{"id":2201,"date":"2024-12-20T11:10:23","date_gmt":"2024-12-20T08:10:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=2201"},"modified":"2024-12-20T11:15:03","modified_gmt":"2024-12-20T08:15:03","slug":"meb-tarih-dersi-1-donem-2-ortak-yazili-soru-ve-cevaplari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/20\/meb-tarih-dersi-1-donem-2-ortak-yazili-soru-ve-cevaplari\/","title":{"rendered":"MEB Tarih Dersi 1. D\u00f6nem 2. Ortak Yaz\u0131l\u0131 Soru ve Cevaplar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n


Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 <\/strong>(MEB) taraf\u0131ndan Tarih dersleri i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan 1. d\u00f6nem 2. yaz\u0131l\u0131 s\u0131navlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00f6rnek soru<\/strong> kitap\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131 ve cevap anahtar\u0131, \u00f6\u011frencilerin s\u0131navlara daha iyi haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak amac\u0131yla yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, Tarih dersi i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan \u00f6rnek sorular ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerini <\/strong>detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde inceleyece\u011fiz. Tarih dersi ortak sorular\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zerek tarih yaz\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131ndan 100 alacaks\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    9. SINIF TAR\u0130H DERS\u0130 1. D\u00d6NEM 2. ORTAK YAZILI SENARYOLARINA Y\u00d6NEL\u0130K MEB SORU-CEVAP \u00c7ALI\u015eMASI<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    \u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131: TAR.9.1.1. Tarih \u00f6\u011frenmenin bireye ve topluma faydalar\u0131n\u0131 yorumlayabilme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. D\u00fcn\u00fc bilmeyen bug\u00fcn\u00fc anlayamaz; bug\u00fcn\u00fc anlamayan yar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6remez, yar\u0131n\u0131 in\u015fa edemez hatta d\u00fcnden gelen hamlelerin nedenlerini bile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnemez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu s\u00f6zden hareketle tarih \u00f6\u011frenmenin topluma sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131lar hakk\u0131nda ne s\u00f6ylenebilir? Yorumlay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cevap:<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tarih, toplumlar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras ve de\u011ferlerini aktarmada kritik bir rol oynar. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fin deneyimleri, gelenekler ve inan\u00e7lar toplumsal kimli\u011fin olu\u015fumuna \u00f6nemli bir zemin haz\u0131rlar. Bu ba\u011flamda tarih bilgisi, bireylerin toplumun ge\u00e7mi\u015fine dair fark\u0131ndal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece tarihsel olaylar\u0131n ve s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki yans\u0131malar\u0131 daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tarih, ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki deneyimlerden ders alarak toplumsal sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde daha bilin\u00e7li stratejiler geli\u015ftirilmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Bu sayede toplumlar ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki hatalardan ders \u00e7\u0131kararak daha sa\u011flam ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir gelecek in\u015fa edebilirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131: TAR.9.2.1. Tar\u0131m Devrimi\u2019nin Eski \u00c7a\u011f medeniyetlerindeki yerle\u015fmeye ve ekonomik faaliyetlere etkisini de\u011ferlendirebilme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. Geni\u015f, d\u00fcz bir arazide verimli topraklar\u0131n ortas\u0131nda insanl\u0131k tarihinin bilinen ilk kentlerinden biri vard\u0131. Buras\u0131 \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019t\u00fc. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden yakla\u015f\u0131k dokuz bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce bu yerle\u015fim yerinde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn. Bitkileri \u0131slah edip tar\u0131m yapan insanlar art\u0131k toplu ve yerle\u015fik bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck, yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam\u0131n ilk \u00f6rneklerindendi. Bu yerle\u015fim yeri \u00e7ok kalabal\u0131kt\u0131. \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck kentinde evler biti\u015fik, yan yanayd\u0131 ve sokak neredeyse yoktu. Evlerin giri\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131 damda yer al\u0131yordu. \u00d6nce merdivenle evin dam\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kan insanlar kap\u0131dan girdikten sonra merdivenle a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 inerek evlerinin i\u00e7ine girebiliyordu. Avc\u0131 toplay\u0131c\u0131 olan atalar\u0131 gibi avlanmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131 ama temel ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131 art\u0131k tar\u0131md\u0131. Bu\u011fday, arpa ve yulaf gibi bitkileri yeti\u015ftirmeyi biliyorlard\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda evcille\u015ftirdikleri hayvanlar\u0131 da vard\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131 evlerinin yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda besliyorlard\u0131. Ke\u00e7i ve koyun yeti\u015ftirip bunlarla besleniyorlard\u0131. Zanaat ve sanat, hayatlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu metinde, \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn Neolitik bir yerle\u015fim yeri oldu\u011funu destekleyen hangi kan\u0131tlar bulunmaktad\u0131r?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cevap:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Metinde \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck’\u00fcn Neolitik bir yerle\u015fim yeri oldu\u011funu destekleyen birka\u00e7 \u00f6nemli kan\u0131t bulunmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00d6ncelikle burada ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n bu\u011fday, arpa ve yulaf gibi bitkileri yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi ayr\u0131ca ke\u00e7i ve koyun gibi hayvanlar\u0131 evcille\u015ftirdi\u011fi belirtiliyor. Neolitik d\u00f6nemin temel \u00f6zelliklerinden biri insanlar\u0131n tar\u0131m yapmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 ve hayvanlar\u0131 evcille\u015ftirmesidir. Bu, yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7i\u015fin \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck’te insanlar\u0131n kalabal\u0131k bir yerle\u015fim alan\u0131nda bir arada ya\u015famalar\u0131 ve evler in\u015fa etmeleri g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131n terk edildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    T\u00fcm bu unsurlar \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck’\u00fcn Neolitik bir yerle\u015fim yeri oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlar niteliktedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131: TAR.9.2.1. Tar\u0131m Devrimi\u2019nin Eski \u00c7a\u011f medeniyetlerindeki yerle\u015fmeye