{"id":1851,"date":"2024-11-12T22:57:25","date_gmt":"2024-11-12T19:57:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=1851"},"modified":"2024-11-12T22:57:27","modified_gmt":"2024-11-12T19:57:27","slug":"turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-iv-unite-turklerde-ekonomi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/12\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-iv-unite-turklerde-ekonomi\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi IV. \u00dcnite: T\u00fcrklerde Ekonomi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0Se\u00e7meli T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi<\/strong>\u00a0dersi 4. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0T\u00fcrklerde Ekonomi<\/strong>\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf<\/strong>\u00a0ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. G\u00fcncel tarih ders kitab\u0131na uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0T\u00fcrklerde Ekonomi<\/strong>\u00a0\u00fcnitesi notlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u00dcnite T\u00fcrklerde Ekonomi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0130LK T\u00dcRK DEVLETLER\u0130NDE EKONOM\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomik Yap\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karasal iklimin h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Orta Asya co\u011frafyas\u0131nda ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrkler  bu co\u011frafyan\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta Asya co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n kendine has \u00f6zellikleri, ilk T\u00fcrk devletlerinin ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da \u015fekillendirmi\u015f, bozk\u0131r olan bu co\u011frafyada hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k temel ge\u00e7im kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yan\u0131nda tar\u0131m, ticaret ve madencili\u011fin de yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu b\u00f6lgede ticaret, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015f esas\u0131na dayanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halk, s\u00fcr\u00fclerini otlatmak ve g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde ya\u015famak amac\u0131yla belirli b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6\u00e7 edince, Orta Asya\u2019da konarg\u00f6\u00e7er hayat tarz\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er hayat tarz\u0131, o b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayanlar i\u00e7in yiyecek, bar\u0131nma ve giyecek ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 konusunda kendi kendine yetecek bir ekonomi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hunlarda hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k geli\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Hunlar, \u00c7in \u00fclkesine ba\u015fta canl\u0131 hayvan olmak \u00fczere konserve et, deri ve k\u00fcrk sat\u0131yor, sat\u0131lan bu mallar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve giyim e\u015fyalar\u0131 al\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hunlar, marangozluk zanaat\u0131nda da olduk\u00e7a ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131. Hunlar ve K\u00f6k T\u00fcrklerin, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla birlikte tar\u0131mla da u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131, kurganlarda bulunan tar\u0131m aletlerinden anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tar\u0131mla u\u011fra\u015fanlara tar\u0131g\u00e7\u0131 deniliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uygurlarda yerle\u015fik hayat yayg\u0131nla\u015f\u0131nca Uygur halk\u0131n\u0131n ekonomi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, bir yandan tar\u0131mla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rken bir yandan da hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 devam ettirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uygurlarda \u015fehirlerin geli\u015fmesi halka yeni imk\u00e2nlar sunmu\u015f, sunulan bu yeni imk\u00e2nlar da ticaretin geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hunlar, K\u00f6k T\u00fcrkler ve Uygurlarda demircilik ve madencilik \u00f6nemli bir meslek h\u00e2line gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, kalkan, karg\u0131 ve m\u0131zrakla birlikte, insan ve at z\u0131rhlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan sava\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fcretiyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ba\u015fka hal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, kilimcilik, ke\u00e7ecilik, debba\u011fl\u0131k (deri i\u015flemecili\u011fi) ve dokumac\u0131l\u0131k da yap\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk T\u00fcrk devletlerinin gelir kaynaklar\u0131ndan biri de \u00f6nemli ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi g\u00fczerg\u00e2hlar olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler, ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan \u0130pek Yolu\u2019nun kontrol\u00fc konusunda \u00c7inlilere kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fccadeleler vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hunlar ve K\u00f6k T\u00fcrklerin, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla birlikte tar\u0131mla da u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131, kurganlarda bulunan tar\u0131m aletlerinden anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tar\u0131mla u\u011fra\u015fanlara tar\u0131g\u00e7\u0131 deniliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uygurlarda yerle\u015fik hayat yayg\u0131nla\u015f\u0131nca Uygur halk\u0131n\u0131n ekonomi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, bir yandan tar\u0131mla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rken bir yandan da hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 devam ettirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uygurlarda \u015fehirlerin geli\u015fmesi halka yeni imk\u00e2nlar sunmu\u015f, sunulan bu yeni imk\u00e2nlar da ticaretin geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hunlar, K\u00f6k T\u00fcrkler ve Uygurlarda demircilik ve madencilik \u00f6nemli bir meslek h\u00e2line gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, kalkan, karg\u0131 ve m\u0131zrakla birlikte, insan ve at z\u0131rhlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan sava\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fcretiyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ba\u015fka hal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, kilimcilik, ke\u00e7ecilik, debba\u011fl\u0131k (deri i\u015flemecili\u011fi) ve dokumac\u0131l\u0131k da yap\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk T\u00fcrk devletlerinin gelir kaynaklar\u0131ndan biri de \u00f6nemli ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi g\u00fczerg\u00e2hlar olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler, ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan \u0130pek Yolu\u2019nun