{"id":1849,"date":"2024-11-12T22:31:36","date_gmt":"2024-11-12T19:31:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=1849"},"modified":"2024-11-12T22:31:38","modified_gmt":"2024-11-12T19:31:38","slug":"turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-iii-unite-turklerde-hukuk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/12\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-iii-unite-turklerde-hukuk\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi III. \u00dcnite: T\u00fcrklerde Hukuk"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0Se\u00e7meli T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi<\/strong>\u00a0dersi 3. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0T\u00fcrklerde Hukuk<\/strong>\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf<\/strong>\u00a0ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. G\u00fcncel tarih ders kitab\u0131na uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0T\u00fcrklerde Hukuk<\/strong>\u00a0\u00fcnitesi notlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. \u00dcnite T\u00fcrklerde Hukuk<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0130LK T\u00dcRK DEVLETLER\u0130NDE HUKUK<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hukuki Yap\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk T\u00fcrk devletlerinde yaz\u0131l\u0131 olamayan fakat herkesin bildi\u011fi ve kabullendi\u011fi t\u00f6re (yasa, yol) denilen kurallar vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00f6neticilerle y\u00f6netilenler aras\u0131nda da g\u00f6rev ve sorumluluklar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmayan ve ad\u0131na t\u00fcz denilen bir t\u00fcr s\u00f6zl\u00fc anla\u015fma mevcuttu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f6re, T\u00fcrk toplumunda d\u00fczeni sa\u011flayan en \u00f6nemli de\u011ferdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f6re sayesinde y\u0131k\u0131lan bir devletin yerine yenisini kurmak zor olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrklerde su\u00e7lar\u0131n cezas\u0131 devlet taraf\u0131ndan verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kutadgu Bilig\u2019de t\u00f6renin de\u011fi\u015fmeyen h\u00fck\u00fcmleri;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

k\u00f6nilik (adalet),<\/p>\n\n\n\n

uzluk (iyilik),<\/p>\n\n\n\n

t\u00fczl\u00fck (e\u015fitlik)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ve ki\u015filik (insanl\u0131k) olarak belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devlet taraf\u0131ndan verilen cezalar genelde isyan, vatana ihanet, adam \u00f6ld\u00fcrme ve ba\u011fl\u0131 at\u0131 \u00e7alma ile ilgiliydi ve bu su\u00e7lar\u0131n cezas\u0131 idamd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler g\u00f6\u00e7ebe bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcklerinden dolay\u0131 uzun s\u00fcreli hapis cezas\u0131 vermiyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hunlarda oldu\u011fu gibi K\u00f6k T\u00fcrklerde de devlet mahkemesine yargu, mahkeme g\u00f6revlilerine yargan denilmekteydi ve yargunun ba\u015f\u0131nda ka\u011fan bulunurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130LK T\u00dcRK \u0130SLAM DEVLETLER\u0130NDE HUKUK<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hukuki Yap\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130slamiyet\u2019in kabul\u00fc ile birlikte T\u00fcrklerin hukuk sistemi de de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, bu de\u011fi\u015fimin yan\u0131nda, \u0130slami kurallara ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmamak \u00fczere eski T\u00fcrk t\u00f6resi de devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk \u0130slam devletlerinde hukuk,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015fer\u00ee ve<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00f6rf\u00ee olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eer\u00ee Hukuk<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eer\u00ee hukukun kaynaklar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fcnnet,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130cma ve K\u0131yas\u2019t\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 Alan<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evlenme<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bo\u015fanma<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miras<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maliye<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk \u0130slam devletlerinde \u015fer\u00ee davalara kad\u0131lar bakard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eer\u00ee hukuk davalar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki g\u00f6revliye kad\u0131lkudat ad\u0131 verilir, kad\u0131lar\u0131n verdi\u011fi kararlara itiraz edilmesi durumunda, \u0130slami bir kurum olan Mez\u00e2lim Divan\u0131\u2019na (Divan-\u0131 Mez\u00e2lim) ba\u015fvurulurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rfi Hukuk<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rf\u00ee