ve ekonomik faaliyetlere etkisini de\u011ferlendirebilme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3. \u0130lk insanlar varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek amac\u0131yla \u00f6nce ak\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 ve ellerini kulland\u0131. O d\u00f6nemde i\u015flerini kaba ta\u015f aletlerle yapan bu insanlar, zamanla avc\u0131l\u0131k yapmak i\u00e7in ilkel ara\u00e7lar tasarlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca do\u011fadan toplad\u0131klar\u0131 besinleri de par\u00e7alara ay\u0131rarak tah\u0131llar\u0131n ve meyvelerin tohumlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lan tohumlar\u0131n topra\u011fa ekilmesi ve farkl\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin hasat edilmesiyle Tar\u0131m Devrimi ad\u0131 verilen bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tar\u0131m Devrimi\u2019nin getirdi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fimlerin Eski \u00c7a\u011f medeniyetlerinin sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkilerini yorumlay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cevap:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tar\u0131m Devrimi, insanl\u0131k tarihindeki en \u00f6nemli d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerden biri olarak eski \u00e7a\u011f medeniyetlerinin sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 derinden etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tar\u0131m\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 ile birlikte insanlar yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7meye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu durum topluluklar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini ve kal\u0131c\u0131 yerle\u015fim yerlerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7i\u015f insanlar\u0131n \u00fcretim yapmalar\u0131na olanak tan\u0131d\u0131. Art\u0131k yiyeceklerini do\u011fadan toplamak yerine kendi tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131nda yeti\u015ftirebilirlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu g\u0131da temininde g\u00fcvenli\u011fi art\u0131rarak n\u00fcfusun artmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    N\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 sosyal yap\u0131n\u0131n daha karma\u015f\u0131k hale gelmesini, farkl\u0131 meslek gruplar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 ve toplumsal hiyerar\u015filer olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tar\u0131m\u0131n getirdi\u011fi artan \u00fcretkenlik zenginlik birikimini de beraberinde getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu durum mal ve hizmet al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finin ba\u015flamas\u0131na, ticaretin geli\u015fmesine ve \u015fehirlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ticaret sosyal etkile\u015fimleri art\u0131rarak k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011fi\u015fimlere yol a\u00e7t\u0131. \u0130nsanlar farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerden gelen \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve bilgileri payla\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ayr\u0131ca tar\u0131m sayesinde elde edilen fazla \u00fcr\u00fcn toplumda bir grup insan\u0131n tar\u0131msal faaliyetlere kat\u0131lmaktan ba\u015fka i\u015flerle u\u011fra\u015fmas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu, sanat, bilim, din ve y\u00f6netim gibi alanlarda uzmanla\u015fmay\u0131 te\u015fvik etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    B\u00f6ylece sosyal s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n ve y\u00f6neticilerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131: TAR.9.2.2. Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019daki farkl\u0131 medeniyetlerin y\u00f6netim ve ordu sistemlerini \u00f6zetleyebilme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    4. Hititlerde kral, Panku\u015f denilen asiller meclisince hanedan \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilirdi. Panku\u015f\u2019un, kral\u0131 ve krali\u00e7eyi yarg\u0131lay\u0131p cezaya \u00e7arpt\u0131rma yetkileri vard\u0131. Ancak devlet i\u015flerinde son s\u00f6z\u00fc s\u00f6yleme yetkisinin Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan krala verildi\u011fi kabul edilirdi. Hitit kral\u0131 Tanr\u0131 ad\u0131na devleti y\u00f6netir, orduya ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131k yapar, kanunlar\u0131 koyar ve ba\u015fyarg\u0131\u00e7 olarak bu kanunlar\u0131 uygulard\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda ba\u015frahip s\u0131fat\u0131yla din\u00ee t\u00f6renleri idare ederdi. Hitit halk\u0131, krallar\u0131n\u0131n Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6revlendirildi\u011fine inan\u0131r ve onun emirlerini Tanr\u0131 emri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Buna g\u00f6re, Hitit toplumunda krallar\u0131n me\u015fruiyetini peki\u015ftiren unsur nedir? A\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cevap:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Hitit toplumunda krallar\u0131n me\u015fruiyetini peki\u015ftiren en \u00f6nemli unsur, krallar\u0131n Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan atanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funa dair inan\u00e7t\u0131r. Hititler, krallar\u0131n\u0131n devlet i\u015flerinde son s\u00f6z\u00fc s\u00f6yleme yetkisinin Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan verildi\u011fini kabul ederdi. Bu durum, kral\u0131n otoritesini ve y\u00f6netim yetkisini ilahi bir kayna\u011fa dayand\u0131rarak me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yordu. Kral\u0131n tanr\u0131 ad\u0131na devleti y\u00f6netmesi, ordunun ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapmas\u0131, kanunlar\u0131 koymas\u0131 ve ba\u015fyarg\u0131\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6rev yapmas\u0131 gibi rolleri onu yaln\u0131zca siyasi bir lider de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda dini bir otorite olarak da konumland\u0131r\u0131yordu. Hitit halk\u0131 krallar\u0131n\u0131n emirlerini tanr\u0131 emri olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in kral\u0131n kararlar\u0131 ve y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi toplum taraf\u0131ndan kabul g\u00f6ren ve desteklenen bir otoriteye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131: TAR.9.2.2. Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019daki farkl\u0131 medeniyetlerin y\u00f6netim ve ordu sistemlerini \u00f6zetleyebilme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    5. Mete Han\u2019\u0131n \u00c7in \u0130mparatoruna Mektubu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bat\u0131da Y\u00fce-\u00e7ileri, g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcn yard\u0131m\u0131 ile askerlerimizin \u00fcst\u00fcn yetenekleri ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 atlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc ile yendim. Bundan sonra yirmi alt\u0131 kavmi daha h\u00e2kimiyetim alt\u0131na ald\u0131m. Bunlar\u0131n hepsi Hun oldu. Yay \u00e7ekebilen b\u00fct\u00fcn kavimler tek bir aile gibi birle\u015ftiler. \u015eimdi kuzeydeki b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerde dirlik ve d\u00fczeni kurdum. Art\u0131k silahlar\u0131 bir tarafa koymak, subay ve birliklerimi dinlendirmek, atlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 beslemek istiyorum. \u00c7ocuklar\u0131m\u0131z ve gen\u00e7lerimiz b\u00fcy\u00fcs\u00fcnler, ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z rahat ve huzur i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015fas\u0131nlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mete Han\u2019\u0131n mektubundan hareketle Asya Hun Devleti\u2019nin y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ne s\u00f6ylenebilir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cevap:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mete Han, farkl\u0131 kavimleri tek \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirerek devletin birlik ve dirli\u011fini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mektupta silahlar\u0131n b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 ve dinlenme \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n ve huzurun \u00f6nemini vurgular. Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ve ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131n huzur i\u00e7inde ya\u015famas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekmesi, devletin sosyal refah\u0131 g\u00f6zeten bir anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 benimsedi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak Asya Hun Devleti’nin y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 birlik, b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck ve sosyal refah\u0131 g\u00f6zetme \u00fczerine kuruludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    10. SINIF TAR\u0130H DERS\u0130 1. D\u00d6NEM 2. ORTAK YAZILI SENARYOLARINA Y\u00d6NEL\u0130K MEB SORU-CEVAP \u00c7ALI\u015eMASI<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Kazan\u0131m: 10.1.3. Anadolu\u2019daki ilk T\u00fcrk siyasi te\u015fekk\u00fcllerinin birbirleriyle ve \u00e7evre devletlerle olan ili\u015fkilerini uzla\u015fma ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ba\u011flam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti, Anadolu\u2019ya h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde farkl\u0131 inanca mensup topluluklara m\u00fcsamahak\u00e2r bir \u015fekilde davranm\u0131\u015f, ayr\u0131ca hak ve adalete dayal\u0131 bir y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 benimsemi\u015ftir. \u201cHalka hizmet Hakk\u2019a hizmettir.\u201d d\u00fcsturunu benimsemi\u015f olan T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti di\u011fer taraftan Anadolu\u2019da \u0130slamiyet\u2019in yay\u0131lmas\u0131na da gayret etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Buna g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin sahip oldu\u011fu y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Anadolu\u2019da nas\u0131l bir sosyal hayat\u0131 var etti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir? A\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cevap:<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 d\u00f6neminde Anadolu’da sosyal hayatta \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ba\u015fta ba\u015fkent Konya olmak \u00fczere Samsun, Sinop, Antalya, Alanya, Erzurum, Kayseri ve Sivas gibi \u015fehirler yeniden onar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Fethedilen b\u00f6lgelere T\u00fcrkmenler yerle\u015ftirilerek Anadolu’nun T\u00fcrkle\u015fme ve \u0130slamla\u015fma s\u00fcreci h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sel\u00e7uklu sultanlar\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik politikalar\u0131yla ticaret geli\u015fmi\u015f ve \u015fehirlerde n\u00fcfus artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Anadolu’nun d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131na hanlar, hamamlar, kervansaraylar, hastaneler, camiler ve medreseler yap\u0131larak Anadolu bay\u0131nd\u0131r hale getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Di\u011fer yandan T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131\u2019n\u0131n adaletli politikas\u0131 sayesinde Anadolu’daki Ermeniler, S\u00fcryaniler, Rumlar, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ve di\u011fer gayrim\u00fcslim topluluklar Bizans’\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtularak rahat ve huzurlu bir ya\u015fama kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kazan\u0131m: <\/em>10.2.2. Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi\u2019nin devletle\u015fme s\u00fcrecini Bizans\u2019la olan ili\u015fkileri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde analiz eder.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. <\/strong>Osman Bey fetih hareketlerine ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce Bizans y\u00f6netiminden memnun olmayan b\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6nl\u00fcn\u00fc kazanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu do\u011frultuda, ele ge\u00e7irilen b\u00f6lgelerdeki gayrim\u00fcslim halka son derece iyi davran\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ya\u011fma ve talan yerine onlar\u0131 himaye alt\u0131na al\u0131p vergiye ba\u011flamay\u0131 tercih etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osman Bey\u2019in bu \u015fekilde hareket etmesinin Osmanl\u0131lara sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kazan\u00e7 ne olmu\u015ftur? A\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cevap:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yeni fethedilen b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayan halka iyi davran\u0131lmas\u0131 ve onlara g\u00fcven ortam\u0131 i\u00e7inde bir ya\u015fam sunulmas\u0131 bir\u00e7ok avantaj sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u015eehirlerin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ve geli\u015fmesi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yerli halk Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimini benimsemi\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki egemenli\u011fi kal\u0131c\u0131 hale gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc ve adalete dayanan y\u00f6netimini g\u00f6ren gayrim\u00fcslim halk\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da \u0130slamiyet’i kabul etmi\u015ftir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kazan\u0131m: 10.2.3. Rumeli\u2019deki fetihler ile isk\u00e2n (\u015fenlendirme) ve istim\u00e2let politikalar\u0131n\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ve etkilerini analiz eder.