{"id":1853,"date":"2024-11-12T23:10:44","date_gmt":"2024-11-12T20:10:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=1853"},"modified":"2024-11-12T23:10:46","modified_gmt":"2024-11-12T20:10:46","slug":"turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-v-unite-turklerde-egitim-ve-bilim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/12\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-v-unite-turklerde-egitim-ve-bilim\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi V. \u00dcnite: T\u00fcrklerde E\u011fitim ve Bilim"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0Se\u00e7meli T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi<\/strong>\u00a0dersi 5. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0T\u00fcrklerde E\u011fitim ve Bilim<\/strong>\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf<\/strong>\u00a0ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. G\u00fcncel tarih ders kitab\u0131na uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0T\u00fcrklerde E\u011fitim ve Bilim<\/strong> \u00fcnitesi notlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V. \u00dcnite T\u00fcrklerde E\u011fitim ve Bilim<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk T\u00fcrklerdeki E\u011fitimin \u00d6zellikleri<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk T\u00fcrk Devletleri\u2019nde bilgiye ve bilgili insana \u00f6nem verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cesur ve bilgili anlam\u0131nda \u201calp insan\u201d  anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 bunun \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er hayat ya\u015fayan ilk T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131, s\u00fcrekli sava\u015f tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in sava\u015f sanat\u0131n\u0131 iyi bilirlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ata binme, ok atma ve k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 kalkan kullanma gibi e\u011fitimler, \u00e7ocuk ya\u015flardan itibaren disiplinli bir \u015fekilde verilir<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hunlarda E\u011fitim<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00fclkedeki e\u011fitimin as\u0131l geli\u015fimi Hunlar\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Mete Han D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mete Han D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde sivil, asker\u00ee ve siyasi alanla birlikte e\u011fitim alan\u0131nda da \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hunlar\u0131n okuryazar oldu\u011fu, Mete Han\u2019\u0131n \u00c7in \u0130mparatoru\u2019na g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi mektuptan anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6k T\u00fcrklerde E\u011fitim<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6k T\u00fcrklerin e\u011fitim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk tarihine yapt\u0131klar\u0131 en \u00f6nemli katk\u0131, 38 harften olu\u015fan bir alfabeyi kullan\u0131p g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar gelen Orhun Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orhun Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131, T\u00fcrk tarihine ait bilinen ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 eser olmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orhun Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131, destanlar gibi s\u00f6zl\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcrden yaz\u0131l\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcre ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6k T\u00fcrkler D\u00f6nemi\u2019ndeki e\u011fitim, t\u00f6re anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde geli\u015fmi\u015fti ve Hunlardaki e\u011fitime benzemekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6k T\u00fcrklerdeki e\u011fitimin Hunlardan farkl\u0131 olan yan\u0131, yaz\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015flara kaz\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaz\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015flara kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, K\u00f6k T\u00fcrklerde planl\u0131 bir e\u011fitim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uygurlarda E\u011fitim<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uygurlar D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde yerle\u015fik hayat \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015f, di\u011fer k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerle de etkile\u015fim artm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6rg\u00fcn e\u011fitim yerle\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uygurlar\u0131n Manihaizm dinini kabul etmesi, onlar\u0131n e\u011fitim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 da etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uygurlar ilk d\u00f6nemlerinde Orhun Alfabesi\u2019ni kullanm\u0131\u015f, daha sonra da men\u015fei So\u011fd Alfabesi olan bir alfabe kullanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uygurlar\u0131n hem kendi dillerinde hem de kom\u015fu \u00fclkelerin dillerinde eserler basmas\u0131, okuyup yazman\u0131n Uygur \u00fclkesinde yayg\u0131n oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren en \u00f6nemli delildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00e2tip, b\u00fcrokrat, \u00e7evirmen ve \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin olmas\u0131 da Uygurlarda \u00f6rg\u00fcn e\u011fitimin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda Uygurlarda 23 tane okulun oldu\u011fu belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk T\u00fcrk Devletlerinde Bilim<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hunlar kap kacak yap\u0131m\u0131, dokumac\u0131l\u0131k, a\u011fa\u00e7 oymac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u00fcsleme sanatlar\u0131, demir i\u015flemecili\u011fi ve bitki k\u00f6klerinden kuma\u015f boyas\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi i\u015fleri ba\u015far\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er hayat s\u00fcren Hunlar\u0131n, hayvan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin de\u011ferlendirilmesi ve hayvan hastal\u0131klar\u0131 gibi konularda bilgi sahibi olduklar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6k T\u00fcrklerde demir i\u015flemecili\u011finin ileri bir d\u00fczeyde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uygurlardaki bilimsel geli\u015fmeler Hun ve K\u00f6k T\u00fcrklere g\u00f6re daha ileri seviyedeydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uygurlar ara\u00e7 gere\u00e7 yap\u0131m\u0131, geli\u015fmi\u015f \u015fehir yap\u0131lanmas\u0131, \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirilen a\u015f\u0131 vb. alanlardaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sayesinde bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemli bir noktaya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00fclkedeki bak\u0131rc\u0131l\u0131k ve kuyumculuk ileri bir seviyeye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uygurlar t\u0131bb\u00ee konularda olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f, \u00c7in ve Hintlilerin t\u0131p bilgilerinden de yararlanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uygurlar matbaac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildikleri i\u00e7in tahta kal\u0131plar\u0131 kullanarak bask\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uygurlar\u0131n Karabalgasun Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 \u00c7ince, So\u011fdca ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olarak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 