hukuk kurallar\u0131 Hun, K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk ve Uygur kanunlar\u0131 ile O\u011fuz gelenekleri yani eski T\u00fcrklerden gelen t\u00f6relerden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 Alan<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00f6netim<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maliye<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Askerlik<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rf\u00ee davalara da emir-i d\u00e2d bakard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asker\u00ee s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n hukuki davalar\u0131na bakan kad\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki g\u00f6revliye kad\u0131le\u015fker denirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Divan-\u0131 Mez\u00e2lim<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk \u0130slam devletlerinde en \u00fcst mahkeme Divan-\u0131 Mez\u00e2lim\u2019di.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Divan-\u0131 Mez\u00e2lim, yarg\u0131 g\u00f6revinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda siyasi ve ekonomik alanlarda da birtak\u0131m g\u00f6revleri yerine getirirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Divan-\u0131 Mez\u00e2lim g\u00f6revlerini vezir, hukuk\u00e7u, \u015fahit, m\u00fcft\u00fc, ordu ve maliye temsilcilerinden olu\u015fan \u00fcst d\u00fczey bir kurul yerine getirir, burada g\u00f6rev yapacak olan ki\u015filerin nitelikli ve ahlakl\u0131 olmalar\u0131na dikkat edilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Divan-\u0131 Mez\u00e2lim\u2019in Baz\u0131 G\u00f6revleri<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halk\u0131n \u015fikayetlerinin dinlenmesi ve karara ba\u011flanmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6revini k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanan idareciler hakk\u0131ndaki \u015fik\u00e2yetlerin incelenmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maa\u015flar\u0131n gecikmesi ve eksik \u00f6denmesi ile ilgili \u015fik\u00e2yetlerin incelenmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cuma ve bayram namazlar\u0131 ile hac ve cihad gibi ibadetlerin yerine getirilmesine imk\u00e2n sa\u011flanmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Divan katiplerinin denetlenmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vak\u0131flar\u0131n denetlenmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cengiz Yasas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cengiz Yasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n olu\u015fum s\u00fcrecine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman Mo\u011follar\u0131n ilk zamanlarda yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir kanunlar\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cengiz Han baz\u0131 T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra sadece Mo\u011follar\u0131n de\u011fil, T\u00fcrklerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n da han\u0131 (y\u00f6neticisi) olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cengiz Han, kanun olu\u015ftururken T\u00fcrk t\u00f6resinden ve eski geleneklerden etkilenmi\u015f, bu t\u00f6re ve geleneklere yeni ilaveler yaparak olduk\u00e7a sert cezalar\u0131 olan Cengiz Yasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cengiz Yasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ok az bir h\u00fckm\u00fc \u0130sl\u00e2m hukukuna uygundur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cengiz Yasas\u0131\u2019nda ise adaletten ziyade Cengiz Han\u2019\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tecr\u00fcbeler yasalara yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NDE HUKUK<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Klasik D\u00f6nem Hukuk Sistemi<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 hukuku \u00fc\u00e7 ana temel \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rf\u00ee Hukuk,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130slam Hukuku,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fethedilen B\u00f6lgelerde \u00d6nceden Uygulanan Kanunlar<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devleti y\u00f6netenler, \u0130slam dininin toplum d\u00fczeni ve fertler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler konusunda koydu\u011fu emir ve yasaklardan olu\u015fan \u015fer\u00ee hukuka \u00f6nem vermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eer\u00ee hukukun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan konularda ise \u00f6nceki T\u00fcrk devletlerindeki hukuk uygulamalar\u0131 ile padi\u015fah\u0131n emir ve fermanlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan \u00f6rf\u00ee hukuku kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130slam hukukunun temel prensiplerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmamak \u015fart\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde hukukun d\u00fczenlenmesi yetkisi padi\u015faha aitti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rf\u00ee