{"id":2119,"date":"2024-12-09T13:32:10","date_gmt":"2024-12-09T10:32:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=2119"},"modified":"2024-12-09T13:32:15","modified_gmt":"2024-12-09T10:32:15","slug":"turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/09\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi \u00d6zet Ders Notlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Bu sayfam\u0131zda <strong>Se\u00e7meli T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi Dersi \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131 <\/strong>payla\u015f\u0131yoruz. T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131m\u0131z g\u00fcncel MEB kitab\u0131na g\u00f6rev haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6\u011frenci arkada\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z g\u00fcncel <strong>T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi notlar\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> indirerek <strong>Se\u00e7meli T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi yaz\u0131l\u0131<\/strong>lar\u0131na haz\u0131rlanabilirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130\u00c7ER\u0130K:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1.\u00dcnite \u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. \u00dcnite \u0130lk D\u00f6nem T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3.\u00dcnite Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4.\u00dcnite Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.\u00dcnite \u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A. Din\u00ee D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrklerin din\u00ee hayat\u0131n\u0131n merkezinde G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 (K\u00f6k Tengri) inanc\u0131 yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nan\u00e7 sistemlerini olu\u015fturan di\u011fer unsurlarla birlikte yer-su (yir-sub) inanc\u0131 ve atalar\u0131n ruhlar\u0131na sayg\u0131 kutsal olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrklerdeki \u00c2lem (Evren) Tasavvuru<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130slam \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine g\u00f6re \u00e2lem; t\u00fcm katmanlar\u0131yla birlikte yeri, g\u00f6\u011f\u00fc ve i\u00e7indekileri de ku\u015fatan en geni\u015f anlamdaki varl\u0131k alan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkler; evreni g\u00f6k, yer ve yer alt\u0131 olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 tabakal\u0131 bir varl\u0131k alan\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Eski T\u00fcrklere g\u00f6re evren; a\u011fa\u00e7, demir, ate\u015f ve su olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt unsurdan meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Onlar \u00e2lemin bir zaman ve d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde var oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek onunla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrklerin evren tasavvurunun olu\u015fumunu etkileyen \u00f6nemli unsurlardan biri de \u00f6l\u00fcm d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesidir. \u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrklerde ahiret inanc\u0131 vard\u0131r. T\u00fcrkler i\u00e7in \u00f6lmek, yeni bir hayata ge\u00e7mektir. \u00d6l\u00fcm yerine kullan\u0131lan terimlere bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn bir yok olma olarak de\u011fil, d\u00fcnya de\u011fi\u015ftirme olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrklerdeki G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 \u0130nanc\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slam \u00f6ncesi din\u00ee inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 noktada toplamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a) G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 \u0130nanc\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b) Atalar K\u00fclt\u00fc<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c) Yer-Su \u0130nanc\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131n\u0131 benimsemi\u015ftir. Hunlar, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler ve Uygurlar gibi T\u00fcrk devletlerinde din\u00ee sistemin merkezinde G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkler G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131\u2019y\u0131 her \u015feye g\u00fcc\u00fc yeten y\u00fcce bir yarat\u0131c\u0131 olarak kabul etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tanr\u0131, tektir; ezel\u00ee ve ebed\u00eedir, her \u015feyin yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r, k\u00e2inat\u0131n efendisidir. O, g\u00f6r\u00fclemez ve sonsuzdur. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n ne kadar ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tayin eden odur. G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman insana ya da ba\u015fka bir varl\u0131\u011fa benzetilmemi\u015f, bu y\u00fczden heykeli veya sureti yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her \u015feyin kayna\u011f\u0131 odur. Toplumsal hayat\u0131 da o d\u00fczenlemektedir. T\u00fcrklerde iktidar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 da Tanr\u0131\u2019ya dayand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Atalar K\u00fclt\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130slam \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrk inan\u00e7 sisteminin ikinci esas\u0131n\u0131 atalar k\u00fclt\u00fc te\u015fkil etmi\u015ftir. \u00d6lm\u00fc\u015f olan atalar\u0131n ruhlar\u0131na sayg\u0131 duyma ve onlar i\u00e7in kurbanlar sunma inan\u00e7 ve \u00e2deti, \u0130slam \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrk din tarihinin \u00f6nemli unsurlar\u0131ndan biridir. Baba ve atalar\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra da ruhlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla aile bireylerini korumaya devam ettikleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Yer-Su (Yir-Sub) \u0130nanc\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yer-su (yir-sub) inanc\u0131, tabiat g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin kutsall\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Yer ve su ruhlar\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7eren varl\u0131klar\u0131n tamam\u0131ndan olu\u015fan bir k\u00fcltt\u00fcr. \u0130slam \u00d6ncesi D\u00f6nem\u2019deT\u00fcrkler, tabiat\u0131n Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na inand\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in onu kutsal saym\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. T\u00fcrklere g\u00f6re yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde bulunan varl\u0131klar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc sonsuz bir g\u00fczellik kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f kutsal hediyelerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>B. Felsefi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrklerin de ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imleri ve inan\u00e7lar\u0131yla \u015fekillenen kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir felsefi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fcnyalar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bu; varl\u0131k, ahlak, siyaset vb. alanlar\u0131 i\u00e7eren ve kendi i\u00e7inde tutarl\u0131 olan bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fcnyas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrklerdeki Felsefi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130slam \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrklerde felsefi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, bozk\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ve konarg\u00f6\u00e7er ya\u015fam\u0131n etkisiyle T\u00fcrklerin \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerle kurduklar\u0131 etkile\u015fime ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. Bu etkile\u015fim sonucu T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u0130ran, \u00c7in, Hindistan ve Orta Asya\u2019daki din\u00ee ve mitolojik motifler yer almaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrklerin di\u011fer