{"id":1843,"date":"2024-11-11T20:10:03","date_gmt":"2024-11-11T17:10:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=1843"},"modified":"2024-11-11T20:10:06","modified_gmt":"2024-11-11T17:10:06","slug":"vi-bolum-turk-dunyasi-xii-xv-yuzyillar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/11\/vi-bolum-turk-dunyasi-xii-xv-yuzyillar\/","title":{"rendered":"VI. B\u00f6l\u00fcm T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131 (XII-XV. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0<strong>Se\u00e7meli Ortak T\u00fcrk Tarihi<\/strong>\u00a0dersi 6. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0<strong>T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131 (XII-XV. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar)<\/strong>\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0<strong>\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0<strong>Ortak T\u00fcrk Tarihi kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf<\/strong>\u00a0ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. G\u00fcncel tarih ders kitab\u0131na uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0<strong>T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131 (XII-XV. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar)<\/strong>\u00a0dersi notlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ortak T\u00fcrk Tarihi 6. B\u00f6l\u00fcm T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131 (XII-XV. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. DELH\u0130 SULTANLI\u011eI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Delhi T\u00fcrk Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1206-1526 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Belirli bir hanedan de\u011fil, daha \u00e7ok M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk emirleri taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen bir devlettir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hindistan\u2019da Afgan as\u0131ll\u0131 Gurlular Hanedan\u0131 (XI-XII. y\u00fczy\u0131l) d\u00f6neminde Orta Asya\u2019dan gelen pek \u00e7ok kumandan\u0131 yeti\u015ftirmi\u015f ve devlet y\u00f6netimini ellerinde bulundurmu\u015flard\u0131r. T\u00fcrk as\u0131ll\u0131 Kutbeddin Aybeg (1206-1210) taraf\u0131ndan Delhi\u2019de kurulan bu T\u00fcrk devleti yakla\u015f\u0131k 320 y\u0131l varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, d\u00f6rt hanedan taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrk sultanlar\u0131ndan Balaban Han d\u00f6nemi (1266-1287) ilim ve sanat bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Onun devrinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bilgin, Emir H\u00fcsrev Dehlev\u00ee, Delhi sultanlar\u0131ndan himaye g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u00fcsrev Dehlev\u00ee, Hindistan\u2019da \u015fiirlerini Fars\u00e7a yazan \u015fairlerin en \u00f6nemlisidir. Kutbedd\u00een Aybeg\u2019in yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 72,6 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011findeki yap\u0131t Kutb Min\u00e2r ismi ile \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu yap\u0131t d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck minaresi olarak bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>SULTAN RAZ\u0130YE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sultan Raziye \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n ilk kad\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 ve her h\u00fck\u00fcmdara ait ne \u00f6zellik varsa onda da vard\u0131. Babas\u0131 hayattayken devlet i\u015fleriyle ilgilenmi\u015f, hatta \u0130ltutmu\u015f k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 veliaht tayin etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. MISIR MEMLUK DEVLET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Memluklerden \u00f6nce de T\u00fcrk as\u0131ll\u0131 hanedanlar h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Toluno\u011fullar\u0131 (868-905) ve \u0130h\u015fidler (935-969) M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da kurulan ilk T\u00fcrk devletleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Memlukler (1250-1517) T\u00fcrk as\u0131ll\u0131 Memluk Muiziddin Aybeg (1250-1257) taraf\u0131ndan merkezi Kahire \u015fehri olarak kurulmu\u015ftur. M\u0131s\u0131r ve \u00d6n Asya\u2019da (\u00dcrd\u00fcn, Filistin, Suriye) siyasi y\u00f6nden etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Resm\u00ee ad\u0131 kaynaklarda Devlet\u00fc\u2019t-T\u00fcrkiyye (T\u00fcrk Devleti) olarak ge\u00e7en M\u0131s\u0131r Memlukleri k\u00f6ken bak\u0131m\u0131ndan daha \u00e7ok Orta Asya T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131na, \u00f6zellikle De\u015ft-i K\u0131p\u00e7ak ahalisine dayanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Devletin kurucusu olan Muizzuddin Aybeg (1250-1257) O\u011fuz (T\u00fcrkmen) as\u0131ll\u0131 bir T\u00fcrkt\u00fcr. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da e\u011fitilerek Memluk askeri olarak yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve emir unvan\u0131na y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Orta Do\u011fu\u2019daki Eyyubi Devleti (1171-1250) h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Salih Eyy\u00fcb \u00f6l\u00fcnce onun Kafkasyal\u0131 T\u00fcrk as\u0131ll\u0131 e\u015fi \u015eecer\u00fcdd\u00fcr, Aybeg\u2019le evlenmi\u015f ve taht\u0131 Aybeg\u2019e devretmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Eyyubi Devleti sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Seyfeddin Kutuz d\u00f6neminde Memlukler Mo\u011fol tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 savunmu\u015flard\u0131r. 1260 y\u0131l\u0131nda Filistin\u2019deki Ayn-\u0131 Calud Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Kutuz komutas\u0131ndaki Memluk ordusu Mo\u011fol ordusunu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yenilgiye u\u011fratarak onlar\u0131n ilerlemelerini durdurmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylece Suriye\u2019nin bir k\u0131sm\u0131, Hicaz (Mekke ve Medine) ve M\u0131s\u0131r Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131ndan kurtulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Memluklerin en me\u015fhur h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131ndan biri olan Sultan Baybars D\u00f6nemi (1260-1277) Memluk Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en parlak d\u00f6nemidir. Onun d\u00f6neminde halifeli\u011fin merkezi M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Baybars, Alt\u0131n Orda h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Berke Han\u2019\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131yla evlenmi\u015ftir. 1276 y\u0131l\u0131nda Anadolu Beyliklerine yard\u0131m etmeye giden Baybars, 1277 y\u0131l\u0131nda Anadolu T\u00fcrkleri saf\u0131nda sava\u015farak Elbistan\u2019da Mo\u011follar\u0131 ikinci kez yenmi\u015ftir. Bu devlet Ha\u00e7l\u0131larla m\u00fccadeleye devam etmi\u015f, Suriye\u2019deki son Ha\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na son vermi\u015f, Antakya\u2019daki Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131 da uzakla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Memluk Devleti 1517 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Padi\u015fah\u0131 Yavuz Sultan Selim taraf\u0131ndan ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Memlukler d\u00f6neminde bir\u00e7ok Arap\u00e7a-T\u00fcrk\u00e7e s\u00f6zl\u00fck yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. OSMANLI \u0130MPARATORLU\u011eU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1302 y\u0131l\u0131nda temeli at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, 1922 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, en uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc T\u00fcrk devletidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu devletin kurucusu O\u011fuz T\u00fcrklerinin Kay\u0131 boyuna mensup Ertu\u011frul Gazi\u2019nin o\u011flu Osman Gazi\u2019dir. Hanedan\u0131n atalar\u0131 XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finde Orta Asya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinden \u00f6nce Azerbaycan\u2019a, sonra Anadolu\u2019ya gelip yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin K\u00f6seda\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 (1243) kaybetmesinden sonra Anadolu\u2019da siyasi birlik bozulmu\u015ftu. Devletin zay\u0131flamas\u0131 ve y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde Karamano\u011fullar\u0131, Ayd\u0131no\u011fullar\u0131, E\u015frefo\u011fullar\u0131, Karesio\u011fullar\u0131, \u0130sfendiyaro\u011fullar\u0131, Mente\u015feo\u011fullar\u0131 gibi bir\u00e7ok beylik ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bunlardan biri de Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1281\u2019de Ertu\u011frul Gazi, boy beyli\u011fini o\u011flu Osman Gazi\u2019ye b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Osman Gazi \u00f6nce S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct ve Domani\u00e7 civar\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin kendisine u\u00e7beyli\u011fi olarak verdi\u011fi b\u00f6lgeyi y\u00f6netmekteydi. T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu y\u00f6netiminin iyice zay\u0131flamas\u0131 \u00fczerine ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti (1302).