hukukun yaz\u0131l\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131 olan kanunn\u00e2melerde geleneksel hukuk kurallar\u0131na geni\u015f yer verilmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, herhangi bir konuda ilk olarak \u015fer\u00ee hukuk kurallar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 hukuk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6rf\u00ee hukuk ile \u015fer\u00ee hukuk birbirini tamamlayarak devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Murat D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde \u00f6rf\u00ee hukuk devlet te\u015fkilat\u0131na tam olarak yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kanunnameler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Haz\u0131rlanan bu kanunn\u00e2me sadrazam\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda toplanan Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun\u2019da son \u015fekli verilen kanunn\u00e2me padi\u015faha arz edilir ve padi\u015fah\u0131n onay\u0131ndan sonra ni\u015fanc\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fchimme defterlerine kaydedilerek y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Umum\u00ee Kanunn\u00e2meler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunlar \u00fclke genelinde uygulanan padi\u015fah\u0131n emir ve fermanlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kanunn\u00e2me-i \u00c2li Osman<\/strong>: \u0130dari i\u015flerde ihtiya\u00e7lara cevap vermek i\u00e7in ferman veya beratlar \u015feklinde yay\u0131nlan\u0131r, valiler ve kad\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan uygulan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Te\u015fkilat Kanunn\u00e2meleri<\/strong>: Saray\u0131n protokol anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ilgili gelenek ve kanunlar\u0131 i\u00e7erir, h\u00fck\u00fbmetin yetkilerini belirler, r\u00fctbe, atama ve emeklilik i\u015flerini d\u00fczenlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hususi Kanunn\u00e2meler <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zel Asker\u00ee Gruplara Ait Kanunn\u00e2meler<\/strong>: Asker\u00ee meselelerle ilgili \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan kanunn\u00e2melerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ktisad\u00ee Gruplara Ait \u00d6zel Kanunn\u00e2meler<\/strong>: \u00c7ift\u00e7iler, esnaflar ve pazar yerlerine y\u00f6nelik haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f kanunn\u00e2melerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyal Gruplara Ait Husus\u00ee Kanunn\u00e2meler<\/strong>: \u0130lmiye kanunn\u00e2meleri ile sava\u015flarda esir al\u0131n\u0131p istihdam edilen ortak\u00e7\u0131 stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde olanlarla ilgili kanunn\u00e2melerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ferman, Berat ve Yasakn\u00e2meler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ferman: <\/strong>Padi\u015fah\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131 emirleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beratlar: <\/strong>Bir tayin i\u015flemini veya birine vazife verildi\u011fini g\u00f6steren ve \u00fczerinde padi\u015fah tu\u011fras\u0131 bulunan belgelerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yasakn\u00e2meler: <\/strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde kanunlarla belirlenen idari, asker\u00ee ve mali konulardaki yasaklar\u0131n \u00e7i\u011fnenmesi h\u00e2linde uygulanan ceza\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sancak Kanunn\u00e2meleri<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sancak ve eyaletlerin mahall\u00ee \u015fartlar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131narak haz\u0131rlanan kanunn\u00e2melerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buralardan elde edilen gelirler, b\u00f6lgelerin \u015fartlar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131narak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu kanunn\u00e2meler ile reaya ve t\u0131mar sahipleri aras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mir\u00ee Arazi, ve T\u0131mar Nizam\u0131na Ait Kanunlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devlete ait (mir\u00ee) arazilerin kullan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan kanunn\u00e2melerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adaletn\u00e2meler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devlet otoritesini temsil edenlerin halka kar\u015f\u0131 bu otoriteyi k\u00f6t\u00fc kullanmalar\u0131 ve hak ve adalete ayk\u0131r\u0131 davranmalar\u0131 h\u00e2linde, g\u00f6revlilerin bu davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc tedbirlerle yasaklayan genel \u00f6zellikteki padi\u015fah fermanlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun\u2019un Adl\u00ee Fonksiyonu<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Padi\u015fah Divan\u0131 da denilen Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun\u2019a, Fatih D\u00f6nemi\u2019ne kadar