genellikle pamuktan yapan Uygurlar\u0131n mabetlerinde k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler de bulunurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrklerin bilimsel alandaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na genel olarak bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda burada ota\u00e7\u0131 ve em\u00e7i denilen hekimlerin g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bitki ve mineral kaynakl\u0131 ila\u00e7lar kullanarak tedavi eden bu hekimlerin yan\u0131nda, kam ve baks\u0131 ad\u0131 verilen ve \u015eamanizm inanc\u0131yla tedavi uygulayan insanlar da vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler matematikte erken tarihlerden itibaren on tabanl\u0131 (desimal) sistemi ve aritmetik hesaplarda say\u0131 dizilerini, ilerleyen d\u00f6nemlerde a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k ve uzunluk \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcleriyle para birimlerini kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler, astronomi alan\u0131nda da \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015f; G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019i, Ay\u2019\u0131 ve y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli izlemi\u015f ve bunlara \u00e7e\u015fitli anlamlar y\u00fcklemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lkbahar\u0131n geli\u015fini (nevruz) bayram olarak kutlam\u0131\u015flar; Ven\u00fcs\u2019e sabah y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131, Merk\u00fcr\u2019e ise ak\u015fam y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 isimlerini vermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130klim \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fkenli\u011fini belirtmek ve zaman ile mevsimler hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinmek amac\u0131yla On \u0130ki Hayvanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk Takvimi\u2019ni kullanan T\u00fcrkler, bu takvimi g\u00fcne\u015f y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 esas alarak haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On \u0130ki Hayvanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk Takvimi\u2019nde, her y\u0131l bir hayvan ismiyle adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, on iki y\u0131ll\u0131k zaman dilimi bir devir olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130LK T\u00dcRK \u0130SLAM DEVLETLER\u0130NDE E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M VE B\u0130L\u0130M<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011fitim ve Bilimsel Faaliyetler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bilime \u00f6nem vermedi\u011fi ve insan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutuldu\u011fu Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019da, e\u011fitim ve bilime \u00f6nem veren \u0130slam dini do\u011fmu\u015f, bu din, insanlar\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmeye ve bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmaya y\u00f6neltmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler kalabal\u0131k gruplar h\u00e2linde \u0130slam dinine ge\u00e7ince \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131 e\u011fitim ve bilim alan\u0131nda \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karahan h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 bilimsel faaliyetleri destekleyince Buhara, Semerkant, Ta\u015fkent, Balasagun, Ka\u015fgar gibi \u015fehirler bilim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezi h\u00e2line d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karahanl\u0131larda birbirinden de\u011ferli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr ve bilim insanlar\u0131 yeti\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu bilginlerden K\u00e2\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud, ilk T\u00fcrk haritac\u0131s\u0131 ve filolo\u011fudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yusuf Has Hacip, bu d\u00f6nemin di\u011fer \u00f6nemli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc ve fikir adam\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kutadgu Bilig, \u00f6nemli bir siyasetn\u00e2me ve nasihatn\u00e2medir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrklerde \u015fehzadelerin e\u011fitimine \u00e7ok \u00f6nem verilmekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nde \u015eehzadelerin e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in g\u00f6revlendirilen bilge ki\u015filere Atabey ad\u0131 verilmekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk Sel\u00e7uklu medresesi 1040 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tu\u011frul Bey taraf\u0131ndan Ni\u015fabur\u2019da kurulmu\u015f, Alparslan D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde ise medreseler yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sel\u00e7uklularda \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fccretsiz h\u00e2le getirilmi\u015f ve \u00f6\u011frencilere maa\u015f ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcnl\u00fc vezir Nizam\u00fclm\u00fclk, kendi ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan medresesine \u00f6nemli bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131 toplayarak \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir k\u00fct\u00fcphane kurdurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nizamiye Medreselerinin A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f Ama\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devletin Ha\u015fha\u015filer gibi radikal \u00f6rg\u00fct ve mezheplere kar\u015f\u0131 korunmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Memur ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 ve din adam\u0131 yeti\u015ftirilmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan faydalan\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yoksul ve yetenekli \u00f6\u011frencilerin topluma kazand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130slamiyet\u2019e yeni ge\u00e7en O\u011fuz topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n peki\u015ftirilmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011fitim ve Bilimsel Faaliyetler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kervansaraylar\u0131n ilk \u00f6rne\u011fi olan ribatlar, b\u00fcy\u00fck merkezlerde sadece sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015fken daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde \u0130slam ilimleri ile u\u011fra\u015fan gen\u00e7lere de kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ribatlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren tekke ve zaviyeler ise ibadet, e\u011fitim, ziyaret, bar\u0131nma, beslenme ve temizlenme gibi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sel\u00e7uklularda t\u0131p e\u011fitimi \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u015fifahanelerde yap\u0131l\u0131yor, astronomi ise rasathanelerde \u00f6\u011fretiliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk T\u00fcrk \u0130slam devletlerinde K\u0131ble\u2019nin y\u00f6n\u00fc ve ibadet saatlerinin d\u00fczenlenmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan astronomi bilimine ayr\u0131 bir \u00f6nem verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Melik\u015fah D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde kurulan rasathanede \u00fcnl\u00fc astronom ve matematik\u00e7i \u00d6mer Hayyam \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015f, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda Celal\u00ee Takvimi olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131, B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklularda oldu\u011fu gibi e\u011fitim \u00f6\u011fretime gereken \u00f6nemi vermi\u015f, Anadolu\u2019da medreseler a\u00e7arak medrese gelene\u011fini devam ettirmi\u015f ve bilimin geli\u015fmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde devlet adamlar\u0131 co\u011frafya bilimine de \u00f6nem vermi\u015f, gittikleri seferlerde g\u00fcnl\u00fcklere benzer eserler yazm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0131p biliminde \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler g\u00f6steren T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131, Anadolu\u2019nun bir\u00e7ok \u015fehrinde \u015fifahaneler a\u00e7arak c\u00fczzaml\u0131lar\u0131 da tedavi etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ahilikte Meslek E\u011fitimi<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ahilikte mesleki e\u011fitim ile genel e\u011fitim bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u00e7erisinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mesleki e\u011fitim \u00e7ocu\u011fun velisinin izni ile yap\u0131l\u0131r, \u00e7ocuk on ya\u015f\u0131na kadar bir ustan\u0131n yan\u0131nda yamak olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ki y\u0131l \u00fccretsiz olarak yamakl\u0131k yapan \u00e7ocuk, bir t\u00f6renle \u00e7\u0131rakl\u0131k e\u011fitimine ba\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u0131rakl\u0131k e\u011fitimi \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l s\u00fcrerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u0131rakl\u0131k s\u00fcresini tamamlayan \u00e7ocuklar, meslekleri ile ilgili bir s\u0131nava tabi tutulurdu. Bu s\u0131navda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olan \u00e7\u0131raklara kalfal\u0131k unvan\u0131 verilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kalfal\u0131k genelde \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l s\u00fcrerdi. Kalfa olan ki\u015fi bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde her t\u00fcrl\u00fc g\u00fcveni sa\u011flarsa kalfa ustal\u0131\u011fa y\u00fckselirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ustas\u0131, mezun olan \u00f6\u011frencisine \u015fed (ku\u015fak) ba\u011flar, kendisine \u015fed ba\u011flanan kalfa, d\u00fckkan a\u00e7ma hakk\u0131na sahip olurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ahilik e\u011fitim sisteminde insan bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, ki\u015fiye yaln\u0131z mesleki bilgi de\u011fil din e\u011fitimi, ahlak bilgisi ve sosyal bilgiler de verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kutadgu Bilig\u2019e G\u00f6re E\u011fitim ve Bilim<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk T\u00fcrk \u0130slam edeb\u00ee eseri olarak kabul edilen Kutadgu Bilig\u2019de, mutlulu\u011fun temel \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n bilgiye ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karahanl\u0131lar D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde ya\u015fayan Yusuf Has Hacip; \u201cArap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a kitaplar \u00e7oktur. Bizim dilimizle b\u00fct\u00fcn hikmetleri toplayan (kitap) budur. Bu T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ko\u015fuklar\u0131 yazd\u0131m sana, okurken unutma dua k\u0131l bana.\u201d diyerek T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye verdi\u011fi \u00f6nemi belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Herkesin anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ile yaz\u0131lan bu eser, \u0130slam \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrk dilinin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc de g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00eevan-\u0131 L\u00fcgat\u2019it T\u00fcrk\u2019e G\u00f6re E\u011fitim ve Bilim<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00e2\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud\u2019un yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 D\u00eevan-\u0131 L\u00fcgat\u2019it T\u00fcrk adl\u0131 eser, Araplara T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00f6\u011fretmek amac\u0131yla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve e\u011fitim tarihimizin en \u00f6nemli eserleri aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu eser sadece bir s\u00f6zl\u00fck de\u011fil, T\u00fcrklere ait ilk haritan\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kadim T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir eserdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karahanl\u0131lar D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde ya\u015fayan K\u00e2\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud, T\u00fcrk Dili\u2019nin \u00f6nemini anlatmak i\u00e7in g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayattan, atas\u00f6zlerinden ve manzum eserlerden al\u0131nt\u0131lar yaparak eserini zenginle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El-Cezeri 1136-1206<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

El-Cezeri, Artuklu h\u00e2nedan\u0131n\u0131n himayesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00fcnl\u00fc bir m\u00fchendistir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El-Cezeri, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde haberle\u015fmede kullan\u0131lan denge kurma ve ayarlama bilimi olan sibernetikin kurucusu olarak kabul edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Su \u00e7ark\u0131 ile i\u015fleyen tulumba El-Cezeri\u2019nin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 makinelerden sadece bir tanesidir. Bu makine modern m\u00fchendisli\u011fin geli\u015fmesine do\u011frudan katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cezeri\u2019nin en \u00fcnl\u00fc makinesi filli su saatidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Harezmi ?- 847 <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cebir biliminin kurucusu olarak kabul edilen Harezmi, matematik\u00e7i, astronom ve co\u011frafyac\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa\u2019da Alkarismi olarak bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cebiri geometride kullanarak analitik geometrinin temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En \u00f6nemli eserleri Kit\u00e2b\u00fc\u2019l His\u00e2bi\u2019l-Hindi ve Kit\u00e2b\u00fc\u2019l Muhtasar fi his\u00e2bi\u2019l cebr ve\u2019l muk\u00e2lebe\u2019dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Farab\u00ee 870-950<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n Farab \u015fehrinde do\u011fdu\u011fu san\u0131lan Farab\u00ee, iyi bir e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, fizik, astronomi, mant\u0131k, m\u00fczik ve siyaset gibi alanlarda eserler vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aristo mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 en iyi kavrayan ve a\u00e7\u0131klayan ki\u015fi oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ikinci \u00f6\u011fretmen anlam\u0131na gelen Muallim-i S\u00e2ni unvan\u0131yla an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130hs\u00e2\u2019\u00fcl-Ul\u00fbm adl\u0131 eserinde bilimleri s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, bu nedenle de \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda bilimleri s\u0131n\u0131flara ay\u0131ran ilk ki\u015fi olarak tarihe ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Musiki kitab\u0131 da yazm\u0131\u015f olan Farab\u00ee, Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Alfarabius (Elfarabyus) olarak bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130bni Sina 980-1037<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buhara yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Ef\u015fene k\u00f6y\u00fcnde