{"id":2143,"date":"2024-12-14T23:21:37","date_gmt":"2024-12-14T20:21:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=2143"},"modified":"2025-03-03T21:28:25","modified_gmt":"2025-03-03T18:28:25","slug":"9-sinif-tarih-ii-unite-eski-cag-medeniyetleri-soru-cevap","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/14\/9-sinif-tarih-ii-unite-eski-cag-medeniyetleri-soru-cevap\/","title":{"rendered":"9. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih II. \u00dcnite Eski \u00c7a\u011f Medeniyetleri Soru-Cevap"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata<\/strong> g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z 9. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 2. \u00fcnitesi<\/strong> olan Eski \u00c7a\u011f Medeniyetleri soru- cevap<\/strong> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yoruz. 9. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih soru cevap<\/strong> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z sayesinde ders kitab\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sorular\u0131n\u0131 rahatl\u0131kla \u00e7\u00f6zeceksiniz. 9. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih yaz\u0131l\u0131ya haz\u0131rl\u0131k <\/strong>\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zdaki sorular sizleri 9. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih yaz\u0131l\u0131s\u0131na<\/strong> haz\u0131rlayacak. Tarih dersi 9. s\u0131n\u0131f sorular<\/strong>\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zerek tyt tarih <\/strong>ve ayt tarih <\/strong>s\u0131navlar\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. Maarif modeline<\/strong> uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z 9. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih sorular\u0131<\/strong> a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tar\u0131m Devriminin Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019a Etkileri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Medeniyet nedir<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir toplumun maddi ve manevi varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n, fikir, sanat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla ilgili niteliklerinin t\u00fcm\u00fc olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih \u00d6ncesi \u00c7a\u011flar nelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski Ta\u015f (Paleolitik) \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 M\u00d6 600000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta Ta\u015f (Mezolitik) \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 M\u00d6 12000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni Ta\u015f (Neolitik) \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 M\u00d6 10000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maden \u00c7a\u011f\u0131; bak\u0131r, tun\u00e7 ve demir olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00f6neme ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaz\u0131n\u0131n \u0130cad\u0131 ve Tarih \u00c7a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n Ba\u015flamas\u0131 M\u00d6 3200<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski Ta\u015f (Paleolitik) \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n genel \u00f6zellikleri nelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fiminin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7ine alan bu d\u00f6nemde insanlar avc\u0131l\u0131k ve toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kla ge\u00e7inmi\u015f, genellikle ma\u011faralarda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemin temel teknolojisi ta\u015ftan yap\u0131lan kaba aletlerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paleolitik d\u00f6nem insanlar\u0131 ma\u011faralara \u00e7izdikleri resimlerle kendilerini ifade ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu\u2019daki \u00f6nemli Paleolitik \u00c7a\u011f yerle\u015fimleri nerelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stanbul\u2019daki Yar\u0131mburgaz, Antalya\u2019daki Karain, \u00d6k\u00fczini ve Beldibi ma\u011faralar\u0131 Anadolu\u2019daki \u00f6nemli Paleolitik \u00c7a\u011f yerle\u015fimleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta Ta\u015f (Mezolitik) \u00c7a\u011f<\/strong><\/a>\u0131\u2019n\u0131n genel \u00f6zellikleri nelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir ge\u00e7i\u015f evresi olan bu d\u00f6nemde avc\u0131l\u0131kta ustala\u015fman\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7lar\u0131n biraz daha geli\u015fti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mikrolit diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u00e7akmak ta\u015f\u0131 ve obsidiyenden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f geometrik bi\u00e7imli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ta\u015f aletler d\u00f6nemin karakterini yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6pe\u011fin evcille\u015ftirilmesiyle ilk kez bu d\u00f6nemde bir hayvan\u0131n evcille\u015ftirildi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu\u2019daki \u00f6nemli Mezolitik \u00c7a\u011f yerle\u015fimleri nerelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antalya\u2019daki \u00d6k\u00fczini ve Beldibi, Burdur\u2019daki Barad\u0131z, Samsun\u2019daki Tekkek\u00f6y ma\u011faralar\u0131 Anadolu\u2019daki \u00f6nemli Mezolitik \u00c7a\u011f yerle\u015fim<\/a>leridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni Ta\u015f (Neolitik) \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n genel \u00f6zellikleri nelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsanlar ilk kez Mezopotamya\u2019da tah\u0131l\u0131 evcille\u015ftirerek tar\u0131m devrimini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7mi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Art\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet, toplumsal i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitlenmesi, kent devletlerine giden s\u00fcrecin ba\u015flamas\u0131 ve daha bir\u00e7ok \u015feyin temelinde tar\u0131m devrimi yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemin \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelliklerinden birisi de \u00e7anak-\u00e7\u00f6mlek yap\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu\u2019daki ba\u015fl\u0131ca Neolitik \u00c7a\u011f yerle\u015fimleri nerelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konya\u2019daki \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck, Burdur\u2019daki Hac\u0131lar, Malatya\u2019daki Cafer H\u00f6y\u00fck ve Aksaray\u2019daki A\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 H\u00f6y\u00fck Anadolu\u2019daki ba\u015fl\u0131ca Neolitik \u00c7a\u011f yerle\u015fimleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maden \u00c7a\u011flar\u0131n genel \u00f6zellikleri nelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemlerle ba\u015flayan bu d\u00f6nem yaz\u0131n\u0131n icad\u0131ndan sonra da devam etmi\u015ftir. Maden \u00c7a\u011f\u0131; bak\u0131r, tun\u00e7 ve demir olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00f6neme ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Kullan\u0131lan ilk maden olan bak\u0131r\u0131n dayan\u0131ks\u0131z olmas\u0131 yerini bak\u0131r ve kalay\u0131n al\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olan tunca b\u0131rakmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Uzun bir s\u00fcre sosyal ve asker\u00ee hayatta yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lan tun\u00e7 ise yerini \u00e7ok daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 bir maden olan demire b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih \u00c7a\u011flar hangi olayla ba\u015flar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaz\u0131n\u0131n \u0130cad\u0131 ile tarihi \u00e7a\u011flar ba\u015flar. Tar\u0131m \u00fcretiminin fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucunda olu\u015fan art\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn hem vergilendirilmesi hem de saklanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finden kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum yaz\u0131n\u0131n icat edilmesinin \u00f6nemli sebeplerinden biri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaz\u0131n\u0131n icad\u0131 ile insanlar k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerine dair t\u00fcm bilgi ve birikimlerini gelecek nesillere aktarabilmi\u015f, kurduklar\u0131 medeniyetlerin geli\u015fmesini ve devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tar\u0131m Devriminin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 belli ba\u015fl\u0131 alanlar nerelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezopotamya, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya ve Orta Amerika<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tar\u0131m Devriminin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Orta Amerika hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meksika K\u00f6rfezi’nin kuzeyinden g\u00fcneye dek uzanan Kuzey Amerika’y\u0131 ve G\u00fcney Amerika’y\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flayan bir kara par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lgede irili ufakl\u0131 bir\u00e7ok g\u00f6l ve nehirler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Arazisi genellikle d\u00fcz ve tar\u0131ma elveri\u015flidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tar\u0131m Devriminin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in’in g\u00fcneyinden ba\u015flayarak g\u00fcneyde Yeni Gine’ye ve bat\u0131da Hindistan’\u0131n do\u011fusuna dek uzanan bir b\u00f6lgeyi kapsar. L\u00f6s topraklar ad\u0131 verilen arazisi sulak ve verimlidir. Sar\u0131 Irmak, G\u00f6k Irmak, Ganj Nehri gibi geni\u015f ve uzun \u0131rmaklar\u0131n sulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bol, geni\u015f ve genellikle d\u00fcz bu araziler sulu tar\u0131ma \u00e7ok elveri\u015flidir. Muson ikliminin etkisiyle de