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ba\u015fkent S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct ve civar\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli fetihlerde bulunan Osman Gazi, beyli\u011fin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde geni\u015fletti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1326\u2019da Orhan Bey\u2019in Bursa\u2019y\u0131 fethetmesiyle ekonomik ve siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir yer ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f oldu. Orhan Bey \u0130znik, \u0130zmit gibi \u00f6nemli Bizans \u015fehirlerini ald\u0131 ve beyli\u011fin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019un Asya taraf\u0131 olan \u00dcsk\u00fcdar\u2019a kadar dayand\u0131. Yine Orhan Bey D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Bal\u0131kesir\u2019de kurulmu\u015f Karesio\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi Osmanl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na d\u00e2hil edildi. Beylik topraklar\u0131n\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irilmesi Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n deniz g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fmesine ve Avrupa taraf\u0131na ge\u00e7mesine zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Bizans\u2019taki birtak\u0131m kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klardan yararlan\u0131larak Avrupa taraf\u0131na \u00c7impe Kalesi\u2019ne ge\u00e7ildi (1353).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6ncelikli hedefi Anadolu\u2019daki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk beylikleriyle m\u00fccadele de\u011fil, \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 yaymakt\u0131. Bunun i\u00e7in Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile Avrupa taraf\u0131ndaki di\u011fer Hristiyan devletlerin topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek istiyorlard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131 nedeniyle Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131na vatan bulmak da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oluyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I. Murat d\u00f6neminde Ha\u00e7l\u0131larla yap\u0131lan I. Kosova Sava\u015f\u0131, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n zaferiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1389\u2019da tahta \u00e7\u0131kan Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezit, Ni\u011fbolu Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda (1396) birle\u015fik Ha\u00e7l\u0131 kuvvetlerini yenilgiye u\u011fratmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda (1402) Timur\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamad\u0131. Onun esareti ve \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra devlet da\u011f\u0131lma tehlikesi ge\u00e7irdiyse de I. Mehmet \u00fclkede d\u00fczeni yeniden sa\u011flad\u0131 (1413). \u00dclkenin do\u011fuda ve bat\u0131da geni\u015flemesi II. Murat d\u00f6neminde devam etmi\u015fse de o\u011flu II. Mehmet\u2019in zaman\u0131 devletin h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fti\u011fi bir d\u00f6nem olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fatih Sultan Mehmet (1451-1481) 1453 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019u ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130STANBUL\u2019UN FETH\u0130N\u0130N SONU\u00c7LARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Do\u011fu Roma (Bizans) \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na son verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stanbul\u2019un fethi ile birlikte Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin T\u00fcrk ve \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131lar, Asya ve Avrupa k\u0131talar\u0131ndaki topraklar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirerek Anadolu ve Balkanlardaki h\u00e2kimiyetlerini peki\u015ftirdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Karadeniz\u2019i Akdeniz\u2019e ba\u011flayan su yolunu kontrolleri alt\u0131na alarak ekonomik y\u00f6nden g\u00fc\u00e7lendiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">II. Mehmet, \u0130stanbul\u2019u devletin yeni ba\u015fkenti yapt\u0131. Bilginleri, sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 \u015fehre yerle\u015ftirerek \u0130stanbul\u2019u \u00f6nemli bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve ticaret merkezi h\u00e2line getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">II. Mehmet \u0130stanbul\u2019u fethetti\u011fi i\u00e7in \u201cfetheden\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen Fatih unvan\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130STANBUL\u2019UN FETH\u0130 AVRUPA TAR\u0130H\u0130N\u0130 DE DE\u011e\u0130\u015eT\u0130RD\u0130.