do\u011fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u0131k\u0131h, mant\u0131k, astronomi, felsefe ve t\u0131p e\u011fitimi alan \u0130bni Sina\u2019ya ba\u015far\u0131lardan dolay\u0131 e\u015f-\u015feyh\u00fc\u2019r-re\u00ees unvan\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131\u2019da ise Avicenna (Avisenna) olarak bilinir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen minik kurt\u00e7uklardan (mikrop) kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmi\u015f, kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015f ve ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 ameliyatlar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130bni Sina\u2019n\u0131n El-k\u00e2n\u00fbn fi\u2019t-t\u0131bb adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 Bat\u0131\u2019da uzun bir s\u00fcre ders kitab\u0131 olarak okutulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00eer\u00fbn\u00ee 973-1048 <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Harezm \u015fehrinde do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Astronomi, matematik, fizik, t\u0131p, co\u011frafya ve tarih konular\u0131nda \u00f6nemli eserler vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131\u2019da Aliboron ad\u0131yla an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca jeodezi (yery\u00fcz\u00fc bilgisi) biliminin kurucusu kabul edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gazneli Mahmud\u2019un Hint seferlerine kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En \u00f6nemli eseri, El Asar\u00fc\u2019l Bakiye\u2019dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00f6nemli eserinde \u00e7e\u015fitli toplumlar\u0131n kulland\u0131klar\u0131 takvimleri, ay ve y\u0131llardaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131, din\u00ee g\u00fcn ve bayramlar\u0131n tarihlerini incelemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El Hazini ?- 1155 <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

XII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ran\u2019da ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan astronom ve mekanik\u00e7idir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sultan Sencer\u2019e sundu\u011fu astronomi kitab\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fehirlerin enlem ve boylamlar\u0131, y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n konumlar\u0131 ve m\u00fckemmel astronomi tablolar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hassas terazi sayesinde metallerin ve ta\u015flar\u0131n saf olup olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bulabiliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu konuyla ilgili olarak yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserinin ad\u0131 Kitab\u00fcl Mizanil Hikme\u2019dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk \u0130slam Devletlerinde \u015eifahaneler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk \u0130slam devletlerinde ilk \u015fifahaneler Gazneliler ve Karahanl\u0131lar D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sel\u00e7uklular, t\u0131p merkezi say\u0131labilecek hastaneler kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sel\u00e7uklular D\u00f6nemi\u2019ndeki bu \u015fifahaneler, Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda faaliyette olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00fcnya hastane tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bim\u00e2ristan, m\u00e2ristan ve d\u00e2r\u00fc\u015f\u015fifa ad\u0131yla tesis edilen bu hastanelerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, c\u00fczzam hastalar\u0131 i\u00e7in miskinler tekkesi denilen c\u00fczzamhaneler de a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler ak\u0131l hastalar\u0131 \u00fczerinde telkin, m\u00fczik ve renk ile tedavi y\u00f6ntemleri uygulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015fabilen \u00f6nemli Sel\u00e7uklu \u015fifahaneleri aras\u0131nda \u015eam\u2019da bulunan Nureddin \u015eifahanesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Divri\u011fi\u2019de bulunan Turan Melik \u015eifahanesi, Kayseri\u2019de bulunan Gevher Nesibe Hatun \u015eifahanesi ve T\u0131p Okulu yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gevher Nesibe Hatun \u015eifahanesi Anadolu\u2019nun \u0130slami d\u00f6neme ait en eski \u015fifahanesi ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk t\u0131p fak\u00fcltesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NDE E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M VE B\u0130L\u0130M<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanzimat \u00d6ncesi E\u011fitim ve Bilim<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde e\u011fitime terbiye, \u00f6\u011fretime de genel olarak t\u00e2lim (bilgi kazand\u0131rma) denilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131byan mektepleri, genellikle mahallelerde ve cami etraf\u0131nda ilk e\u011fitim yeri idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Medreseler, Klasik D\u00f6nem Osmanl\u0131 e\u011fitim sisteminde orta ve y\u00fcksek derece e\u011fitim veren \u00f6rg\u00fcn e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enderun bir saray okulu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in devletin y\u00fcksek dereceli memurlar\u0131 ile seyfiye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 denilen asker\u00ee b\u00fcrokratlar burada yeti\u015firdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131byan Mektepleri<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131byan mektepleri, 5-6 ya\u015flar\u0131ndaki \u00e7ocuklara okuyup yazmay\u0131, Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim ve ilmihal bilgisi ile d\u00f6rt i\u015flemden ibaret olan basit hesap bilgilerini vermeyi ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131byan mektepleri; Ta\u015f mektep, mahalle mektebi, mekteb, mektephane, muallimhane gibi isimlerle de an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Medreseler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Medreseler, orta ve y\u00fcksek seviyelerdeki e\u011fitim \u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dclkenin ihtiyac\u0131 olan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc veren ve ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan elamanlar\u0131 yeti\u015ftiren bu okullar\u0131n \u00fcst kademelerinde, bilim dallar\u0131na g\u00f6re ihtisasla\u015fma (uzmanla\u015fma) s\u00f6z konusuydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130htisas medreseleri aras\u0131nda Dar\u00fc\u2019l-Hadis ve Dar\u00fc\u2019l-T\u0131p gibi alanlar vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Medreselerin hocalar\u0131na m\u00fcderris, m\u00fcderris yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131na muid, \u00f6\u011frencilerine ise dani\u015fmend (talebe, suhte) denilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Medreseleri bitirenlere icazetname adl\u0131 diploma verilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin ilk medresesi, Orhan Bey taraf\u0131ndan \u0130znik\u2019te kurulmu\u015f ve ilk m\u00fcderris olarak da D\u00e2v\u00fbd-i Kayser\u00ee atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fatih\u2019in a\u00e7t\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sahn-\u0131 Seman Medresesi ile Osmanl\u0131\u2019da y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim \u00f6nemli bir noktaya gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sahn-\u0131 Seman medreseleri m\u00fcderris, b\u00fcrokrat ve devlet adam\u0131 yeti\u015ftirerek toplumun ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revler \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde S\u00fcleymaniye Medresesi hizmete girmi\u015f, bu medresenin hizmete