k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerdeki mitolojik imgelerden etkilenmeleri, ay \u00fcst\u00fc \u00e2lemin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc varl\u0131klara olan inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 peki\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>C. Bilimsel D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Di\u011fer Erken D\u00f6nem uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 gibi T\u00fcrkler de tarihin eski d\u00f6nemlerinden itibaren g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fama ili\u015fkin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamaya y\u00f6nelik pratik bilgilere sahip olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrklerde bilimsel bilginin geli\u015fmesi; M\u0131s\u0131r, S\u00fcmer, Babil, \u00c7in ve Hint gibi baz\u0131 medeniyetlere g\u00f6re nispeten daha yava\u015f olmu\u015ftur. Bunun en \u00f6nemli sebebi, T\u00fcrklerin yerle\u015fik hayata daha ge\u00e7 bir d\u00f6nemde ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla birlikte T\u00fcrkler; tar\u0131m, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k, sava\u015f teknolojileri gibi baz\u0131 alanlarda ilerlemeler kaydetmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00c7. Siyasi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130slam \u00d6ncesi D\u00f6nem\u2019deT\u00fcrklerin siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, \u00e2lem tasavvuru ve G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131yla ili\u015fkili olmu\u015ftur. G\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcndeki d\u00fczenin benzer \u015fekilde yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde de var oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Nas\u0131l ki evrenin merkezinde Kutup Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 bulunuyorsa yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn merkezinde de Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n emriyle h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olan ka\u011fan\u0131n bulundu\u011fu kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrklerdeki Siyasi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130slam \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrklerdeki siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin temelinde yer alan ba\u015fl\u0131ca unsurlar \u015funlard\u0131r: kut anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, T\u00fcrk t\u00f6resi, cihan h\u00e2kimiyeti anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k fikri, boylar federasyonu ve konarg\u00f6\u00e7er ya\u015fam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrklerdeki Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve Adalet D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, T\u00fcrk siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde devlet olman\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u015fartlar\u0131ndan biri olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk tarihi, T\u00fcrklerin ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyetine girmeyi kabul etmeyip devletlerini ya\u015fatmak ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in verdikleri \u00e7ok say\u0131da m\u00fccadele ile doludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine g\u00f6re devletin \u00f6ncelikli g\u00f6revi adaleti sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Devletin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumas\u0131 adalete ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Kitabelerde devletin y\u0131k\u0131lma nedeni olarak h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n adaleti terk etmi\u015f olmalar\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Adalet ise t\u00f6re ile sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrklerdeki Devlet D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130slam \u00d6ncesi D\u00f6nem\u2019deT\u00fcrkler, inan\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda bir siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce geli\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. Kut anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ildi\u011fine inan\u0131lan bir ka\u011fan\u0131n y\u00f6netti\u011fi T\u00fcrklerde devlet ve millet kutsal say\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 da bu do\u011frultuda \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \u00dcnite \u0130lk D\u00f6nem T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A. Din\u00ee D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrklerin tarihteki yolculuklar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli kav\u015fak noktas\u0131, \u0130slamiyet\u2019le kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 kabul\u00fc, do\u011furdu\u011fu sonu\u00e7lar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hem \u0130slam tarihini hem de d\u00fcnya tarihini derinden etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130slam D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin Genel \u00d6zellikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Kur\u2019an ile s\u00fcnnetten hareketle ve di\u011fer kadim k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerden faydalanarak tutarl\u0131 bir sistem i\u00e7inde ortaya koyduklar\u0131 yorumlar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin ilahi y\u00f6n\u00fc vahyin verilerinin aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n, be\u015feri y\u00f6n\u00fc ise insan\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel faaliyetlerinin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. \u00d6zg\u00fcnd\u00fcr. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmakla birlikte bir aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Kur\u2019an ve onun a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 olan s\u00fcnnet, di\u011fer aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da ak\u0131l olu\u015fturur. Yani \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin ana dayana\u011f\u0131 ilahidir fakat ortaya konan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ve yorumlar be\u015fer\u00eedir. O, kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Kur\u2019an\u2019dan almas\u0131 bak\u0131\u00adm\u0131ndan di\u011fer d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemlerinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Evrenseldir. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n, \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini bulunduklar\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re yeniden ihya ve in\u015fa etmeleri (diriltmeleri ve \u00fcretmeleri) ko\u015fuluyla insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu sorunlara \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00fcretmeye ve t\u00fcm insanlar\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamaya elveri\u015flidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Hem tefsir, hadis, kelam, f\u0131k\u0131h gibi \u0130slami ilimlerin hem de mant\u0131k, felsefe, astronomi, matematik gibi be\u015fer\u00ee disip\u00adlinlerin verilerini de\u011ferlendirir ve kendi temel ilkeleri do\u011frultusunda ortak bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olu\u015fturmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. \u0130nsan onurunun korunmas\u0131na, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00adce \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne, esteti\u011fe ve hak, adalet, merhamet gibi de\u011ferlere \u00f6nem verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. \u0130nsan\u0131n i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fay\u0131 sadece maddi bir varl\u0131k alan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmesini istemez. Do\u011fan\u0131n maddi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra metafizik boyutunu da hat\u0131rlatarak insana do\u011faya ve do\u011fa i\u00e7inde bulunan di\u011fer varl\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 sorumluluk bilinci verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. Mant\u0131ksal tutarl\u0131l\u0131k ilkesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Eklektik bir yap\u0131ya sahip olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen tutars\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131; anlam b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u00adn\u00fcn, analiz ve sentezin oldu\u011fu fikir d\u00fczle\u00adminde yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7. \u0130nsan\u0131n maddi ve manevi b\u00fc\u00adt\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc korur. \u0130nsan\u0131n maddi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 manevi y\u00f6n\u00fcne, manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da maddi y\u00f6n\u00fcne indirge\u00admez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8. Dinamiktir. Vahyin ana nitelikle\u00adrine z\u0131t olmamak kayd\u0131yla de\u011fi\u00ad\u015fime, geli\u015fime ve farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bi\u00e7imlerine a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>9. Merkezinde tek tanr\u0131 (tevhit) inanc\u0131n\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131; insan, hayat, evren, Allah hak\u00adk\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slamiyet\u2019i Kabul Etti\u011fi D\u00f6nemde \u0130slam D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin \u00d6zellikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slamiyet\u2019i kabul etti\u011fi d\u00f6nemde \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131; bir\u00e7ok karma\u015f\u0131k din\u00ee, siyasi, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel tart\u0131\u015fmalar ve geli\u015fmeler i\u00e7indedir. \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki bu d\u00f6nem; \u00e7e\u015fitli entelekt\u00fcel ak\u0131mlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na, felsefi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin geli\u015fmesine ve \u0130slam&#8217;\u0131n farkl\u0131 yorumlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Din\u00ee D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin Boyutlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130slam\u2019da din\u00ee d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin temel unsurlar\u0131; f\u0131k\u0131h, kelam ve tasavvuftur. Din\u00ee d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin uygulamaya y\u00f6nelik pratik boyutunu f\u0131k\u0131h, inanca y\u00f6nelik teorik boyutunu kelam konu edinir. Tasavvuf ise \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n ahlaki, ruhsal ve mistik boyutunu konu edinmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130slam\u2019da Din\u00ee D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin F\u0131k\u0131h Boyutu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Terim olarak f\u0131k\u0131h, dinin uygulamaya y\u00f6nelik h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini (kurallar\u0131n\u0131) bilmektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>F\u0131k\u0131h ilmi, Kur\u2019an ve s\u00fcnnette yer alan din\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve hayata aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 konu edinir. Yine M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n din\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan yerine getirmekle sorumlu oldu\u011fu g\u00f6revler ve ibadet \u015fekilleri f\u0131k\u0131h taraf\u0131ndan belirlenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130slam\u2019da Din\u00ee D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin Kelam Boyutu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kelam ilmi; Allah\u2019\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve s\u0131fatlar\u0131ndan, peygamberlik ile ilgili konulardan, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 ve sonu\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan k\u00e2inat\u0131n durumlar\u0131ndan \u0130sl\u00e2m prensipleri \u00fczere s\u00f6z eden bir ilim olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130slam\u2019da Din\u00ee D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin Tasavvuf Boyutu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tasavvuf; \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n manevi, ahlaki ve mistik y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc esas alan hayat tarz\u0131d\u0131r. Tasavvuf, bu hayat tarz\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerini belirleyip kitap ve s\u00fcnnetle ili\u015fkisini kurar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tasavvuf; kalp temizli\u011fi, nefis terbiyesi, g\u00fczel ahlak gibi konular ile s\u00fbfinin niteliklerini ve g\u00f6revlerini belirleyen mistik bir yorumdur. Tasavvuf yolunda olanlara s\u00fbf\u00ee veya mutasavv\u0131f denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130lk D\u00f6nem T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin Genel \u00d6zellikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130lk D\u00f6nem T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin Din\u00ee Boyutu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin f\u0131k\u0131h boyutunu Hanefilik, kelam boyutunu Mat\u00fcridilik, tasavvuf boyutunu ise Yesevilik olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin din\u00ee boyutu, i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f bu \u00fc\u00e7 unsurun etraf\u0131nda \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>a) Hanefilik<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hanefilik, VIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar T\u00fcrk toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n din\u00ee hayatlar\u0131nda ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel faaliyetlerinde en fazla etkili olan f\u0131k\u0131h ekol\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu ekol, \u0130mam-\u0131 Azam Ebu Hanife&#8217;nin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri etraf\u0131nda olu\u015fmu\u015f ve ad\u0131n\u0131 esaslar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen Ebu Hanife\u2019den alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>b) Mat\u00fcridilik<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mat\u00fcridilik, Ebu Mansur Mat\u00fcridi&#8217;nin(853-944) g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri etraf\u0131nda olu\u015fan ve ad\u0131n\u0131 kurucusundan alan kelam ekol\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ebu Mansur Mat\u00fcridi, Ebu Hanife\u2019den sonra akla ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye en \u00e7ok de\u011fer veren \u00e2limlerden biridir. O, Ebu Hanife\u2019nin fikirlerini geli\u015ftirerek k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir kelam ekol\u00fcn\u00fcn olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mat\u00fcridi \u0130slam inan\u00e7 esaslar\u0131n\u0131n temellendirilmesinde ak\u0131l ve vahyi birlikte de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>c) Yesevilik<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ahmet Yesevi&#8217;nin yolunu izleyenlerin mensup oldu\u011fu tasavvuf ekol\u00fcne Yesevilik denmi\u015ftir. Ahmet Yeseviilk b\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk sufisi oldu\u011fu gibi Yesevilikde ilk T\u00fcrk tasavvuf ekol\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ahilik ve T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Gelene\u011findeki Yeri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ahilik te\u015fkilat\u0131; Anadolu\u2019ya gelen sanat ve meslek erbab\u0131n\u0131 i\u015f sahibi yapmak, yerli sanatk\u00e2rlarla rekabet edebilmeleri i\u00e7in \u00fcrettikleri mal\u0131n kalitesini korumak, meslek sahiplerine ahlak e\u011fitimi vermek, ihtiya\u00e7 sahiplerine yard\u0131m etmek gibi roller \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ahili\u011fin T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u00fcstlendi\u011fi ba\u015fl\u0131ca i\u015flevler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1- G\u00f6\u00e7ebe T\u00fcrkmenlerin yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7ip \u015fehir hayat\u0131na uyum sa\u011flamalar\u0131nda \u00f6nc\u00fc rol \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2- Ahilik Anadolu\u2019ya gelen g\u00f6\u00e7ebe T\u00fcrkmenleri i\u015fba\u015f\u0131nda e\u011fiterek \u00fcretici olmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3- Ahiler, ilk defa bir kad\u0131n te\u015fkilat\u0131 (Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum) kurmu\u015f, kad\u0131nlar\u0131 mesle\u00adki alanda e\u011fitmi\u015f ve iktisadi hayat i\u00e7inde yer almalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4- Ahilik adab\u0131 tarih boyunca T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n mill\u00ee karakterini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Anadolu\u2019da varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren g\u00f6rg\u00fc kurallar\u0131, kom\u015fuluk ili\u015fkileri, misafirperver\u00adlik, yard\u0131mla\u015fma vb. de\u011ferler Ahili\u011fin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki yans\u0131malar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5- Ahiler kurduklar\u0131 vak\u0131flarla ve yapm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 \u015fifahane, han, medrese ve hay\u0131r kurumlar\u0131yla g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6- Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;nin manevi mimar\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen ve bir Ahi \u015feyhi olan \u015eeyh Edebali ile di\u011fer Ahilerin deste\u011fi, devletin kurulmas\u0131nda ve bir cihan devleti h\u00e2line gelmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7- Ahiler Anadolu\u2019da birlik, beraberlik ve karde\u015fli\u011fin mayas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>B. Felsefi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu d\u00f6nemde hakikat aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yap\u0131lan tart\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda \u0130slam medeniyetinde farkl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlara sahip \u00fc\u00e7 ekol ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar; kelam, tasavvuf ve felsefe ekolleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Din-felsefe ili\u015fkisi T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam felsefesinin temel problemlerinden biri olmu\u015ftur. Bu konuda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan iki \u00f6nemli ekol i\u015frakilik ve me\u015f\u015failik olmu\u015ftur. \u0130\u015frakilik, ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme veya duyu verilerinin yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda bilginin ke\u015fif ve ilham yoluyla elde edildi\u011fini savunur. \u0130\u015frakilik ekol\u00fcn\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli temsilcisi VI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan \u015eahabeddin S\u00fchreverdi\u2019dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu d\u00f6nemin di\u011fer \u00f6nemli ekol\u00fc ise me\u015f\u015failiktir. Bu ekol bilginin elde edilmesinde temel kayna\u011f\u0131n \u201cak\u0131l ve vahiy\u201d oldu\u011funu savunmu\u015ftur. En \u00f6nemli temsilcileri Kindi, Farabi, \u0130bniSina ve \u0130bnR\u00fc\u015fd\u2019d\u00fcr. Me\u015f\u015failer vahiyle akl\u0131n \u00e7eli\u015fmedi\u011fini savunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>C. Bilimsel D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130lk D\u00f6nem T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde Bilime Verilen \u00d6nem<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Do\u011fu\u015fundan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra h\u0131zla yay\u0131l\u0131p geni\u015f bir co\u011frafyaya ula\u015fan \u0130slam dininin do\u011fru bilgiye ve bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem vermesi, fetihler s\u0131ras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan \u00e7ok say\u0131da k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyetin zengin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce miras\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130slam ordular\u0131 VII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren ba\u015fta \u0130skenderiye olmak \u00fczere \u0130ran\u2019a, Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ve \u0130spanya&#8217;ya y\u00f6nelmi\u015flerdir. \u00c7e\u015fitli medeniyetlere ait zengin miras\u0131n, bilimsel ve felsefi eserlerin \u00e7eviriler yoluyla aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, korundu\u011fu ve geli\u015ftirildi\u011fi bu d\u00f6nemde bilimin merkezi \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bilimsel ve felsefi birikimin \u00e7eviriler yoluyla \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131na aktar\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen e\u011fitim ve bilim kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n da katk\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6nemli bilim insanlar\u0131 yeti\u015fmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Harezmi, Abd\u00fclhamid \u0130bnT\u00fcrk, \u0130bn\u00fclheysem, Biruni, \u0130bniSina, \u00d6mer Hayyam, Cezeri gibi \u00e7ok say\u0131da bilim insan\u0131 yeti\u015fmi\u015f ve bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00c7. Siyasi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slamiyet\u2019i Kabul\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slamiyet\u2019i kabul\u00fc, VII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015flay\u0131p XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131la dek devam eden uzun ve karma\u015f\u0131k bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te en yo\u011fun \u0130slamla\u015fma X ve XI. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>751 Talas Sava\u015f\u0131, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir olayd\u0131r. Talas Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n siyasi, sosyal, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130slamiyet\u2019in T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olan bir ba\u015fka geli\u015fme de Satuk Bu\u011fra Han\u2019\u0131n \u0130slamiyet\u2019i se\u00e7mesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Satuk Bu\u011fra Han, Bat\u0131 Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0130slam dinini kabul etmelerini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Onun \u0130slamiyet yolunda verdi\u011fi m\u00fccadeleler Satuk Bu\u011fra Han Destan\u0131 ad\u0131yla derlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130lk D\u00f6nem T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Siyasi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrk devletleri Tarih boyunca birbirinin devam\u0131 olarak kurulmu\u015f, bu da T\u00fcrk devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130slamiyet sonras\u0131nda kurulan T\u00fcrk devletleri ayn\u0131 devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekle beraber s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde \u0130slami kurum ve ilkeleri de benimseyerek T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini geli\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.\u00dcnite Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A. Din\u00ee D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti; Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti&#8217;nin co\u011frafi, fikr\u00ee, ilm\u00ee ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur. Bu mirasta sa\u011flam bir din\u00ee inan\u00e7 ve bu inan\u00e7la desteklenmi\u015f bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc vard\u0131r. Bu d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde evrene, tabiata, insanl\u0131\u011fa iyimser bir bak\u0131\u015f vard\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131\u015fta farkl\u0131 inan\u00e7 ve mezheplere mensup insanlar\u0131n Allah&#8217;\u0131n bir emaneti oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi vard\u0131r. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede ise d\u00fcnyay\u0131, varl\u0131klar\u0131 ve hayat\u0131 yorumlay\u0131p onlara bir anlam kazand\u0131rma anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde F\u0131k\u0131h D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 f\u0131k\u0131h \u00e2limleri, Sel\u00e7uklulardan devrald\u0131klar\u0131 Hanefi f\u0131k\u0131h k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc devam ettirmi\u015flerdir. Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n devam\u0131 olan Osmanl\u0131 toplumu da Hanefi oldu\u011fundan Osmanl\u0131 medreselerinde genellikle bu mezhebe ait kitaplar okutulmu\u015ftur. Hanefi \u00e2limlerinin \u00e7o\u011funun T\u00fcrklerden olmas\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk toplumunun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Hanefi mezhebi ile \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmesi bu mezhebe ait kitaplar\u0131n okunmas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Kelam D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 \u00e2limleri XV. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren dinamik bir ilm\u00ee faaliyet i\u00e7ine girmi\u015flerdir. Di\u011fer disiplinlerde oldu\u011fu gibi kelam ilminde de fikir tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve kelam ilmiyle ilgili kitaplar yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat kelam ilmiyle ilgili \u00f6zg\u00fcn kitaplardan \u00e7ok, klasik kelam metinlerine \u015ferh ve ha\u015fiyeler yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde Tasavvuf D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi tasavvuf d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi \u00e7e\u015fitli kaynaklardan etkilenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Fars\u00e7a, Arap\u00e7a eserlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bu d\u00f6nemden \u00f6nce yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f eserler ve Osmanl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman yazarlar\u0131n eserleri de Osmanl\u0131 tasavvuf d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi Tasavvuf d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin ana kaynaklar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1- Osmanl\u0131 tasavvuf d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini etkileyen ilk sufiler ile tasavvufun ilk d\u00f6neminde yaz\u0131lan kitaplar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2- S\u00fchreverdi taraf\u0131ndan kurulan i\u015frakilik ve \u0130bn&#8217;\u00fcl Arabi taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015fti\u00adrilen vahdetiv\u00fccut gibi daha \u00e7ok tasavvuf felsefesi olarak nitelendirilen ekollerle ilgili eserler<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3- Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi\u2019nden \u00f6nce kurulan ve Osmanl\u0131 tasavvuf d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini etkileyen tasavvuf \u00e7evrelerinde yaz\u0131lan kitaplar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4- Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Anadolu&#8217;da kurulan ve Balkanlarda da etkili olan Bayramilik, Celvetilik, Bekta\u015filik gibi tasavvuf ekolleri ve eserleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Osmanl\u0131\u2019da Medreseler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130slam tarihinde medreseler, T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131d\u0131r. Medreseler genellikle bir avlu etraf\u0131nda bir dershane ile \u00f6\u011frenci odalar\u0131ndan olu\u015fur ve tek katl\u0131d\u0131r. Medreselerde ders veren hocalara m\u00fcderris denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde genel e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim kurumu olan medreselere, s\u0131byan mekteplerini (ilkokul) bitirenler ve dar\u00fclh\u00fcffazda (haf\u0131zl\u0131k kurslar\u0131) veya evlerde \u00f6zel e\u011fitim alarak okuma yazma \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f ki\u015filer kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde ilk medrese, Orhan Gazi\u2019nin 1331\u2019de kurdu\u011fu \u0130znik Medresesidir. Din\u00ee ve akli ilimlerde ondan fazla kitap yazan ve d\u00f6nemin tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u00e2limlerinden biri olan Davud-i Kayser\u00ee, bu medresenin ilk m\u00fcderrisi olarak atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Medreseler; devletin ihtiyac\u0131 olan m\u00fcderrislik, m\u00fcft\u00fcl\u00fck veya kad\u0131l\u0131k gibi kamu g\u00f6revlilerini yeti\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Medrese mezunlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin ilmiye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. \u0130lmiye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ise \u015feyh\u00fclislam yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>B. Felsefi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 felsefesini do\u011fru anlaman\u0131n ve bu alanda sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmeler yapabilmenin yolu, Osmanl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini kendi \u00f6zg\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inde ele almakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde Felsefi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin Yeri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 felsefesi, kendinden \u00f6nceki felsefe geleneklerinin \u00f6zg\u00fcn sentezlerini i\u00e7eren zengin bir entelekt\u00fcel birikimi ifade eder. Bir\u00e7ok kavram, ilke ve problemi kendilerinden \u00f6nceki felsefi geleneklerden devralan Osmanl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri bu miras\u0131 s\u00fcrekli geli\u015ftirerek yeniden form\u00fcle etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde felsefe genellikle hikmet olarak ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve bu disiplin nazari hikmet (teorik felsefe) ve amel\u00ee hikmet (pratik felsefe) olarak ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nazari hikmet felsefenin teorik konular\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131rken amel\u00ee hikmet felsefenin ahlak, siyaset gibi pratik alan\u0131na ait konular\u0131 incelemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>C. Bilimsel D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Bilimsel D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin geli\u015fmesinde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin kuruldu\u011fu co\u011frafyan\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras\u0131 etkili olmu\u015ftur. Osmanl\u0131da bilim gelene\u011finin olu\u015fmas\u0131nda Anadolu ve Rumeli co\u011frafyas\u0131nda yeti\u015fen Osmanl\u0131 bilim insanlar\u0131 ile \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkistan, \u0130ran, Suriye ve M\u0131s\u0131r gibi eski k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezlerinden yeti\u015fen bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n etkisi olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Osmanl\u0131lar bilim, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce alan\u0131nda da kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir anlay\u0131\u015f benimsemi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Bilimsel D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin Geli\u015fmesinde Katk\u0131s\u0131 Olan Bilim \u0130nsanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131zade-i Rumi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ulu\u011f Bey<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Piri Reis<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tak\u0131yy\u00fcddinRa\u015fid<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mirim \u00c7elebi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130smail Gelenbevi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Bilimsel D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin De\u011fi\u015fmesinde Kad\u0131zadelerin Etkisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131zadeler hareketi, XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131larda din\u00ee ve i\u00e7timai (toplumsal) hareket ba\u015flatan vaizler z\u00fcmresi ve bu harekete verilen isimdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131zadeler hareketinin amac\u0131, \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim ve s\u00fcnnet d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bidat say\u0131lan unsurlardan ar\u0131nd\u0131rmak ve bu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 devletin b\u00fct\u00fcn kademelerine yaymakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Osmanl\u0131 