y\u0131l\u0131n belli zamanlar\u0131nda \u00e7ok ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alan bir b\u00f6lgededir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tar\u0131m Devriminin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Mezopotamya hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ki nehir aras\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Mezopotamya Za\u011froslar ile Toroslar da\u011f\u0131n\u0131n etekleriyle Suriye \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn aras\u0131nda F\u0131rat ve Dicle nehirlerinin sulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bereketli topraklar\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir co\u011frafyad\u0131r. Yazlar\u0131 genellikle kurak ge\u00e7mektedir. “Bereketli Hilal” de denilen bu b\u00f6lge Anadolu’da \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck’e ve g\u00fcneyde Filistin topraklar\u0131na dek uzanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tar\u0131m Devrimi Mezopotamya, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya ve Orta Amerika\u2019da ne zaman ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsanlar tarihte ilk defa Mezopotamya\u2019da M\u00d6 10000 y\u0131l\u0131 civar\u0131nda yabani bu\u011fday tah\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 evcille\u015ftirip kendileri yeti\u015ftirmeyi denemi\u015flerdir. Bunda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olduktan sonra ektikleri bu evcil tah\u0131llar\u0131 sulayabilecekleri, F\u0131rat ve Dicle nehirlerinin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi d\u00fcz ve verimli arazilerde ya\u015famaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylece insanlar tar\u0131m devrimiyle hem kendi besinlerini hem de yedikleri hayvanlar\u0131n besinlerini \u00fcreterek ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00d6 8000 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Asya\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusunda Sar\u0131 ve G\u00f6k nehirlerin arazilerde ya\u015fayan insanlar da benzer bir kayg\u0131yla besin kaynaklar\u0131 olan bitkiyi evcille\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. Ancak burada ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n iklim ve co\u011frafi \u015fartlar gere\u011fi evcille\u015ftirebildikleri tah\u0131l pirin\u00e7 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tar\u0131m devrimi M\u00d6 7000 y\u0131l\u0131 dolaylar\u0131nda da Orta Amerika\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Burada ya\u015fayan insanlar teosinte ad\u0131 verilen yabani bitkiyi evcille\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki m\u0131s\u0131r bitkisini ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 arazilerde ekip kendi besinlerini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsanlar\u0131n avc\u0131 toplay\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7ebe hayattan yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7mesini sa\u011flayan geli\u015fme nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tar\u0131m devrimiyle \u00f6nce tah\u0131l\u0131 evcille\u015ftiren ard\u0131ndan da bu tah\u0131llar\u0131n \u00fcreticisi h\u00e2line gelen insanlar art\u0131k besinini ekip bi\u00e7ti\u011fi araziden sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmeden ya\u015famaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece avc\u0131 toplay\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7ebe hayattan yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tar\u0131m \u00fcretimi zor ve zahmetli oldu\u011fu ve kalabal\u0131k topluluklar h\u00e2linde birlikte ya\u015famay\u0131 gerektirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in toplu yerle\u015fimler, k\u00f6yler ve ilk \u015fehirler kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tar\u0131m Devriminin Genel \u00d6zellikleri Nelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tar\u0131m devrimiyle birlikte yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6ylerden kentlere, kentlerden \u015fehir ya\u015fam\u0131na ve devlet olu\u015fumlar\u0131na de\u011fin bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te insanl\u0131k tarihinin ilk medeniyetleri kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f kollar\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erkekler tar\u0131m devriminden sonra evcille\u015ftirilen hayvanlar\u0131 g\u00fctme, toplay\u0131c\u0131 olan kad\u0131nlar da bitkilerin evcille\u015ftirilmesi i\u015fini ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Takas ve i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ilk \u00f6rneklerini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Besin kayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n giderek azalmas\u0131 ve daha \u00e7ok n\u00fcfusun daha \u00e7ok i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc anlam\u0131na gelmesiyle n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 h\u0131z kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kal\u0131c\u0131 yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam\u0131n etkisiyle insanlar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mallar edinebilmesi \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti do\u011furmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski \u00c7a\u011f medeniyetlerinin oldu\u011fu bu b\u00f6lgelerde yo\u011fun n\u00fcfuslu \u015fehirler kurulmu\u015ftur. Kurulan \u015fehirler; y\u00f6neticiler, din adamlar\u0131, askerler, \u00e7ift\u00e7iler ve t\u00fcccarlar gibi sosyal tabakalardan meydana gelmi\u015ftir. \u015eehirlerdeki bu sosyal s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sa\u011flayan devlet olgusu ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinin bilinen ilk kentlerinden birisi \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019t\u00fc. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden yakla\u015f\u0131k 9000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce bu \u015fehirde bitkileri evcille\u015ftirip tar\u0131m yapan insanlar art\u0131k toplu ve yerle\u015fik bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck kentinde evler biti\u015fik, yan yanayd\u0131 ve sokak neredeyse yoktu. Evlerin giri\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131 evin \u00fcst\u00fcndeki damda yer al\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Temel ge\u00e7inmeleri art\u0131k topra\u011f\u0131 ekip bi\u00e7erek tar\u0131mla u\u011fra\u015fmakt\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda evcille\u015ftirdikleri hayvanlar\u0131 da vard\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131 evlerinin yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda besliyorlard\u0131. Ke\u00e7i ve koyun yeti\u015ftirip bunlarla besleniyorlard\u0131. Her evde genellikle be\u015f on ki\u015fi aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen aileler ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 evlerde genellikle bir ana oda bir de yiyecek depolama yeri olarak kulland\u0131klar\u0131 yan oda bulunuyordu. Kaybettikleri insanlar\u0131 bile bu odalar\u0131n alt\u0131na yapt\u0131klar\u0131 mezarlara koyuyorlard\u0131. Zanaat ve sanat hayatlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. \u00c7anak \u00e7\u00f6mlek gibi yapt\u0131klar\u0131 aletleri ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn geli\u015ftiriyorlar yeni e\u015fyalar tasarl\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da Y\u00f6netenler ve Sava\u015fanlar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Eski \u00c7a\u011f Devletleri Tarih \u015eeridi \u00fczerinde g\u00f6steriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Mezopotamya neresidir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezopotamya ad\u0131 Eski Yunancada nehirler aras\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmekteydi ve F\u0131rat ve Dicle nehirleri aras\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lgeyi adland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6lge suyun bol oldu\u011fu bereketli topraklara sahip olmas\u0131 ve ticaret yollar\u0131 \u00fczerinde bulunmas\u0131 sebebiyle tarih boyunca bir\u00e7ok medeniyete ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015f ve d\u00fcnya medeniyetine \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezopotamya’da ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f \u00f6nemli medeniyetler hangileridir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fcmerler, Akadlar, Babiller ve Asurlular<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fcmerler hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00d6 4000-2350 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan S\u00fcmerler, yaz\u0131 ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere d\u00fcnya uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na bir\u00e7ok alanda katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kent Devletleri \u015feklinde organize olan ve ba\u015flar\u0131nda ensi veya patesi ad\u0131 verilen y\u00f6neticiler bulunan bu kentler s\u00fcrekli olarak birbiriyle m\u00fccadele halinde olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcney Mezopotamya’da Basra K\u00f6rfezi’nin kuzeyinde yer alan bu kentlerin en \u00f6nemlileri: Uruk, Ur, Ki\u015f, Umma, Nippur, Laga\u015f, Eridu, \u0130sin ve Larsa’d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sami k\u00f6kenli Akadl\u0131 Sargon’un Uruk kral\u0131 Lugalzagesi’yi yenilgiye u\u011fratarak y\u00f6netimi ele ge\u00e7irmesiyle birlikte S\u00fcmerler siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7lerini kaybetmi\u015fler, ancak k\u00fclt\u00fcrel anlamda uzun bir s\u00fcre Mezopotamya’da var olmaya devam etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akadlar hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00d6 2350-2150 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Akadlar \u0130mparatorluk ad\u0131 verilen sistemin temellerini atm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akad Kral\u0131 Sargon ve Sargon’un torunu Naram-sin zaman\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 seferler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Sargon ve Naram-sin’in Anadolu’ya d\u00fczenledi\u011fi sefere ili\u015fkin kay\u0131tlar Anadolu tarihi hakk\u0131ndaki ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 kay\u0131tlar\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fkenti Agade (Irak) olan Akad \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Zagroslardan gelen Gutiler taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asurlar hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asurlular, M\u00d6 21. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kent devleti olarak kurulmu\u015ftu. Asurlular ad\u0131n\u0131, ad\u0131na bir kent kurduklar\u0131 Tanr\u0131 A\u015f\u015fur’dan gelmekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Irak dolaylar\u0131nda hakimiyet kuran Asurlular Anadolu’da ticaret kolonileri kurmu\u015flar ve yaz\u0131y\u0131 Anadolu’ya getirmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asurlular sava\u015f ve diplomasinin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kullanarak devrin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc imparatorlu\u011funa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130n\u015fa ettikleri saraylar\u0131n duvarlar\u0131na kaz\u0131tt\u0131klar\u0131 r\u00f6lyefler Asur ac\u0131mas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asurlular M\u00d6 612 dolaylar\u0131nda Med ve Babil sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 neticesinde ba\u015fkent Ninive’nin d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Babilliler Hakk\u0131nda Bilgi Veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00d6 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Babil kenti etraf\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Babillilerin en \u00f6nemli h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131ndan olan Hammurabi, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 reformlarla \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcrel anlamda Mezopotamya’y\u0131 etkilemi\u015f olan Babilliler, asma bah\u00e7eler in\u015fa etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hammurabi’nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra siyasi ve askeri anlamda \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kamayan Babilliler, Asur’un y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015f rol oynad\u0131ktan sonra tekrar Mezopotamya’n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne h\u00e2kim olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak Perslerin durdurulamaz y\u00fckseli\u015fi ile M\u00d6 539 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131larak tarih sahnesinden silinmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r Medeniyet Havzas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r, Nil Nehri’nin etraf\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir medeniyettir. Kuzeyinde Akdeniz, g\u00fcneyinde Nubia’n\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r medeniyet havzas\u0131 do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00e7\u00f6llerle \u00e7evrilidir. Bu da b\u00f6lgenin sald\u0131r\u0131lardan uzak kalmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nil’in etraf\u0131ndaki alanlarda ve Delta’da yap\u0131lan tar\u0131m medeniyetin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesinde etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski M\u0131s\u0131r tarihi, kurucu krallar\u0131 kabul edilen Menes (Narmer)’in M\u00d6 3050’de iktidar\u0131yla ba\u015flamakta ve M\u00d6 30’da Ptolemaios (Batlamyus) hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Roma taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131yla sona ermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski M\u0131s\u0131r uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en merak edilen eserlerinden olan Giza piramitleri IV. Hanedan zaman\u0131nda in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 maliyetli olmas\u0131 sebebiyle sonralar\u0131 bu tarz imar faaliyetleri yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu medeniyet havzas\u0131n\u0131n <\/strong><\/a>ilk yerle\u015fmelerden olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedenleri nelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ticaret yollar\u0131 \u00fczerinde k\u0131talar\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flayan Anadolu, \u00f6nemli su kaynaklar\u0131na, tar\u0131m arazilerine ve yer alt\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131na sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu medeniyet havzas\u0131nda yer alan \u00f6nemli medeniyetler hangileridir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hititler, \u0130yonyal\u0131lar, Urartular, Frigler ve Lidyal\u0131lar<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hititler hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hititlerin k\u00f6keni, Anadolu\u2019nun en eski toplumlar\u0131ndan olan Hattilere dayan\u0131r. Hititler kendilerini Hattili anlam\u0131na gelen Hititli olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hititler, M\u00d6 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l ile 12. y\u00fczy\u0131l aras\u0131nda \u00c7orum’da yer alan Hattu\u015fa\u015f merkezli b\u00fcy\u00fck bir imparatorluk kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hititler M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131larla <\/a>M\u00d6 1274’te Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015fler, ancak iki taraf birbirine kesin bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flayamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bundan sonras\u0131 Hitit M\u0131s\u0131r ili\u015fkileri yumu\u015fama g\u00f6stermi\u015f ve iki devlet aras\u0131nda Kade\u015f Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kade\u015f Bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n tarihi \u00f6zelli\u011fi nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hititler ile M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Kade\u015f Bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 tarihin bilinen ilk antla\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130yonyal\u0131lar hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130yonyal\u0131lar, Avrupa medeniyet havzas\u0131ndan etkilenmi\u015f olan bir Anadolu medeniyeti olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00d6 13. y\u00fcz\u00ady\u0131l\u00adda Ana\u00addo\u00adlu\u2019nun ba\u00adt\u0131\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda B\u00fc\u00ady\u00fck ve K\u00fc\u00ad\u00e7\u00fck Men\u00adde\u00adres hav\u00adza\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n\u00adda \u015fe\u00adhir dev\u00adlet\u00adle\u00adri ola\u00adrak \u00f6r\u00adg\u00fct\u00adlen\u00admi\u015f\u00adler\u00addi.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uzak b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adler\u00adde kur\u00adduk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ti\u00adca\u00adret ko\u00adlo\u00adni\u00adle\u00adri sa\u00adye\u00adsin\u00adde zen\u00adgin\u00adle\u015f\u00admi\u015f\u00adler,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ana\u00addo\u00adlu\u2019nun ba\u00adt\u0131\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda bir\u00ad\u00e7ok imar faa\u00adli\u00adye\u00adti\u00adni ger\u00ad\u00e7ek\u00adle\u015f\u00adtir\u00admi\u015f\u00adler\u00addir. Ephesus (Efes), Miletus (Milet), Teos, Phocaea (Fo\u00ad\u00e7a), Smyrna (\u0130zmir), Samos (Si\u00adsam) ve Chi\u00ados (Sa\u00adk\u0131z) \u0130yon\u00adya ken\u00adtle\u00adrin\u00adden ba\u00adz\u0131\u00adla\u00adr\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Urartular hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hurri k\u00f6kenli bir topluluk olan Urartular ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Uruatri ve Nairi ad\u0131 verilen bir\u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck krall\u0131ktan olu\u015fuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00d6 9. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Do\u011fu Anadolu, G\u00fcney Kafkaslar ve kuzey \u0130ran’\u0131 da i\u00e7erisine alan co\u011frafyada bir devlet kuran Urartular tarihleri boyunca Asur ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00fc\u015fmanlarla m\u00fccadele etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fkentleri Tu\u015fpa (Van) olan Urartu Devleti’nin in\u015fa etti\u011fi kaleler, saraylar, tap\u0131naklar ve su kanallar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Urartu Devleti, M\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ran’dan gelen Medler taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frigler hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ege g\u00f6\u00e7leri neticesinde Anadolu\u2019ya gelip yerle\u015fen Frigler M\u00d6 8. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Sakarya Nehri \u00e7evresinde Frig Devleti\u2019ni kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friglerin ba\u015fkentleri ismini kurucu kral Gordios\u2019dan alan Ankara s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki Gordion\u2019dur. Friglerin en \u00f6nemli kral\u0131 efsanelere de konu olan Midas\u2019t\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frig Devleti, Kafkasya\u2019dan gelen Kimmerler taraf\u0131ndan M\u00d6 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lidyal\u0131lar hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00d6 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Gediz Ovas\u0131’nda kurulan Lidya Devleti’nin ba\u015fkenti Sardes’tir (Salihli).