{"id":1841,"date":"2024-11-11T20:03:19","date_gmt":"2024-11-11T17:03:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=1841"},"modified":"2024-11-11T20:03:20","modified_gmt":"2024-11-11T17:03:20","slug":"v-bolum-turk-mogol-devletleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/11\/v-bolum-turk-mogol-devletleri\/","title":{"rendered":"V. B\u00f6l\u00fcm T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol Devletleri"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0<strong>Se\u00e7meli Ortak T\u00fcrk Tarihi<\/strong>\u00a0dersi 5. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0<strong>T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol Devletleri<\/strong>\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0<strong>\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0<strong>Ortak T\u00fcrk Tarihi kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf<\/strong>\u00a0ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. G\u00fcncel tarih ders kitab\u0131na uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0<strong>T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol Devletleri<\/strong>\u00a0dersi notlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ortak T\u00fcrk Tarihi 5. B\u00f6l\u00fcm T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol Devletleri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. MO\u011eOL \u0130MPARATORLU\u011eU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mo\u011fol \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, d\u00fcnya tarihinde \u201cCengiz Han\u201d ad\u0131yla \u00fcnl\u00fc<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Temu\u00e7in ve onun torunlar\u0131n\u0131n kurdu\u011fu, XIII-XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren bir imparatorluktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kendisinin zirveye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde imparatorluk; Mo\u011folistan, \u00c7in, Kore, G\u00fcney Sibirya, Orta Asya,\u0130ran, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya, Kafkasya ve Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 i\u00e7ine alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mo\u011follar\u0131n K\u0131yat boyuna mensup Temu\u00e7in s\u00f6z konusu hanl\u0131klara son vererek 1206 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cCengiz Han\u201d unvan\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f, Onon ve Kerulen nehirleri aras\u0131nda kendi y\u00f6netimini kurmu\u015ftur. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan (g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti Sincan-Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi) ve Yedisu\u2019yu ald\u0131ktan sonra Cengiz Han Orta Asya\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerini kendi topraklar\u0131na katmak i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1218 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cengiz Han\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi 450 ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan 500 develi ticaret kervan\u0131 Otrar \u015fehrine geldi\u011fi vakit \u015fehrin y\u00f6neticisi Gay\u0131r Han, Harezm\u015fah\u2019la anla\u015farak kervan\u0131 tutsak alm\u0131\u015f, t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1219 y\u0131l\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak Harezm\u015fahlar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u015fehirleri Otrar, Semerkant, Buhara, \u00dcrgen\u00e7\u2019i art arda ele ge\u00e7iren Mo\u011fol ordusu 1219- 1224 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Orta Asya\u2019y\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle kendi kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu asker\u00ee ba\u015far\u0131lardan sonra Cengiz Han kendi eli alt\u0131ndaki topraklar\u0131 d\u00f6rt o\u011flu aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130rti\u015f Nehri\u2019nden ba\u015flayarak bat\u0131da Avrupa\u2019ya kadar ula\u015fan topraklar, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle; \u201cAt toyna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerin t\u00fcm\u00fc\u201d b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu Cuci\u2019nin pay\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130kinci o\u011flu \u00c7a\u011fatay\u2019a Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan, Yedisu, \u015fimdiki G\u00fcney Kazakistan topraklar\u0131, Mavera\u00fcnnehir ve Horasan verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc o\u011flu \u00d6gedey\u2019e Bat\u0131 Mo\u011folistan ile Altaylar, Tarbagatay ve \u0130rti\u015f Nehri\u2019nin yukar\u0131 havzas\u0131ndaki topraklar ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc o\u011flu Tuluy\u2019a da Mo\u011folistan verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cengiz Han\u2019\u0131n H\u00fclag\u00fb adl\u0131 torununun ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi asker\u00ee seferler sonucunda \u0130ran, Azerbaycan, G\u00fcney Kafkasya, Irak topraklar\u0131 da yeni olu\u015fmu\u015f \u0130lhanl\u0131lar Devleti\u2019ne kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00f6ylece Cengiz Han ve torunlar\u0131n\u0131n elde ettikleri topraklar sonradan Alt\u0131n Orda Devleti, \u00c7a\u011fatay Devleti, Mo\u011folistan Devleti, \u0130lhanl\u0131lar Devleti ve Y\u00fcan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu gibi ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 uluslara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. ALTIN ORDA DEVLET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alt\u0131n Orda Devleti, Cengiz Han\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu Cuci ulusu temelinde olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ulu\u011f Ulus ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bu devlet 1240 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Cengiz \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun en b\u00fcy\u00fck par\u00e7as\u0131 temelinde kurulan imparatorluktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alt\u0131n Orda\u2019n\u0131n topraklar\u0131 Do\u011fu Avrupa, Kuzey Kafkasya, G\u00fcney Rusya b\u00f6lgeleri ve De\u015ft-i K\u0131p\u00e7ak\u2019\u0131 kapsam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cuci\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu Batu Han\u2019\u0131n (1227-1256) Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019ya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 asker\u00ee seferler sonucunda Cuci Devleti\u2019nin topraklar\u0131 geni\u015flemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do\u011fu Avrupa devletleri ve Rus kinezlikleri kendi ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bildirerek vergi \u00f6demeye mecbur kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Batu\u2019dan sonraki d\u00f6nemde iktidara gelen Berke (1258-1266) \u0130slam dinini kabul ederek Alt\u0131n Orda\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer merkezi Mo\u011fol Devletin\u2019den ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131nda bulunmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00fct\u00fcn Mo\u011fol uluslar\u0131, y\u00f6neticilerinin kat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 Kurultay\u2019a gitmekten vazge\u00e7mi\u015f, \u0130lhanl\u0131larla sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u0131s\u0131r Memluk Sultan\u0131 Baybars ile anla\u015farak H\u00fclag\u00fb \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Mo\u011follar\u0131n, Hicaz b\u00f6lgesinin i\u015fgalini engellemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Berke, 1269 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Talas Kurultay\u0131\u2019n\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6n ko\u015fullar\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu kurultaydan sonra Alt\u0131n Orda, merkezden tamamen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yeni bir devlete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Berke \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra Meng\u00fc Timur (1266-1282), Tokta (1290-1312), \u00d6zbek (1312-1342) ve Can\u0131bek Hanlar Alt\u0131n Orda\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc korumu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Can\u0131bek Han\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra taht kavgalar\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Toktam\u0131\u015f Han 1380 y\u0131l\u0131nda Emir Timur\u2019un, deste\u011fiyle tahta \u00e7\u0131karak bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara son vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Daha sonra Timur\u2019un Alt\u0131n Orda topraklar\u0131na sefer d\u00fczenlemesi ve taht kavgalar\u0131n\u0131n yeniden ba\u015flamas\u0131 bu devleti zay\u0131f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu kavgalarla par\u00e7alanan Alt\u0131n Orda topraklar\u0131nda Cengiz Han soyuna mensup \u015fehzadeler taraf\u0131ndan birka\u00e7 hanl\u0131k kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Daha sonra Alt\u0131n Orda\u2019da ba\u015flayan i\u00e7 m\u00fccadele y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Rusya \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olacak Moskova Kinezli\u011fi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Moskova Kinezli\u011fi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan bat\u0131daki topraklar\u0131 K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f, 1502 y\u0131l\u0131nda Alt\u0131n Orda Devleti y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d6zbek Han d\u00f6neminde \u0130slam devlet dini olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Bununla beraber Eski T\u00fcrk gelenekleri korunmu\u015f, Uygur alfabeli T\u00fcrk\u00e7e yarl\u0131k (emir) ve fermanlar yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alt\u0131n Orda Devleti b\u00fcnyesinde sonradan XV ve XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda Kazan, K\u0131r\u0131m, Astrahan, Kas\u0131m, T\u00fcmen (Sibir), Ebu\u2019l-Hayr, \u015eeybaniler, Kazak Hanl\u0131klar\u0131 