Devrim \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda\u00a0D\u00fcnya ve T\u00fcrkiye\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a012. s\u0131n\u0131f \u0130nk\u0131lap […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1339,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[159],"tags":[95,6],"class_list":["post-1833","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-12-sinif-inkilap-tarihi-ders-notlari","tag-12-sinif-inkilap-tarihi","tag-tarih-ders-notlari"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/12.SINIF-INKILAP-NOTLAR.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"\n\u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi 7. \u00dcnite\u00a0Toplumsal Devrim \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda\u00a0D\u00fcnya ve T\u00fcrkiye - 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