kontrol\u00fc konusunda \u00c7inlilere kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fccadeleler vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abakan Bozk\u0131rlar\u0131\u2019ndan ba\u015flay\u0131p \u0130til (Volga)-Kama (Tuna) nehirlerinin birle\u015fti\u011fi yere kadar uzanan bir ticaret yolu daha vard\u0131r. Bu yola, ticaret amac\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131nan malzemelerden dolay\u0131 K\u00fcrk Yolu denilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zira yol \u00fczerinden sincap, tilki, samur, gelincik ve geyik gibi hayvanlar\u0131n k\u00fcrkleri ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrklerde ilk serbest ticaret pazar\u0131 Hunlar ile \u00c7inliler aras\u0131nda kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler ticarette genellikle de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015f (takas) usul\u00fcne ba\u015fvurmu\u015f Hunlardan itibaren ise maden\u00ee para kullanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6k T\u00fcrklerde maden\u00ee paraya yarmak deniyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrklerdeki en belirgin \u00f6zellikteki paralar\u0131 T\u00fcrgi\u015fler basm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uygurlar ticarette \u00f6deme arac\u0131 olarak genellikle kuma\u015f cinsinden olan b\u00f6z ve kuanpu ile k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t para cinsinden olan \u00e7av\u2019\u0131 kullan\u0131rlarken maden\u00ee para olarak da alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve bak\u0131r\u0131 yayg\u0131n olarak kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrklerde mali i\u015flerle tudun denilen \u00fcst d\u00fczey memurlar ilgilenirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vergileri; Hunlarda hususi memurlar, K\u00f6k T\u00fcrklerde imga, Uygurlarda ise a\u011f\u0131c\u0131 denilen g\u00f6revliler toplard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00dcRK \u0130SLAM DEVLETLER\u0130NDE EKONOM\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomik Yap\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk \u0130slam devletleri, sosyo-ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan geli\u015fmi\u015f b\u00f6lgelerde kurulduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in bu b\u00f6lgelerde zengin bir ekonomik yap\u0131ya sahip oldular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ordular\u0131 sayesinde d\u00fczenli ve istikrarl\u0131 bir ortam olu\u015fturan T\u00fcrk \u0130slam devletleri, ticaretin de d\u00fczenli i\u015flemesini sa\u011flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk \u0130slam devletlerinde ekonomik faaliyetler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

tar\u0131m-hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

imal\u00e2t (zanaatsal \u00fcretim) ve<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ticaret olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131l\u0131r, devlet gelirlerinin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 tar\u0131mdan elde edilen vergi gelirleri olu\u015ftururdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karahanl\u0131lar D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde yap\u0131lan tar\u0131m faaliyetlerine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, T\u00fcrklerin geli\u015fmi\u015f bir tar\u0131m k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne sahip olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gazneliler ise tar\u0131mda sulama kanallar\u0131 a\u00e7arak \u00fcretimi art\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklular da tar\u0131ma \u00f6nem vermi\u015f, yapt\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 sulama kanallar\u0131 ile pamuk \u00fcretimini \u00e7ok geli\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131nda ise tar\u0131m faaliyetleri genellikle \u015fehir hayat\u0131n\u0131n kenar b\u00f6lgelerinde meyvecilik ve ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k olarak geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk \u0130slam devletlerinin kuruldu\u011fu co\u011frafyalar\u0131n madenler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin olmas\u0131, T\u00fcrk \u015fehirlerinin bir\u00e7o\u011funun demir, bak\u0131r ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f e\u015fyalar\u0131n imalat\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir merkez h\u00e2line gelmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u015fehirlerde ayr\u0131ca dokumac\u0131l\u0131k, dericilik, \u00e7ini, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t ve cam imal\u00e2t\u0131 da yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130slamiyet\u2019in etkisiyle \u015fekillenen yeni vergi t\u00fcrleri de g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6\u015f\u00fcr, hara\u00e7, cizye ve zek\u00e2t bu vergiler aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu vergilerden ba\u015fka, kendilerine ba\u011fl\u0131 beylik ve devletlerin \u00f6dedi\u011fi vergilerle; kervanlar, t\u00fcccarlar ve pazarlardan al\u0131nan vergiler de di\u011fer \u00f6nemli gelir kaynaklar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk \u0130slam devletlerinde de hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetleri devam etmi\u015f, hayvan sahiplerinden a\u011fnam ad\u0131 verilen vergi al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karahanl\u0131lar ticareti canland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yollara kervansaraylar yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gazneliler, Hindistan Seferleri\u2019nden elde edilen ganimet gelirleri ile geli\u015fen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ekonomiye sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130pek Yolu, T\u00fcrk \u0130slam devletleri i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir gelir kayna\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 ticareti geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Akdeniz ve Karadeniz limanlar\u0131n\u0131 fethetmi\u015f, buralara T\u00fcrk t\u00fcccarlar ve yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar g\u00f6ndererek ihracat ve ithalat kurumlar\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kervansaraylar, \u0130slam devletlerinden \u00f6nce olu\u015fturulan ribatlar\u0131n (s\u0131n\u0131r karakollar\u0131) devam\u0131 niteli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk \u0130slam devletleri zaman\u0131nda, kervansaraylarla birlikte han ad\u0131 verilen yap\u0131lar da vard\u0131. Yolcular ve t\u00fcccarlar i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan hanlar, ticari ama\u00e7la yap\u0131lan ve \u00fccretli olan i\u015fletmelerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n\u0131n ekonomide ya\u015fatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 canl\u0131l\u0131k, Mo\u011follar\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bask\u0131 ve ya\u011fma sonucunda yava\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk T\u00fcrk \u0130slam Devletlerinde Vergi