Bilim ve D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda De\u011fi\u015fimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri: K\u00e2tipler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 bilim ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00fcretiminde ulema s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve medreselerden ba\u015fka etkili olan k\u00e2tipler (kalemiye) s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 da bulunmaktad\u0131r. K\u00e2tipler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 da ulema kadar bilginin \u00fcretilmesinde ve yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftur. Kad\u0131zadeler hareketinin uygulamalar\u0131 bir anlamda k\u00e2tip s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Daha \u00e7ok nakl\u00ee (din\u00ee) ilimlerin okutulmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde olan Kad\u0131zadelerin aksine k\u00e2tipler akl\u00ee bilginin \u00fcretilmesinde etkili olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00c7. Siyasi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Osmanl\u0131 Klasik D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Siyasi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin olu\u015fumunda \u0130slam siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, Orta<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Asya T\u00fcrk gelenekleri ve h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu co\u011frafyay\u0131 etkileyen medeniyetlerin etkisi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki Yenilik Aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk Siyasi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine Etkisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve uygulamalar\u0131nda birtak\u0131m aksakl\u0131klar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Baz\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131 ve ulema bu durum \u00fczerine baz\u0131 risaleler kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti de kanunnameler ve baz\u0131 d\u00fczenlemelerle bozulmalara kar\u015f\u0131 tedbir almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi&#8217;ndeki Modernle\u015fme Uygulamalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 tarihinde Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilan\u0131ndan (1839) I.Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in ilan\u0131na (1876) kadar olan s\u00fcrece Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi denilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tanzimat s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fczenleme, yap\u0131lanma anlamlar\u0131na gelmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kavram olarak tanzimat; T\u00fcrk siyasi, idari, iktisadi ve sosyal hayat\u0131nda topyek\u00fbn bir de\u011fi\u015fmeyi ve yeniden yap\u0131lanmay\u0131 ifade etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Haz\u0131rl\u0131k D\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti III. Selim D\u00f6nemi\u2019nden (1789-1808) itibaren ba\u015fta ordu alan\u0131nda olmak \u00fczere Bat\u0131\u2019y\u0131 \u00f6rnek alan k\u00f6kl\u00fc yenilikler yapmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Bat\u0131\u2019y\u0131 yak\u0131ndan takip edebilmek i\u00e7in Paris, Londra, Berlin ve Viyana gibi \u00f6nemli Avrupa ba\u015fkentlerinde daimi el\u00e7ilikler a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. III. Selim, Nizam-\u0131 Cedit (Yeni D\u00fczen) ad\u0131yla asker\u00ee alanda \u00f6nemli yenilikler yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\u2019nda vergi sisteminin d\u00fczenlenmesi, askerlik hizmetinin zorunlu h\u00e2le getirilmesi, t\u00fcm Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131n\u0131n can, mal ve namusunun kanunlar taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 ele al\u0131nan ba\u015fl\u0131ca konular olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Islahat Ferman\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u0130lan\u0131 (1856)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tanzimat Ferman\u0131 az\u0131nl\u0131klarla ilgili sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmede yetersiz kal\u0131nca Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletler uygulamalar\u0131n denetleyicileri h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. Fermana ait baz\u0131 maddelerin uygulanamam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndan rahats\u0131zl\u0131k duyan Bat\u0131l\u0131 el\u00e7iler, yeni bir ferman\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131 gerekli g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\u2019ndaki kanunlar\u0131 daha da geni\u015fleten bir ferman olan Islahat Ferman\u0131, 1856 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde Uygulanan Modernle\u015fme Uygulamalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan Kanun-\u0131 Esasi\u2019nin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesi ile ba\u015flayan Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi Osmanl\u0131 tarihinde reformlar\u0131n devam etti\u011fi bir d\u00f6nem olmu\u015ftur. Bu reformlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ilk kez modern anlamda anayasa haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131, se\u00e7imlerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131, Me\u015frutiyet Meclisi\u2019nin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ve siyasi partilerin kurulmas\u0131 say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.\u00dcnite Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Din\u00ee D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<br>Cumhuriyet rejimine ge\u00e7i\u015fle birlikte Osmanl\u0131&#8217;dan tevar\u00fcs edilen din\u00ee d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce gelene\u011fi devam etmi\u015f, din\u00ee kurumlar ise de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011framakla birlikte Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da oldu\u011fu gibi Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde de devlet kurumu olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini korumu\u015ftur.<br>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde Din\u00ee D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede Ya\u015fanan Geli\u015fmeler<br>Cumhuriyet y\u00f6netimine ge\u00e7i\u015fle birlikte devletin laikle\u015ftirilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yeni bir d\u00f6neme girilmi\u015ftir. Bu bak\u0131mdan ilk kez Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Reisli\u011fine getirilecek ki\u015finin ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6neminin sorumlulu\u011funu \u00fcstlenebilecek, kurumu laik sistem i\u00e7erisine oturtacak niteliklere sahip olmas\u0131 istenmi\u015ftir.<br>Bununla beraber din\u00ee bilgisine sayg\u0131 duyulacak, halk taraf\u0131ndan sevilecek ve yeni geli\u015fmelere a\u00e7\u0131k donan\u0131ml\u0131 bir \u00e2lim olmas\u0131 arzu edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B. Felsefi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<br>Modern Bat\u0131 medeniyetini \u015fekillendirdi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131k, bilimsellik, laiklik, ilerlemecilik gibi kavramlar Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019ndeki politikalar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<br>Ayd\u0131nlanma idealine inanan cumhuriyet ayd\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015fen g\u00f6rev; siyasi iradeye ama\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda sanat, edebiyat vb. yollarla destek vermektir. Bu noktada anahtar rol\u00fc ise felsefe \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Felsefi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin Geli\u015fimi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;Yeni yurtta\u015f\/insan&#8221; ve &#8220;yeni toplum&#8221; idealinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fma yolunda esas al\u0131nan Bat\u0131l\u0131 de\u011ferlerin temelini olu\u015fturan felsefenin tan\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 ve topluma yay\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ama\u00e7 