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3. XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Bizans\u2019\u0131n Balkanlar \u00fczerindeki h\u00e2kimiyeti sona ermi\u015fti. Balkanlarda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z konumda olan Bulgar ve S\u0131rp Krall\u0131klar\u0131, Arnavutluk, Bosna, Hersek, Efl\u00e2k ve Bo\u011fdan Beylikleri aras\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli siyasi \u00e7eki\u015fmeler ya\u015fan\u0131yordu. Bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan\u0131 S\u0131rp Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Balkanlarda siyasi \u00e7eki\u015fmelerin yan\u0131nda, y\u0131llard\u0131r s\u00fcregelen mezhep kavgalar\u0131 da s\u00f6z konusuydu. S\u0131rp ve Bulgarlar Ortodoks, Bosna ve Hersekliler Bogomil, H\u0131rvatlar ise Katolik mezhebine mensuplard\u0131. Katolik olan Macarlar ise kendileri ile ayn\u0131 mezhepten olmayan Ortodoks Hristiyanlara mezhep de\u011fi\u015ftirmeleri i\u00e7in bask\u0131 uyguluyordu. Bu y\u00fczden b\u00f6lgede s\u0131k s\u0131k mezhep \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ya\u015fan\u0131yordu. Ayr\u0131ca \u015fehirlerin y\u00f6neticileri olan voyvodalar, halka s\u00fcrekli bask\u0131 yap\u0131p onlar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r vergiler alt\u0131nda eziyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Balkanlardaki mevcut durum Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki fetih hareketini ve b\u00f6lgede egemenlik kurmas\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l etkilemi\u015ftir? A\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cevap:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Siyasi birli\u011fin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Balkanlarda krall\u0131k ve beylikler aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan m\u00fccadeleler ve mezhep \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n ilerleyi\u015fini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.  Adaletli bir y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na sahip Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne Balkan uluslar\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede tabi olmu\u015f ve bu durum Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki egemenli\u011finin kal\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kazan\u0131m: 10.2.4. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Anadolu\u2019da T\u00fcrk siyasi birli\u011fini sa\u011flamaya y\u00f6nelik faaliyetlerini ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 analiz eder.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    4. Fetret Devri ile Osmanl\u0131 sanca\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplanan O\u011fuz T\u00fcrkleri devletsiz kalma tehlikesi ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bunun bilincinde olan Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid\u2019in d\u00f6rt o\u011flu (\u0130sa, Musa, S\u00fcleyman ve Mehmet), devletin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla birbirleriyle m\u00fccadeleye giri\u015fti. Neticede Osmanl\u0131 tarihinde iktidar m\u00fccadelelerinin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201cFetret Devri\u2019ne (1402-1413) di\u011fer karde\u015flerini bertaraf eden I. Mehmet (\u00c7elebi) son vererek Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni da\u011f\u0131lma tehlikesinden kurtard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni da\u011f\u0131lman\u0131n e\u015fi\u011fine getiren Fetret Devri\u2019ni, T\u00fcrklerin devletin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na verdi\u011fi \u00f6nem a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendiriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cevap:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Belirli s\u0131n\u0131flar i\u00e7indeki insan toplulu\u011funa ait siyasi h\u00e2kimiyetin te\u015fkilatlanm\u0131\u015f \u015fekli olan ‘devlet’, tarih boyunca T\u00fcrklerde milletin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in en \u00f6nemli siyasi yap\u0131lanma olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Devlet kavram\u0131, T\u00fcrk tarihi ile beraber ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkler, milleti devletin ana unsuru kabul etmi\u015ftir. Orhun Kitabelerinde “\u0130lli millet idim, ilim \u015fimdi hani?” ifadelerinde oldu\u011fu gibi T\u00fcrk milletinin devletsiz yapamayaca\u011f\u0131na s\u0131k s\u0131k vurgu yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden T\u00fcrkler tarih boyunca \u00f6nemli devletler kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrkler devletlerini ayakta tutabilmek i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fccadeleler de vermi\u015flerdir. Bu tarihsel bilince sahip olan I. Mehmet de Fetret Devri’ne son vererek Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ni y\u0131k\u0131lmaktan kurtarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kazan\u0131m: 10.3.1. Kurulu\u015f D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Osmanl\u0131 asker\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan farkl\u0131 muharip unsurlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    5. Alpl\u0131k ve gazilik unsurlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesinde nas\u0131l bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r? A\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cevap:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi\u2019nin Kurulu\u015f D\u00f6nemi\u2019nden ba\u015flayarak devletle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 XIV. Y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar gaza (\u0130slam dinini yaymak veya korumak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan sava\u015f) anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin geli\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemli bir etken oldu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131lar gaza anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 beyli\u011fin kurulu\u015fundan itibaren benimsediler. Bu kapsamda Osmanl\u0131 fetih hareketleri i\u00e7inde \u201calpl\u0131k ve gazilik\u201d \u00f6nemli bir yere sahip oldu. Nitekim Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi\u2019nin kurucusu Osman Bey ve en yak\u0131n\u0131nda bulunanlar hem gazi hem de alp unvan\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Karam\u00fcrsel Alp, Konur Alp, G\u00fcnd\u00fcz Alp, Hasan Alp, Kaya Alp, Turgut Alp ve Abdurrahman Gazi en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015flar\u0131d\u0131r. Onlar Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin kurulu\u015fu a\u015famas\u0131nda meydan sava\u015flar\u0131na, kale ku\u015fatmalar\u0131na ve bir\u00e7ok fetih hareketine kat\u0131ld\u0131lar. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda fethedilen b\u00f6lgelerin idare ve imar i\u015flerinde de g\u00f6rev ald\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylece Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek devlet h\u00e2line gelmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kazan\u0131m: 10.3.2. T\u0131mar sisteminin \u00f6zelliklerini siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131lardan de\u011ferlendirir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    6. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti; Anadolu ve Rumeli\u2019deki arazilerini, T\u00fcrk ve \u0130slam devletlerinde uygulanan \u201cikta\u201d sistemine benzer bir uygulamaya g\u00f6re te\u015fkilatland\u0131rd\u0131. Osmanl\u0131larda devlete ait topraklar\u0131n asker\u00ee ve idari ama\u00e7larla devlet g\u00f6revlilerine verilmesine dayal\u0131 t\u0131mar sistemi uygulamas\u0131na ilk kez Orhan Bey D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    I. Murad D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde ise bu uygulama yayg\u0131n h\u00e2le getirildi. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde t\u0131mar sistemi \u015fu \u015fekilde uygulan\u0131rd\u0131: \u00d6ncelikle, Anadolu ve Rumeli\u2019de fethedilen topraklar, devlete ba\u011fl\u0131 arazi olarak tapu tahrir defterlerine kaydedilmek suretiyle resm\u00eele\u015ftirilirdi. B\u00f6ylece bu araziler, \u201cmir\u00ee arazi\u201d yani devlet arazisi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Daha sonra devlet, bu mir\u00ee arazilerin gelirlerini farkl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte par\u00e7alara ay\u0131rarak arazileri ilgili \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n r\u00fctbe ve mevkilerine g\u00f6re dirlik olarak verirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    T\u0131mar sahipleri; tasarruf ettikleri yerlerde toplad\u0131klar\u0131 vergilerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ile her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kendilerine ait olmak \u00fczere atl\u0131 askerler yeti\u015ftirir, b\u00f6lgedeki devlet memurlar\u0131n\u0131n maa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lar, kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ise devlet hazinesine g\u00f6nderirdi. Devlete asker yeti\u015ftirmekle m\u00fckellef olan dirlik sahipleri bu hizmetlerine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k vergiden muaf tutulurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Buna g\u00f6re t\u0131mar sisteminin asker\u00ee alanda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kazan\u00e7lar neler olmu\u015ftur? A\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    T\u0131mar sistemi kapsam\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, devlet g\u00f6revlilerine kamu arazilerini tahsis etmekte ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda onlardan bu topraklar\u0131 i\u015flemesini ve topraklar\u0131ndan elde ettikleri y\u0131ll\u0131k gelir oran\u0131na g\u00f6re sefer \u00f6ncesi ordunun asker ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131 beklemektedir. Sava\u015f harici zamanlarda topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleyen ya da k\u00f6yl\u00fc halka kiralay\u0131p i\u015fleten t\u0131marl\u0131 sipahiler, devletle olan anla\u015fmalar\u0131na sad\u0131k kalarak sava\u015f zaman\u0131 en \u00f6n s\u0131ralarda yer alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. T\u0131marl\u0131 sipahiler, Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan d\u00f6neminde b\u00fcy\u00fck fetihlerin zaferle sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131na arac\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bu ba\u011flamda ilgili kaynaklar\u0131 inceledi\u011fimizde t\u00fcm kurumlar\u0131n ve sistemin do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde i\u015fledi\u011fi d\u00f6nemde Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 eyalet askerlerinin yani t\u0131marl\u0131 sipahilerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu da devletin b\u00fct\u00e7esinden harcama yapmadan muazzam bir orduya sahip olundu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    11. SINIF TAR\u0130H DERS\u0130 1. D\u00d6NEM 2. ORTAK YAZILI SENARYOLARINA Y\u00d6NEL\u0130K MEB SORU-CEVAP \u00c7ALI\u015eMASI<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Kazan\u0131m: 11.1.4. 1700-1774 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcre\u00e7te Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin di\u011fer devletlerle y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc rekabeti ve bu rekabette uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 stratejileri analiz eder.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Rusya, \u00c7ar I. Petro taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netiliyordu. Karadeniz ve Balt\u0131k Denizi yoluyla s\u0131cak denizlere ula\u015fmay\u0131 hedefleyen Petro, 1700 \u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden Azak Kalesi\u2019ni alarak Karadeniz\u2019e bir kap\u0131 a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Petro bunu izleyen g\u00fcnlerde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanca tutumunu s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Antla\u015fma h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir \u015fekilde Osmanl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda kaleler in\u015fa ettirerek Azak Denizi\u2019nde donanma bulundurmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca kendisini Ruslar\u0131n ve Rumlar\u0131n imparatoru olarak tan\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 propaganda k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 Balkanlarda da\u011f\u0131tarak Osmanl\u0131 uyru\u011fundaki Hristiyanlar\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00c7ar I. Petro\u2019nun izlemi\u015f oldu\u011fu bu politikan\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti-Rusya ili\u015fkileri \u00fczerindeki etkilerini a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cevap:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00c7ar I. Petro’nun g\u00fcneye, s\u0131cak denizlere inme amac\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmek ad\u0131na Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’yle imzalam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu antla\u015fma h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini hi\u00e7e sayarak hareket etmesi her iki devlet aras\u0131ndaki bar\u0131\u015f ortam\u0131n\u0131 sona erdirmi\u015ftir. Bunun sonucunda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Rusya ile sava\u015fmak durumunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer taraftan Rusya’n\u0131n Balkanlarda ya\u015fayan uluslar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti aleyhine k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131, Balkanlarda isyanlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti bu isyanlar\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aba sarf etmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca bu sava\u015flar Rusya ile yap\u0131lan sava\u015flar\u0131n da bir nedeni olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6zetle \u00c7ar I. Petro’nun izlemi\u015f oldu\u011fu politika Osmanl\u0131 Devleti-Rusya ili\u015fkilerini olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kazan\u0131m: 11.2.1. Avrupa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde meydana gelen de\u011fi\u015fimleri ve bunlar\u0131n etkilerini analiz eder.