Gelirleri<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zek\u00e2t:<\/strong> M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halktan 1\/40 oran\u0131nda al\u0131nan vergi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6\u015f\u00fcr:<\/strong> M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131n yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fczerinden al\u0131nan vergi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hara\u00e7:<\/strong> Gayrim\u00fcslim halk\u0131n vermekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc oldu\u011fu \u00fcr\u00fcn ve toprak vergisi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cizye:<\/strong> Gayrim\u00fcslim erkeklerden askerlik hizmetinden muaf olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k al\u0131nan vergi. \u00c7ocuklar, papazlar ve ya\u015fl\u0131lardan bu vergi al\u0131nmazd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u011fl\u0131 devlet ve beyliklerin \u00f6dedi\u011fi vergiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dclkede var olan de\u011fi\u015fik i\u015f kollar\u0131, kervanlar, t\u00fcccarlar ve pazar yerlerinden al\u0131nan vergiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kta Sistemi<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk kez Hz. \u00d6mer D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde uygulanmaya ba\u015flanan bu sistem, Sel\u00e7uklular D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Nizam\u00fclm\u00fclk taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve ekonominin vazge\u00e7ilmez unsuru h\u00e2line getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sistemde devlete ait topraklar (mir\u00ee) ki\u015filere hizmet kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r, ki\u015filer bu topra\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fclere kiralar, elde etti\u011fi kira ve vergiler ile asker yeti\u015ftirirlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk \u0130slam devletlerinin asker\u00ee ve mali durumlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczelttikleri bu sistem sayesinde \u00e7ift\u00e7iler, memurlar ve askerler ge\u00e7imlerini ayn\u0131 topraktan sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kta sistemi ile merkezle eyaletler aras\u0131ndaki para transferi sorunu da ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, topra\u011f\u0131n devlete ait olmas\u0131 sayesinde devlete kar\u015f\u0131 gelebilecek zengin bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da engellenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ahilik<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ahilik, XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda temeli yard\u0131mla\u015fma \u00fczerine kurulan esnaf ve sanatk\u00e2r \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesine verilen isimdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu te\u015fkilat\u0131n Anadolu\u2019da kurulmas\u0131nda F\u00fct\u00fcvvet Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n etkisi b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00fct\u00fcvvet Te\u015fkilat\u0131 bir fikir ve ahl\u00e2k hareketi olarak \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nemlerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yi\u011fitlik ve kahramanl\u0131k \u00fclk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ad\u0131 olmu\u015f, F\u00fct\u00fcvvet Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilke ve kurallar\u0131na F\u00fct\u00fcvvetn\u00e2me ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00fct\u00fcvvet Te\u015fkilatlar\u0131nda usta \u00e7\u0131rak ili\u015fkisi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meslekler aras\u0131nda ya\u015fan\u0131lan sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi, \u00fcretimin miktar\u0131n\u0131n ve kalitesinin belirlenmesi, \u00fcretilenlerin denetlenmesi ve \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesi gibi hususlar bu te\u015fkilat\u0131n en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revleri aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ahilik, zaman i\u00e7erisinde bir te\u015fkilat olarak ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bir anlay\u0131\u015f ve ahl\u00e2k\u00ee de\u011fer olarak T\u00fcrk insan\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle de esnaf ve sanatk\u00e2rlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n i\u015f ve sosyal hayatlar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NDE EKONOM\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131da Klasik D\u00f6nem Ekonomik Yap\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Klasik D\u00f6nem Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisinde ia\u015fecilik, gelenek\u00e7ilik ve fiskalizm gibi \u00fc\u00e7 ana ilkenin etkili oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130a\u015fecilik: <\/strong>Halk\u0131n refah\u0131 ve mutlulu\u011fu i\u00e7in piyasalarda arzu edilen kalitede ve ucuz fiyata yeteri kadar mal bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gelenek\u00e7ilik:<\/strong> \u00dcretim, i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc ve sermayenin devaml\u0131 kontrol edilerek dengenin korunmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 uygulamad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fiskalizm:<\/strong> Y\u00f6neticiler, devlet harcamalar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131sarak devletin gelirlerini y\u00fckseltmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisinde Ahiler \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Ahi \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesine lonca te\u015fkilat\u0131 denilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esnaflar birbirleriyle yard\u0131mla\u015fmay\u0131 ve dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla esnaf birlikleri kurmu\u015flar ve kurduklar\u0131 bu esnaf birlikleriyle te\u015fkilatlanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lonca Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fte yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revlerin bir benzerini, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Esnaf Odas\u0131, Pazarc\u0131lar Odas\u0131 ve \u015eof\u00f6rler Odas\u0131 gibi kurumlar \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eehirlerde plans\u0131z i\u015f yeri a\u00e7may\u0131 \u00f6nlemek ve b\u00f6lgeler aras\u0131nda ekonomik dengeyi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli tedbirler al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gedik hakk\u0131, ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011funda gerekli mesleki yeterlili\u011fe sahip olan ki\u015filerin d\u00fckk\u00e2n a\u00e7ma hakk\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gedik hakk\u0131 sayesinde ticaret, ziraat ve sanayide dengeler korunmu\u015f, ekonomik d\u00fczenin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Esnaf ve zanaatk\u00e2rlar\u0131n k\u00e2r oranlar\u0131n\u0131n devlet ve Lonca te\u015fkilat\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmesine narh denilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapal\u0131\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, ekonominin kalbinin att\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer olmas\u0131, buray\u0131 di\u011fer \u00fclkelerle rekabet merkezi h\u00e2line getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ticaret yoluyla sermaye birikimi de yap\u0131lan Kapal\u0131\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131, bir finans merkezi olarak da \u00f6nemli bir yere sahipti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda tar\u0131ma dayal\u0131 sosyo-ekonomik bir yap\u0131ya sahipti ve n\u00fcfusun \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu k\u00f6ylerde ya\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 vergi vermekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc reayadan olu\u015fuyor ve \u00e7ifthane sistemi i\u00e7erisinde tar\u0131mla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halk\u0131n \u00e7ok az bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da mukataa denilen i\u015fletme bi\u00e7imindeki yerlerde ya\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Topra\u011f\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti devlete, kullanma hakk\u0131 ise k\u00f6yl\u00fclere aitti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6ydeki her bir aileye bir \u00e7ift \u00f6k\u00fcz\u00fcn s\u00fcrebilece\u011fi bir arazi verilmekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6yl\u00fcler dirlik sahibine \u00e7ift vergisi \u00f6derler, ellerinde tuttuklar\u0131 topraklarda \u00fcrettikleri koyun, ke\u00e7i ve bal gibi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin \u00fcretimi \u00fczerinden belli miktarda vergi verirlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu vergiler de yine dirlik sahiplerine \u00f6denirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6yl\u00fcler topra\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00fcst \u00fcste ekmezse, k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn elinden toprak al\u0131n\u0131r ve ba\u015fkas\u0131na verilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Topra\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00fcst \u00fcste ekmeyen k\u00f6yl\u00fc, ceza olarak \u00e7ift bozan vergisi \u00f6derdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde t\u00fcketiciyi koruma konusunda ise kad\u0131 ve muhtesiplere \u00f6nemli yetki ve sorumluluklar verilmi\u015f, t\u00fcketiciyi korumak i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli tedbirler al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanayi ve tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin ayn\u0131 \u00f6zellik ve kalitede t\u00fcketiciye ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fiyatlar \u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f, esnaf\u0131n belirlenen fiyatlar\u0131n \u00fczerinde sat\u0131\u015f yapmas\u0131na izin verilmemi\u015ftir. (narh sistemi)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eehre gelen tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, kapan ad\u0131 verilen toptanc\u0131 hallerine getirilerek t\u00fcketicinin talebine sunulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131, Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 ekonomilerini birbirine ba\u011flayan \u0130pek ve Baharat Yollar\u0131n\u0131n Akdeniz\u2019e ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgede bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019da d\u0131\u015f ticaret ve transit ticaret te\u015fvik edilmi\u015f, elde edilen g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergileriyle devlet i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir gelir kayna\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ticaret yollar\u0131 \u00fczerinde g\u00fcvenlik amac\u0131yla derbent (karakol) te\u015fkilat\u0131 kurulmu\u015f, t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131racak olan ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k i\u015flerini yapan mekkari taifesi ile kervanlar\u0131n dinlenebilecekleri kervansaray, han, imaret ve misafirhane yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ticaret Yollar\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stanbul, \u0130zmir, Antalya, Alanya, Sinop ve Trabzon gibi limanla karayollar\u0131n\u0131n bitiminde yer ald\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli birer ticaret merkezi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ticarete b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem vermi\u015f ve ticareti geli\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla \u00e7e\u015fitli tedbirler alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14 ve 15. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Do\u011fu Akdeniz ticaretini ellerinde tutan Ceneviz, Venedik ve Floransa gibi Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin gemilerine ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131na verilen baz\u0131 imtiyazlar, ticareti kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla al\u0131nan tedbirler aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Fatih Sultan Mehmet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131n fethi ile \u0130pek Ticaret Yolu,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yavuz D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n fethi ile Baharat Ticaret Yolu\u2019nu denetimine ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devlet bu yollar sayesinde \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ticari canl\u0131l\u0131k kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Denizli\u2019de pamuklu sanayi; Musul, Bursa, Bilecik, \u0130stanbul ve \u00dcsk\u00fcdar\u2019da ipekli sanayi; Erzurum ve Erzincan\u2019da ise y\u00fcnl\u00fc dokuma sanayi kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stanbul, Edirne, Bursa, Tokat ve Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da deri i\u015fleri yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Karaman\u2019da kali\u00e7e (k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hal\u0131); Demirci, G\u00f6rdes ve Kula\u2019da hal\u0131 ve kilim dokumac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7uha, Antalya\u2019da; keten ve kendir sanayisi ise Karadeniz sahillerinde geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6k boyalarla yap\u0131lan Edirnekari pamuk boyama i\u015fi hem i\u00e7eride hem de d\u0131\u015far\u0131da \u00fcn kazanm\u0131\u015f, \u00fclkenin de\u011fi\u015fik yerlerinde tophane, kumbarahane, fi\u015fekhane ve baruthane gibi i\u015fletmeler kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Merkez Maliyesi ve Hazine Y\u00f6netimi<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk kez I. Murat zaman\u0131nda \u00c7andarl\u0131 Kara Halil Pa\u015fa ve Karamanl\u0131 R\u00fcstem Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Maliye Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda defterdar bulunurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Defterdar\u0131n idaresindeki Osmanl\u0131 hazinesi, iki k\u0131sma ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7 hazine (Hazine-i hassa):<\/strong> Padi\u015faha ait hazineydi ve gerekti\u011fi zaman devlet hazinesine buradan para aktar\u0131labilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0131\u015f hazine (Devlet hazinesi):<\/strong> \u00d6rf\u00ee ve \u015fer\u00ee vergilerin, ganimet gelirlerinin ve di\u011fer gelirlerin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 hazineydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hazine Gelirleri<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin mali sistemi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

