{"id":1837,"date":"2024-11-11T19:38:01","date_gmt":"2024-11-11T16:38:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=1837"},"modified":"2024-11-11T19:38:03","modified_gmt":"2024-11-11T16:38:03","slug":"iii-bolum-turk-kaganliklari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/11\/iii-bolum-turk-kaganliklari\/","title":{"rendered":"III. B\u00f6l\u00fcm T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131klar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0Se\u00e7meli Ortak T\u00fcrk Tarihi<\/strong>\u00a0dersi 3. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131klar\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0Ortak T\u00fcrk Tarihi kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf<\/strong>\u00a0ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. G\u00fcncel tarih ders kitab\u0131na uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131klar\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0dersi notlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. B\u00f6l\u00fcm T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131klar\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. K\u00d6K T\u00dcRK KA\u011eANLI\u011eI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 552-744 y\u0131llar\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ilk merkez\u00ee Avrasya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu olarak bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hanedan 552 y\u0131l\u0131nda Altay Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131 eteklerinde ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrklerin A\u015fina boyu mensubu iki karde\u015f Bumin ve \u0130stemi taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015f y\u00f6neticisi Ka\u011fan unvan\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 Uzak Do\u011fu\u2019dan Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyine kadar ve G\u00fcney Sibirya\u2019dan Horasan ve Kuzey Hindistan\u2019a kadar ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihte ilk kez T\u00fcrk ad\u0131n\u0131n devlet ad\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihinde<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bumin Ka\u011fan (552-553), Mukan Ka\u011fan (553-572), \u0130stemi Yabgu (568-576), \u0130lteri\u015f Kutluk Ka\u011fan (682-692), Kapgan Ka\u011fan (692-716), Bilge Ka\u011fan (716-734) g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar olarak bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stemi ve Mukan Ka\u011fan d\u00f6neminde Ka\u011fanl\u0131k zirveye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

682-725 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 ka\u011fana aygu\u00e7\u0131 (ba\u015f vezir) olmu\u015f Tonyukuk, ordu komutan\u0131 K\u00fcltegin (\u00f6l.731) ve di\u011ferlerinin devletin y\u00fckselmesinde hizmetleri b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u011fanl\u0131k merkezi \u00d6t\u00fcken (Orhun vadisi \/ Mo\u011folistan) olan Do\u011fu K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk (552-630, 682-744) ve merkezi Suyab (Yedisu) olan Bat\u0131 K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (568-740) olarak iki kanattan y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bumin Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n nesilleri G\u00fcney Sibirya, Mo\u011folistan, Uzak Do\u011fu ve Kuzey \u00c7in\u2019i Do\u011fu K\u00f6k T\u00fcrkleri olarak y\u00f6netmi\u015flerdir. Eski T\u00fcrklerce kutsal say\u0131lan \u00d6t\u00fcken, Orhun Vadisi\u2019nde yer almakta olup burada ka\u011fanlar taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk milletine (bodun) hitap eden bir\u00e7ok yaz\u0131l\u0131 ta\u015f (bitik ta\u015f) dikilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tonyukuk, Bilge Ka\u011fan ve K\u00fcltegin yaz\u0131tlar\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131n\u0131n birlik sa\u011flamalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ancak bu birlik sayesinde halk\u0131n \u201cBeng\u00fc \u0130l\u201d tutabilecekleri ve millet olarak var olabilecekleri vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Altay Da\u011flar\u0131ndan Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyine, \u0130dil ve Yay\u0131k\u2019tan Kuzey Hindistan\u2019a kadar olan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ise \u0130stemi Yabgu\u2019nun nesilleri Bat\u0131 K\u00f6k T\u00fcrkleri olarak ellerinde tutmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6k T\u00fcrkler ilkin Sasanilerle dost\u00e7a ili\u015fkilerde bulunmu\u015f ancak \u0130ran taraf\u0131ndan K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n\u0131n beraberinde g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fckleri ipek e\u015fyalar\u0131n yak\u0131lmas\u0131yla arada sava\u015f ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk ordular\u0131 Herat (Afganistan) ve \u0130sfahan\u2019a (\u0130ran) kadar ilerlemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizans ve Ka\u011fanl\u0131k m\u00fcnasebetleri ise genelde \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 el\u00e7iler gidip gelmi\u015f, m\u00fcttefik olarak Sasanilere kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stemi Yabgu ve torunu Tun Yabgu Ka\u011fan (618-630) d\u00f6neminde K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk el\u00e7ileri Bizans\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Konstantin\u043epolis\u2019e (\u0130stanbul) devaml\u0131 gidip gelmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. AVAR KA\u011eANLI\u011eI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 VI-IX. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019da kalan Hun topluluklar\u0131 ve Orta Asya\u2019dan gelen di\u011fer T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131n\u0131n kayna\u015fmas\u0131yla kurulan bir imparatorluktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kurucusu Bayan Ka\u011fan\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 Tuna Nehri\u2019nin orta havzas\u0131, Transilvanya, Panonya (Macaristan) ve Karpatlar\u0131 kapsam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avarlar, Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 sava\u015flar yapm\u0131\u015f, bir\u00e7ok Cermen ve Slav kabilesini h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6nemin baz\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131nda Avarlar\u0131n Orta Asya\u2019dan geldikleri ve Hunlar\u0131n torunlar\u0131 olduklar\u0131 kayd\u0131 ge\u00e7mektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. HAZAR KA\u011eANLI\u011eI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu devlet VII-XI. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kurucular\u0131 A\u015fina Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Bat\u0131 K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk kolundand\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Merkez\u00ee topraklar\u0131 A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u0130dil (Volga) Havzas\u0131 ve Hazar Denizi\u2019nin kuzeybat\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fkenti farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde tarih\u00ee Hanbal\u0131k (Semender, Da\u011f\u0131stan), \u0130dil, Belencer ve Sarkel \u015fehirleri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyinden Aral G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ne kadar, Azerbaycan\u2019dan Urallara kadar uzanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zellikle Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri, Kumuklar, Kara\u00e7ay-Balkarlar ve K\u0131r\u0131m T\u00fcrklerinin olu\u015fumunda Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n rol\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geni\u015f topraklar \u00fczerinde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, Hristiyan, Musevi ve eski T\u00fcrk dininden insanlar beraberce ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devletin \u00fcst tabakas\u0131 Musevili\u011fi kabul etmi\u015fti. Hazar k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc Rus, Macar gibi milletlerin de k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne tesir etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. T\u00dcRGE\u015e KA\u011eANLI\u011eI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu devlet 699-766 y\u0131llar\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, Bat\u0131 K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n halefi olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bat\u0131 K\u00f6k T\u00fcrklerin On Ok kabile ittifak\u0131na d\u00e2hil T\u00fcrge\u015f boyu mensubu U\u00e7ele (Y\u00fczl\u00fcg) Ka\u011fan (699-705) taraf\u0131ndan 699 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f, y\u00f6netim merkezi Suyab \u015fehri olmu\u015ftur. S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 Yedisu ve civar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En me\u015fhur h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Sulu Ka\u011fan (715-738) Bat\u0131 K\u00f6k T\u00fcrklere vasal vaha devletleri \u00fczerinde siyasi n\u00fcfuz sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrge\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 So\u011fd yaz\u0131s\u0131yla \u201c\u0130lahi T\u00fcrge\u015f Ka\u011fan sikkesi\u201d unvan\u0131yla bronz para bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrge\u015f Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7in ve Araplara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015flar yapm\u0131\u015f ve zafere ula\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. K\u0131rg\u0131z Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n da T\u00fcrge\u015flerle m\u00fcttefiklik m\u00fcnasebeti olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Araplar ile \u00c7inliler aras\u0131ndaki Talas Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda (751), Karluk T\u00fcrklerinin Araplara deste\u011fiyle \u00c7in ordusu yenildi. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan bu olay\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u0130slamiyet Orta Asya\u2019da yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131. Talas Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndaki zafer \u00c7in\u2019in Orta Asya\u2019daki etkisini zay\u0131flatt\u0131. \u0130slamiyet\u2019i ilk benimseyenlerden biri Horasan, Mavera\u00fcnnehir ve Yedisu\u2019daki T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131 olmu\u015f; daha sonra Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Volga Bulgaristan topraklar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda bu din h\u0131zla yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. UYGUR KA\u011eANLI\u011eI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do\u011fu K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n varisi olan Uygur Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 VIII-IX. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f bir devlettir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Siyasi merkezi \u00d6t\u00fcken\u2019deki Ordubal\u0131k\u2019t\u0131r. Uzak Do\u011fu, G\u00fcney Sibirya ve Kuzey \u00c7in topraklar\u0131 Uygur Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyetindedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kurucusu Kutlu\u011f Bilge K\u00fcl-Ka\u011fan, \u00c7in\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 sava\u015flar s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f; Mo\u011fol ve Man\u00e7u as\u0131ll\u0131 topluluklar\u0131 itaatine alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6g\u00fc Ka\u011fan d\u00f6neminde Manihaizm dini yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015f, Ordubal\u0131k (Karabalgasun) \u015fehrinde Mani tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uygur Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde T\u00fcrk Bitik ve So\u011fd yaz\u0131s\u0131 temelindeki Eski Uygur alfabesi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk runik harfleriyle yaz\u0131lan \u015eine-Usu (Bayan-\u00c7ur), Ordubal\u0131k abideleri Uygur Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihini anlatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

840 y\u0131l\u0131nda Uygur Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra Uygurlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019in kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131ndaki Kansu (Kan\u00e7ou) b\u00f6lgesine gelerek burada Kansu-Uygur Devleti\u2019ni, Turfan vahas\u0131nda ise Ko\u00e7u devletini kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Kansu Uygurlar\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019le ticari ili\u015fkilerde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. KO\u00c7U UYGUR DEVLET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu devlet IX. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Mo\u011fol hakimiyetine girene kadar varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk ve Uygur Ka\u011fanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n varisleri taraf\u0131ndan kurulan bu devlet Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n Turfan ve Kumul b\u00f6lgelerini ihtiva etmi\u015ftir. Kurucusu Pan-Tegin\u2019dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Manihaizm, Budizm inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fti\u011fi y\u00fcksek bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ortam yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kendisinden sonra Budist tap\u0131naklar\u0131, duvar resimleri, heykeller; Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, So\u011fd ve Pehlev\u00ee dillerinde yaz\u0131lan epigrafik yadig\u00e2rlar b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uygur soylular\u0131 yeni dinlerini halk\u0131n \u00f6\u011frenmesi amac\u0131yla \u00e7ok say\u0131da kitap yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kitaplar\u0131n bas\u0131m\u0131nda matbaan\u0131n temeli say\u0131labilecek kal\u0131plar kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. KARLUK YABGULU\u011eU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