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn etkisiyle zay\u0131flay\u0131p par\u00e7alan\u0131rken Hristiyanl\u0131k; Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 istila eden barbar kavimleri de i\u00e7ine alarak yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bunun sonucunda kilise ve papa, imparatorlu\u011fun da \u00fcst\u00fcnde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir konuma ula\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6yle ki Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu 476 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2lde Roma Katolik Kilisesi ya\u015famaya devam etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Roma Katolik Kilisesi VIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda kilise h\u00fck\u00fbmetini kurarak siyasi bir g\u00fcce d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Yeni d\u00f6nemde kilise do\u011frudan asker\u00ee kuvvete sahip olmasa da kendisine ba\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 krallar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Avrupa\u2019ya h\u00fckmetmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Papa; Hz. \u0130sa\u2019n\u0131n vekili say\u0131ld\u0131, aforoz yetkisine ve imparatorlara ta\u00e7 giydirme hakk\u0131na sahip oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu siyasi durum ve Papa\u2019n\u0131n elindeki g\u00fc\u00e7, Katolik Kilisesi\u2019nin durumunu nas\u0131l etkilemi\u015ftir? A\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cevap:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    B\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa’ya hakim olan Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc sonras\u0131 par\u00e7alanmas\u0131yla Avrupa’da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir siyasi yap\u0131 ya da devlet kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kaos ortam\u0131nda Katolik Kilisesi ayakta kalarak siyasi alanda g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer taraftan Papa’n\u0131n; Hz. \u0130sa’n\u0131n vekili say\u0131lmas\u0131 dini, aforoz yetkisine sahip olmas\u0131 dini-ekonomik, imparatorlara ta\u00e7 giydirme hakk\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131 ise siyasi yetkilere sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Papa’n\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu bu yetkiler zamanla Katolik Kilisesi’nin dini, siyasi ve ekonomik alanda g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kazan\u0131m: 11.2.2. Avrupa\u2019daki geli\u015fmelere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Osmanl\u0131 idari, asker\u00ee ve ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131nda meydana gelen de\u011fi\u015fimleri analiz eder.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3. Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler sonras\u0131nda Avrupa\u2019da de\u011ferli maden miktar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131rken Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesinde artan ithalat nedeniyle alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f miktar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak azald\u0131. Bu durum para sisteminde bozulmaya yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, piyasada nakit a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklinde kendisini g\u00f6steren bu sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zmek \u00fczere paran\u0131n ayar\u0131n\u0131 ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme i\u015flemi olan ta\u011f\u015fi\u015fe ba\u015fvurdu. Bu ama\u00e7la o g\u00fcne kadar saf g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ften imal edilen ak\u00e7eye de\u011fi\u015fen miktarlarda bak\u0131r katma yoluna gitti. B\u00f6ylece \u00f6nceleri 100 dirhem (310 gram) g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ften 280 ak\u00e7e kesen Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, 1600 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ta\u011f\u015fi\u015ften sonra ayn\u0131 miktar g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ften 950 ak\u00e7e kesmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Ak\u00e7enin i\u00e7indeki g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f miktar\u0131n\u0131 da 1,1 gramdan 0,3 grama d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Buna g\u00f6re ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkilerini yorumlay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cevap:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yap\u0131lan ta\u011f\u015fi\u015fler sonucunda ak\u00e7e, Avrupa paralar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda de\u011fer kaybetmi\u015ftir. Kay\u0131plar\u0131n piyasaya yans\u0131mas\u0131 ise enflasyona yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti fiyatlar\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131nda tutmak amac\u0131yla narh uygulamas\u0131na ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Ancak narhlar\u0131n s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi, uygulamalarda birli\u011fin sa\u011flanamamas\u0131 ve de\u011fer kayb\u0131ndan korunma ad\u0131na al\u0131\u015fveri\u015flerde yabanc\u0131 paralar\u0131n tercih edilmesi yeni sorunlara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan bozulan para rejimi yaln\u0131z t\u00fcketicileri de\u011fil, \u00fcretici k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri de zor durumda b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Artan vergileri \u00f6deyemeyen \u00e7ift\u00e7iler ya bor\u00e7lanmak ya da topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131p k\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fc terk etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 terk etmesi ise t\u0131mar sisteminde aksakl\u0131klara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kazan\u0131m: 11.2.3. Osmanl\u0131 devlet idaresi ve toplum d\u00fczenindeki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeleri \u00f6nleme \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 analiz eder.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    4. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Anadolu topraklar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan isyanlara, Yavuz D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde (1512-1520) Tokat y\u00f6resinde ayaklanan Bozoklu Cel\u00e2l\u2019den dolay\u0131 Cel\u00e2li \u0130syanlar\u0131 denildi. XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru artan Cel\u00e2li \u0130syanlar\u0131; t\u0131mar sistemindeki bozulmalar, vergi art\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve eyaletlerdeki baz\u0131 devlet g\u00f6revlilerinin haks\u0131z uygulamalar\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131. \u0130syanlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda fiyat art\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve k\u0131tl\u0131klar, Avusturya ve \u0130ran ile ya\u015fanan uzun s\u00fcreli sava\u015flar da etkili oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cel\u00e2li \u0130syanlar\u0131\u2019na \u00e7o\u011funlukla topra\u011f\u0131 elinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, vergisini \u00f6deyemeyen \u00e7ift\u00e7iler ve ta\u015fradaki y\u00f6neticilerin kanunsuzluklar\u0131ndan zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in devlete g\u00fcveni sars\u0131lan ki\u015filer kat\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130syanlar asker ka\u00e7aklar\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla daha da b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cel\u00e2li \u0130syanlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde toplumsal ya\u015fama etkileri neler olmu\u015ftur? A\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cevap:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sosyal d\u00fczeni alt\u00fcst eden bu isyanlar\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 karga\u015fa ortam\u0131nda can kay\u0131plar\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131. Anadolu’da huzur ve g\u00fcven ortam\u0131 kalmad\u0131. K\u00f6yler ve kasabalar harabeye d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Dirlik ve d\u00fczeni bozulan k\u00f6yl\u00fcler topraklar\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131p ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n topra\u011f\u0131nda tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi yapmak zorunda kald\u0131. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 da \u00e7areyi \u015fehirlere s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmakta buldu. Osmanl\u0131 tarihinde “B\u00fcy\u00fck Ka\u00e7gun” ad\u0131 verilen bu g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketi nedeniyle t\u0131mar sistemindeki bozulma h\u0131zland\u0131. \u015eehirlerde kontrols\u00fcz n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak bar\u0131nma, i\u015fsizlik ve asayi\u015f gibi yeni sorunlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kazan\u0131m: 11.2.3. Osmanl\u0131 devlet idaresi ve toplum d\u00fczenindeki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeleri \u00f6nleme \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 analiz eder.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    5. Yeni\u00e7eri \u0130syanlar\u0131, XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru yeni\u00e7eri say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Dev\u015firme Kanunu\u2019na ayk\u0131r\u0131 bi\u00e7imde art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kap\u0131kulu ordusunda disiplinin bozuldu\u011fu bu d\u00f6nemde yeni\u00e7eriler kanunlara ayk\u0131r\u0131 hareket etmeye, g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirmemeye ve devlet i\u015flerine m\u00fcdahale etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Di\u011fer taraftan yeni\u00e7eriler \u201cOcak, devlet i\u00e7indir.\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 terk ederek \u201cDevlet, ocak i\u00e7indir.\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 benimsediler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamadan hareketle \u201cOcak, devlet i\u00e7indir.\u201d ve \u201cDevlet, ocak i\u00e7indir.\u201d anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n\u0131z.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin ilk d\u00f6nemlerinden 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonuna kadar yeni\u00e7eri oca\u011f\u0131 “Ocak, devlet i\u00e7indir.” anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na sahipti. Buna g\u00f6re devlet, ocaktan \u00fcst\u00fcn tutulmu\u015ftur. Devletin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve dirli\u011fi i\u00e7in yeni\u00e7eriler canlar\u0131n\u0131 seve seve feda ederler. Devletin \u015fan\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcceltmek, gaza ve cihat yaparak \u0130slamiyet\u2019i yaymak veya \u0130slamiyet\u2019i sald\u0131r\u0131lardan korumak yeni\u00e7erilerin varl\u0131k sebebidir. Ancak 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren merkezi otoritenin zay\u0131flamas\u0131, oca\u011fa kanuna ayk\u0131r\u0131 \u015fekilde yeni\u00e7eri al\u0131nmas\u0131 oca\u011f\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bozmu\u015f eski anlay\u0131\u015f ortadan kalkarak yerine “Devlet, ocak i\u00e7indir.” anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 gelmi\u015ftir. Bu anlay\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re yeni\u00e7eriler, oca\u011f\u0131 devletten \u00fcst\u00fcn tutarak “E\u011fer bir devlet varsa bu devlet bizi kollamak ve beslemek i\u00e7in vard\u0131r. Bizim isteklerimizi yerine getirmelidir. Sava\u015fsak da sava\u015fmasak da devlet bize maa\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6demelidir. Biz olmazsak bu devlet de var olamaz.” demi\u015flerdir. Bu \u015fekilde kendilerini \u00fcst\u00fcn g\u00f6ren yeni\u00e7eriler istediklerini padi\u015fah yapma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc de elde etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    12. SINIF T.C. \u0130NKILAP TAR\u0130H\u0130 VE ATAT\u00dcRK\u00c7\u00dcL\u00dcK DERS\u0130 1. D\u00d6NEM 2. ORTAK YAZILI SENARYOLARINA Y\u00d6NEL\u0130K MEB SORU-CEVAP \u00c7ALI\u015eMASI<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Kazan\u0131m: 2.1. Kuvay-\u0131 Mill\u00eeye hareketinin olu\u015fumundan B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na kadar olan s\u00fcre\u00e7te meydana gelen geli\u015fmeleri a\u00e7\u0131klar.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. 22 Haziran 1919\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan Amasya Genelgesi\u2019nde \u201cMilletin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yine milletin azim ve karar\u0131 kurtaracakt\u0131r.\u201d karar\u0131 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019nin haz\u0131rl\u0131k d\u00f6neminde al\u0131nan bu karar\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cevap:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Amasya Genelgesi, 22 Haziran 1919’da yay\u0131mlanarak T\u00fcrk milletinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinin temelini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Amasya Genelgesi’ndeki “Milletin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yine milletin azim ve karar\u0131 kurtaracakt\u0131r.” ifadesi, milli iradenin \u00f6nemini vurgulamakta ve halk\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinde kendi kaderini tayin etme hakk\u0131n\u0131 savunmaktad\u0131r. Bu kararla Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele’nin amac\u0131 ve y\u00f6ntemi belirlenmi\u015f ve millet egemenli\u011finden ilk kez s\u00f6z edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kazan\u0131m: 2.2. B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecini ve sonras\u0131nda meydana gelen geli\u015fmeleri kavrar.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. Birinci Meclis; ulusal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131ktan \u00f6d\u00fcn vermeyen, tutsakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n her t\u00fcr\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan m\u00fcdafaa-i hukuk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n somut bir ifadesiydi. D\u00fcnya siyasi tarihinde \u00f6rne\u011fi olmayan, ger\u00e7ekten demokratik, sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir y\u00f6netim organ\u0131, benzersiz bir temsil\u00ee kurumdu. Yetkisini ve yapt\u0131r\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc, k\u00f6kleri eskiye giden \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck tutkusundan al\u0131yordu. Maddi zenginli\u011fe ya da teknolojik geli\u015fmeye de\u011fil inanca ve kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dayan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu metinde ge\u00e7en \u201cBirinci Meclis … m\u00fcdafaa-i hukuk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n somut bir ifadesiydi.