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ku\u015fatma s\u0131ras\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc toplarla \u015fehirlerin etraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen ve y\u0131k\u0131lamaz san\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck surlar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131labilece\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Bunu g\u00f6ren Avrupa\u2019daki krallar da ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi kullanarak etraf\u0131 kal\u0131n surlarla \u00e7evrili \u015fatolarda ya\u015fayan derebeylerin h\u00e2kimiyetine son verdiler. B\u00f6ylece Orta \u00c7a\u011f boyunca Avrupa\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren derebeylik (feodalite) rejimi \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f s\u00fcrecine girerken merkez\u00ee krall\u0131klar g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fethin ard\u0131ndan Bizansl\u0131 bilim insanlar\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019dan ayr\u0131larak \u0130talya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etti. Eski Yunan ve Roma uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n bilgi birikimine sahip bu insanlar\u0131n \u0130talya\u2019ya gelmesi bu \u00fclkede R\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131nda etkili oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130stanbul\u2019un fethi ile birlikte eski ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrklerin kontrol\u00fcne girmesi ise Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131 yeni yollar aramaya y\u00f6neltti. Bu aray\u0131\u015fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn bu sonu\u00e7lar nedeniyle \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethi Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n sonu, Yeni \u00c7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak kabul edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fatih Sultan Mehmet bir\u00e7ok yerde fetihler yapt\u0131. Mora ve Trabzon \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu fethederek Bizans\u2019\u0131 yeniden diriltme \u00fcmitlerini s\u00f6nd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Yine Balkanlar, Karadeniz\u2019in kuzey k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki K\u0131r\u0131m ve Azak ile Avrupa\u2019daki bir\u00e7ok toprak Osmanl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131. Fatih Sultan Mehmet\u2019in 1481\u2019de iki milyon kilometrekare olarak b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 devlet ilerleyen d\u00f6nemlerde daha geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlara ula\u015ft\u0131 ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck imparatorluklar\u0131ndan biri h\u00e2line geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130mparatorluk XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011fine kadar da varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>OSMANLI \u0130MPARATORLU\u011eU\u2019NDA SOSYAL, EKONOM\u0130K VE K\u00dcLT\u00dcREL HAYAT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131 y\u00f6netme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc Allah\u2019tan ald\u0131klar\u0131na inan\u0131rlar ve \u00fclkeyi onun ad\u0131na y\u00f6netirlerdi. \u0130nan\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re halk, Allah\u2019\u0131n onlara birer emanetiydi. Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan itibaren \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 yayma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine sahiplerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Padi\u015fahlar \u015fehzade unvan\u0131 verilen \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zel hocalar\u0131n g\u00f6zetiminde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir titizlikle yeti\u015ftirirlerdi. En \u00f6nemlisi de \u00f6zel hocalar e\u015fli\u011finde sancak ad\u0131 verilen \u015fehirlerde devlet y\u00f6netimi konusunda uygulamal\u0131 e\u011fitim g\u00f6r\u00fcrlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fethedilen yerlerdeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan halka kar\u015f\u0131 ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc bir y\u00f6netim sergilenirdi. Gayrim\u00fcslimler kendi dinlerinin gereklerini istedikleri gibi yerine getirirler, asla din de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye zorlanmazlard\u0131. Ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc ikliminde ya\u015fayan gayrim\u00fcslimlerden bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u0130slamiyet\u2019i kabul etmi\u015flerdir. Bo\u015fnaklar ve Arnavutlar bu grupta yer al\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Devletin kurulu\u015f d\u00f6neminde Orta Asya\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 taraflar\u0131ndan gelen T\u00fcrkler de yeni fethedilen yerlere yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vak\u0131flar, ba\u015fta padi\u015fahlar olmak \u00fczere devlet adamlar\u0131 ve zenginler taraf\u0131ndan kurulurdu. Vak\u0131flar sayesinde \u00e7ok say\u0131da hay\u0131r kurumu, din\u00ee yap\u0131 ve e\u011fitim kurumu (mektep, medrese) ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fatih Sultan Mehmet Sahn-\u0131 Seman (Sekiz Medrese) ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan me\u015fhur medreseyi kurmu\u015ftur. Fatih \u0130stanbul\u2019daki medreselerde ders vermesi i\u00e7in me\u015fhur matematik\u00e7i Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u\u2019yu \u0130stanbul\u2019a davet etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Devletin ilk d\u00f6nemlerinde yaz\u0131 dilinde daha sade bir T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kullan\u0131l\u0131rken ilerleyen y\u0131llarda Arap ve Fars dillerinin etkisi artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak devletin resm\u00ee dili T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olarak kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131lar d\u00f6neminde mimariye b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem verilmi\u015ftir. \u0130stanbul ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Balkanlar, Orta Do\u011fu, M\u0131s\u0131r, Tunus, Cezayir\u2019de y\u00fczlerce cami, medrese, kervansaray, \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131, han, k\u00f6pr\u00fc ve ba\u015fka yap\u0131lar in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>AL\u0130 KU\u015e\u00c7U<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Timurlular devrinde Semerkant\u2019ta yeti\u015fmi\u015f, daha sonra Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015f\u00f6hret kazanm\u0131\u015f T\u00fcrk astronom ve matematik\u00e7isi Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u, bilim insan\u0131 ve sanat\u00e7\u0131 Ulu\u011f Bey\u2019in hem \u00f6\u011frencisi ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">XV. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Semerkant\u2019ta d\u00fcnyaya geldi\u011fi tahmin edilmektedir. Akkoyunlu H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Uzun Hasan taraf\u0131ndan Fatih Sultan Mehmet\u2019e el\u00e7i olarak g\u00f6nderildi. \u0130lmine hayran olan Fatih\u2019in \u0131srar\u0131 \u00fczerine el\u00e7ilik g\u00f6revini tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra \u0130stanbul\u2019a d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Daha sonra Ayasofya Medresesine m\u00fcderris (\u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi) tayin etti. Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u ayn\u0131 zamanda Fatih taraf\u0131ndan kurulan Sahn-\u0131 Seman medreselerinin program\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemekle g\u00f6revlendirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. T\u0130MURLULAR DEVLET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">XIV-XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren bu devlet T\u00fcrklerin Barlas boyuna mensup Timur (1370-1405) taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7a\u011fatay hanlar\u0131n\u0131n komutanlar\u0131ndan biri olan Timur gittik\u00e7e zay\u0131flayan \u00c7a\u011fatay Devleti\u2019ni yeniden toparlamak amac\u0131yla seferler d\u00fczenlemi\u015f, h\u00e2kimiyet davas\u0131nda bulunan T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol emirleriyle 1370 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar pek \u00e7ok sava\u015f yapm\u0131\u015f ve hep galip gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Timur hem Orta Asya, Kuzey Hindistan, \u0130ran, Orta Do\u011fu ve Anadolu hem de Kafkaslar, Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyi, G\u00fcney Rusya stepleri ve \u0130dil-Ural b\u00f6lgeleri d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere De\u015ft-i K\u0131p\u00e7ak ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde asker\u00ee ba\u015far\u0131lar elde etmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece, kendi devletini b\u00fcy\u00fck bir imparatorlu\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Y\u00f6netim merkezi Semerkant ve Herat \u015fehirleri olan bu devlet, onun halefleri d\u00f6neminde T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn merkezi olarak tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Timur, kuzeyde Avrasya stepleri, do\u011fuda Yedisu, g\u00fcneyde Hindistan, bat\u0131da Arap \u00fclkeleri ve Anadolu topraklar\u0131na h\u00e2kim olmu\u015ftur. 1398-1399 seferleriyle T\u00fcrk as\u0131ll\u0131 Tu\u011fluklular Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Hindistan Delhi Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 zaptetmi\u015ftir. Alt\u0131n Orda h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Toktam\u0131\u015f Han\u2019\u0131 