{"id":1839,"date":"2024-11-11T19:51:27","date_gmt":"2024-11-11T16:51:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=1839"},"modified":"2024-11-11T19:51:29","modified_gmt":"2024-11-11T16:51:29","slug":"iv-bolum-ilk-turk-islam-devletleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/11\/iv-bolum-ilk-turk-islam-devletleri\/","title":{"rendered":"IV. B\u00f6l\u00fcm \u0130lk T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Devletleri"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0<strong>Se\u00e7meli Ortak T\u00fcrk Tarihi<\/strong>\u00a0dersi 4. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0<strong>\u0130lk T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Devletleri<\/strong>\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0<strong>\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0<strong>Ortak T\u00fcrk Tarihi kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf<\/strong>\u00a0ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. G\u00fcncel tarih ders kitab\u0131na uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0<strong>\u0130lk T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Devletleri<\/strong>\u00a0dersi notlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ortak T\u00fcrk Tarihi 4. B\u00f6l\u00fcm \u0130lk T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Devletleri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. ORTA ASYA\u2019DA \u0130SLAM\u0130YET\u2019\u0130N YAYILMASI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">650\u2019li y\u0131llardan 750\u2019li y\u0131llara kadar Buhara, Semerkant, \u015ea\u015f (\u00c7a\u00e7\/Ta\u015fkent), Fergana, \u0130sficab (Sayram) \u0130slam ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fuda \u00c7in\u2019le u\u011fra\u015fmak zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ralarda bat\u0131daki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na yeterince m\u00fcdahale edememi\u015ftir. Bu da \u0130slamiyet\u2019in b\u00f6lgede h\u0131zla yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrge\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Sulu Ka\u011fan (715-738) Araplara kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek 731 y\u0131l\u0131nda onlar\u0131 Maver\u00fcnnehir\u2019den \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015fsa da kendisinin 738 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesiye b\u00f6lgede hilafet ordusuna kar\u015f\u0131 duracak b\u00fcy\u00fck siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7 kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Araplarla \u00c7inliler aras\u0131ndaki Talas Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda (751) Karluk T\u00fcrklerinin Araplar\u0131 desteklemesiyle \u00c7in ordular\u0131 bozguna u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece Orta Asya\u2019da \u0130slam dininin yay\u0131lmas\u0131 h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lk \u00f6nce Horasan, Mavera\u00fcnnehir ve Yedisu\u2019daki T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Daha sonra Hazar ve \u0130dil Bulgar Ka\u011fanl\u0131klar\u0131 topraklar\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda \u0130slam dininin yay\u0131lmas\u0131 h\u0131z kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130slam\u2019\u0131n ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcye dayanan ve evrensel bir din olmas\u0131, zaten \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu tek tanr\u0131l\u0131 inanca sahip T\u00fcrklerin M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7mesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle M\u00fcsl\u00fcman t\u00fcccar, el\u00e7i ve din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n Orta Asya bozk\u0131rlar\u0131na giderek T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda \u0130slamiyet\u2019i te\u015fvik etmeleri etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. O\u011eUZ YABGULU\u011eU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sirderya\u2019n\u0131n orta havzalar\u0131nda VIII-IX. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda O\u011fuz Yabgu Devleti kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O\u011fuz Yabgu Devleti\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 kuzey ve kuzeydo\u011fuda Kara\u00e7uk (Karatau) Da\u011flar\u0131 ve Yedisu\u2019nun bat\u0131s\u0131na (\u0130sficab b\u00f6lgesine), bat\u0131da ise Cend (A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Sirderya) ve Aral G\u00f6l\u00fc civar\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O\u011fuz Yabgu Devleti kendi sikkelerini bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O\u011fuz Yabgulu\u011fu d\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131 hayat\u0131n\u0131 en g\u00fczel bi\u00e7imde anlatan edeb\u00ee eser O\u011fuz T\u00fcrk\u00e7esiyle yaz\u0131lan Kitab-\u0131 Dede Korkut destan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O\u011fuz T\u00fcrklerinin ad\u0131n\u0131 Araplar ve Farslar \u201cGuzz\u201d \u015feklinde s\u00f6ylemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O\u011fuz Yabgulu\u011fu bir m\u00fcddet Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. O\u011fuz Yabgu Devleti daha sonra kurulan Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin (XI-XII. y\u00fczy\u0131llar) temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. KARAHANLILAR HAKANLI\u011eI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Karahanl\u0131lar Hanedan\u0131 840-1212 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Orta Asya\u2019da kurulan ve h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren ilk T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam devletidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Onun temelini k\u00f6keni muhtemelen A\u015fina Hanedan\u0131\u2019na dayanan Bilge K\u00fcl Kadir Han atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130slamiyet\u2019i resm\u00ee olarak se\u00e7en ilk Karahanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Satuk