bizzat padi\u015fahlar ba\u015fkanl\u0131k etmi\u015f, Fatih Kanunn\u00e2mesi ile bu us\u00fcl kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve vezir-i azam, padi\u015faha vekaleten divan ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eeyh\u00fclislamlar ilk d\u00f6nemlerde divan \u00fcyesi olmamalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen kazaskerin \u00e7\u00f6zemedi\u011fi \u00f6nemli meselelerde kendisinden fetva istenmek \u00fczere divana \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun\u2019un temel g\u00f6revi adaleti sa\u011flamakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halk \u015fik\u00e2yetlerini divana sunar, bu \u015fik\u00e2yetler de padi\u015fah taraf\u0131ndan dikkate al\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde h\u00fck\u00fcmdar cuma namaz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ava veya sefere giderken de halk\u0131n dilek\u00e7elerini kabul ederdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Divan\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararlar, \u015fer\u00ee ve \u00f6rf\u00ee kanunlara ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece padi\u015fah taraf\u0131ndan onaylan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Divan kararlar\u0131 vezir-i azam taraf\u0131ndan telhis ad\u0131yla \u00f6zetlenir ve padi\u015faha arz edilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Padi\u015fah\u0131n onay\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en hukuki h\u00fck\u00fcmler, bir araya getirilirse kanunn\u00e2me, mevcut kurallar\u0131 hat\u0131rlatmak i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn mahall\u00ee idare reislerine g\u00f6nderilirse adaletn\u00e2me, hususi bir meseleye ait olursa h\u00fck\u00fcm ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Divanda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcp karara ba\u011flanan ve padi\u015fah\u0131n onay\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en \u00f6nemli h\u00fck\u00fcmler m\u00fchimme defterlerine kaydedilirdi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Divan-\u0131 Mez\u00e2lim ile Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun\u2019a her din, her mezhep ve her milletten insanlar ba\u015fvurabilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Kad\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131lar, adl\u00ee ve idari i\u015flerle belediye i\u015flerine bakan g\u00f6revlilerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu g\u00f6revlerinin yan\u0131nda nikah, miras, bo\u015fanma, noterlik ve vak\u0131flar\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015fi ile ilgili konulara da bakarlar ve bunlar\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flarlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131lar\u0131n idari g\u00f6revleri aras\u0131nda kazalar\u0131n y\u00f6netiminin ve asayi\u015finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, esnaf ve loncalar\u0131n denetlenmesi, \u00fcretim ve pazar yerlerinin kontrol edilmesi de yer al\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131lara mahkeme i\u015flerinde yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan ki\u015filerin ba\u015f\u0131nda ise naip ad\u0131 verilen bir g\u00f6revli bulunurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131l\u0131kta en \u00fcst makam \u0130stanbul kad\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r (Taht kad\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fatih Sultan Mehmet\u2019in Adalet Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131lar idareleri alt\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131 milletlerin din, dil, \u00f6rf, \u00e2det ve geleneklerine m\u00fcdahale etmemi\u015fler, vicdan h\u00fcrriyetlerine de sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fatih Sultan Mehmet \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethinden hemen sonra Ortodoks Patrikli\u011fi\u2019ne serbest davranma hakk\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f ve onlar\u0131 ayinlerinde \u00f6zg\u00fcr b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanzimat ve Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemlerinde Hukuk<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanzimat Ferman\u0131 ile Osmanl\u0131 tarihinde ilk kez bir padi\u015fah, kendi haklar\u0131n\u0131 kanun ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu fermanda b\u00fct\u00fcn vatanda\u015flar\u0131n can, mal ve \u0131rz g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131, vergi ve askerlik i\u015flerinde adaletli olunaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde ilk kanunla\u015fma hareketi, 1840 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ceza kanunuyla olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Bu d\u00f6nemde Meclis-i V\u00e2l\u00e2-y\u0131 Ahk\u00e2m-\u0131 Adliye\u2019nin \u00fcyeleri art\u0131r\u0131larak bu kurum devletin yasama ve yarg\u0131 organ\u0131 \u015fekline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meclis-i