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paray\u0131 kullanan ilk topluluk olan Lidyal\u0131lar devrin en \u00f6nemli ticaret g\u00fczergahlar\u0131ndan birisi olan Kral Yolu’na ve zengin alt\u0131n kaynaklar\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131 sayesinde \u00f6nemli bir zenginli\u011fe ula\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lidya devleti M\u00d6 546 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pers Kral\u0131 Kryos (Kirus) taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Haritada kurulduklar\u0131 merkezler g\u00f6sterilen Anadolu medeniyetleri hangileridir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1- \u0130yonyal\u0131lar 2- Lidyal\u0131lar 3- Frigyal\u0131lar 4- Hititler 5- Urartular<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa Medeniyet Havzas\u0131\u2019nda yer alan Yunan \u015eehir Devletleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunan \u015fehir devletleri, Avrupa medeniyetinin olu\u015fmas\u0131na \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u015fehirlerden Atina ve Sparta b\u00f6lgede \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan iki \u00f6nemli kentdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atina-Sparta rekabeti bir\u00e7ok sava\u015fa sebep oldu\u011fundan Yunan \u015fehir devletlerinin aralar\u0131nda birlik sa\u011flamas\u0131 uzun bir s\u00fcre m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa Medeniyet Havzas\u0131\u2019nda yer alan Roma hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00d6 756’da temelleri \u0130talya’da at\u0131lan Roma Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 M\u00d6 509 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir ihtilalle Cumhuriyet’e d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te yay\u0131lmac\u0131 bir anlay\u0131\u015f sergileyen Roma, devrin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ordusunu kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roma’da Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi M\u00d6 27’de yerini imparatorlu\u011fa b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roma Devleti, Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc’yle birlikte Do\u011fu- Bat\u0131 olarak ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131 Roma, Vizigot ve Vandal sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 sonucu zay\u0131flayarak MS 476’da y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; Do\u011fu Roma ise Fatih Sultan Mehmet’in 1453’te \u0130stanbul’u fethiyle son bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa Medeniyet Havzas\u0131\u2019nda yer alan Makedonya hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00d6 12. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki Dor g\u00f6\u00e7leri ile temelleri at\u0131lan Makedon Devleti, II. Philip ile g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ordu kurmu\u015f ve Yunanistan’\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne hakim olmu\u015ftur. Fakat Philip’in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle birlikte tekrar isyanlar ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O\u011flu Alexander (B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender) M\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Yunan \u015fehir devletlerinde tekrar d\u00fczeni sa\u011flad\u0131ktan sonra do\u011fuya y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. Pers Devleti’ne son vermi\u015f, Asya’n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde \u0130ndus Vadisi’ne kadar olan topraklar\u0131 ve Afrika’da M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc birle\u015ftirerek sentez bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr (Helenistik) meydana getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130skender’in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra topraklar\u0131 Diadohlar ad\u0131 verilen komutanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve zamanla Roma hakimiyetine girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkistan Medeniyet Havzas\u0131 nerededir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ranl\u0131lar ve Araplar, T\u00fcrklerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Orta Asya’y\u0131 “T\u00fcrk yurdu” anlam\u0131na gelen T\u00fcrkistan olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bat\u0131l\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan Turkhia (T\u00fcrkiye) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan b\u00f6lge, kuzeydo\u011fuda Baykal G\u00f6l\u00fc, g\u00fcneybat\u0131da Gobi \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc’nden ba\u015flay\u0131p bat\u0131da Hazar Denizi’ne kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkistan’da genellikle konarg\u00f6\u00e7er h\u00e2lde ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrkler, ka\u011fan\u0131n liderli\u011finde boy federasyonu \u015feklinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015flerdi. Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er hayat\u0131n etkisiyle te\u015fkilat\u00e7\u0131 bir yap\u0131ya sahip olmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130skitler Hakk\u0131nda Bilgi Veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er bir topluluk olan \u0130skitler M\u00d6 9. y\u00fczy\u0131lda T\u00fcrkistan’da ba\u015f g\u00f6steren k\u0131tl\u0131k ve kurakl\u0131k sebebiyle Hiung-nular’la (Hunlar) giri\u015ftikleri m\u00fccadeleyi kaybederek \u00f6nce Karadeniz’in kuzeyine g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At\u0131, sava\u015f alanlar\u0131nda \u00e7ok etkili kullanan \u0130skitler sonra bat\u0131ya ve g\u00fcneye do\u011fru hareketle Anadolu ve Mezopotamya’da s\u00fcvari birliklerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130skitler, Anadolu ve Mezopotamya’n\u0131n siyasi ve demografik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da etkilemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asya Hunlar\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Bilgi Veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00d6 220 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Asya Hun Devleti, T\u00fcrklerin Asya’n\u0131n i\u00e7lerinde kurduklar\u0131 bilinen ilk devlettir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00d6 209 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mete’nin Ka\u011fan olmas\u0131 ile Asya Hunlar\u0131 seferler d\u00fczenleyerek \u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nu yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asya Hun Devleti tarihi, T\u00fcrk tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ordu yap\u0131lanmas\u0131ndan devlet te\u015fkilat\u0131na kadar bir\u00e7ok alanda ilklerin ortaya konuldu\u011fu devirdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asya Hunlar\u0131 \u00c7in entrikalar\u0131n\u0131n da etkisiyle artan taht kavgalar\u0131 sonucunda g\u00fcney ve kuzey olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonras\u0131nda hem kom\u015fular\u0131yla hem de \u00c7in’le olan m\u00fccadeleler neticesinde y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fcmerlerin Y\u00f6netim ve Ordu Sistemleri Hakk\u0131nda Bilgi Veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00d6 3200\u2019de yaz\u0131n\u0131n mucidi olan S\u00fcmerler, devletlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak siyasi \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeyi de meydana getirerek d\u00fcnya tarihinin seyrini de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fcmerler otuzun \u00fczerinde \u015fehir ve kasaban\u0131n bulundu\u011fu G\u00fcney Mezopotamya\u2019da kurulmu\u015ftur. Her b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehir bir krall\u0131k gibi \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015ftir. Krallar devletin idare yetkisini ellerinde tutman\u0131n yan\u0131nda ba\u015frahip, ba\u015fkomutan ve ba\u015fyarg\u0131\u00e7 olma niteliklerine de sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kentler aras\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131r anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle uzun s\u00fcren sava\u015flar ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kentlerin etraf\u0131 surlarla \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. S\u00fcmer kentleri zamanla b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek devletle\u015fmi\u015f, bu durumda savunma endi\u015fesi artm\u0131\u015f ve d\u00fczenli asker\u00ee birlikler kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f arabal\u0131 askerler ve piyadelerden olu\u015fan S\u00fcmer ordular\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan sava\u015f aletleri ok, yay, balta, m\u0131zrak, kalkan ve mi\u011fferdir. S\u00fcmerlerde askerler \u00fcniforma benzeri k\u0131yafetler giyip ayn\u0131 t\u00fcrde silahlar kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n Y\u00f6netim ve Ordu Sistemleri Hakk\u0131nda Bilgi Veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00d6 3. biny\u0131lda Nil havzas\u0131ndaki A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r ve Yukar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n birle\u015fmesiyle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir devlet h\u00e2line gelen Antik M\u0131s\u0131r krall\u0131kla y\u00f6netilmi\u015fti. M\u00d6 2950- 332 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda otuzun \u00fczerinde hanedan\u0131n y\u00f6netimi ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi d\u00f6nemler ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mutlak g\u00fcce sahip olan M\u0131s\u0131r krallar\u0131 M\u00d6 15. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonra firavun \u00fcnvan\u0131n\u0131 kullanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131 ve adlar\u0131na an\u0131tsal mezarlar (piramitler) in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. M\u0131s\u0131r krallar\u0131, zamanla tanr\u0131n\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki temsilcisi olarak kabul edilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f ve tanr\u0131salla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gerekti\u011finde asker g\u00f6nderen ve kral ad\u0131na vergi toplayan valiler merkezden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareket edebilmi\u015fti. Zamanla valilerin asker\u00ee y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri ile mahkeme ve tap\u0131naklardaki y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131larak eyaletlerin ba\u015f\u0131na kral taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6revliler atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Asker\u00ee ve sivil \u00fcst d\u00fczey g\u00f6revlere hanedan \u00fcyesi soylular getirilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r ordusu ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta valilerin toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 milis kuvvetlerden olu\u015fmu\u015ftu. S\u00fcrekli sava\u015f h\u00e2li i\u00e7inde olmayan devlette d\u00fczenli bir orduya da ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fakat i\u00e7 karga\u015fa ve isyanlardan ders al\u0131narak gen\u00e7lerden olu\u015fan bir ordu kurulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r ordusunda paral\u0131 askerler ve k\u00f6le sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in tehdit unsuru olan konarg\u00f6\u00e7er sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar orduda istihdam edilerek tehlike kayna\u011f\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orduda kullan\u0131lacak metal silahlar\u0131n \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in bak\u0131r y\u00f6n\u00fcnden zengin olan b\u00f6lgeler ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015fti. Sava\u015f aleti olarak ok, m\u0131zrak, kama ve kalkan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r ordusunu \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131ndan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc k\u0131lan, bu metal silahlar\u0131 yan\u0131nda atl\u0131 sava\u015f arabalar\u0131yd\u0131. K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz\u2019de g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in de gemiler in\u015fa edilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ordu sayesinde kral\u0131n otoritesini kabul etmeyen valiler itaat alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, firavunun g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve ticaret kervanlar\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sald\u0131r\u0131dan korunmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akadlar\u0131n Y\u00f6netim ve Ordu Sistemleri Hakk\u0131nda Bilgi Veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde kalan b\u00f6lgede M\u00d6 2350-2150 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda devlet olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olan Akadlar krall\u0131kla y\u00f6netilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sami k\u00f6kenliler taraf\u0131ndan kurulan devlet zamanla Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n tamam\u0131na h\u00e2kim olarak \u00e7ok uluslu bir yap\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eehir devleti modelinden b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet modeline ge\u00e7en Akadlarda krallar \u201cd\u00fcnya h\u00e2kimi\u201d olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Akad Devleti de \u201cd\u00fcnya imparatorlu\u011fu\u201d ve \u201ctanr\u0131 krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d olarak nitelendirilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fczenli ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ordunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc y\u00f6netim organizasyonuna sahip olmalar\u0131 Akadlar\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Akadlar ilk daim\u00ee orduyu kurmu\u015f fakat ordu ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00fczenli bir sistem kurmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kral Sargon ve onun torunu Kral Naramsin, hareket kabiliyeti olan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ordular\u0131yla merkezden uzak b\u00f6lgelere seferler d\u00fczenleyerek ordunun ve ba\u015fkentin ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ancak Akad n\u00fcfusunun farkl\u0131 din ve \u0131rklardan olu\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fclkede s\u0131k s\u0131k isyanlar ya\u015fanmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015f ve bu da merkezden uzak b\u00f6lgelerdeki h\u00e2kimiyetin zay\u0131flamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ordu ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131nda s\u00fcreklilik sa\u011flanamay\u0131nca devlet, asker\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetmi\u015f ve da\u011f kavimlerinin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 sonucu y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akad krallar\u0131n\u0131n, S\u00fcmer krallar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak \u00e7ok uzak b\u00f6lgelere seferler d\u00fczenlemi\u015f olmalar\u0131, kurduklar\u0131 devletin bir imparatorluk olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Akadlarla birlikte s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 belirlenmi\u015f kent devleti modelinden, \u201cb\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyay\u0131\u201d y\u00f6netmeye aday bir imparatorluk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine ge\u00e7ildi\u011fini veya bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin temellerinin at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hititlerin Y\u00f6netim ve Ordu Sistemleri Hakk\u0131nda Bilgi Veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00d6 1650-1190 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019da varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olan Hititler krall\u0131kla y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hitit krallar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra tanr\u0131 olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, krallar\u0131n ruhlar\u0131na kurbanlar sunularak ayinler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kral \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra onun soyundan gelen v\u00e2risi tahta \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcney Bat\u0131 Asya ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019la etkile\u015fimin artmas\u0131 sonucu Hitit krallar\u0131n\u0131n yetki ve otoritesi geni\u015flemi\u015fti. Krallar; b\u00fcy\u00fck kral, imparator ve tanr\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zdesi gibi \u00fcnvanlarla an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Krallar, F\u0131rt\u0131na Tanr\u0131s\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki temsilcisi olarak ba\u015frahip ve ba\u015fkomutan \u00fcnvanlar\u0131na sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hitit Devleti\u2019nde memurlar idar\u00ee, asker\u00ee ve din\u00ee i\u015flerden sorumludur. \u00dcst d\u00fczey g\u00f6revlilerin bulundu\u011fu Panku\u015f ad\u0131 verilen bir meclis vard\u0131r. Sorumluluklar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a geni\u015f olan ve b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015flerinde krala kar\u015f\u0131 sorumlu olan ba\u015fyard\u0131mc\u0131 konumundaki saray g\u00f6revlisi, kral ad\u0131na ba\u015fkent Hattu\u015fa\u015f\u2019a uzak olan s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgelerini idare etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yollar\u0131n, kanallar\u0131n ve tap\u0131naklar\u0131n bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, vergi toplam\u0131\u015f ve kalelerde asayi\u015fi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revi ise muhaf\u0131z alay\u0131 komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Hitit ordusunun ba\u015fat unsurlar\u0131 piyadeler ve sava\u015f arabal\u0131 askerlerdir. Piyadeler, sava\u015f arabal\u0131 askerlere nispetle daha kalabal\u0131kt\u0131r. Piyadelerin temel birli\u011fi, h\u00fcr erkekler aras\u0131ndan asker\u00ee mesle\u011fe girenler ve imparatorlu\u011fun \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerinden askere kaydedilenlerden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Sava\u015flarda as\u0131l vurucu unsurlardan olan piyadeler ayn\u0131 zamanda s\u0131n\u0131rlardaki kalelerin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak ve isyanlar\u0131 bast\u0131rmakla g\u00f6revlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hitit askerleri sava\u015f aleti olarak pala ve baltan\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra uzun m\u0131zraklar da kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hitit ordusunda kullan\u0131lan silahlar bronzdan imal edilmi\u015ftir. Hitit ordusu, d\u00fc\u015fman kuvvetlerine sava\u015f arabalar\u0131yla sald\u0131rarak onlar\u0131 zay\u0131flatt\u0131ktan sonra esas darbeyi piyadelerle indirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hititler g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Suriye s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda kalan Kade\u015f \u015fehrini M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 savunmu\u015f ve sava\u015ftan bir s\u00fcre sonra iki b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet aras\u0131ndaki ilk bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 olan Kade\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hitit \u00fclkesinin bir imparatorluk oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Bug\u00fcne de\u011fin \u201cimparatorluk\u201d terimi \u015fu durumlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Bir merkezi iktidar\u0131n geni\u015f topraklar\u0131 ve birka\u00e7 toplumu i\u00e7ine al\u0131p, askeri fetihlerle ve zor kullanarak onlara egemen olmas\u0131, uyru\u011funa ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkelerin \u00fcretim fazlas\u0131ndan yararlanmas\u0131;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) \u00dcst\u00fcn bir