Bu\u011fra Han\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kuruldu\u011fu topraklar Yedisu ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan olan Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca y\u00f6netim merkezleri K\u00e2\u015fgar ve Balasagun \u015fehirleri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Karahanl\u0131lar 999 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mavera\u00fcnnehir\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irerek Samani Devleti\u2019ne son vermi\u015flerdir. Uzgend (Fergane vadisi), Semerkant ve Buhara \u015fehirleri bu devletin y\u00f6netim merkezlerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cHakaniler\u201d, \u201cAfrasiyab O\u011fullar\u0131\u201d, \u201cT\u00fcrk Hakanlar\u0131\u201d veya \u201c\u0130lek Hanlar\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bilinen bu siyasi birlik Yedisu ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan merkezli Do\u011fu Karahanl\u0131lar (1040-XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131), Mavera\u00fcnnehir merkezli Bat\u0131 Karahanl\u0131lar (1040-1212) olarak iki k\u0131s\u0131mdan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1025 y\u0131l\u0131nda Karahanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Yusuf Kadir Han (1024-1032) ve Gazneli Sultan\u0131 Gazneli Mahmut (998-1030) y\u00fcz y\u00fcze g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131 ilgilendiren meselelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Arslan bin Sel\u00e7uk ve emrindeki O\u011fuzlar\u0131n Horasan\u2019a nakledilmesi hususunda karara varm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden di\u011fer bir T\u00fcrk Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Asyas\u0131\u2019nda b\u00fcy\u00fck siyasi geli\u015fmelere yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 Melik\u015fah (1072-1092), 1082 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mavera\u00fcnnehir\u2019i zaptedip, \u00d6zkent\u2019e (Fergana) gelince Do\u011fu Karahanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Hasan Han, Melik\u015fah\u2019\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyetini tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f ve Karahanl\u0131lar Sel\u00e7uklulara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1141 y\u0131l\u0131nda Semerkant yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki Katvan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019nde Sel\u00e7uklular ve Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fcttefik ordular\u0131 Karahitaylara yenilmi\u015f b\u00f6ylece Karahanl\u0131lar devletinin bat\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131 da Karahitaylar\u0131n egemenli\u011fine girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Karahanl\u0131lar Devleti\u2019nde y\u00f6netim Eski T\u00fcrk geleneklerine g\u00f6re s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmekle beraber<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00fcsl\u00fcman gelenekleri de uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Karahanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticilerinin ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 Kara \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck\u201d, Arslan, Tonga \u201cpars\u201d,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu\u011fra \u201cerkek deve\u201d unvanlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fc K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk d\u00f6nemine kadar inmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130slam kaynaklar\u0131nda Karahanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 ile ilgili \u201cAfrasiyab o\u011fullar\u0131\u201d tabiri s\u0131k s\u0131k kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kaynaklarda Afrasiyab\u2019\u0131n lakab\u0131 ya da T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ad\u0131 olarak Alp Er Tonga tabiri ge\u00e7mektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Balasagunlu Yusuf ve K\u00e2\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut gibi T\u00fcrk bilim insanlar\u0131 ve Ahmed Yesev\u00ee gibi bir T\u00fcrk mutasavv\u0131f\u0131 Karahanl\u0131lar D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin \u00f6nemli isimlerine \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>BALASAGUNLU YUSUF (YUSUF HAS HAC\u0130B)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Balasagunlu Yusuf 1017-1077 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00fcnyaca \u00fcnl\u00fc eseri Kutadgu<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bilig\u2019i \u201cKutlu\/Mutluluk Veren Bilgi\u201d yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu eser T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slami d\u00f6nemdeki bilinen ilk edeb\u00ee \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u00fck\u00fcmdarlara \u00f6\u011f\u00fct veren ilk \u201csiyasetname\u201d \u00f6zelli\u011fi de ta\u015f\u0131r. Yusuf bu eseri 1070 y\u0131l\u0131nda Karahanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Ulu\u011f Kara Bu\u011fra Han\u2019a takdim etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>K\u00c2\u015eGARLI MAHMUT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u00e2\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut Barsgan \u015fehrinde 1029-1038 y\u0131llar\u0131 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u00e2\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut, d\u00f6nemin b\u00fct\u00fcn klasik ilimlerini tahsil etmi\u015f, Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftir. Kendisini T\u00fcrk dili ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na adam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ama\u00e7la Orta Asya\u2019y\u0131 boydan boya katederek Anadolu\u2019ya, oradan da Ba\u011fdat\u2019a gitmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Onun en b\u00fcy\u00fck eseri D\u00eev\u00e2nu Lug\u00e2ti\u2019t-T\u00fcrk \u201cT\u00fcrk Dilleri S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201c Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta 1072-1077 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup o d\u00f6nemdeki T\u00fcrk dilleri hakk\u0131nda geni\u015f bilgi veren ansiklopedik kaynak de\u011ferindedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>HOCA AHMET YESEV\u00ce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hoca Ahmet Yesev\u00ee XII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f bir T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kendisi halk aras\u0131nda Hazret-i Sultan ad\u0131yla me\u015fhur olmu\u015ftur. Ahmet Buhara\u2019da tahsil g\u00f6rerek \u0130slam \u00e2limi Yusuf Hemedan\u00ee\u2019den ders alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Emir Timur\u2019un emriyle Hoca Ahmet Yesev\u00ee\u2019nin defnolundu\u011fu Yesi (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkistan) \u015fehrinde M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ziyaret edece\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00fclliye in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. SACO\u011eULLARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk devletlerinden biri IX-X. Y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Azerbaycan\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olan Saco\u011fullar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Devletin kurucusu Muhammed Saco\u011flu\u2019dur. Saco\u011fullar\u0131 \u00f6nceleri \u0130slam devletinde vali gibi hizmet etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Devletin ba\u015fkentleri \u00f6nce Mera\u011fa, sonra Erdebil olmu\u015ftur. Saco\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131ndan biri Yusuf Saco\u011flu\u2019dur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u00fck\u00fcmdar Yusuf\u2019un kendi ad\u0131na para bast\u0131rmas\u0131, topraklar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletip hanedan\u0131n merkezini Erdebil\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131, Saco\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n Azerbaycan\u2019da h\u00e2kimiyetlerini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rarak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareket ettiklerini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. \u0130D\u0130L BULGAR DEVLET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IX-XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda tarih sahnesinde \u0130dil Bulgar Devleti varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Arap Halifeli\u011fi ve Hazar \u00f6tesi T\u00fcrk kabile y\u00f6netimlerinin diplomatik ili\u015fkileri sayesinde \u0130dil (Volga) Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Kazan \u015fehrine yak\u0131n bir yerde ilk T\u00fcrk \u0130slam devleti olan \u0130dil-Bulgar Devleti kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bulgar kelimesi, Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede \u201ckar\u0131\u015f\u0131k\u201d manas\u0131na gelmektedir. Bulgar T\u00fcrkleri, Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019dan geri \u00e7ekilen Hun kitlesi ile Kutrigur ve Utrigur boy birliklerini te\u015fkil eden Ogur T\u00fcrklerinin kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d6nceleri K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n idaresinde ya\u015fayan Bulgarlar, 630 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu devletin fetreti \u00fczerine B\u00fcy\u00fck Bulgar Devleti\u2019ni kurmu\u015f ancak bu devlet k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra kom\u015fu Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bunun \u00fczerine devlet \u00fc\u00e7 par\u00e7aya ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Asparuh idaresindeki Bulgarlar, Tuna\u2019ya do\u011fru y\u00f6nelerek Balkanlara girip VII. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Tuna Bulgar Devleti\u2019ni kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tuna Bulgarlar\u0131 bir s\u00fcre sonra Slavlarla kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, 864 senesinde Boris Han taraf\u0131ndan Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Ortodoks mezhebinin kabul\u00fcyle de Hristiyan olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Balkanlarda ya\u015fayan Bulgarlar k\u0131smen Tuna Bulgarlar\u0131n\u0131n soyundand\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bulgarlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise \u0130dil ve Kama (Volga\u2019n\u0131n bir kolu) nehirlerinin birle\u015fti\u011fi sahaya yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. \u0130dil Bulgarlar\u0131 burada b\u00f6lgenin yerli halk\u0131 Fin-Ugorlar\u0131 ve \u00f6teki T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 da idarelerine alarak bir devlet kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alm\u0131\u015f Han 920 y\u0131l\u0131nda Abbasi Halifesi\u2019ne, din \u00e2limi ve mimarlar g\u00f6ndermesi i\u00e7in ricada bulunmu\u015f; heyet 922 senesinde Bulgar \u00fclkesine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bulgarlar, Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 965 senesinde y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131na kadar bu devlete tabi olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Hazar Devleti\u2019nin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet durumuna gelmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Batu Han y\u00f6netimindeki Cengiz Ordusu, ikinci bat\u0131 seferinde Bulgarlar \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve 1236\u2019da bu topraklara girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bulgarlar, Batu Han\u2019\u0131n De\u015ft-i K\u0131p\u00e7ak B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde kurdu\u011fu Alt\u0131n Orda Devleti d\u00f6neminde bir dereceye kadar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 muhafaza etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130dil-Bulgar y\u00f6resinde Kul Ali (1174-1248) taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u201cK\u0131ssa-i Yusuf \u201c eseri sadece buralarda de\u011fil, Orta Asya T\u00fcrkleri aras\u0131nda da as\u0131rlar boyunca okuna gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. GAZNEL\u0130LER DEVLET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gazneliler X-XII. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Samanilerin Gazne\u2019deki (Afganistan) T\u00fcrk as\u0131ll\u0131 komutan Alp Tegin X. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Samani g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn zay\u0131flamas\u0131yla Gazneli Devleti\u2019nin temelini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alp Tegin\u2019in damad\u0131 Seb\u00fck Tegin (977-997) ve onun o\u011flu Gazneli Mahmut (998-1030) devrinde bu hanedan kendi zirvesine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f; Afganistan, Harezm, \u0130ran ve Kuzey Hindistan\u2019\u0131n (Pakistan) bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I. Mesut (1031-1041) d\u00f6neminde bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinin neredeyse tamam\u0131, Dandanakan Sava\u015f\u0131 (1040) sonras\u0131nda Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin eline ge\u00e7mi\u015f; devletin y\u00f6netiminde Afganistan, Belucistan ve Pencap b\u00f6lgeleri kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n 1157 y\u0131l\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131, Gaznelilere pek yarar sa\u011flamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131ktan faydalanan Afgan as\u0131ll\u0131 Gurlular, 1151 y\u0131l\u0131nda Gazneli Behram\u015fah\u2019\u0131 (1117-1157) yenilgiye u\u011fratarak ba\u015fkent Gazne\u2019yi ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bundan sonra Lahor\u2019a (Pakistan) \u00e7ekilerek y\u00f6netimini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Gazneliler \u0130slam dinini Hindistan\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7lerine kadar yaymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Son h\u00fck\u00fcmdar H\u00fcsrev Melik\u2019in (1160-1186) Gurlular taraf\u0131ndan 1186 y\u0131l\u0131nda esir al\u0131nmas\u0131ndan sonra Gazneliler Devleti kesin olarak sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gaznelilerin \u00fcnl\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Sultan Mahmut Hindistan\u2019a ak\u0131nlar d\u00fczenlemi\u015f ve burada \u0130slam dinini yaymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>EBU REYHAN B\u0130RUN\u00ce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do\u011fu\u2019nun b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinden Ebu Reyhan El Birun\u00ee Gaznelilerin himayesinde bir\u00e7ok bilim dal\u0131nda bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gazneli Mahmut D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Biruni Matematik ve Co\u011frafya alanlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bilimlerin ilerlemesi \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck engelin serbest d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu savunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Enlem ve boylam\u0131 tespit eden Biruni D\u00fcnyan\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015f etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn bir y\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini ispatlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Asar\u00fcl-B\u00e2kiye adl\u0131 eserinde Asyal\u0131 milletler hakk\u0131nda bilgi vermekte ve astronomiden bahsetmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. B\u00dcY\u00dcK SEL\u00c7UKLU DEVLET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti MS XI-XII. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta tek h\u00fck\u00fcmdar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti daha sonra Kirman, Suriye, T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 gibi kollara b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O\u011fuz Yabgu Devleti\u2019nde suba\u015f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yapan Sel\u00e7uk, Yabgu ile anla\u015famay\u0131nca kendine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir grupla merkezden ayr\u0131l\u0131p Cent \u015fehrine yerle\u015fti. Sel\u00e7uk Bey ve ona ba\u011fl\u0131 boylar burada \u0130slamiyet\u2019i kabul etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Devletin kurucular\u0131 ise Sel\u00e7uk Bey\u2019in torunlar\u0131 Tu\u011frul ve \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 Beylerdir. Sel\u00e7uklular 1040\u2019a kadar Horasan b\u00f6lgesinde Gazneliler ile yapt\u0131klar\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131 kazanarak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 elde ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu tarihte yap\u0131lan Dandanakan Sava\u015f\u0131, Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n Horasan\u2019a h\u00e2kim olmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131 ve Anadolu\u2019ya ak\u0131n yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tu\u011frul ve \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 Beylerin kurdu\u011fu devletin ilk ba\u015fkenti Ni\u015fabur olurken ilk sultan da Tu\u011frul Bey oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Daha sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7te Rey ve Isfahan \u015fehirleri de Sel\u00e7uklulara ba\u015fkentlik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1048 y\u0131l\u0131nda Erzurum yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Pasinler Ovas\u0131\u2019nda Bizans-G\u00fcrc\u00fc ordusuyla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 kazanan Sel\u00e7uklular, Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019ya ak\u0131nlar d\u00fczenlemeye devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tu\u011frul Bey, Halife K\u00e2im\u2019in \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine 1055 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ba\u011fdat\u2019a girerek B\u00fcveyhileri halifeli\u011fin merkezinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p Sultan R\u00fckneddin unvan\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu olay\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki itibar\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tu\u011frul Bey 1063 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra tahta karde\u015fi \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 Bey\u2019in o\u011flu Alp Arslan (1063-1072) ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Alp Arslan, Sel\u00e7uklu topraklar\u0131n\u0131 daha da geni\u015fletmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anadolu\u2019da 1071 y\u0131l\u0131nda Malazgirt Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Bizans \u0130mparatoru Romen Diyojen\u2019i yenerek tutsak alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Malazgirt Zaferi\u2019nin as\u0131l \u00f6nemi Anadolu\u2019nun kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrklere a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alparslan 1072 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcnce Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin ba\u015f\u0131na o\u011flu Melik\u015fah ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir (1072-1092). Melik\u015fah D\u00f6nemi, Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n en parlak d\u00f6nemidir. Bu d\u00f6nemde devletin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 do\u011fu-bat\u0131 hatt\u0131nda Orta Asya\u2019dan Anadolu\u2019ya, kuzey-g\u00fcney hatt\u0131nda ise Kafkasya\u2019dan Hicaz\u2019a kadar geni\u015flemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Melik\u015fah\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra ya\u015fanan taht kavgalar\u0131 ile devlet eski g\u00fcc\u00fcnden uzakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O\u011flu Sencer (1118-1157) tahta ge\u00e7tikten sonra devleti tekrar toparlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olsa da 1141 Katvan Sava\u015f\u0131 ve isyanlar nedeniyle devlet \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f s\u00fcrecine girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1157 tarihinde Sultan Sencer\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti, Malazgirt Zaferi\u2019yle T\u00fcrklere yeni bir vatan kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, \u0130slamiyet\u2019in yay\u0131lmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015f ve Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferlerine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele ederek \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n koruyuculu\u011funu \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. T\u00dcRK\u0130YE SEL\u00c7UKLU DEVLET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Hunlar ve VI. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda da Sabarlar Anadolu\u2019ya ak\u0131nlar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015fti. Ancak bu ak\u0131nlar k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli seferler olup yurt edinme ama\u00e7l\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1015-1021 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 Bey \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Anadolu\u2019ya yap\u0131lan ilk Sel\u00e7uklu seferleri ise ke\u015fif ve ganimet kazanma niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131rken T\u00fcrk tarihinde de yeni bir d\u00f6nemin habercisiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Malazgirt Zaferi\u2019nden sonra Sultan Alp Arslan, Bizans\u2019\u0131n anla\u015fmaya uymamas\u0131 \u00fczerine komutanlar\u0131n\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da fetihler yaparak yurt tutmak \u00fczere g\u00f6revlendirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anadolu\u2019da fetihler yapan komutanlardan biri de Kutalm\u0131\u015fo\u011flu S\u00fcleyman\u015fah idi. S\u00fcleyman\u015fah, Bizans\u2019tan \u0130znik\u2019i alarak T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin temellerini att\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(1077).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00fcleyman\u015fah\u2019tan sonra devletin ba\u015f\u0131na o\u011flu I. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Arslan ba\u015fa ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrklerin Anadolu\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi fetih hareketlerinin Bizans\u2019\u0131 zor duruma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesi Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferlerinin sebeplerinden birini olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Arslan, I. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordular\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fccadeleler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirse de ba\u015fkenti \u0130znik\u2019ten Konya\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131mak zorunda kald\u0131 (1096).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Bizans ile de m\u00fccadele eden T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklulular\u0131, II. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Arslan D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Miryokefalon Zaferi (1176) ile Anadolu\u2019nun T\u00fcrk yurdu oldu\u011funu tescillediler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n\u0131n en parlak devri Sultan Al\u00e2eddin Keykubat (1220-1237) d\u00f6nemidir. Onun d\u00f6neminde Alanya gibi liman \u015fehirlerinin fethi ile T\u00fcrkler, Akdeniz Havzas\u0131\u2019ndaki ticaret yollar\u0131nda s\u00f6z sahibi oldular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sel\u00e7uklular yapt\u0131klar\u0131 kervansaraylar ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n mallar\u0131n\u0131 garanti alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 bir \u00e7e\u015fit sigorta ile ticareti canland\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Konya, Aksaray, Kayseri, Sivas, Alanya gibi \u015fehirlerde yapt\u0131klar\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar ile buralar\u0131 bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezi h\u00e2line getirdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu d\u00f6nemin Mevlana Celalettin Rumi, Yunus Emre, Hac\u0131 Bekta\u015f Veli gibi \u00f6nemli \u015fahsiyetleri bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu \u015fahsiyetler, yapt\u0131klar\u0131 faaliyetler ve ortaya koyduklar\u0131 eserleriyle Anadolu\u2019da T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fiminde \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>ATABEYL\u0130K S\u0130STEM\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Devlet merkezinden uzak olan b\u00f6lgelerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Sel\u00e7uklu Hanedan\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmekte, Sel\u00e7uklu Hanedan\u0131\u2019na mensup y\u00f6neticiler Sultan veya Melik unvanlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktayd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Merkezden uzak olan b\u00f6lgelerden bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Sel\u00e7uklu Hanedan\u0131\u2019na mensup olmayan T\u00fcrk as\u0131ll\u0131 y\u00f6neticiler taraf\u0131ndan idare edilmekte idi. Bu t\u00fcr devletlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6neticilerine Atabey, y\u00f6nettikleri devlete ise Atabeylik denilmekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>GEVHER NES\u0130BE DAR\u00dc\u015e\u015e\u0130FASI (HASTANES\u0130) VE TIP MEDRESES\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 I. G\u0131yasettin Keyh\u00fcsrev verem olan k\u0131z karde\u015fi Gevher Nesibe\u2019nin hastalanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine onun vasiyeti olan dar\u00fc\u015f\u015fifay\u0131 (hastane) yapt\u0131rd\u0131. Kayseri\u2019de bulunan bu hastane 1206 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamland\u0131. Burada kad\u0131n, erkek, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, gayr-i m\u00fcslim ayr\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmadan herkes tedavi edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>MEVLANA CELALEDD\u0130N-\u0130 R\u00dbM\u00ce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Celaleddin-i R\u00fbm\u00ee \u015fair, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr ve mutasavv\u0131ft\u0131r. 1207 y\u0131l\u0131nda Belh b\u00f6lgesinde do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Annesi, Belh Emiri R\u00fckneddin\u2019in k\u0131z\u0131, babaannesi Harezm\u015fahlar Hanedan\u0131\u2019ndan bir T\u00fcrk prensesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1212 y\u0131l\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak Ni\u015fabur, Ba\u011fdat, \u015eam, Halep \u015fehirlerinde \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1220 y\u0131l\u0131nda Konya\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fars, Arap ve T\u00fcrk dillerinde tasavvufi \u015fiirler yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rumi on yedi bin beyitten, alt\u0131 defterden olu\u015fan \u201cMesnevi\u201d adl\u0131 eserini on senede yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc tasavvuf ekol\u00fcn\u00fcn temelini atan R\u00fbm\u00ee\u2019ye \u201cMevlana\u201d ismi de verilmi\u015ftir. 1273 y\u0131l\u0131nda Konya\u2019da vefat etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>YUNUS EMRE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1240-1321 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Yunus Emre Eski\u015fehir\u2019de do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Anadolu\u2019da T\u00fcrk \u015fiirinin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yapan Yunus Emre, mutasavv\u0131f ve filozof olarak \u015fiirlerini halk diline yak\u0131n bir dille kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cRisalet\u00fc\u2019n Nushiyye\u201d adl\u0131 eseri mesnevi tarz\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup din\u00ee, tasavvufi, ahlaki konular\u0131 i\u00e7ermekte, \u201c\u00d6\u011f\u00fctler kitab\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Onun \u015fiirleri konu, tarz, dil y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Orta Asya ve \u0130dil-Ural T\u00fcrkleri aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olan halk edebiyat\u0131na yak\u0131nl\u0131k arz etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. \u0130LDEN\u0130ZL\u0130LER (AZERBAYCAN ATABEYLER\u0130) DEVLET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">XII-XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren, di\u011fer bir ad\u0131 Azerbaycan Atabeyleri olan, Kuzey ve G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019da kurulmu\u015f T\u00fcrk as\u0131ll\u0131 hanedand\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kurucusu, bir Sel\u00e7uklu Atabeyi olan \u015eemseddin \u0130ldeniz\u2019dir (1136-1175). K\u00f6ken olarak K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00fc olan \u0130ldeniz, Nah\u00e7\u0131van\u2019\u0131 merkez yaparak Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 y\u00f6netmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u0131z\u0131l Arslan (1186-1191) d\u00f6neminde tarih\u00ee Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n merkezi Tebriz ba\u015fkent yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130ldenizlilerin zirveye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem olan 1175-1191 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u0130ran, Irak, Do\u011fu Anadolu ve Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n belirli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 onlar\u0131n kontrol\u00fcnde bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130ldenizliler 1220 