girmesiyle birlikte medreselerde yeni d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saray E\u011fitimi<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sarayda bulunan e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enderun,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Harem ve<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eehzadeg\u00e2n\u2019dan olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enderun<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enderun\u2019da sadrazam, vezir ve kumandan seviyesinde y\u00f6neticiler yeti\u015fti\u011fi gibi hattat, musiki\u015finas ve minyat\u00fcr ustas\u0131 gibi sanatk\u00e2rlar da yeti\u015fmi\u015ftir<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk zamanlar bu okula dev\u015firilen gayrim\u00fcslim \u00e7ocuklar al\u0131n\u0131rken zamanla T\u00fcrk \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 da al\u0131nmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Murat D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde kurulan ve Fatih D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde te\u015fkilatland\u0131r\u0131lan bu okullarda e\u011fitim \u00f6\u011fretim XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enderun Mektebi (\u0130stanbul), e\u011fitim s\u00fcresi 5 il\u00e2 7 y\u0131l aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015firdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Harem<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde padi\u015fah ve ailesinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer ayn\u0131 zamanda bir e\u011fitim kurumuydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saraydaki kad\u0131nlar e\u011fitimlerini burada al\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019da harem, bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr okulu ve nezaket yuvas\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eehzadeg\u00e2n Mektebi<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saray i\u00e7erisindeki \u015fehzadelerin okudu\u011fu bir okuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eehzadeler be\u015f veya alt\u0131 ya\u015flar\u0131na geldikleri zaman \u015feyh\u00fclislam taraf\u0131ndan t\u00f6renle derslere ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131r ve muallim-i sultani denilen hocas\u0131na teslim edilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eehzadeler daha sonra Lalalar\u0131n g\u00f6zetiminde sancaklara g\u00f6nderilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanca\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kma usul\u00fcn\u00fc III. Mehmet kald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eehzadeler XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonra sanca\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, sarayda kafes denilen dairelerde yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asker\u00ee E\u011fitim<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde d\u00fczenli ordu ilk defa Orhan Bey zaman\u0131nda olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Murat D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde devletin asker ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in \u00f6nce pen\u00e7ik sistemi denilen sava\u015f esirlerinden faydalanma yoluna gidilmi\u015f, bunun sak\u0131ncalar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra dev\u015firme usul\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dev\u015firme sisteminde Hristiyan \u00e7ocuklar T\u00fcrk ailelerinin yan\u0131na verilir, bu \u00e7ocuklar burada T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6\u011frenirlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde asker\u00ee e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim i\u00e7in Acemi O\u011flanlar Oca\u011f\u0131, mehterhane ve cambazhane isminde kurumlar vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131\u2019na kay\u0131t ve kab\u00fcllerine \u00e7\u0131kma (bederg\u00e2h) ad\u0131 verilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0131mar sahipleri elde ettikleri gelir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda cebel\u00fc denen askerlerin e\u011fitimi ile ilgilenir ve sava\u015f zaman\u0131 onlarla birlikte orduya kat\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f gemilerinin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tersanelerde uygulamal\u0131 olarak e\u011fitim g\u00f6ren ve levent olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan askerler de Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131nda g\u00f6rev al\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019da Yayg\u0131n E\u011fitim Kurumlar\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Camiler: <\/strong>Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde \u0130slam dininin ibadet yeri olan camilerde, halka din\u00ee ve ahlaki e\u011fitim verilir, bu e\u011fitime isteyen herkes kat\u0131labilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tekke ve Zaviyeler: <\/strong>Tekkeler, tarikat mensuplar\u0131na dil, din, sanat, musiki, ahlak ve spor gibi alanlarda e\u011fitim veren yerlerdi.Tekkelerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcklerine ise zaviye denilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lonca Te\u015fkilat\u0131: <\/strong>Loncalar meslek mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitiminde bir okul g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fct\u00fcphaneler: <\/strong>K\u00fct\u00fcphaneler halk\u0131n e\u011fitimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sahaflar: <\/strong>Sahaflar, ikinci el kitaplar\u0131n al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerdi. \u0130nsanlar arzu etti\u011fi zaman buralarda oturarak istedi\u011fi kitab\u0131 okuma f\u0131rsat\u0131 bulur, orada ilm\u00ee sohbetler de yapard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131raathaneler: <\/strong>K\u0131raathane insanlar\u0131n arkada\u015flar\u0131yla bulu\u015fup sohbet ettikleri yerlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019da E\u011fitimin Bozulma Nedenleri<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00f6neticilerin bilim alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara deste\u011finin azalmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Felsefe ve mant\u0131k gibi akl\u00ee ilimlerden vazge\u00e7ilmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Medreselerin kendi i\u00e7 m\u00fcfredat\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmeyi zorla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131\u2019da e\u011fitim alan\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen geli\u015fmelerin takip edilememesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6\u00e7ler sonucunda kentlere gelen n\u00fcfusun medreselerde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, yani medreselerin hay\u0131r kurumu gibi g\u00f6rev yapmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00fc\u015fvet ve iltimas\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, \u00e7ocuk ya\u015ftaki ki\u015filere ulema payesinin verilmesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019da Bilim \u0130nsanlar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e2v\u00fbd-i Kayser\u00ee (1260-1350)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orhan Gazi zaman\u0131nda \u0130znik\u2019te kurulan ve Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilk medresesi olan medresenin ba\u015f m\u00fcderrisidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da okumu\u015f ve otuz ak\u00e7e yevmiye ile g\u00f6revine ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Akl\u00ee ve nakl\u00ee ilimlerde ihtisas yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131z\u00e2de-i