idari \u00e7er\u00e7evenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131. \u00d6yleyse Hitit devleti daha \u00f6nce olmasa da, en az\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k 1400\u2019den itibaren kesinlikle bir imparatorluktu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Romal\u0131lar\u0131n Y\u00f6netim ve Ordu Sistemleri Hakk\u0131nda Bilgi Veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roma Devleti, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u0130talya s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7indeki Roma\u2019da bir \u015fehir devleti olarak kurulmu\u015f ve sonra \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir alana h\u00e2kim olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eehir devleti \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde krall\u0131kla y\u00f6netilmi\u015fti. Roma Devleti, 300 klandan olu\u015fmu\u015ftu ve yaln\u0131zca bu klanlardan birine \u00fcye olan yeti\u015fkin erkekler yurtta\u015fl\u0131k haklar\u0131na sahipti. Bu klanlardan birine mensup olmayanlar siyasi haklara sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131 gibi askerlik de yapamazlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00d6 509\u2019da cumhuriyet idaresine ge\u00e7ilmi\u015fti. Aristokratlar\u0131n egemen oldu\u011fu bu sistemde kral\u0131n yetkileri iki y\u00fcksek devlet memurunda toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kons\u00fcl denilen bu yetkililer, idari konularda senatoya dan\u0131\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00d6 27\u2019de \u0130mparatorluk D\u00f6nemi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu y\u00f6netim sisteminde h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n yetkileri artm\u0131\u015f, senatonun etkisi ise azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Zamanla y\u00f6netim sistemi mutlak monar\u015fiye benzer bir h\u00e2l alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paganizmin h\u00e2kim din oldu\u011fu ve ba\u015fta Casear (Sezar) olmak \u00fczere h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n ba\u015frahip \u00fcnvan\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Hristiyanl\u0131k ilk ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda devlet taraf\u0131ndan yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sonralar\u0131 Roma\u2019n\u0131n evrensel imparatorluk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden 380\u2019de resm\u00ee din olarak kabul edilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roma Devleti; g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, d\u00fczenli ve disiplinli bir orduya sahipti. Ordunun \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu piyadelerden olu\u015fmu\u015f ve her Roma yurtta\u015f\u0131 asker kabul edilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zamanla askere daha fazla ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmas\u0131 \u00fczerine paral\u0131 asker istihdam\u0131 da ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Roma ordusu lejyon ad\u0131 verilen asker\u00ee birliklerden olu\u015fmu\u015f, askerler de lejyoner olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7o\u011funlu\u011fu piyade olan lejyonerler, z\u0131rh, mi\u011ffer ve yak\u0131n d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015f silahlar\u0131yla donanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roma askerleri kulland\u0131klar\u0131 mi\u011ffer, z\u0131rh, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 ve kalkanlar sayesinde rakip ordular kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda avantaj sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcstten ve yanlardan gelebilecek sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 Roma piyadelerinin kalkanlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan savunma takti\u011fi, kaplumba\u011fa d\u00fczeni olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fakat kulland\u0131klar\u0131 bu te\u00e7hizat onlar\u0131n hareket kabiliyetini k\u0131s\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Karada g\u00fc\u00e7lenen Roma ordusu, Akdeniz h\u00e2kimiyeti i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir donanmayla da desteklenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asya Hun Devleti\u2019nin Y\u00f6netim ve Ordu Sistemleri Hakk\u0131nda Bilgi Veriniz<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski \u00c7a\u011f T\u00fcrklerinden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kalan yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynak bulunmamas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan T\u00fcrklerle ilgili bilgilerin \u00e7o\u011fu \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131na dayanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7in y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131na g\u00f6re Hunlara ait ilk bilgiler M\u00d6 318 y\u0131l\u0131na aittir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re \u0130\u00e7 Asya\u2019da ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrklerin buraya h\u00e2kim olarak kurduklar\u0131 ilk devlet M\u00d6 220 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Asya Hun Devleti, devletin bilinen ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 ise Teoman\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Teoman ve sonraki h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar; \u015fany\u00fc, ka\u011fan ve han gibi \u00fcnvanlar kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski T\u00fcrklerde \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6netme yetkisinin Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan verildi\u011fine inan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu inan\u00e7 \u201ckut\u201d olarak ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Asya Hun h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 \u201cG\u00f6k Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, g\u00fcne\u015fin, ay\u0131n tahta \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tanr\u0131 \u2018kut\u2019u Tanhu\u201d olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. \u015eany\u00fc \u00f6l\u00fcnce yerine \u015fany\u00fcn\u00fcn en b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu veya karde\u015fi ge\u00e7mi\u015f fakat v\u00e2risler aras\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011fu kez taht kavgas\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan y\u00f6netimde istikrar\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede \u201cil\u201d terimiyle adland\u0131r\u0131lan devletin \u201cba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, vatan, halk ve t\u00f6re\u201d olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt temel unsuru vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmdar y\u00f6netimle ilgili kararlar al\u0131rken \u201ctoy\u201d veya \u201ckurultay\u201d ad\u0131ndaki meclise dan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asya Hun Devleti\u2019nde askerlik \u00f6zel bir meslek olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f, orduda \u00fccretli asker istihdam edilmemi\u015ftir. B\u00fct\u00fcn idari g\u00f6revliler ayn\u0131 zamanda orduda komutanl\u0131k yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in asker\u00ee disiplin devlet mekanizmas\u0131na da yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u00d6 209 y\u0131l\u0131nda devletin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7en Mete Han ordu sisteminde reformlar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u0131l, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde T\u00fcrk Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetleri\u2019nin sembolik olarak kurulu\u015f y\u0131l\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mete Han uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 onlu sistemle orduyu birliklere b\u00f6lerek komuta etmi\u015f, 10.000 ki\u015filik 40 t\u00fcmenden olu\u015fan Hun ordusunun mevcudu 400.000\u2019e eri\u015fmi\u015ftir. Boylar\u0131n asker\u00ee kuvvetleri sava\u015f esnas\u0131nda bir ordu d\u00fczenine girip ba\u015f komutan taraf\u0131ndan disiplinli bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netilebilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mete Han, kendi icat etti\u011fi \u0131sl\u0131k \u00e7alan oku ile ordusundaki ok\u00e7ular\u0131 hareket ettirmi\u015ftir. Sava\u015flarda genellikle Turan takti\u011fi uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sahte bir geri \u00e7ekilme ile pusu kurulduktan sonra d\u00fc\u015fman ordusu \u00e7evrelenmi\u015f ve ok\u00e7ularla uzaktan vurulmu\u015ftur. Ok ve yaydan ba\u015fka m\u0131zrak, s\u00fcng\u00fc, kalkan ve k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 da kullan\u0131lan silahlardand\u0131r. Demircilikte geli\u015fmi\u015f olduklar\u0131ndan bu madeni, silahlar\u0131n\u0131n etki g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in de kullanabilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da Hukuk<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6rseldeki Themis heykelinde adaleti, cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 temsil eden unsurlar nelerdir? <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Terazi, adaleti; <\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, adaletin verdi\u011fi cezan\u0131n cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Themis’in g\u00f6zlerinin kapal\u0131 olmas\u0131 da tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 simgeliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski \u00c7a\u011f Mezopotamya hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n temel \u00f6zellikleri nelerdir?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dinden alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Krallar \u00fclkesini tanr\u0131lar ad\u0131na y\u00f6netmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kanunlarda genellikle k\u0131sasa k\u0131sas prensibi esas al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kanunlar sadece erkeklerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil kimi durumlarda kad\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6zetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak kanunlar erkeklerin menfaatine olacak \u015fekilde haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kanunlarda \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetten aile hukukuna, can g\u00fcvenli\u011finden devlete kar\u015f\u0131 sorumluklara bir \u00e7ok konuda d\u00fczenlemeler yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toplumsal d\u00fczeni sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla bilinen ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 kanunlar\u0131 kim meydana getirdi?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fcmerlerde, Laga\u015f \u015fehir devleti kral\u0131 Urkagina<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Babil kral\u0131 Hammurabi Kanunlar\u0131n\u0131n temel \u00f6zelli\u011fi nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