yenmi\u015ftir. Buralarda kendi h\u00e2kimiyetini kabul ettiren Timur, 1402 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar yap\u0131lan d\u00f6rt seferle Irak, Suriye ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019yu ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1402 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezit\u2019i yenerek Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin y\u00f6netimini Osmanl\u0131 \u015fehzadelerine, Y\u0131ld\u0131rm Bayezit\u2019in d\u00f6rt o\u011fluna b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anadolu\u2019dan sonra \u00c7in seferine \u00e7\u0131kan Timur Otrar\u2019da hastalanarak \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (1405). Timur\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden hemen sonra devlet onun o\u011fullar\u0131 ve torunlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re torunu Halil Sultan ba\u015fkent Semerkant\u2019a, di\u011fer torunlar\u0131 Pir Muhammed ile \u0130skender \u0130ran\u2019a, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc o\u011flu Miran\u015fah Ba\u011fdat ve Azerbaycan\u2019a, en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck o\u011flu \u015eahruh ise Horasan\u2019a h\u00e2kim olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sonradan \u015eahruh, Mavera\u00fcnnehir b\u00f6lgesini de ele ge\u00e7irerek Herat \u015fehrini merkez edinmi\u015ftir. Ard\u0131ndan \u0130ran ve Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 da h\u00e2kimiyetine alan \u015eahruh D\u00f6nemi (1405-1447) T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da parlak bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr hayat\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. \u015eahruh merkezini Herat\u2019ta (Afganistan) kurdu\u011fu zaman o\u011flu Ulu\u011f Bey (1447-1449) Semerkant\u2019ta Orta Asya\u2019n\u0131n Amuderya\u2019dan kuzeydeki b\u00f6lgelerinde yar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u015fekilde h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ulu\u011f Bey bilime \u00f6nem vermi\u015f, \u00f6zellikle astronomi ve matematikle ilgili \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yaparak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00fcne kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Semerkant\u2019ta kurdurdu\u011fu Ulu\u011f Bey Medresesi ile buna ba\u011fl\u0131 Rasathane 1449 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en ileri g\u00f6zlemevi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Timur hanedan\u0131ndan H\u00fcseyin Baykara (1470-1506) d\u00f6neminde Horasan T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n zirveye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir b\u00f6lgeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Muhammed \u015eeyban\u00ee Han\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nce Semerkant\u2019\u0131, 1507 y\u0131l\u0131nda da Herat\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesi Timur hanedan\u0131n\u0131n sonu olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hanedandan Bab\u00fcr, T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamay\u0131nca Hindistan\u2019a giderek Bab\u00fcr Devleti\u2019ni kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Timurlular, T\u00fcrklerin Orta Asya merkezli kurdu\u011fu en b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerden biri olmu\u015ftur. Bu devirde T\u00fcrkistan ve Horasan, \u0130slam mimarisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en parlak d\u00f6nemini ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">XV. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren T\u00fcrkistan, K\u0131r\u0131m, Kazan ve Azerbaycan\u2019da \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi y\u00fcksek bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr dili h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. Timurlular d\u00f6neminde T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131n\u0131n en g\u00f6zde edeb\u00ee eseri Balasagunlu Yusuf\u2019un Kutadgu Bilig kitab\u0131n\u0131n (Herat, Fergana ve Viyana n\u00fcshalar\u0131) yeniden Orta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e (Uygur) ve Arap harfleriyle yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 bu hanedan\u0131n T\u00fcrk mill\u00ee kimli\u011fine ne denli \u00f6nem verdiklerini g\u00f6sterir. O d\u00f6nemde yaz\u0131lan Tarih-i Erba\u2019 Ulus (D\u00f6rt Ulus Tarihi) eseri ise Cengiz Han halefleri taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen d\u00f6rt T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol devletinin tarihini ayd\u0131nlatmaya adanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>T\u0130\u0307MURLULAR DEVLET\u0130\u0307\u2019NDE SOSYAL, EKONOM\u0130\u0307K VE K\u00dcLT\u00dcREL