merkez maliyesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

t\u0131mar ve<\/p>\n\n\n\n

vak\u0131flardan olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Merkez Maliyesi<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Merkez maliyesi temel gelir kaynaklar\u0131 mukataa gelirleri, cizye (gayrim\u00fcslimlerden al\u0131nan askerlik vergisi) gelirleri ve avar\u0131z (ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc durumlarda reayadan al\u0131nan vergiydi.) gelirlerinden olu\u015furdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mukataa, geliri do\u011frudan merkez\u00ee hazineye aktar\u0131lan vergi ve gelir kaynaklar\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fcmr\u00fck, darphane, tuzlalar ve maden gelirleri gibi devlete ait kaynaklar mukataa usul\u00fcyle i\u015fletilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mukataalar, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00f6zel te\u015febb\u00fcsler taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletilen \u015firketlere benzemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devletin en \u00f6nemli giderleri aras\u0131nda asker maa\u015flar\u0131 (ulufeler) ve sava\u015f harcamalar\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Vergiler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde tek tip vergi d\u00fczeni yoktu. Fethedilen b\u00f6lgelerin co\u011fraf\u00ee \u015fartlar\u0131, etnik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zellikleri ile sosyal ve ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131 dikkate al\u0131narak vergi konusunda ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6nemin \u015fartlar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bu vergileri nakit olarak merkez hazineye toplay\u0131p harcamas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in t\u0131mar sistemi i\u00e7inde vergi toplama hakk\u0131 dirlik sahiplerine ve vak\u0131flara b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vergiler \u015fer\u00ee ve \u00f6rf\u00ee vergiler olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eer\u00ee Vergiler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6\u015f\u00fcr<\/strong>:<\/strong> M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan al\u0131nan \u00fcr\u00fcn vergisi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hara\u00e7:<\/strong> Gayrim\u00fcslimlerden al\u0131nan \u00fcr\u00fcn vergisi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cizye:<\/strong> Gayrim\u00fcslim erkeklerden askerlik yapmamalar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda al\u0131nan vergi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u011fnam:<\/strong> K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckba\u015f hayvan vergisi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zekat:<\/strong> M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan deniz \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, madenler, zirai \u00fcr\u00fcnler ve ticari faaliyetlerden elde edilen gelirlerden al\u0131nan vergi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rf\u00ee Vergiler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ifthane:<\/strong> Bir \u00e7ift \u00f6k\u00fcz ile i\u015fletilebilen araziden al\u0131nan vergi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ift bozan:<\/strong> Topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 izinsiz olarak terk eden veya \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00fcst \u00fcste ekmeyenden al\u0131nan vergi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130spen\u00e7<\/strong>:<\/strong> Gayrim\u00fcslimlerden al\u0131nan toprak vergisi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bac:<\/strong> \u00c7ar\u015f\u0131 ve pazardan al\u0131nan vergi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u011f\u0131l:<\/strong> S\u00fcr\u00fc sahiplerinden al\u0131nan vergi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130mdadiyeyi Seferiye:<\/strong> Sefer s\u0131ras\u0131nda al\u0131nan vergi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130mdadiyeyi Hazariye:<\/strong> Bar\u0131\u015f zaman\u0131nda al\u0131nan vergi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Derbent:<\/strong> K\u00f6pr\u00fc veya ge\u00e7itlerden al\u0131nan vergi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avar\u0131z:<\/strong> Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2llerde al\u0131nan vergi. (Sava\u015f, deprem vb.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0131mar Sistemi<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0131mar sistemi, devlete ait arazilerin gelirlerinin asker ve memurlara maa\u015f kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilmesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devlete ait olan t\u0131mar topraklar\u0131 miras b\u0131rak\u0131lamaz, vakfedilemez ve ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanamazd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0131mar sisteminin zamanla bozulmas\u0131yla birlikte g\u00fcvenlik sorunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve sipahiler topraklar\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131p \u015fehirlere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f, bo\u015f kalan t\u0131mar topraklar\u0131 ise daha sonralar\u0131 \u00f6zel m\u00fclk h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanzimat\u2019la birlikte t\u0131mar sisteminin hukuki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bitmi\u015f, liberal bir toprak sistemine ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1858\u2019de Arazi Kanunn\u00e2mesi ile zira\u00ee topraklarda \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, mir\u00ee topraklar\u0131n (devlet arazileri) b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vak\u0131f Sistemi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vakf\u0131n esas\u0131, bir mal\u0131 insanlar\u0131n yararlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kendi m\u00fclkiyet sahas\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p toplumun yarar\u0131na sunmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vakfa ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanan mallar ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz olarak ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As\u0131l vak\u0131f, akar da denilen ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mallar\u0131n