282 maddeden olu\u015fan yaz\u0131l\u0131 kanunlar\u0131 S\u00fcmerlerden esinlenerek meydana getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131sasa k\u0131sas prensibiyle haz\u0131rlanan bu kanunlara uymayanlar olduk\u00e7a a\u011f\u0131r \u015fekilde cezaland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski \u00c7a\u011f M\u0131s\u0131r hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n temel \u00f6zellikleri nelerdir?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da firavunlar\u0131n g\u00f6revi halk\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak, kanunlar yapmak ve adaleti sa\u011flamakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ciddi su\u00e7lar a\u011f\u0131r hapis ve idamla, daha hafif su\u00e7lar ise sakatlama ve k\u0131rba\u00e7lama ile cezaland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r hukuku m\u00fclkiyet, miras ve aile hukukuna dair kurallar\u0131 da i\u00e7ermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski \u00c7a\u011f Anadolu hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n temel \u00f6zellikleri nelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezopotamya\u2019dan etkilenmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hukukun kayna\u011f\u0131 din\u00ee inan\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Su\u00e7lulara genellikle maddi cezalar uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hititler, toplum d\u00fczenini sa\u011flamak ve korumak amac\u0131yla 200 maddeden olu\u015fan hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131 tabletlere yazd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu hukuku a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimi korumay\u0131 ama\u00e7 edinen Frig kanunlar\u0131 da \u00f6zel bir yere sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski \u00c7a\u011f Avrupa hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n temel \u00f6zellikleri nelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunan (Hellen) medeniyeti, toplumsal d\u00fczeni sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla do\u011fu medeniyetlerinden esinlenerek kanunlar\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131 h\u00e2le getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atinal\u0131 Solon, Spartal\u0131 Lycurgus kanun koyuculard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roma Devleti\u2019nin ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 kanunlar\u0131 12 Levha Kanunlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz hukukunun temellerini olu\u015fturan bu kanunlar \u00f6zellikle toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131 e\u015fitlik ve m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski \u00c7a\u011f T\u00fcrkistan hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n temel \u00f6zellikleri nelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da yaz\u0131s\u0131z hukuk kurallar\u0131 yani t\u00f6re uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hukukun kayna\u011f\u0131 G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toplumsal d\u00fczeni sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla d\u00fczenlenen kanunlar (t\u00f6re) kurultaylarda belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er ya\u015fam tarz\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 T\u00fcrk t\u00f6resinde uzun s\u00fcreli hapis cezalar\u0131 yoktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f6reye g\u00f6re devlete isyan, askerden ka\u00e7ma, cinayet, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, tecav\u00fcz gibi su\u00e7lar\u0131n cezas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da \u0130nan\u00e7, Bilim ve Sanat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ziggurat nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezopotamya\u2019daki tap\u0131naklar\u0131n kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir yap\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Basamakl\u0131 piramit \u015feklinde olan ve ziggurat ad\u0131 verilen tap\u0131naklar, Mezopotamya halklar\u0131na S\u00fcmerlilerden kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zigguratlar ibadet yeri, okul, ar\u015fiv, depo ve rasathane olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski \u00c7a\u011f M\u0131s\u0131r Havzas\u0131n\u0131n inan\u00e7 sistemi hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden yakla\u015f\u0131k 5000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine dayanan M\u0131s\u0131r medeniyetinde \u00e7ok tanr\u0131l\u0131 inan\u00e7 sistemi h\u00e2kimdir ve firavunlar tanr\u0131 kral olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6l\u00fcmden sonraki ya\u015fama inan\u0131lan M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da \u00f6l\u00fclerin beden ve ruh b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc korumak maksad\u0131yla mumyalama i\u015flemi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6l\u00fcler de\u011ferli e\u015fyalar\u0131yla g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da krallar ve \u00fcst dereceli g\u00f6revliler i\u00e7in piramit ad\u0131 verilen an\u0131t mezarlar in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski \u00c7a\u011f M\u0131s\u0131r Havzas\u0131n\u0131n bilim sistemi hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00d6 3000 y\u0131llar\u0131nda kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc hiyeroglif yaz\u0131s\u0131 denilen resim yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kullanmaya ba\u015flayan M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar, yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 Nil Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda yeti\u015fen papir\u00fcs bitkisi \u00fczerine yazm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski M\u0131s\u0131r d\u00f6neminden kalma mumyalar onlar\u0131n t\u0131p ilmindeki ilerlemelerinin en g\u00fczel \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Piramitler ise geometri ve matematikteki ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar astronomi konusunda da olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli i\u015flere imza atm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z g\u00fcne\u015f y\u0131l\u0131 esas\u0131na dayanan takvimi icat etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hititlerin inanc\u0131 sistemi hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hititlerin inanc\u0131 \u00e7ok tanr\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hititler tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n insan \u00f6zelliklerine sahip oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015fler ve tanr\u0131lar\u0131 ad\u0131na g\u00fcnlerce s\u00fcren bayramlar d\u00fczenlemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Binlerce tanr\u0131ya inanan Hititler tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131na \u00e7ok fazla tap\u0131nak yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hititler hangi yaz\u0131 t\u00fcrlerini kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hititler \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131s\u0131 ve hiyeroglif yaz\u0131s\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hititler yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 genellikle tahta tabletler \u00fczerine yaz\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Urartu inanc\u0131 sistemi hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ok tanr\u0131l\u0131 bir inan\u00e7 sistemine sahip olan Urartulular inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 sava\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 olan ba\u015f tanr\u0131lar\u0131 Haldi\u2019nin etraf\u0131nda \u015fekillendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Urartularda mezarlar geni\u015f ve y\u00fcksek bir salon ile bunun \u00e7evresindeki odalardan olu\u015furdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7ine \u00e7ok say\u0131da bireyin g\u00f6m\u00fclebildi\u011fi bu oda-mezar anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ahiret inanc\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski \u00c7a\u011f Yunan bilim sistemi hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunanl\u0131lar, Do\u011fu medeniyetlerinin temelini att\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilimleri daha sistematik h\u00e2le getirmi\u015f, matematik ve astronominin ilerlemesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Astronomiyi bilim dal\u0131 h\u00e2line getirmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da kullan\u0131lan g\u00fcne\u015f y\u0131l\u0131 esas\u0131na dayanan takvimi ve yirmi iki harften olu\u015fan alfabenin temeli say\u0131lan Fenike alfabesini geli\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sokrates, Platon ve Aristoteles en \u00fcnl\u00fc felsefecileridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0131p