R\u00fbm\u00ee (1337-1421)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Matematik ve astronomi alanlar\u0131 ile ilgilenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bursa\u2019daki tahsilinden sonra Molla Fenari\u2019den ders al\u0131p \u00f6nce Horasan\u2019a, oradan da T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a giderek e\u011fitimine oralarda devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sabuncuo\u011flu \u015eerafeddin (1386-1470)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0131pta deneye \u00f6nem vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fccerrebn\u00e2me isimli deney kitab\u0131nda y\u0131lan zehrine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nce horozlarda, sonra da kendi \u00fczerinde denedi\u011fi ilac\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na yer vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cerrahn\u00e2me adl\u0131 resimli kitab\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli ameliyatlara yer vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Altuncuz\u00e2de<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fatih D\u00f6nemi hekimlerindendir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kendi imal etti\u011fi kalaydan sondalarla idrar tutuklulu\u011funa \u00e7are bulmu\u015f ve ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde mesane ve idrar yollar\u0131 rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tedavi etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ak\u015femseddin (1390-1459)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fatih Sultan Mehmet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin \u00f6nemli hekim ve bilim insan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ris\u00e2let\u00fc\u2019n-N\u00fbriyye ve M\u00e2ddet\u00fc\u2019l Hay\u00e2t adl\u0131 eserleri vard\u0131r. Mikrop teorisini bulan ki\u015fidir ve ilk kanser ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Piri Reis (1475-1555)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk D\u00fcnya haritas\u0131n\u0131 1511 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7izmi\u015f, bu haritada k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 ve adalar\u0131 g\u00f6sterip bilinmeyen b\u00f6lgelerin tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kitab-\u0131 Bahriye isimli co\u011frafya eserini 1521 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazm\u0131\u015f ve bu kitaba ekledi\u011fi D\u00fcnya haritas\u0131n\u0131 1528\u2019de Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman\u2019a sunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Takiy\u00fcddin (1526-1585)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 bilim tarihinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck astronomu (g\u00f6k bilimcisi) olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r, \u015eam ve Semerkant astronomi ve matematik okullar\u0131n\u0131 kendi \u015fahs\u0131nda birle\u015ftirmi\u015f; matematik, astronomi, mekanik ve t\u0131p konular\u0131nda otuzun \u00fczerinde eser kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilk rasathanesini III. Murat D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde \u0130stanbul\u2019da in\u015fa etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n enlem ve boylamlar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde Ven\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc kullanarak farkl\u0131 bir hesaplama usul\u00fcn\u00fc ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Katip \u00c7elebi (1609-1657)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bibliyografya konusunda \u00f6zel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 olan ve Hac\u0131 Halife ismiyle de bilinen \u00fcnl\u00fc bir Osmanl\u0131 bilim insan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih ve co\u011frafya dal\u0131nda da \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ke\u015ff\u00fc\u2019z Zun\u00fbn adl\u0131 eseri bir\u00e7ok yazar ve kitab\u0131 tan\u0131tan bibliyografik bir ansiklopedi niteli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cihann\u00fcma <\/strong>adl\u0131 eserinde ise bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkeyi tan\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hezarfen Ahmet \u00c7elebi (1609-1640)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV. Murat D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde fen alan\u0131ndaki engin tecr\u00fcbeleri ve bilgisi sayesinde me\u015fhur olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Galata Kulesi\u2019nden \u00dcsk\u00fcdar\u2019a u\u00e7may\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Sultan Murat taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lagari Hasan \u00c7elebi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lagari Hasan \u00c7elebi, XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ve insanl\u0131k tarihinde ilk kez roketle u\u00e7an ki\u015fi olarak tarihe ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u (?-1474)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Timur Devleti D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Semerkant\u2019ta yeti\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk astronom ve matematik\u00e7isidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u, \u0130stanbul\u2019da bir rasat kuyusu ile bir g\u00fcne\u015f saati yapm\u0131\u015f ve bir\u00e7ok \u00f6\u011frenci yeti\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayasofya Medresesi\u2019nde m\u00fcderrislik yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa\u2019da \u00d6rnek Bilimsel \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrupa\u2019s\u0131nda ise kilise bilim alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 hep engellemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Copernicus (Kopernik), (1473- 1543) D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ve di\u011fer gezegenlerin G\u00fcne\u015f etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nd\u00fcklerini anlatan teorisini \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru yay\u0131nlayabilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Galileo Galilei (Galileu Galiley) (1564-1642) ise kiliseden farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler savundu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u00f6nce \u00f6l\u00fcme mahkum edilmi\u015f, sonradan bu ceza ev hapsine \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa\u2019da bilimsel alanlardaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, R\u00f6nesans sonras\u0131 h\u0131zla artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanzimat Sonras\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 E\u011fitim Sistemi<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilan\u0131na kadar medreseler \u00f6nemli bir yere sahip olmu\u015ftur. Medreselerde zamanla bozulmalar ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1869 Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamn\u00e2mesi ile e\u011fitim sistemindeki sorunlara k\u00f6kl\u00fc \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler bulunmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nizamn\u00e2me ile okullar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk\u00f6\u011fretim (Mekteb-i \u0130ptida\u00ee ve Mekteb-i R\u00fc\u015ftiye) ,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta\u00f6\u011fretim (Mekteb-i \u0130dad\u00eeye ve Mekteb-i Sultaniye) ve<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fcksek \u00f6\u011fretim (D\u00e2r\u00fclf\u00fcnun) olarak \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131sma ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanzimat\u2019\u0131n