vakf\u0131d\u0131r. Han, hamam, \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131, zirai topraklar gibi ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mallar\u0131n gelirleriyle hay\u0131r kurumlar\u0131 finanse edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cumhuriyet il\u00e2n edildikten sonra 1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda Vak\u0131flar Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kurulmu\u015f, 1970 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise bu kurumun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131 geni\u015fletilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 ve Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n Ekonomi Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin ekonomi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 sosyal refah\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in piyasada yeteri kadar mal\u0131n bulundurulmas\u0131 esas\u0131na dayanm\u0131\u015f, y\u00f6neticiler halk\u0131n en iyi \u015fekilde ya\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7abalam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 ekonomik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, rekabetten ziyade i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve dayan\u0131\u015fmaya \u00f6nem verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131\u2019da kral\u0131n yan\u0131nda toprak zenginlerinden olu\u015fan feodal bir yap\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halk\u0131n refah\u0131 ve huzuru ise feodal beylerin inisiyatifine b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde kamu harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 vak\u0131f kurumlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanmaktayd\u0131. Avrupa\u2019da ise b\u00f6yle bir kurum yoktu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co\u011fraf\u00ee Ke\u015fifler ve Kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Ekonomisine Etkisi<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti 14. ve 15. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Do\u011fu Akdeniz ticaretini ellerinde tutan Ceneviz, Venedik ve Floransa gibi Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin gemilerine ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131na baz\u0131 imtiyazlar vererek ticareti canl\u0131 tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren co\u011fraf\u00ee ke\u015fiflerin olumsuz etkilerini azaltmak, Avrupal\u0131 t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019e \u00e7ekmek ve siyasal dostluklar kurmak amac\u0131yla, \u00f6nce Fransa\u2019ya daha sonra da \u0130ngiltere ve Hollanda gibi di\u011fer Avrupa \u00fclkelerine de kapit\u00fclasyonlar (ayr\u0131cal\u0131k) tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co\u011fraf\u00ee ke\u015fiflerle birlikte s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik faaliyetleri de h\u0131z kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik, sanayi ink\u0131l\u00e2b\u0131 ile ayr\u0131 bir ivme kazanm\u0131\u015f, \u0130ngiltere bu d\u00f6nemde b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00f6m\u00fcrge b\u00f6lgeleri olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik faaliyetleri sonucunda zenginle\u015fen Avrupa ekonomisi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti zay\u0131f kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ticareti canland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in verilen bu kapit\u00fclasyonlar, ilerleyen d\u00f6nemlerde Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisini d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 h\u00e2le getirmi\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n mali kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 azaltm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n olumsuz etkileri nedeniyle Osmanl\u0131 sanayisi \u00e7\u00f6kme noktas\u0131na gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XVII. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Sonras\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devlet Ekonomisi<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

XV. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar ticaret yollar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co\u011fraf\u00ee ke\u015fifler sonucu Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Akdeniz ve Karadeniz\u2019deki ticaret limanlar\u0131 \u00f6nem kaybederken Atlas Okyanusu\u2019na k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 olan Avrupa limanlar\u0131 \u00f6nem kazanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amerika\u2019n\u0131n alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn Avrupa\u2019ya girmesiyle birlikte Osmanl\u0131 ak\u00e7esi de\u011fer kaybetmi\u015f, bu durum Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisini olumsuz etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru bozulmaya ba\u015flayan t\u0131mar sistemi XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda da devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0131mar sisteminin bozulmas\u0131yla g\u00fcvenlik sorunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve sipahiler topra\u011f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131p \u015fehre g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda uzun s\u00fcren ve \u00fcst \u00fcste kaybedilen sava\u015flar nedeniyle ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, devlet b\u00fct\u00e7esinde a\u00e7\u0131klar olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, t\u0131mar sisteminin bozulmas\u0131ndan sonra iltizam sistemine ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sistem, devletin vergi kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n (mukataa) i\u015fletilmesinin a\u00e7\u0131k art\u0131rma usul\u00fc ile belli bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine m\u00fcltezim ad\u0131 verilen g\u00f6revlilere verilmesine dayan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ltizam sisteminin amac\u0131 hazineye h\u0131zl\u0131 nakit para girdisi sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ltizam sisteminde s\u0131k s\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fen m\u00fcltezimler, daha fazla k\u00e2r sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla vergi kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 talan etmeye ba\u015flay\u0131nca bu durumu engellemek ve vergi devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla vergi kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcltezimlere \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu verilmesi anlam\u0131na gelen malik\u00e2ne sistemine ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sistem ayanlar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesine neden olmu\u015f, ayanlar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesiyle devletin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir z\u00fcmre ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131\u2019da Yeni Ekonomik Yakla\u015f\u0131mlar ve Osmanl\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