VII-IX. y\u00fczy\u0131llarla tarihlendirilen Karluk Yabgulu\u011fu eski T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131ndan biri olan Karluklar taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur. Orhun B\u00f6lgesi (Mo\u011folistan), Altaylar ve Tarbagatay\u2019da (Do\u011fu Kazakistan) ya\u015fayan Karluk T\u00fcrkleri g\u00fcneybat\u0131ya g\u00f6\u00e7 edip 766 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yedisu\u2019daki T\u00fcrgi\u015f Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyetine son vererek Taraz (Talas) merkezli bir Yabguluk kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta Asya\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda Uygur Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 mevcut bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in s\u00f6z konusu siyasi birlik ka\u011fanl\u0131k derecesine ula\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak daha sonra Karluklar\u0131n kuvvetlenerek k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine ka\u011fanl\u0131k derecesine ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Yedisu\u2019daki eski \u015fehir kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131nda bulunan So\u011fdca yaz\u0131l\u0131 bak\u0131r sikkelerde \u201cKarluk-Ka\u011fan\u201d tabirinin g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi bunu teyit etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karluklar, 940 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6nce Kuzey \u00c7in\u2019e h\u00e2kim olan Kitanlar\u0131n (Kara-H\u0131tay), sonra Tangutlar\u0131n, daha sonra da Cengiz Han idaresindeki Mo\u011follar\u0131n egemenli\u011fini kabul etmi\u015flerdir (1226).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. KIRGIZ KA\u011eANLI\u011eI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131rg\u0131zlar, VI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Yenisey\u2019in \u00fcst k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda kendi devletini kurmu\u015f olmakla birlikte 555 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u00f6kT\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 par\u00e7aland\u0131ktan sonra tekrar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131na kavu\u015fan K\u0131rg\u0131zlar 648 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131na ilk el\u00e7ilerini g\u00f6ndermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

VII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonu ile VIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc y\u00f6netici Barsbek\u2019in etraf\u0131nda toplanm\u0131\u015flar ve K\u00f6k T\u00fcrklerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tekrar kazanmas\u0131ndan sonra K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk h\u00e2kimiyetine girmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

VIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n 20-30\u2019lu y\u0131llar\u0131nda K\u0131rg\u0131z Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yeniden ilan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

840 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u0131rg\u0131zlar \u00d6t\u00fcken\u2019de Uygur Devleti\u2019ni ma\u011flup ederek yeniden K\u0131rg\u0131z Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 olu\u015fturdular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

840-924 y\u0131llar\u0131nda K\u0131rg\u0131z Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n topraklar\u0131 Man\u00e7urya\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131ndan Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019na kadar geni\u015f bir b\u00f6lgede yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn hacim ve i\u00e7erik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ender rastlanan eserlerinden biri olan Manas Destan\u0131\u2019nda K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u0131n bu d\u00f6nemine ait tarih\u00ee olaylar da ge\u00e7mektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yenisey Yaz\u0131t\u0131\u2019n\u0131n IX. asr\u0131n ortas\u0131nda K\u0131rg\u0131z Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde dikildi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Mo\u011follar taraf\u0131ndan yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 G\u00fcney Sibirya\u2019da ya\u015famaya devam etmi\u015f, di\u011fer k\u0131sm\u0131 ise IX-XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda birka\u00e7 dalga h\u00e2linde Altay Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131 kesimine ve Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n kuzeybat\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerine g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. K\u0130MEK VE KIP\u00c7AK DEVLETLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kimek Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, IX-X. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Bat\u0131 Altaylar ve Balka\u015f G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kuzeydo\u011fusunda ya\u015fayan Kimek T\u00fcrkleri taraf\u0131ndan kurulannbir devlettir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So\u011fuk ve sert iklim \u015fartlar\u0131nda ya\u015famalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Kimeklerin k\u00fclt\u00fcr seviyesi y\u00fcksek olup \u015fehir ve kasabalar kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131p\u00e7ak Devleti ise Avrasya bozk\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, \u015fimdiki Kazakistan\u2019\u0131n bozk\u0131r b\u00f6lgeleri ve civar\u0131nda XI-XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kimek Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zay\u0131flad\u0131ktan sonra K\u0131p\u00e7aklar onlar\u0131n topraklar\u0131nda egemenlik sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131p\u00e7aklar XI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na do\u011fru \u0130dil nehrini ge\u00e7erek bat\u0131ya y\u00f6nelmi\u015flerdir. Sonradan Bizans ve Bulgaristan b\u00f6lgerine taarruz yaparak 1071-1080 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Tuna\u2019ya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baz\u0131 K\u0131p\u00e7ak boylar\u0131 di\u011fer T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131yla birlikte K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019ya do\u011fru yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece XI-XII. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Altaylardan Karpat ve Tuna Nehri\u2019ne uzanan binlerce kilometrelik topraklarda ya\u015fayan topluluklar K\u0131p\u00e7ak olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylesine geni\u015f bir alanda bir hanl\u0131k de\u011fil, bir\u00e7ok K\u0131p\u00e7ak Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131p\u00e7ak Beylikleri Cengiz Han ordular\u0131n\u0131n bu topraklar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesiyle son bulmu\u015ftur. Sonradan T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol kabileleriyle kar\u0131\u015fan yerli K\u0131p\u00e7ak boylar\u0131 Alt\u0131n Orda ve di\u011fer Cengiz\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 hanedanlar\u0131n y\u00f6netimine kat\u0131larak b\u00f6lgenin siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hayat\u0131nda \u00f6nemli yer tutmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu topluluk Bizansl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan Kun, Kuman, Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan da Polovets olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrklerinin aras\u0131nda Bizans kaynaklar\u0131nda Uz, Rus y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131nda Torki (T\u00fcrk) olarak ge\u00e7en O\u011fuz T\u00fcrkleri de bulunmu\u015f ve bu T\u00fcrkler \u015fimdiki Ukrayna topraklar\u0131nda kendi siyasi te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131 K\u0131p\u00e7aklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bulunan O\u011fuz gruplar\u0131ndan Uz di\u011fer ad\u0131yla Torkilerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 di\u011fer T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131 gibi zamanla Ukrayna ve civar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan yerlilerle kayna\u015farak Slavla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise Bizans \u0130mparatorlar\u0131na paral\u0131 asker olarak hizmet etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paral\u0131 asker g\u00f6revindekiler daha sonra Sel\u00e7uklu\u2013Bizans sava\u015flar\u0131nda akrabalar\u0131 olan O\u011fuzlar taraf\u0131na ge\u00e7erek Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n Anadolu\u2019yu ele ge\u00e7irmelerine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Milad\u00ee 1000 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayan T\u00fcrklerin Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019ya s\u00fcrekli g\u00f6\u00e7leri K\u0131p\u00e7aklar\u0131n bat\u0131ya ilerlemesiyle h\u0131z kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zellikle Macaristan ve civar\u0131na IV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Hun T\u00fcrkleri d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flayarak Avar, Bulgar, On Ogur, Pe\u00e7enek, Kun, Kuman (K\u0131p\u00e7ak) gibi T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131n\u0131n gelip yerle\u015fmesiyle buralarda T\u00fcrk varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Macaristan\u2019da Fin-Ugor ve di\u011fer T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla \u015fimdiki Macar halk\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015f, Macar devletinin ad\u0131 Hungaria ise T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Hun veya On Ogur etnik adlar\u0131n\u0131n birle\u015fiminden meydana gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizansl\u0131lar\u0131n T\u00fcrk terimini ilk olarak Macarlar i\u00e7in kullanm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 da ilgi \u00e7ekicidir. K\u0131p\u00e7ak Devleti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131, Avrasya\u2019n\u0131n geni\u015f bozk\u0131rlar\u0131nda onlarca K\u0131p\u00e7ak boyunun yeni yurtlar edinmesi, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin K\u0131p\u00e7ak leh\u00e7esinin yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonradan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve Kazak\u00e7a, K\u0131rg\u0131zca, Tatarca, Ba\u015fkurt\u00e7a, Karakalpak\u00e7a, Nogayca, Kumuk\u00e7a, Kara\u00e7ay-Balkarca