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mo\u011follardan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir darbe alm\u0131\u015f, 1225 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise Harezm\u015fah Celaleddin Meng\u00fc Berdi taraf\u0131ndan siyasi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na son verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>N\u0130ZAM\u0130 GENCEV\u00ce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nizami Gencev\u00ee (1141-1209) T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n klasik \u015fairi, b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n Gence \u015fehrinde do\u011fmu\u015ftur. O; matematik, t\u0131p, musiki, tasvir\u00ee sanat, \u0130slam felsefesi gibi bilimleri \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nizami\u2019nin yenilik\u00e7i ve tekrar etmeksizin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hamse (Be\u015f Destan) adl\u0131 eseri d\u00fcnya edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n nadide yap\u0131tlar\u0131ndand\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hamse\u2019de yer alan \u201cS\u0131rlar Hazinesi\u201d, \u201cH\u00fcsrev ve \u015eirin\u201d, \u201cLeyla ve Mecnun\u201d, \u201cYedi G\u00fczel\u201d, \u201c\u0130skendername\u201d adl\u0131 destanlar\u0131n\u0131 kendi iste\u011fiyle y\u00f6neticilere adam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. HAREZM\u015eAHLAR DEVLET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anu\u015fteginliler ad\u0131yla da bilinen Harezm\u015fahlar Devleti XI-XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Anu\u015fteginliler hanedan\u0131n\u0131n temsilcileri \u00f6nceleri birer asker\u00ee kumandan olarak Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n hizmetinde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Harezm eyaleti T\u00fcrk as\u0131ll\u0131 Anu\u015f Tekin zaman\u0131nda serbest ya\u015famaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1128 y\u0131l\u0131nda Harezm valisi olarak atanan Ats\u0131z d\u00f6neminde tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k yolunu se\u00e7mi\u015flerdir. 1157 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sultan Sencer\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Harezm\u015fah Alaaddin Teki\u015f (1172-1220) kendisini Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n devam\u0131 ve varisi olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve \u201cSencer\u201d unvan\u0131n\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Teki\u015f\u2019in o\u011flu Alaaddin Muhammed (1200-1220) d\u00f6neminde Harezm\u015fahlar; Horasan, Mavera\u00fcnnehir, Kafkasya ve \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131na h\u00e2kim olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1220 y\u0131l\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn Orta Asya ve civarlar\u0131 Mo\u011follar\u0131n istilas\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015f, bu sald\u0131r\u0131 Harezm Devleti\u2019nin sonunu haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1221 y\u0131l\u0131nda Harezm\u015fahlar\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Urgen\u00e7 Mo\u011follar taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131n\u0131nca Orta Asya\u2019da Mo\u011fol y\u00f6netimi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alaaddin Muhammed\u2019in o\u011flu Celaleddin Meng\u00fc Berdi, Mo\u011follara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele s\u00fcrd\u00fcrerek g\u00fcneye \u00e7ekilmi\u015f ve Hindistan\u2019a, Delhi\u2019de h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmekte olan T\u00fcrk as\u0131ll\u0131 \u0130l Tutm\u0131\u015f\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131na gitmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cengiz Han Mo\u011folistan\u2019a d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra Celaleddin \u0130ran\u2019a d\u00f6nerek Irak\u2019tan Azerbaycan b\u00f6lgesine girmi\u015ftir. Celaleddin, Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019nun egemenli\u011fi \u00fczerine T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 ve Suriye\u2019ye h\u00fckmeden Eyyubiler ile \u00e7at\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1230 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yass\u0131\u00e7emen Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yenilgiye u\u011frayan Celaleddin\u2019in 1231 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine Harezm\u015fahlar Devleti tamamen ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Harezm k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00e7evresinde yeti\u015fen<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mahmut Zemah\u015fer\u00ee\u2019nin (1074-1143) ahlak, felsefe ve dil \u00fczerine eserleri,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00fcleyman Bak\u0131rgan\u00ee\u2019nin (Hekim Ata) Bak\u0131rgan Kitab\u0131 (XII. y\u00fczy\u0131l),<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Burhaneddin Rabguz\u00ee\u2019nin K\u0131ssa-i Rabguzi (1301) eserleri \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Harezmli \u015fairler Alt\u0131n Orda T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesine b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>11. \u0130LK T\u00dcRK-\u0130SLAM DEVLETLER\u0130NDE SOSYAL, EKONOM\u0130K VE K\u00dcLT\u00dcREL HAYAT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Karahanl\u0131 Devleti topraklar\u0131nda farkl\u0131 etnik yap\u0131daki insanlar bir arada ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Devletin Taraz, Balasagun, Barsgan, K\u00e2\u015fgar gibi \u015fehirlerinde \u015fehirli T\u00fcrkler (Karluk, Argu ve \u00c7i\u011fil boylar\u0131ndan) ve So\u011fdlar, onlar\u0131n \u00e7evresindeki yaylalarda ise \u00c7i\u011fil, Karluk, Ya\u011fma, Uygur gibi kalabal\u0131k T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uzgend, Fergana, Semerkant ve Buhara \u015fehirlerinde ise M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ahali, art\u0131k