ve Nogay Ordas\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ayr\u0131ca Kazak Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1465-1822\/1847 d\u00f6neminde h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f \u015fairlerden Seyfi Saray\u00ee\u2019nin G\u00fclistan bi\u2019t-T\u00fcrk\u00ee, Harezm\u00ee mahlas\u0131n\u0131 kullanan Hoca Bey\u2019in Muhabbetname, Kutb\u2019un H\u00fcsrev ve \u015eirin, Durbek\u2019in Yusuf ve Z\u00fcleyha gibi manzum eserleri, Asan Kayg\u0131, Kaztu\u011fan C\u0131rav gibi halk ozanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fiirleri, \u00d6temi\u015f Hac\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Cengizname (XVI.y\u00fczy\u0131l), Alt\u0131n Orda hanlar\u0131n\u0131n Uygurca yaz\u0131l\u0131 yarl\u0131klar\u0131, Edige Destan\u2019\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemin parlak edeb\u00ee ve tarih\u00ee eserleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait Eski K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ve Latin harfleri ile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Codex Cumanicus (Kuman Kitab\u0131) ve Mahmut Bulgari\u2019nin Nehc\u00fc\u2019l-Fer\u00e2d\u00ees (Cennetlerin A\u00e7\u0131k Yolu) adl\u0131 eseri Alt\u0131n Orda D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin dili ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yans\u0131tan eserlerdendir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>SEYF\u0130 SARAY\u00ce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alt\u0131n Orda edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli temsilcilerinden biri olan Seyfi Saray\u00ee 1321-1391 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O, G\u00fclistan bi\u2019t-T\u00fcrki (T\u00fcrk Dilindeki G\u00fclistan) adl\u0131 eserini Sirderya boyunda yazmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki di\u011fer bir T\u00fcrk hanedan\u0131 Memluklerin topraklar\u0131nda bulunan Nil Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bitirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eser Fars edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc temsilcisi Sadi \u015eiraz\u00ee\u2019nin G\u00fclistan isimli kitab\u0131n\u0131n serbest \u00e7evirisidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>KUTB<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kutb\u2019un edeb\u00ee faaliyeti XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na denk gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alt\u0131n Orda ve M\u0131s\u0131r Memlukleri gibi iki b\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk hanedan\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ili\u015fkiler sa\u011flamas\u0131nda eme\u011fi ge\u00e7en \u015fairlerden biri olan Kutb sonradan M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onun H\u00fcsrev ve \u015eirin isimli manzum eserinin (Nizami Gencev\u00ee\u2019nin ayn\u0131 ad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan mesnevisinin ilk serbest \u00e7evirisi) Orta T\u00fcrk (Uygur) ve Arap harfleriyle yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>CODEX CUMAN\u0130CUS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kelime anlam\u0131 \u201cKuman Kitab\u0131\u201d olan Codex Cumanicus XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131ndan XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131na kadar yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz y\u0131l boyunca Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyindeki K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrkleri aras\u0131ndan \u0130talyanlar ve Almanlar taraf\u0131ndan derlenen bilgilerden hareketle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eser, bilinen ilk T\u00fcrk\u00e7e-Avrupa dilleri s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olmakla beraber Eski K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin geli\u015fmi\u015f edeb\u00ee bir dil oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130ki b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fan Codex Cumanicus\u2019un birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Latince-Fars\u00e7a-K\u0131p\u00e7ak\u00e7a, ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise K\u0131p\u00e7ak\u00e7a-Almanca ve K\u0131p\u00e7ak\u00e7a-Latince s\u00f6zl\u00fcklerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Codex Cumanicus\u2019ta yer alan s\u00f6zc\u00fcklere \u00f6rnek c\u00fcmleler de verilmi\u015f, ard\u0131ndan K\u0131p\u00e7ak\u00e7aya \u00e7evrilmi\u015f dualar, ilahiler, k\u0131rk yedi K\u0131p\u00e7ak bilmecesi ve K\u0131p\u00e7ak\u00e7a eklerle ilgili dil bilgisi kurallar\u0131 yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. \u00c7A\u011eATAY DEVLET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">XIII-XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren \u00c7a\u011fatay Devleti de asl\u0131nda Mo\u011fol \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Mavera\u00fcnnehir\u2019deki Kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fehri (G\u00fcney \u00d6zbekistan) merkezli bu devlet \u00c7a\u011fatay Devleti ad\u0131yla tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Daha \u00e7ok yerle\u015fik topluluklar\u0131 ve ticari \u015fehirleri kendi b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cengiz Han \u00f6lmeden \u00f6nce eski Karahitay Devleti ve Harezm\u015fahlar saltanat\u0131n\u0131n topraklar\u0131 olan K\u00e2\u015fgar civar\u0131 ile Mavera\u00fcnnehir\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc \u00c7a\u011fatay\u2019a vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7a\u011fatay\u2019\u0131n bu topraklarda 1227 y\u0131l\u0131nda temelini att\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7a\u011fatay Devleti 1370 y\u0131l\u0131nda Timur taraf\u0131ndan son verilinceye dek varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1266 y\u0131l\u0131nda tahta \u00e7\u0131kan M\u00fcbarek\u015fah, \u0130slam dinini kabul eden ilk \u00c7a\u011fatay han\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 en parlak d\u00f6nemini Kebek Han (1320-1326) y\u00f6netiminde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kebek Han konarg\u00f6\u00e7er hayat\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131p Kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fehrinde saray yapt\u0131rarak yerle\u015fik hayat\u0131 se\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde ekonomi geli\u015fmi\u015f ve ilk \u00c7a\u011fatay paras\u0131 Kebek taraf\u0131ndan bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu yerle\u015fme ve \u015fehirlile\u015fme ile birlikte din a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u0130slamla\u015fma ve dil bak\u0131m\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk\u00e7ele\u015fme s\u00fcrecine u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7a\u011fatayl\u0131lar baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrkleri, kulland\u0131klar\u0131 dil de \u00c7a\u011fatayca veya \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. \u041c\u041e\u011eOL\u0130STAN (DO\u011eU \u00c7A\u011eATAY) HANLI\u011eI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041c\u043e\u011folistan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00c7a\u011fatay Devleti da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, bu \u00fclkenin do\u011fu k\u0131sm\u0131nda, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Kazakistan, K\u0131rg\u0131zistan ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda bulunan topraklarda XIV. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na kadar h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lyas Koca 1365 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ta\u015fkent civar\u0131nda ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sava\u015fta Timur Devleti\u2019nin kurucusu Emir Timur\u2019a yenildi. Daha sonraki d\u00f6nemde Emir Timur ordusunun seferleri devam etti\u011finden Mo\u011folistan devleti zay\u0131flamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Emir Timur 1405 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra Mo\u011folistan tekrar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041c\u043e\u011folistan Devleti Yunus Han\u2019\u0131n torunu Abdurre\u015fid Han\u2019\u0131n d\u00f6neminde par\u00e7alanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. \u0130LHANLILAR DEVLET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">XIII-XV. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren \u0130lhanl\u0131lar Devleti de Cengiz Han \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Merkez\u00ee topraklar\u0131 Azerbaycan b\u00f6lgesi, y\u00f6netim merkezi ise Tebriz olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu devlet Cengiz Han\u2019\u0131n torunu, Tuluy\u2019un o\u011flu H\u00fclag\u00fb (1256-1265) taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1256 y\u0131l\u0131nda t\u00fcm tarih\u00ee Azerbaycan topraklar\u0131n\u0131 elde eden H\u00fclag\u00fb Han, 1258 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131 alarak Abbas\u00ee devletine son vermi\u015ftir. Suriye ve Filistin\u2019i i\u015fgalden sonra M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a do\u011fru ilerlemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lhanl\u0131lar, Gazan (Mahmut) Han (1295-1304) zaman\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmi\u015flerdir. Bundan \u00f6nce \u0130lhanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticileri geli\u015fmekte olan Tibet Budizmi ve Nastur\u00eeli\u011fi te\u015fvik etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan i\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar sonucu \u0130lhanl\u0131lar par\u00e7alanmaya y\u00fcz tutmu\u015flar \u00f6zellikle Ebu Said Bahad\u0131r\u2019\u0131n (1316-1335) 1335 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra hanedan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lhanl\u0131lar Devleti tarih\u00ee Azerbaycan merkezli bir siyasi g\u00fcce d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f; \u0130ran, Irak, Anadolu ve G\u00fcney Kafkasya onlar\u0131n emri alt\u0131na girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu d\u00f6nemde esas k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 O\u011fuz T\u00fcrklerinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ahali aras\u0131na Cengiz\u2019in torunlar\u0131yla beraber \u00e7ok say\u0131da T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol kabilesi yerle\u015fmi\u015fti. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlara ra\u011fmen O\u011fuz k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc kendi etkisini korumu\u015f, gelen boylar zamanla onlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda erimi\u015flerdir. \u0130lhanl\u0131lar Devleti\u2019nin resm\u00ee dili T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Mo\u011folca ve Fars\u00e7ayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. KUB\u0130LAY HANLI\u011eI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">XIII-XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Kubilay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da Mo\u011fol \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Merkezi \u00c7in\u2019deki Hanbal\u0131k (\u00c7ince ad\u0131 \u201cDadu\u201d, \u015fimdiki Pekin) \u015fehri olan bu devlet Cengiz Han\u2019\u0131n torunu (Tuluy\u2019un o\u011flu) Kubilay Han (1264-1294) taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kubilay gen\u00e7lik y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00c7ince \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f ve \u00c7in k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne b\u00fcy\u00fck merak duymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1251 y\u0131l\u0131nda merkez\u00ee Mo\u011fol h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na se\u00e7ilen karde\u015fi Meng\u00fc, Kubilay\u2019\u0131 do\u011fudaki \u00fclkeleri almaya g\u00f6ndermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1271 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kubilay kendi ulusunu \u00c7ince \u201cY\u00fcan\u201d olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, y\u00f6netim merkezi s\u0131fat\u0131yla da Hanbal\u0131k \u015fehrini se\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1276 y\u0131l\u0131nda Y\u00fcan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu G\u00fcney Song saltanat\u0131na son vererek \u00c7in topraklar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kubilay d\u00f6neminde \u00c7in\u2019i pek \u00e7ok Avrupal\u0131 ziyaret etmi\u015ftir. Ziyaret\u00e7ilerin aras\u0131nda en \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc Marco (Marko) Polo\u2019dur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu hanedan d\u00f6neminde Mo\u011fol-T\u00fcrk-\u00c7in geleneklerine g\u00f6re devlet y\u00f6netilmi\u015f, ancak belirli bir s\u00fcre sonra \u00c7in k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol siyasi olu\u015fumunda h\u00fck\u00fcmdar di\u011fer T\u00fcrk devletlerinde oldu\u011fu gibi \u201cKa\u011fan\u201d, \u201cKaan\u201d veya \u201cHan\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu d\u00f6nemde Mo\u011follara \u00f6zg\u00fc \u201cN\u00f6ker\u201dlik (Mo\u011folca \u201carkada\u015f\u201d daim\u00ee hizmetteki askerlik) ve \u201cNoyon\u201dluk (kumandanl\u0131k) sistemi yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. T\u00dcRK-MO\u011eOL DEVLETLER\u0130NDE SOSYAL, EKONOM\u0130K VE K\u00dcLT\u00dcREL HAYAT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cengiz Han d\u00f6neminde T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol boy ve hanl\u0131klar\u0131 birbirine kom\u015fu ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla birlikte avc\u0131l\u0131kla da u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cengiz Han ordusu merkez\u00ee, do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 olarak \u00fc\u00e7 koldan t\u00fcmen, bin, y\u00fcz ve onba\u015f\u0131l\u0131 asker\u00ee yap\u0131lanmadan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bu yap\u0131 ise Hun ve T\u00fcrk \u0130mparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131n tarih\u00ee ve geleneksel devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak y\u00fczlerce farkl\u0131 topluluk bir arada ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131n\u0131n hemen hemen t\u00fcm\u00fc, \u00c7inliler, Tibetliler, Ruslar, Farslar, Araplar, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ve di\u011fer Kafkasyal\u0131 topluluklar, Yunanlar, Macarlar, Do\u011fu Avrupa Slavlar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130lhanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen \u0130ran ve G\u00fcney Kafkasya topraklar\u0131nda ise Fars, T\u00fcrk ve Arap gibi topluluklar beraberce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flar, hem yerle\u015fik hem de konarg\u00f6\u00e7er hayat s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alt\u0131n Orda resm\u00ee yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda Orta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e (Uygur) yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131n\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nemlerinde bir\u00e7ok \u015fehir yak\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kervan yollar\u0131nda g\u00fcvenli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fimin kolayla\u015fmas\u0131 ile iktisadi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hayat canlanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ticaretin te\u015fvik edilmesiyle Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019dan \u00c7in\u2019e kadar uzanan on bin kilometreden fazla bir mesafeyi birka\u00e7 ay i\u00e7inde katetme imk\u00e2n\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu d\u00f6nemde topraklar ve otlaklar Mo\u011fol ve T\u00fcrk soylular\u0131n\u0131n elindeydi. Halk topraklar\u0131 i\u015fler, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin belirli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc vergi olarak devlete verirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cengiz Han o\u011fullar\u0131ndan \u00c7a\u011fatay ve onun torunlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmekte olan Mavera\u00fcnnehir ve Yedisu\u2019da daha \u00e7ok yerle\u015fik hayat a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00c7yu \u00c7an-\u00c7un (Taocu ke\u015fi\u015f, as\u0131l ad\u0131 \u00c7iu \u00c7uji), Rubrucklu William, Marco Polo, \u0130bn Battuta gibi seyyahlar T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol \u00fclkelerini gezmi\u015f, s\u00f6z konusu toplumlar\u0131n dili, ya\u015fam tarz\u0131, \u00f6rf ve \u00e2detleri ile di\u011fer k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zelliklerine dair bilgiler aktarm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu d\u00f6nemde tarih\u00e7i ve devlet adamlar\u0131 Alaeddin Ata Melik C\u00fcveyn\u00ee, Tarih-i Cih\u00e2ng\u00fc\u015fa (Cihan Fatihinin Tarihi) ve Re\u015fideddin Fazlullah Hemedani de Cami\u00fc\u2019t-Tev\u00e2rih (Tarihlerin Toplam\u0131) eserlerini yazarak T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol halklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fcnyaya tan\u0131tm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Nasreddin T\u00fbs\u00ee ise matematik ve astronomiye dair eserleriyle \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>ALAEDD\u0130N ATA MEL\u0130K CUVEYN\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cuveyn\u00ee Horasan\u2019\u0131n Cuveyn \u015fehrinde 1226 y\u0131l\u0131nda do\u011fmu\u015f ve 1243-1256 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u0130lhanl\u0131 Emir Argun Aka Han\u2019\u0131n saray\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1246-47 ve 1249-50 y\u0131llar\u0131nda iki defa Argun Aka ile birlikte binlerce kilometre yol katederek Mo\u011folistan\u2019\u0131 ziyaret etmi\u015ftir. Mo\u011follar\u0131n fetihlerini ebed\u00eele\u015ftirecek olan Tarih-i Cih\u00e2ng\u00fc\u015fa adl\u0131 eserini kaleme almaya ikna edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>RE\u015e\u0130DEDD\u0130N FAZLULLAH HEMEDAN\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Re\u015fideddin Hemedani (1247-1318) hekim, yazar, tarih\u00e7i ve \u0130lhanl\u0131lar\u0131n veziridir. Cami\u00fc\u2019t-Tev\u00e2rih adl\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc eseri \u0130lhanl\u0131 Mahmut Gazan\u2019dan T\u00fcrk ve Mo\u011fol uluslar\u0131 ile onlar\u0131n hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, sonralar\u0131 Hz.\u00c2dem\u2019den kendisinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neme kadar olan t\u00fcm tarih\u00ee bilgileri i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kitab\u0131n ikinci cildinde yer alan &#8221;Tarih-i O\u011fuz\u00e2n ve T\u00fcrk\u00e2n&#8221; adl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Eski T\u00fcrk ge\u00e7mi\u015fi ve mitolojisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O kendisine yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak verilen Tarih-i O\u011fuzan\u2019\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmemi\u015f, yaln\u0131zca Kur\u2019an\u2019dan ayetler, baz\u0131 tarih\u00ee veriler, \u0130ran edebiyat\u0131ndan ve \u015eehn\u00e2me\u2019den \u015fiirlerle s\u00fcslemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0Se\u00e7meli Ortak T\u00fcrk Tarihi\u00a0dersi 5. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol Devletleri\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0Ortak T\u00fcrk Tarihi kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/11\/v-bolum-turk-mogol-devletleri\/\" title=\"V. B\u00f6l\u00fcm T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol Devletleri\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1381,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[108],"tags":[112,6],"class_list":["post-1841","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ortak-turk-tarihi-ders-notlari","tag-ortak-turk-tarihi","tag-tarih-ders-notlari"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>V. 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