gibi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde birer yaz\u0131 dili h\u00e2line gelen leh\u00e7eler K\u0131p\u00e7ak leh\u00e7esi temelinde olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Azerbaycan T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumunda da K\u0131p\u00e7aklar\u0131n katk\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. T\u00dcRK KA\u011eANLIKLARI D\u00d6NEM\u0130NDE SOSYAL, EKONOM\u0130K VE K\u00dcLT\u00dcREL HAYAT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde ka\u011fanlar\u0131n kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131nda bulunan topraklarda biri di\u011ferinden farkl\u0131 dillerde konu\u015fan pek \u00e7ok millet (T\u00fcrk, Mo\u011fol, \u00c7in, Tohar, So\u011fd, Baktriyal\u0131, Fars, Hint, Kafkasya kavimleri, Yunan, Slav ve daha onlarca toplum) ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta Asya\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcccar kavmi olarak bilinen \u0130ran as\u0131ll\u0131 So\u011fdlular ise ka\u011fanl\u0131klar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 ticaretinde etkili olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde \u0130pek Yolu\u2019nun hem g\u00fcney hem de kuzey hatlar\u0131n\u0131n esas k\u0131sm\u0131 T\u00fcrklerin kontrol\u00fcnde olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00d6t\u00fcken Vadisi, Ordubal\u0131k (Karabalgasun), Ordos, Be\u015fbal\u0131k, Suyab, Taraz, Otrar, \u00c7a\u00e7 gibi \u015fehir ve \u00fclkeler ka\u011fanl\u0131klar\u0131n hem y\u00f6netim hem de iktisadi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel merkezi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler tek yarat\u0131c\u0131 Tanr\u0131\u2019ya inanm\u0131\u015f ve kendi inan\u00e7 sistemlerine sahip olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu inan\u00e7 sisteminde Umay ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen tanr\u0131\u00e7a, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 koruyan, kut ve bereket hamisidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bununla beraber, Amuderya-Sirderya aras\u0131 ve Yedisu b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda Zerd\u00fc\u015ftilik dini de yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Hindistan ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda Budizm yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Mo\u011folistan ve Altaylar\u2019a kadar etki yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na do\u011fru Uygur Ka\u011fanlar\u0131n\u0131n Manihaizm dinini benimsemesiyle bu din Orta Asya\u2019dan Sibirya ve Uzak Do\u011fu\u2019ya kadar yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk y\u00f6neticileri kendi saraylar\u0131n\u0131n duvarlar\u0131n\u0131 saray hayat\u0131, din\u00ee ayinler, e\u011flence, av ve sava\u015f sahnelerini anlatan tasvirlerle bezetmeye \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ESK\u0130 T\u00dcRKLERDE KADININ KONUMU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski T\u00fcrklerde kad\u0131nlara e\u015fit bak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, onlar toplum hayat\u0131n\u0131n her alan\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle siyasette yer edinmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sakalar d\u00f6neminde kad\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar Tomris, Asya Hunlar\u0131nda \u0130mparator \u015eany\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn yan\u0131nda devlet i\u015fleriyle u\u011fra\u015fan E\u00e7i unvanl\u0131 melikeler, eski T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde ise mevkice ka\u011fandan sonra gelen Hatun unvanl\u0131 ba\u015fmelikeler buna \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131 K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk sikkelerinde ise \u00e7ifte portre h\u00e2linde h\u00fck\u00fcmdar ve melike tasvirinin yan yana bulunmas\u0131, sikkenin arka y\u00fcz\u00fcnde Hatun unvan\u0131n\u0131n yer almas\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n toplumdaki mevkiini tespit eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hatunlar, Ka\u011fan sava\u015fa gitti\u011fi zaman devlet i\u015flerine bakm\u0131\u015f, el\u00e7ileri kabul etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0Se\u00e7meli Ortak T\u00fcrk Tarihi\u00a0dersi 3. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131klar\u0131\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0Ortak T\u00fcrk Tarihi kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1381,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[108],"tags":[112,6],"class_list":["post-1837","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ortak-turk-tarihi-ders-notlari","tag-ortak-turk-tarihi","tag-tarih-ders-notlari"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"\nIII. 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