ilan\u0131ndan sonra a\u00e7\u0131lan okullar<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ptida\u00ee Mektepler: <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1862 y\u0131l\u0131nda 360 s\u0131byan mektebinden 36 tanesi ibtidai mektep h\u00e2line getirilmi\u015f ve bu okullarda yeni usulde e\u011fitim \u00f6\u011fretim verilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00fc\u015ftiyeler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ortaokullar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan r\u00fc\u015ftiye mektebi, II. Mahmut taraf\u0131ndan 1839\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buralarda d\u00f6rt y\u0131ll\u0131k e\u011fitim verilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1867 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar yaln\u0131z M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00e7ocuklar r\u00fc\u015ftiyelerde e\u011fitim g\u00f6r\u00fcrken bu tarihten itibaren gayrim\u00fcslim \u00e7ocuklar da burada e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130dad\u00eeler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu okullar bug\u00fcnk\u00fc liselerin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r ve d\u00f6rt y\u0131ll\u0131k r\u00fc\u015ftiyelerin \u00fczerine \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l e\u011fitim vermek amac\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n bu okullarda e\u011fitim alabilmeleri planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sultaniler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z okullar\u0131 \u00f6rnek al\u0131narak a\u00e7\u0131lan bu okullar\u0131n e\u011fitim \u00f6\u011fretim s\u00fcresi alt\u0131 y\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu okullar, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve gayrim\u00fcslim \u00f6\u011frencilerin birlikte \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6recekleri \u015fekilde planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e2r\u00fclf\u00fcnun<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde e\u011fitim \u00f6\u011fretime \u015fekil vermek amac\u0131yla 1846 y\u0131l\u0131nda faaliyete ba\u015flayan Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kaliteli memur yeti\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla \u0130stanbul\u2019da bir D\u00e2r\u00fclf\u00fcnun a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1933 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren D\u00e2r\u00fclf\u00fcnun, yerini daha sonra \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e2r\u00fclmuallim\u00e2t (K\u0131z \u00d6\u011fretmen Okulu)<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1848 y\u0131l\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lan Dar\u00fc\u2019l Muallimin\u2019den (Erkek \u00d6\u011fretmen Okulu) sonra Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamn\u00e2mesi ile 1870 y\u0131l\u0131nda k\u0131z ilkokullar\u0131 ve k\u0131z r\u00fc\u015ftiyelerine bayan \u00f6\u011fretmen yeti\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla Dar\u00fclmuallim\u00e2t a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dar\u00fclmuallim\u00e2t, Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde de etkisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mekteb-i Hukuk<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hukuk fak\u00fcltesi olarak a\u00e7\u0131lan okul 1880 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mekteb-i Hukuk-u \u015eahane ad\u0131yla kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osman Hamdi Bey\u2019in 1882 y\u0131l\u0131nda II. Abd\u00fclhamit taraf\u0131ndan buraya m\u00fcd\u00fcr olarak atanmas\u0131yla kurulan ilk g\u00fczel sanatlar okuludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Resm\u00ee ad\u0131 Mekteb-i Sanayi-i Nefise-i \u015eahane\u2019dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda ad\u0131 G\u00fczel Sanatlar Akademisi olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Abd\u00fclhamit D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde E\u011fitim<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Abd\u00fclhamit D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde her \u00f6\u011fretim derecesi i\u00e7in genel m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fckler ve m\u00fcfetti\u015flikler olu\u015fturulmu\u015f, her vilayete maarif m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve maarif meclisi a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019in tahta \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla birlikte e\u011fitimin her vatanda\u015f\u0131n hakk\u0131 oldu\u011fu ifade edilerek ilk\u00f6\u011fretim anayasa ile zorunlu h\u00e2le getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fclkiye ve harbiye mektepleri geni\u015fletilmi\u015f, okul \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir zenginlik ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk kez a\u00e7\u0131lan veya geli\u015ftirilen modern e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131ndan M\u00fclkiye Mektebi, Hukuk Mektebi, Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi, G\u00fclhane Tababet Tatbikat\u0131 Mektebi gibi e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131, isimleri de\u011fi\u015fse de g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda baytar (veteriner) mektebi, polis ve g\u00fcmr\u00fck okullar\u0131 da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015fan e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki Az\u0131nl\u0131k Okullar\u0131 <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ve y\u00f6netilmesi konusunda T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 serbestli\u011fi az\u0131nl\u0131klar i\u00e7in de tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fatih Sultan Mehmet\u2019in \u0130stanbul\u2019u fethinin ard\u0131ndan Rum unsurlara tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 imtiyazlardan, daha sonra di\u011fer Hristiyan topluluklar ve Museviler (Yahudiler) de yararlanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Az\u0131nl\u0131klar i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan okullar genellikle kiliselerin etraf\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, buralarda verilen e\u011fitim de kilise arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk d\u00f6nemler okuma yazma \u00f6\u011fretilip din\u00ee ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel e\u011fitimler verilen bu okullar devlet denetiminden uzak kalm\u0131\u015f, buralarda \u00f6\u011fretmen olarak genellikle papazlar g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnyada milliyet\u00e7ilik hareketlerinin ba\u015flamas\u0131 \u00fczerine, az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rum, Ermeni ve Yahudi okullar\u0131 da milliyet\u00e7ilik fikrinin yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurumlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, bu okullarda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k propagandalar\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki Yabanc\u0131 Okullar\u0131 <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin verdi\u011fi kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 f\u0131rsat bilen bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde okullar a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1839 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Katolik Mezhebi\u2019ne mensup Hristiyanlar\u0131n a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 okullar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 40\u2019a ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda ilk Protestan mezhebine