Farsla\u015fm\u0131\u015f So\u011fdlar\u0131n torunlar\u0131 ve yerle\u015fik T\u00fcrkler vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130dil Bulgar Devleti\u2019nin topraklar\u0131nda ise esas olarak \u0130dil ve Ural Nehirleri havzalar\u0131ndaki Bulgar, Kuman (K\u0131p\u00e7ak) ve Ba\u015fkurt T\u00fcrkleriyle birlikte Slav, Fin-Ugor topluluklar\u0131 (Mordva, Udmurt, Mari) ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eski T\u00fcrk toplumundaki kad\u0131nlara sayg\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk hanedanlar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde de korunmu\u015ftur. Harezm\u015fahlar (1097-1231) hanedanlar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkan Hatunlar, Hindistan\u2019daki T\u00fcrk-Memlukler Hanedan\u0131\u2019na mensup Raziye Beg\u00fcm (1236-1240), M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki T\u00fcrk-Memluk Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilk kad\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 \u015eecer\u00fcdd\u00fcr (1250) gibi kad\u0131n \u015fahsiyetler devlet y\u00f6netiminde s\u00f6z sahibi olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Karahanl\u0131lar D\u00f6nemi\u2019ne ait Ay\u015fe Bibi T\u00fcrbesi (XII. y\u00fczy\u0131l, Taraz), Alt\u0131n Orda melikelerinden T\u00f6rebike Hanum T\u00fcrbesi (XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131l,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u00f6hne-\u00dcrgen\u00e7), Azerbaycan \u0130ldenizlilerine ait M\u00fcmine Hatun T\u00fcrbesi (XII. y\u00fczy\u0131l, Nah\u00e7\u0131van), Emir Timur\u2019un ad\u0131na in\u015fa ettirdi\u011fi Bibi Hanum Camii (XV. y\u00fczy\u0131l Semerkant) bu mimari eserler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slamiyet\u2019i kabul etmesiyle birlikte \u015fehirle\u015fme oran\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Semerkant ve Buhara \u015fehirleri bir din\u00ee merkez ve bilim merkezi olarak \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u00fcn salm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130pek Yolu\u2019nun Akdeniz\u2019den \u00c7in\u2019e kadar uzanan kuzey ve g\u00fcney hatlar\u0131 T\u00fcrklerin egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. (VI-IX.y\u00fczy\u0131llar) d\u00f6nemine nazaran daha geni\u015flemi\u015f ve T\u00fcrkler farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerle tan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Arap ve Fars dillerinin kaynaklar\u0131nda Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019dan \u00c7in\u2019e kadar uzanan on bin kilometreye yak\u0131n bir b\u00f6lge isminin \u201cBilad el-T\u00fcrk\u201d (T\u00fcrk \u00fclkeleri) olarak ge\u00e7meye ba\u015flamas\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemlere denk gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>HAREZM\u00ce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Harezm\u00ee, IX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Harezm\u2019de ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Orta Asyal\u0131 bilim adam\u0131, matematik\u00e7i ve g\u00f6k bilimcidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gen\u00e7 ya\u015ftayken Hint ve Yunan bilimlerini iyice \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftir. Onun \u00f6nderlik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cBeyt\u00fc\u2019l Hikme\u201d adl\u0131 akademide pek \u00e7ok tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bilim adam\u0131 beraberce bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Matematik bilimi tarihinde cebirin ayr\u0131 bir bilim dal\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El-Kitab\u00fc\u2019l Muhtasar fi Hisabi\u2019l Cebr ve\u2019l Mukabele adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan cebir\/ algebra terimi olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Harezm\u00ee\u2019nin aritmetik ilmine ait eserlerinden Avrupa \u00fcniversitelerinde temel ders kitaplar\u0131 olarak yararlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Batlamyus\u2019un Co\u011frafya adl\u0131 eserini Kitabu Sureti\u2019l Ard (Yer\u2019in Bi\u00e7imi Hakk\u0131nda) olarak terc\u00fcme etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>FARAB\u00ce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fc T\u00fcrk filozofu, matematik\u00e7i ve musiki nazariyat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7e\u015fitli bilim dallar\u0131na ait 150\u2019den fazla eser yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El-Med\u00eenet\u00fc\u2019l-F\u00e2z\u0131la (Faziletli \u015eehir), Es-Siy\u00e2set\u00fc\u2019l-medeniyye (\u015eehir Siyaseti), El-M\u00fbs\u00eeka\u2019l-Keb\u00eer (B\u00fcy\u00fck Musiki) adl\u0131 eserleri en bilinenleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce hayat\u0131na belirli derecede katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur. Bu y\u00fczden Farab\u00ee Yunan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc Aristo\u2019dan sonra \u201cMuallim-i S\u00e2n\u00ee: \u0130kinci \u00dcstad\u201d lakab\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0Se\u00e7meli Ortak T\u00fcrk Tarihi\u00a0dersi 4. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0\u0130lk T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Devletleri\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0Ortak T\u00fcrk Tarihi kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/11\/iv-bolum-ilk-turk-islam-devletleri\/\" title=\"IV. B\u00f6l\u00fcm \u0130lk T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Devletleri\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1381,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[108],"tags":[112,6],"class_list":["post-1839","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ortak-turk-tarihi-ders-notlari","tag-ortak-turk-tarihi","tag-tarih-ders-notlari"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>IV. 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