XV. ve XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ekonomi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yeni yakla\u015f\u0131mlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Merkantilizm denen bu iktisad\u00ee ak\u0131mda, devletin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesinin ekonominin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi ile birlikte olaca\u011f\u0131 savunulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Merkantilizmde<\/p>\n\n\n\n

mill\u00ee ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devlet,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d\u0131\u015f ticaretin geli\u015fmesi ve<\/p>\n\n\n\n

de\u011ferli madenlere sahip olma gibi \u00fc\u00e7 temel ilke \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ekonomik anlay\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re birey ile devlet aras\u0131ndaki tercihte devletin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Merkantilizmde, Makyavelizm anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi ekonomide de \u201camaca ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in her yol denenmelidir\u201d ilkesiyle hareket edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin ekonomi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, Merkantilist anlay\u0131\u015ftan \u201cinsanlar\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131\u201d amac\u0131n\u0131 esas ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in farkl\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131, ticareti bir ama\u00e7 olarak de\u011fil ara\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131yor, ithalat \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u00f6zendiriliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Merkantilizmde ise tam tersi bir anlay\u0131\u015fla ithalat k\u0131s\u0131tlan\u0131p ihracat destekleniyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Para politikas\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131da ilk para Osman Bey D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kullan\u0131lan bu ilk paralara \u201cSikke\u201d ad\u0131 verilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin temel para birimi Ak\u00e7e idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 ekonomik sisteminde ya\u015fanan olumsuzluklar, yetkilileri para ayar\u0131nda oynamaya (ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f) mecbur b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ak\u00e7e giderek de\u011ferini kaybedince 1623\u2019te para ad\u0131nda yeni bir sikke kestirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f uygulamas\u0131ndan sonra maa\u015flar\u0131 yeni paralarla \u00f6denen ve sat\u0131n alma g\u00fcc\u00fc azalan Yeni\u00e7eriler ayaklanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya ekonomisiyle ili\u015fkilerin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni d\u00f6nemde, ilk defa I. Abd\u00fclmecit D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde 1840 y\u0131l\u0131nda kaime denilen k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t paralar bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1844\u2019te tashih-i ayar ismiyle yeni maden\u00ee para d\u00fczenlemesi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bu d\u00fczenlemeden sonra bir gram saf g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fc bulunan birime kuru\u015f, yirmi kuru\u015f de\u011ferindeki g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f paraya mecidiye ve y\u00fcz g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kuru\u015f de\u011ferindeki alt\u0131na lira ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanayi \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Ekonomisine Etkisi<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanayi Devrimi 1750\u2019li y\u0131llarda \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti sanayi ve ticaret politikas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden gerilemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Loncalar, tefeciler i\u00e7in gelir kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015f, \u00fcyelikler ve imalathaneler parayla al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131l\u0131r h\u00e2le gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n sanayi mallar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 pazarlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e2deta istil\u00e2 etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi gerektiren bak\u0131rc\u0131l\u0131k, kundurac\u0131l\u0131k, terzilik ve f\u0131r\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k gibi baz\u0131 meslek dallar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin \u00e7o\u011fu o d\u00f6nemde d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda merkez te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n artan ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak amac\u0131yla d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lanma yoluna gitmesi, ekonominin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc h\u0131zland\u0131ran en b\u00fcy\u00fck etken olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1853 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 (1853-1856) devam ederken artan nakit ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak amac\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 Devleti d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan bor\u00e7 almak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1854). \u0130lk bor\u00e7 \u0130ngiliz ve Frans\u0131zlardan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti zamanla d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n faizlerini bile d\u00fczenli olarak \u00f6deyemez hale gelince Muharrem Kararn\u00e2mesi\u2019ni imzalamak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1881).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupal\u0131lar bu kararn\u00e2me ile kendilerine olan bor\u00e7lar\u0131n d\u00fczenli olarak \u00f6denmesini sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin bor\u00e7lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gelir kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fleterek, elde edilen gelirleri alacakl\u0131lara da\u011f\u0131tmak amac\u0131yla da D\u00fcyun-u Umum\u00eeye \u0130daresi (Genel Bor\u00e7lar \u0130daresi) kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bankac\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde 1847 y\u0131l\u0131nda Galata Bankerleri Bank\u0131dersaadet\u2019i kurdular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Daha sonra merkezi Londra\u2019da olan \u0130ngiliz sermayeli Bank\u0131 Osmanii\u015fahane kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Temelini Mithat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n kurdu\u011fu Memleket Sand\u0131klar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu Ziraat Bankas\u0131 ise 1888 y\u0131l\u0131nda kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CUMHUR\u0130YET D\u00d6NEM\u0130\u2019NDE