do\u011frultusunda bir\u00e7ok e\u011fitim kurumu ve dernek kurulmu\u015f, \u00e7ok say\u0131da dergi yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<br>Hem devlet hem de sivil unsurlar taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen faaliyetler felsefenin kurumsalla\u015fmas\u0131nda ve kitlelere ula\u015fmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C. Bilimsel D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<br>Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilan\u0131n\u0131 takip eden s\u00fcre\u00e7te devletin bilim ile olan ili\u015fkisi iki boyutta \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. Birincisi, T\u00fcrk toplumunun ihtiyac\u0131 olan ekonomik kalk\u0131nmada bilim ve teknolojiyi yak\u0131ndan takip edecek sanayile\u015fme politikalar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011feri ise T\u00fcrk toplumunu akla ve bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye dayal\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f ya\u015fam \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirecek ve mill\u00ee k\u00fclt\u00fcr, dil ve tarih gibi de\u011ferleri \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karacak toplumsal reformlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Uygulanan Bilim Politikalar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhuriyetin \u0130lk Y\u0131llar\u0131ndan 1960\u2019a Kadar Bilim Politikalar\u0131<br>Atat\u00fcrk; k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve bilimi bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu konuda teknik elemanlar\u0131 yeti\u015ftirmek; memleket davalar\u0131n\u0131n ideolojisini anlayacak, anlatacak, nesilden nesile ya\u015fatacak fert ve kurumlar\u0131 olu\u015fturmak gerekti\u011fine inanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<br>Bu ama\u00e7lar do\u011frultusunda \u00e7e\u015fitli e\u011fitim politikalar\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<br>E\u011fitim Kurumlar\u0131<br>Cumhuriyet\u2019in e\u011fitim politikas\u0131, mill\u00ee ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f e\u011fitimi vatan\u0131n her k\u00f6\u015fesine yaymay\u0131 ve \u00fclkede bilim ortam\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlamay\u0131 ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ama\u00e7 do\u011frultusunda Millet Mektepleri, Halkevleri ve Halk odalar\u0131, K\u00f6y Enstit\u00fcleri ve \u00fcniversiteler a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<br>Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Geli\u015ftirme Kurumlar\u0131<br>Bilginin \u00fcretilmesinde ve geli\u015ftirilmesinde en az \u00fcniversiteler kadar \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revleri olan ba\u015fka kurumlara da gereksinim duyulmu\u015ftur. Bu nedenle bilimin yerle\u015fmesini, yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131, toplumsalla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 zamanda bilim ve teknoloji alan\u0131nda gerekli olan at\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla \u00e7e\u015fitli ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme kurumlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<br>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin \u00d6nemli Bilim \u0130nsanlar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cahit Arf<br>Hatice N\u00fczhet Toydemir G\u00f6kdo\u011fan<br>Ayd\u0131n Say\u0131l\u0131<br>Fuat Sezgin<br>Mahmut Gazi Ya\u015fargil<br>Oktay Sinano\u011flu<br>Aziz Sancar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7. Siyasi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<br>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi \u0130nk\u0131laplar\u0131n\u0131n Temel \u00d6zellikleri ve T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Hayat\u0131na Etkileri<br>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ink\u0131laplar\u0131n T\u00fcrk toplumunun modernle\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemli bir etkisi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ink\u0131laplar\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel \u00f6zellikler s\u0131ras\u0131yla \u015f\u00f6yledir:<br>Vatan ve Millet Sevgisi<br>Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck<br>Egemenli\u011fin Millete Ait Olmas\u0131<br>Mill\u00ee Birlik ve Beraberlik Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<br>K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn Geli\u015ftirilmesi<br>Tarih Bilinci<br>Dil<br>\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Uygarl\u0131k D\u00fczeyinin \u00dczerine \u00c7\u0131karma<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Uygarl\u0131k D\u00fczeyinin \u00dczerine \u00c7\u0131karma<\/strong><br>Mavi Anadoluculuk<br>Anadoluculuk<br>H\u00fcmanizm<br>Atat\u00fcrk Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi<br>Kadro Hareketi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Sistemine Etki Eden Fakt\u00f6rler<br>Mustafa Kemal\u2019in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sisteminin olu\u015fumuna etki eden birbiriyle ili\u015fkili bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 unsur bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7ocuklu\u011fu, yeti\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00e7evre, \u00f6\u011frenim hayat\u0131, \u00f6\u011fretmenleri, Avrupa ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde ya\u015fanan geli\u015fmeler Mustafa Kemal\u2019i derinden etkilemi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle okumu\u015f oldu\u011fu kitaplar, fikir d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fimini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Bu sayfam\u0131zda Se\u00e7meli T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi Dersi \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yoruz. T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131m\u0131z g\u00fcncel MEB kitab\u0131na g\u00f6rev haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6\u011frenci arkada\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z g\u00fcncel <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/09\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\/\" title=\"T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi \u00d6zet Ders Notlar\u0131\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1251,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[177],"tags":[6,176],"class_list":["post-2119","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-turk-dusunce-tarihi","tag-tarih-ders-notlari","tag-turk-dusunce-tarihi"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari.png",1120,630,false],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari.png",1120,630,false],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari.png",1120,630,false],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari-600x630.png",600,630,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari.png",1120,630,false]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi \u00d6zet Ders Notlar\u0131 - tarihkursu.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Bu sayfam\u0131zda Se\u00e7meli T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi Dersi \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yoruz. T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131m\u0131z g\u00fcnceldir.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/09\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi \u00d6zet Ders Notlar\u0131 - tarihkursu.com\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Bu sayfam\u0131zda Se\u00e7meli T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi Dersi \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yoruz. T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131m\u0131z g\u00fcnceldir.