mensup misyoner okulu, 1824 y\u0131l\u0131nda Beyrut\u2019ta Amerikal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, daha sonra bu okullar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131 h\u0131zla devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Genelde din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7abalar\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131lan bu okullar, din\u00ee ama\u00e7lar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ekonomik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve siyasi ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in de misyonerlik faaliyetleri yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde 1869 Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamn\u00e2mesi\u2019ne kadar yabanc\u0131 okullarla ilgili d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile birlikte gayrim\u00fcslim ve yabanc\u0131 okullara tan\u0131nan ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bu okullar\u0131n T\u00fcrk kanun ve y\u00f6netmeliklerine tabi olmalar\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CUMHUR\u0130YET D\u00d6NEM\u0130\u2019NDE E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M VE B\u0130L\u0130M<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde E\u011fitim ve Bilim<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019nin hen\u00fcz sonu\u00e7lanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ortamda Maarif Kongresi\u2019ni (1921) toplayarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin mill\u00ee bir e\u011fitim sistemi kurmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele kazan\u0131l\u0131p 29 Ekim 1923\u2019te Cumhuriyet ilan edildikten sonra, siyasi ve ekonomik alanlarla birlikte hukuk ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr alanlar\u0131nda da bir\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fim ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, e\u011fitimin temel hedeflerinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi ve hedefe ula\u015facak e\u011fitim politikalar\u0131n\u0131n tespit edilmesi i\u00e7in 1924-1934 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda alt\u0131 defa rapor haz\u0131rlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1924 Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda ilk\u00f6\u011fretimin zorunlu ve paras\u0131z oldu\u011fu karara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f, bu kararla ilk\u00f6\u011fretim yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak herkesin okuryazar olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilk d\u00f6nemlerinde \u00fclkede yakla\u015f\u0131k 72 ortaokul mevcuttu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1924\u2019te T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki toplam lise say\u0131s\u0131 23 iken, Atat\u00fcrk D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde bu say\u0131 %300 oran\u0131nda artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1927 y\u0131l\u0131nda ak\u015fam ticaret okullar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131z sanat okullar\u0131n\u0131n ismi bu tarihten itibaren K\u0131z Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcniversite reformu yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu reform ile birlikte \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi, Y\u00fcksek Ziraat Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Orman Fak\u00fcltesi ve Dil ve Tarih-Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi gibi \u00fcniversiteler a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halk\u0131n okuma yazma oran\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla millet mektepleri a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1928).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011fitim Alan\u0131ndaki De\u011fi\u015fimler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011fitimde; \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f, demokratik ve laik bir sistem benimsenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3 Mart 1924 Tevhid-i Tedrisat (\u00d6\u011fretim Birli\u011fi) Kanunu ile b\u00fct\u00fcn okullar E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve bu sayede e\u011fitim- \u00f6\u011fretim birli\u011fi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Okuma yazmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve okuryazar oran\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla yeni T\u00fcrk harfleri kabul edilmi\u015ftir (1 Kas\u0131m 1928).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019ndeki bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar daha \u00e7ok astronomi, matematik ve fizik alanlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Astronomi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda Fatin G\u00f6kmen (1877-1955) dikkat \u00e7eken isimlerdendir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kandilli G\u00f6zlemevi\u2019nin kurucusu ve ilk m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc olan Fatin G\u00f6kmen, 1911 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kandilli G\u00f6zlemevi\u2019nde ramazan\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi konusundaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Matematik alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan Cahit Arf (1910-1997), cebirsel denklemler \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131rken \u00f6zel h\u00e2ller problemini \u00e7\u00f6zm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Behram Kur\u015funo\u011flu, n\u00fckleer fizik \u00fczerinde yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015f ve atom fizi\u011fi \u00fczerine \u00e7e\u015fitli makaleler yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deri hastal\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapan Prof. Dr. Hulusi Beh\u00e7et (1889-1948), kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan Beh\u00e7et Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prof. Dr. Akil Muhtar \u00d6zden, Santonin Testi\u2019yle Avrupa t\u0131p literat\u00fcr\u00fcne ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orhan As\u0131m Barut (1926-1994) ise matematik, kuramsal fizik, y\u00fcksek enerji fizi\u011fi ve par\u00e7ac\u0131k fizi\u011fi konular\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Protonla ilgili olarak maddenin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, elektron ve n\u00f6tronlar aras\u0131ndaki elektromanyetik etkile\u015fimi ba\u011flayan Basit Madde Modeli\u2019ni geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman psikiyatri konusunda kendi ekol\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih Bilimi\u2019nde ise, daha \u00e7ok Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan ve 25\u2019ten fazla kitap, 300\u2019den fazla makale ile \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc tarih ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na vakfeden Halil \u0130nalc\u0131k (1916-2016) \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0Se\u00e7meli T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi\u00a0dersi 5. \u00fcnitesi olan\u00a0T\u00fcrklerde E\u011fitim ve Bilim\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet Tarihi kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1382,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[101],"tags":[6,98],"class_list":["post-1853","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-ders-notlari","tag-tarih-ders-notlari","tag-turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/turk-kultur-ve-medeniyet-tarihi.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"\nT\u00fcrk 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