HAYAT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu d\u00f6nemde Fars ve T\u00fcrk dili Timurlular\u0131n esas yaz\u0131\u015fma dilleri olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tarih\u00ee eserlerin daha \u00e7ok Fars\u00e7a yaz\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k yarl\u0131klar\u0131n (ferman) eski Uygur yaz\u0131s\u0131yla T\u00fcrk dilinde yaz\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Arap dili ise daha \u00e7ok bilimsel ve din\u00ee hayatta kullan\u0131lmaya devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Timur, Semerkant\u2019\u0131 imparatorlu\u011funun ba\u015fkenti yapt\u0131ktan sonra \u015fehri g\u00f6rkemli mimari yap\u0131larla donatt\u0131r\u0131p, seferlerde ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi Arap, Fars, Hint ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerdeki mimar, sanat\u00e7\u0131 ve bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131 Semerkant\u2019a getirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130pek Yolu hatlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n Timurlular\u0131n kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 ticari ili\u015fkilerin ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkile\u015fimin geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde Semerkant, Buhara, Yesi (T\u00fcrkistan), Belh, Herat, Kabil, Sebzivar, \u015eiraz \u015fehirleri ticaret merkezleri h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. XV. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Semerkant\u2019\u0131n alt\u0131n d\u00f6nemi olarak tarihe ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>AL\u0130 \u015e\u00ceR NEVA\u00ce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">XV. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran b\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk \u015fairi Ali \u015e\u00eer Neva\u00ee (1441-1501), T\u00fcrk dili ve \u015fiirinin geli\u015fiminde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Neva\u00ee \u201cMuh\u00e2kemet\u2019\u00fcl L\u00fbgateyn\u201d (\u0130ki Dilin Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131) adl\u0131 eserinde T\u00fcrk ve Fars dillerini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin Fars\u00e7adan daha \u00fcst\u00fcn bir dil oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. KARAKOYUNLULAR DEVLET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">XIV-XV. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Karakoyunlular Devleti O\u011fuz T\u00fcrklerinin Yive boyuna mensup Bayram Hoca taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Azerbaycan merkezli olan bu devlet d\u00f6neminde \u0130ran, Irak ve G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019da T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusu artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Karakoyunlular \u00f6nce Azerbaycan\u2019a, daha sonra daha sonra F\u0131rat ve Dicle nehirlerinin yukar\u0131 vadilerine yerle\u015fmi\u015f bir O\u011fuz boyudur. Bu boyun Baharl\u0131 kolu reisi Bayram Hoca T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol as\u0131ll\u0131 Celayirliler Hanedan\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak bir y\u00f6netim kurmu\u015ftur. Karde\u015fi Murat Hoca ise Celayirlilerin Musul Valisi idi. 1365 y\u0131l\u0131ndan 1382 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Karakoyunlulara ba\u011fl\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bayram Hoca 1382 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcnce yerine o\u011flu Kara Mehmet ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. O, Celayirlilere sad\u0131k kalarak babas\u0131n\u0131n idare etti\u011fi yerleri ve a\u015firet beyli\u011fini elinde tutmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kara Mehmet\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Karakoyunlu Devleti\u2019nin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Kara Yusuf tahta \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kara Yusuf, 1400 y\u0131l\u0131nda Celayirlilerle birlikte hareket etse de Timurlulara yenilerek Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Timur\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Tebriz ve Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren Kara Yusuf, Akkoyunlu h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Kara Osman\u2019\u0131 ma\u011flup etmi\u015ftir. Tebriz\u2019i merkez yaparak h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015ftir. Kara Yusuf 1410 y\u0131l\u0131nda Celayirliler h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Sultan Ahmet\u2019i yenerek Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Karakoyunlular, Timurlu \u015eahruh taraf\u0131ndan yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Karakoyunlu