alan\u0131nda da Hipokrat \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015f, hastal\u0131klar\u0131n do\u011fal bir durumdan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade ederek modern t\u0131bb\u0131n temellerini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkistan Havzas\u0131ndaki \u0130nan\u00e7 Sistemi Hakk\u0131nda Bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca \u015eamanizm, atalar k\u00fclt\u00fc ve tabiat g\u00fc\u00e7lerine inanma da inan\u00e7 sistemleri i\u00e7erisinde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131y\u0131 tek yarat\u0131c\u0131 olarak g\u00f6ren T\u00fcrkler y\u0131l\u0131n belli zamanlar\u0131nda hem G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 hem de atalar\u0131 i\u00e7in kurban kesmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrkler g\u00fcne\u015f ve ay ile baz\u0131 nehir, da\u011f ve tepeleri kutsal saym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atalar\u0131n\u0131n ruhlar\u0131na sayg\u0131 duymu\u015f, atalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra da kendilerini koruduklar\u0131na inanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bundan dolay\u0131 da mezarlara yap\u0131lan herhangi bir sayg\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015f nedeni saym\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6l\u00fcmden sonraki hayata inanan T\u00fcrkler \u00f6l\u00fclerini atlar\u0131yla beraber kurgan ad\u0131 verilen oda \u015feklindeki mezarlara g\u00f6mm\u00fc\u015f ve mezarlar\u0131n \u00fczerine balbal ta\u015f\u0131 (\u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fc\u015fman say\u0131s\u0131 kadar) dikmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler \u00f6b\u00fcr d\u00fcnyada ikinci bir hayat\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na (\u00e2hiret) ve ruhlar\u0131n ebedili\u011fine inan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede (G\u00f6k-T\u00fcrk, Uygur) ruh i\u00e7in, can m\u00e2nas\u0131nda \u201ctin\u201d kelimesi kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201cnefes\u201d demekti, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc nefesin kesilmesi, ruhun bedenden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p u\u00e7mas\u0131 \u015feklinde tasavvur ediyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece bazen \u201c\u00f6ld\u00fc\u201d yerine \u201cu\u00e7tu\u201d diyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ruhlar\u0131 \u00f6b\u00fcr d\u00fcnyaya g\u00f6\u00e7en atalar\u0131n orada rahats\u0131z edilmemeleri, iyi ya\u015famalar\u0131 l\u00e2z\u0131md\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da T\u00fcrkistandaki konarg\u00f6\u00e7er ya\u015fam tarz\u0131 sanat anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l etkilemi\u015ftir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er ya\u015famdan dolay\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ancak ta\u015f\u0131nabilir malzemeler b\u0131rakan T\u00fcrkler kulland\u0131klar\u0131 kemer tokalar\u0131n\u0131, han\u00e7erlerini, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 ve kap kacaklar\u0131n\u0131 hayvan motifleriyle ve her boya \u00f6zel olan tamgalarla s\u00fcslemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12 Hayvanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk Takviminin \u00d6zellikleri Nelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski T\u00fcrk takvimi, her biri bir hayvan ad\u0131 ile an\u0131lan \u201812 y\u0131ll\u0131k\u2019 devre esas\u0131na dayan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Takvim 12 y\u0131lda bir ba\u015fa d\u00f6ner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1 y\u0131l 365 g\u00fcn, 5 saat olarak kabul edilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 gece yar\u0131s\u0131 idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 22 Aral\u0131k (k\u0131\u015f\u0131n g\u00fcnd\u00fcz\u00fcn uzamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk g\u00fcn) idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asl\u0131nda Ay y\u0131l\u0131na dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenen bu 12 Hayvanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk Takviminin G\u00f6k-T\u00fcrkler zaman\u0131nda G\u00fcne\u015f y\u0131l\u0131na \u00e7evrildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrklerde Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er Ya\u015fam<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski T\u00fcrklerde kullan\u0131lan \u00e7ad\u0131rlar\u0131n temel \u00f6zellikleri nelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kereg\u00fc, kerek\u00fc ve yurd ad\u0131 verilen ve bir ah\u015fap d\u00fczenekten meydana getirilen yuvarlak planl\u0131 karkas\u0131n \u00fczerine kal\u0131n ke\u00e7e \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fclerle kaplanan bu \u00e7ad\u0131rlar T\u00fcrklerin bar\u0131naklar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011fer erkek \u00e7ocuk evlenirse kendi ailesiyle birlikte farkl\u0131 \u00e7ad\u0131ra ta\u015f\u0131nmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evin en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck erkek \u00e7ocu\u011fu evlense dahi evlendikten sonra da k\u00f6l unvan\u0131yla anne babas\u0131yla birlikte ya\u015famaya devam eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski T\u00fcrklerin ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131nda belirleyici olan unsurlar nelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n sert karasal iklimi, otlaklar\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131, boylar aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadeleler, hayvan hastal\u0131klar\u0131, siyasi m\u00fccadeleler gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli fakt\u00f6rler T\u00fcrklerin ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131nda belirleyici olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler yerle\u015fik ya\u015fama ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce hayat tarz\u0131 olarak konarg\u00f6\u00e7erli\u011fi benimsemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski T\u00fcrklerdeki konarg\u00f6\u00e7er ya\u015fam tarz\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler yerle\u015fik ya\u015fama ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce hayat tarz\u0131 olarak konarg\u00f6\u00e7erli\u011fi benimsemi\u015flerdir. T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131n\u0131n ekonomileri hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dayal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam tarz\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imleri g\u00f6\u00e7ebelik ve konarg\u00f6\u00e7erliktir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hayvan s\u00fcr\u00fclerini otlatmak ve ge\u00e7ici yerle\u015fimler kurmak amac\u0131yla d\u00fczenli olarak yer de\u011fi\u015ftiren topluluklara g\u00f6\u00e7ebe, mevsime ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak iki b\u00f6lge (yaylak-k\u0131\u015flak) aras\u0131nda gidip gelen topluluklara da konarg\u00f6\u00e7er denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski T\u00fcrklerde sosyal yap\u0131 hangi unsurlardan olu\u015fuyordu?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ogu\u015f: Aile<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Urug: S\u00fclaleler birli\u011fi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Boy: Kabileler birli\u011fi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Budun: Boylar Federasyonu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130l: Devlet<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski T\u00fcrklerin giyim tarzlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler elbiseye ton (don) demi\u015f, giysilerini yaparken kuzu, koyun, s\u0131\u011f\u0131r ve tilki derisi ile koyun, ke\u00e7i ve deve y\u00fcn\u00fcnden yararlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Romal\u0131lar keten g\u00f6mle\u011fi ilk defa Avrupa Hunlar\u0131nda g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er ya\u015famda pantolon ve ceket \u00f6nemli giysilerdendir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler ayaklar\u0131na deriden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7izme veya \u00e7aruk (\u00e7ar\u0131k) giymi\u015f, ba\u015flar\u0131na b\u00f6rk denilen ba\u015fl\u0131k takm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z 9. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 2. \u00fcnitesi olan Eski \u00c7a\u011f Medeniyetleri soru- cevap \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yoruz. 9. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih soru cevap \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z sayesinde ders kitab\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sorular\u0131n\u0131 rahatl\u0131kla […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1406,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[113,149],"tags":[87,204,211],"class_list":["post-2143","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-9-sinf-tarih-soru-cevap","category-9-sinif-tarih-yazili-sorulari","tag-9-sinif-tarih","tag-tarih-ders-kitabi-cevaplari","tag-tarih-soru-cevap"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.-sinif-tarih-soru-cevap-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.-sinif-tarih-soru-cevap-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.-sinif-tarih-soru-cevap-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.-sinif-tarih-soru-cevap-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.-sinif-tarih-soru-cevap-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.-sinif-tarih-soru-cevap-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.-sinif-tarih-soru-cevap-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.-sinif-tarih-soru-cevap.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"\n9. 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