V\u00e2l\u00e2-y\u0131 Ahk\u00e2m-\u0131 Adliye\u2019nin nizamn\u00e2meleri ve talimatlar\u0131 d\u00fczenlemek gibi baz\u0131 yetkileri, 1854\u2019te Meclis-i \u00c2li-i Tanzimat\u2019a b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu iki meclis 1861 y\u0131l\u0131nda birle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve ad\u0131na Meclis-i Ahk\u00e2m\u0131 Adliye denilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1868 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu kurullar yeniden de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek bunlar\u0131n yerine Divan-\u0131 Ahkam-\u0131 Adliye ve \u015e\u00fbra-y\u0131 Devlet isminde iki ayr\u0131 \u00fcst kurul olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015e\u00fbra-y\u0131 Devlet Dan\u0131\u015ftay\u2019\u0131n, Divan-\u0131 Ahkam-\u0131 Adliye ise Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015e\u00fbra-y\u0131 Devlet, Kanun-i Esasi\u2019nin (1876) ilan edilmesiyle yasama g\u00f6revini Meclis-i Umumiye\u2019ye (Mebusan ve Ayan) b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanzimat\u2019\u0131n son d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flayan Ahmet Cevdet Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Mecelle (Medeni Kanun) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1880 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mekteb-i Hukuk a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayn\u0131 tarihte Usul-i Muhakem\u00e2t-\u0131 Cez\u00e2iyye (Ceza Kanunu) ve 1881\u2019de de<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  Usul-i Muhakem\u00e2t-\u0131 Hukukiyye (Us\u00fbl Mahkemeleri Kanunu) y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanzimat \u00d6ncesi Mahkemeler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eer\u00ee Mahkemeler: M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar ile M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla gayrim\u00fcslimler aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan anla\u015fmazl\u0131klara bakard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cemaat Mahkemeleri: Gayrim\u00fcslimlerin din ve mezhep y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ba\u011fl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 mahkemelerdi. Bu mahkemeler daha \u00e7ok \u015fah\u0131slarla ilgili olarak aile ve miras hukuku gibi davalara bakard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konsolosluk Mahkemeleri: Bu t\u00fcr mahkemelerde kapit\u00fclasyonlardan faydalanan yabanc\u0131 devletler kendi aralar\u0131ndaki sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanzimat Sonras\u0131 Mahkemeler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eer\u00ee Mahkemeler: Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde bu mahkemelerin g\u00f6revleri ki\u015fi, aile, k\u0131sas (ceza) ve miras gibi konularla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cemaat Mahkemeleri: 1875\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan fermanla gayrim\u00fcslimlerin kendi aralar\u0131ndaki davalar nizamiye mahkemelerine havale edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konsolosluk Mahkemeleri: \u00d6nceki g\u00f6revi aynen devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ticaret Mahkemeleri: Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ticari davalar bu mahkemelerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Niz\u00e2miye Mahkemeleri: Bu mahkemelerin yetkileri; \u015fer\u00ee, cemaat ve ticaret mahkemelerinin g\u00f6revleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan hukuk ve cinayet davalar\u0131na bakmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k Haklar\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\u2019nda da yer alan; \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn tebaan\u0131n can, mal ve namus emniyetinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131\u201d ile ilgili konular Islahat Ferman\u0131\u2019nda aynen kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devlet memurluklar\u0131na atama i\u015flerinin padi\u015fah\u0131n iznine ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131, ancak memur al\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda din ve mezhep ayr\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6zetilmemesi ve liyakata dikkat edilmesi gibi konular da Islahat Ferman\u0131\u2019nda karara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Islahat Ferman\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re ticaret ve ceza davalar\u0131 karma mahkemelerde yap\u0131lacak, mahkemeler herkese a\u00e7\u0131k olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\u2019nda askerlik vatan\u00ee bir g\u00f6rev h\u00e2line getirilirken, Islahat Ferman\u0131\u2019nda gayrim\u00fcslimler i\u00e7in askerlikte bedel \u00f6deme usul\u00fc getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her iki fermanda da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde ya\u015fayan b\u00fct\u00fcn unsurlara din ve mezhep