Devleti 1468 y\u0131l\u0131nda Akkoyunlu Uzun Hasan taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Karakoyunlular d\u00f6neminde Van\u2019da Ulu Cami, \u0130sfahan\u2019da Cuma Camii, Tebriz\u2019de G\u00f6k Mescit ve medrese in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. AKKOYUNLULAR DEVLET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">XIV-XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren bu hanedan O\u011fuz T\u00fcrklerinin Bay\u0131nd\u0131r boyu temsilcisi Kara Y\u00fcl\u00fck Osman taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f ve ba\u015fkenti Diyarbak\u0131r olmu\u015ftur. Karakoyunlularla akraba boylardan olan Akkoyunlular\u0131n reisi Kara Y\u00fcl\u00fck Osman Memluk Sultan\u0131n\u0131n hizmetine girmi\u015f, 1400 y\u0131l\u0131nda Timur\u2019un Anadolu\u2019ya giri\u015fine destek vermi\u015ftir. Bu hizmetine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Malatya\u2019y\u0131, 1402 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndaki deste\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k da Diyarbak\u0131r b\u00f6lgesini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kara Y\u00fcl\u00fck Osman 1403 y\u0131l\u0131nda Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osman Bey\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, o\u011fullar\u0131 aras\u0131nda iktidar kavgas\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve Akkoyunlu Devleti eski g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yitirmi\u015ftir. Ancak torunu Uzun Hasan (1453-1478), 1453 y\u0131l\u0131nda Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irerek iktidar kavgalar\u0131na son vermi\u015ftir. Uzun Hasan 1468 y\u0131l\u0131nda Karakoyunlular\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve ba\u015fkenti Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019dan Tebriz\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1461 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fatih Sultan Mehmet\u2019in Trabzon\u2019u fethetmesi Osmanl\u0131lar ve Akkoyunlular aras\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelesine neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uzun Hasan\u2019\u0131n (Hasan padi\u015fah) 1478 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6lmesinden sonra o\u011fullar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ba\u015flayan taht kavgalar\u0131 Akkoyunlu Devleti\u2019ni iyice zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Akkoyunlu Devleti, di\u011fer bir T\u00fcrk devleti olan Safevilerin h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 \u015eah \u0130smail taraf\u0131ndan 1503 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamen ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>SARA HATUN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uzun Hasan\u2019\u0131n annesi Sara Hatun da XV. y\u00fczy\u0131l Akkoyunlu d\u0131\u015f ve i\u00e7 siyasetinde \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revler \u00fcstlenirken, tedbirli siyaseti ile d\u00f6nemin en \u00f6nemli \u015fahsiyetlerinden biri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130MADEDD\u0130N NES\u0130M\u00ce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nesim\u00ee (1369-1417) Azerbaycan T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, Fars\u00e7a ve Arap\u00e7a \u015fiirler yazan \u015fair ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fcr. H\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleriyle Azerbaycan, Orta Do\u011fu, Anadolu ve Orta Asya\u2019n\u0131n \u015fair ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerini etkilemi\u015ftir. Kendisinin de b\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinden biri Hac\u0131 Bekta\u015f Veli\u2019den etkilendi\u011fi bilinir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0Se\u00e7meli Ortak T\u00fcrk Tarihi\u00a0dersi 6. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131 (XII-XV. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar)\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0Ortak T\u00fcrk Tarihi kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/11\/vi-bolum-turk-dunyasi-xii-xv-yuzyillar\/\" title=\"VI. B\u00f6l\u00fcm T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131 (XII-XV. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar)\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1381,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[108],"tags":[112,6],"class_list":["post-1843","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ortak-turk-tarihi-ders-notlari","tag-ortak-turk-tarihi","tag-tarih-ders-notlari"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ortak-turk-tarihi.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>VI. 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