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/09\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"tarihkursu.com\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-12-09T10:32:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-12-09T10:32:15+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1120\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"630\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"21 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/09\\\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/09\\\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4d7bdc3b79e9f5198455474c0f203f3c\"},\"headline\":\"T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi \u00d6zet Ders Notlar\u0131\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-12-09T10:32:10+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-12-09T10:32:15+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/09\\\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":5289,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4d7bdc3b79e9f5198455474c0f203f3c\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/09\\\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/dersnotlari.png\",\"keywords\":[\"tarih ders notlar\u0131\",\"t\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihi\"],\"articleSection\":[\"T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi\"],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/09\\\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/09\\\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/09\\\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\\\/\",\"name\":\"T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi \u00d6zet Ders Notlar\u0131 - tarihkursu.com\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/09\\\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/09\\\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/dersnotlari.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-12-09T10:32:10+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-12-09T10:32:15+00:00\",\"description\":\"Bu sayfam\u0131zda Se\u00e7meli T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi Dersi \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yoruz. T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131m\u0131z g\u00fcnceldir.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/09\\\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/09\\\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/09\\\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/dersnotlari.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/dersnotlari.png\",\"width\":1120,\"height\":630,\"caption\":\"ders notlar\u0131\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/09\\\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Anasayfa\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi \u00d6zet Ders Notlar\u0131\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"Tarih Kursu\",\"description\":\"\u0130\u015fimiz G\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcz Tarih\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4d7bdc3b79e9f5198455474c0f203f3c\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4d7bdc3b79e9f5198455474c0f203f3c\",\"name\":\"admin\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png\",\"width\":1080,\"height\":1080,\"caption\":\"admin\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/author\\\/admin\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi \u00d6zet Ders Notlar\u0131 - tarihkursu.com","description":"Bu sayfam\u0131zda Se\u00e7meli T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi Dersi \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yoruz. T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131m\u0131z g\u00fcnceldir.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/09\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\/","og_locale":"tr_TR","og_type":"article","og_title":"T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi \u00d6zet Ders Notlar\u0131 - tarihkursu.com","og_description":"Bu sayfam\u0131zda Se\u00e7meli T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi Dersi \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yoruz. T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131m\u0131z g\u00fcnceldir.","og_url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/09\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\/","og_site_name":"tarihkursu.com","article_published_time":"2024-12-09T10:32:10+00:00","article_modified_time":"2024-12-09T10:32:15+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1120,"height":630,"url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Yazan:":"admin","Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi":"21 dakika"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/09\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/09\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\/"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/#\/schema\/person\/4d7bdc3b79e9f5198455474c0f203f3c"},"headline":"T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi \u00d6zet Ders Notlar\u0131","datePublished":"2024-12-09T10:32:10+00:00","dateModified":"2024-12-09T10:32:15+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/09\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\/"},"wordCount":5289,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/#\/schema\/person\/4d7bdc3b79e9f5198455474c0f203f3c"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/09\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari.png","keywords":["tarih ders notlar\u0131","t\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihi"],"articleSection":["T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi"],"inLanguage":"tr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/09\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/09\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\/","url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/09\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\/","name":"T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi \u00d6zet Ders Notlar\u0131 - tarihkursu.com","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/09\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/09\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari.png","datePublished":"2024-12-09T10:32:10+00:00","dateModified":"2024-12-09T10:32:15+00:00","description":"Bu sayfam\u0131zda Se\u00e7meli T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi Dersi \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yoruz. T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131m\u0131z g\u00fcnceldir.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/09\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"tr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/09\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/09\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dersnotlari.png","width":1120,"height":630,"caption":"ders notlar\u0131"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/09\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-ozet-ders-notlari\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Anasayfa","item":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi \u00d6zet Ders Notlar\u0131"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/","name":"Tarih Kursu","description":"\u0130\u015fimiz G\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcz Tarih","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/#\/schema\/person\/4d7bdc3b79e9f5198455474c0f203f3c"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"tr"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/#\/schema\/person\/4d7bdc3b79e9f5198455474c0f203f3c","name":"admin","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png","url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png","width":1080,"height":1080,"caption":"admin"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com"],"url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/author\/admin\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2119","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2119"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2119\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2120,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2119\/revisions\/2120"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1251"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2119"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2119"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2119"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}