ayr\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6zetmeksizin e\u015fit haklar verilerek Osmanl\u0131 toplumu olu\u015fturulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde anayasal d\u00fczene 23 Aral\u0131k 1876 tarihinde il\u00e2n edilen Kanun-i Esasi ile ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131lar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak ve toplumun ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak amac\u0131yla bir Meden\u00ee Kanun haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f, bunun i\u00e7in de \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan ilk meden\u00ee kanun olan Mecelle, Ahmet Cevdet Pa\u015fa ve d\u00f6nemin \u00f6nde gelen hukuk\u00e7ular\u0131ndan olu\u015fan bir heyet taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CUMHUR\u0130YET D\u00d6NEM\u0130\u2019NDE HUKUK<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Hukuk Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

23 Nisan 1920\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131nca tam anlam\u0131 ile halk egemenli\u011fi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f, 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda il\u00e2n edilen Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esas\u00eeye ile yeni T\u00fcrk devletinin ilk anayasas\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1921 Anayasas\u0131 olarak da bilinen Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esas\u00eeye, sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu Anayasa\u2019da temel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetlere yer verilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5 Kas\u0131m 1925 tarihinde Ankara Hukuk Mektebi a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4 Ekim 1926\u2019da kabul edilen T\u00fcrk Meden\u00ee Kanunu ile toplum hayat\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131ndan e\u011fitime kadar hemen hemen her alanda kad\u0131n erkek e\u015fitli\u011fi sa\u011flanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk Meden\u00ee Kanunu\u2019nun kabul\u00fcnden sonra, hukuk alan\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019den Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130talya\u2019dan Ceza Kanunu,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya\u2019dan da Ticaret Kanunu al\u0131narak T\u00fcrk hukuk sistemi yenilenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

27 May\u0131s 1960 Asker\u00ee Darbesi ile 1924 Anayasas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve yeni bir anayasa haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Haz\u0131rlanan bu Anayasa, 9 Temmuz 1961 tarihinde halkoyuna sunularak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Bu Anayasa, halkoyu ile kabul edilen ilk anayasad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1961 Anayasas\u0131, bireysel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir anayasa olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1961 Anayasas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1961 Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda toplumsal ve ekonomik haklar kapsaml\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu Anayasa\u2019da; \u201cSava\u015f, seferberlik ve s\u0131k\u0131y\u00f6netim gibi ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc durumlarda temel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetler gerekti\u011fi kadar durdurulabilir.\u201d ilkesi de yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980 tarihinde yine bir asker\u00ee darbe ile y\u00f6netime el konularak parlamento feshedilmi\u015f ve 1961 Anayasas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1982 Anayasas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Darbe sonras\u0131 haz\u0131rlanan anayasa 7 Kas\u0131m 1982 tarihinde halkoyuna sunularak kabul edildikten sonra y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1982 Anayasas\u0131, \u00f6nceki anayasalara g\u00f6re daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1982 Anayasas\u0131 temel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan 1961 Anayasas\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2llerde temel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetlerin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda y\u00fcr\u00fctmeyi g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren ilkelerin 1982 Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0Se\u00e7meli T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi\u00a0dersi 3. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0T\u00fcrklerde Hukuk\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0ders notlar\u0131 […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1382,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[101],"tags":[6,98],"class_list":["post-1849","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-ders-notlari","tag-tarih-ders-notlari","tag-turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"\nT\u00fcrk 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