EKONOM\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cumhuriyet\u2019in \u0130lk Y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ekonomik Anlay\u0131\u015f<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Trablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131, Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck buhranlardan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in devletin ekonomisi iyice zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mondros M\u00fctarekesi\u2019yle asker\u00ee ve siyasi k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n yan\u0131nda ekonomik k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar da yer al\u0131nca Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisi iyice zor duruma d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele ise bu k\u00f6t\u00fc \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve b\u00fct\u00fcn olumsuzluklara ra\u011fmen ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atat\u00fcrk, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019yi bitirdikten sonra ekonomik kalk\u0131nmay\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131p mill\u00ee bir ekonomi modeli olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17 \u015eubat 1923 tarihinde \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi\u2019ni toplayarak ekonomik kalk\u0131nman\u0131n politikalar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu kongrede yerli \u00fcretimin te\u015fvik edilmesi, giri\u015fimcili\u011fin desteklenmesi ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sa\u011flanmas\u0131 kararlar\u0131 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, yasalara uymak kayd\u0131 ile yabanc\u0131 sermayeye de izin verilmesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ekonomik egemenli\u011fin de sa\u011flanmas\u0131yla olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Atat\u00fcrk, \u00f6zel giri\u015fimcili\u011fi desteklemek ve zengin bir T\u00fcrkiye olu\u015fturmak amac\u0131yla hi\u00e7bir siyasi ve ekonomik k\u0131s\u0131tlamay\u0131 kabul etmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019nin kazan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019ye giden heyete kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n taviz verilmeden kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda \u00f6zel talimat vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu antla\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6nemli maddelerinden biri de n\u00fcfus m\u00fcbadelesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fcbadele neticesinde nitelikli i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn Anadolu\u2019yu terk etmesi, Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda ekonomiyi olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrk ekonomisi \u00fczerindeki en \u00f6nemli yan\u0131 ise T\u00fcrkiye, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve \u0130talya gibi \u00fclkelerle imzalanan Ticaret Mukavelenamesi (s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi) olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu mukaveleye g\u00f6re 1 Eyl\u00fcl 1916 tarihli g\u00fcmr\u00fck tarifesi uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n 1929 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Al\u0131nan bu kararla yerli \u00fcretim ile ithal mallar aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131 oranda t\u00fcketim vergisi al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00f6nlenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ancak bu uygulamaya ra\u011fmen sanayi \u00fcretiminde yeterli rekabet ortam\u0131 sa\u011flanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1 Temmuz 1926 tarihinde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Kabotaj Kanunu ile T\u00fcrkiye karasular\u0131nda y\u00fck ve insan ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yetkisi T\u00fcrklerin eline ge\u00e7mi\u015f, b\u00f6ylece mill\u00ee ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015fte \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m daha at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki ekonomi politikalar\u0131 iki evrede incelenir. Birinci evrede liberal bir ekonomik yakla\u015f\u0131m, ikinci evrede ise devlet\u00e7ili\u011fin daha a\u011f\u0131r bast\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ekonomik yakla\u015f\u0131m benimsenmi\u015f ve karma ekonomik model takip edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birinci evre olan (1923-1929) liberal ekonomik yakla\u015f\u0131m benimsendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131, 1925 y\u0131l\u0131nda da T\u00fcrkiye Sanayi ve Maadin Bankas\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1925 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u015feker fabrikas\u0131 kuracak \u015firkete \u00fcretim tekeli ve \u00e7e\u015fitli ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1927 y\u0131l\u0131nda Te\u015fvik-i Sanayi Kanunu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak yat\u0131r\u0131m yapacaklara \u00e7e\u015fitli kolayl\u0131klar sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sanayi i\u015fletmelerinin say\u0131s\u0131 1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda 568 iken 1927 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde bu say\u0131 65.245 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1929 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fanan D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Bunal\u0131m\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca ekonomik politikalarda \u201cFerdin yapamayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleri devlet yapar.\u201d \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanan devlet\u00e7ilik ilkesi uygulanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde korumac\u0131 ve devlet\u00e7i ekonomik politikalar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u201cT\u00fcrk Paras\u0131n\u0131n K\u0131ymetini Koruma Kanunu\u201d \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve 30 Haziran 1930 tarihinde Merkez Bankas\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1929 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mill\u00ee \u0130ktisat ve Tasarruf Cemiyeti kurulmu\u015f, sanayile\u015fmeyi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u201cBirinci Be\u015f Y\u0131ll\u0131k Sanayi Plan\u0131\u201d haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0Se\u00e7meli T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi\u00a0dersi 4. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0T\u00fcrklerde Ekonomi\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0ders notlar\u0131 […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1382,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[101],"tags":[6,98],"class_list":["post-1851","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-ders-notlari","tag-tarih-ders-notlari","tag-turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"\nT\u00fcrk 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