\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcyle anlat\u0131lmak isteneni a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cevap:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu s\u00f6z Birinci Meclis’in ulusal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve haklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 konusundaki kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu do\u011frultudaki m\u00fccadele anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 temsil etti\u011fini vurgular. Bu anlay\u0131\u015f bireylerin ve toplumun haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunma, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in direni\u015f g\u00f6sterme ve tutsakl\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda durma gibi de\u011ferleri i\u00e7erir. Birinci Meclis, bu kavram\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irerek halk\u0131n iradesini ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck tutkusunu \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karan bir y\u00f6netim organ\u0131 olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Bu ba\u011flamda m\u00fcdafaa-i hukuk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, yaln\u0131zca bir ideal de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda bu idealin somut bir \u015fekilde hayata ge\u00e7irilmesi i\u00e7in var olan bir kurum anlam\u0131n\u0131 da ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kazan\u0131m: 2.3. Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele s\u00fcrecine etkilerini analiz eder.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3. Paris\u2019e giden Osmanl\u0131 heyeti ve \u0130tilaf Devletleri aras\u0131nda 10 A\u011fustos 1920\u2019de Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ancak Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131 Mebusan Meclisi taraf\u0131ndan onaylanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in hukuken ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019nin ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131 ile de uygulanabilirli\u011fini fiilen kaybetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n baz\u0131 maddelerine a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2022 \u0130stanbul ve \u00e7evresi Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne b\u0131rak\u0131lacak ancak antla\u015fma h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine uyulmazsa \u0130stanbul Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden al\u0131nacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2022 Arap topraklar\u0131, \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n mandas\u0131 alt\u0131na al\u0131nacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2022 Do\u011fu Trakya ve Bat\u0131 Anadolu Yunanistan\u2019a verilecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2022 Antalya, Mu\u011fla, Ayd\u0131n ve Afyon \u0130talyan n\u00fcfuz b\u00f6lgesi olacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2022 Rodos ve On \u0130ki Ada \u0130talyanlara, di\u011fer Ege Adalar\u0131 Yunanlara b\u0131rak\u0131lacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2022 Mardin, Urfa, Antep Fransa\u2019ya kalacak; Adana\u2019dan Kayseri ve Sivas\u2019\u0131n kuzeyine kadar olan b\u00f6lge Frans\u0131z n\u00fcfuzuna d\u00e2hil edilecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2022 Bo\u011fazlar, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin \u00fcye olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cBo\u011fazlar Komisyonu\u201d adl\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 bir \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda ve b\u00fct\u00fcn devletlerin gemilerine a\u00e7\u0131k olacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2022 Osmanl\u0131 silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerindeki asker say\u0131s\u0131 en \u00e7ok 50.700\u2019e \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilecek ve deniz g\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2022 Kapit\u00fclasyonlardan t\u00fcm \u0130tilaf Devletleri yararlanacak ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti sava\u015f tazminat\u0131 \u00f6deyecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2022 Mondros Ate\u015fkes Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 7. maddesi y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte kalacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin bu antla\u015fmay\u0131 uygulamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015faca\u011f\u0131 olumsuz durumlar\u0131 de\u011ferlendiriniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cevap:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti i\u00e7in son derece y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furacak maddeler i\u00e7ermekteydi. Bu antla\u015fman\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok olumsuz duruma kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131. \u00d6zellikle antla\u015fma Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n kayb\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Do\u011fu Trakya, Bat\u0131 Anadolu ve Arap topraklar\u0131 gibi stratejik b\u00f6lgeler Yunanistan ve \u0130tilaf Devletleri taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nacak, bu durum Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n co\u011frafi b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ciddi \u015fekilde sarsacakt\u0131. \u0130stanbul’un Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde kalmas\u0131 ise antla\u015fma h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine uyulmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Bo\u011fazlar uluslararas\u0131 bir komisyona devredilmesi, Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n deniz yollar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetmesine ve uluslararas\u0131 m\u00fcdahalelere a\u00e7\u0131k hale gelmesine yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131. Silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 da Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n savunma kapasitesini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zay\u0131flatacak ve i\u00e7 g\u00fcvenlik sorunlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilecekti. Ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan ise kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n devam etmesi ve sava\u015f tazminat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denmesi, Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisini ciddi \u015fekilde sarsacak, \u00fclkenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ekonomik politikalar geli\u015ftirmesini engelleyecekti. Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eden, siyasi, askeri ve ekonomik olarak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesine neden olacak bir belgeydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kazan\u0131m: 2.4. Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcney Cephelerinde verilen m\u00fccadelelerin \u00fclkemizin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k s\u00fcrecine katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kavrar.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    4. K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 kazan\u0131lan zaferle ilgili de\u011ferlendirmeleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201cAntla\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kabul etmeyen Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 taarruz ba\u015flatt\u0131m. Son darbelerden sonra Ermeniler antla\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kabul ettiler. Antla\u015fma \u015fart\u0131 olarak 2.000 t\u00fcfek, 3 batarya seri ate\u015fli da\u011f topu ve 40 makinal\u0131 t\u00fcfe\u011fi Ermenilerden alarak \u015eark (Do\u011fu) Cephesi\u2019nin ilk zafer hediyesi olarak Garp (Bat\u0131) Cephemize g\u00f6nderdim. Ermenilerin Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndaki imzalar\u0131n\u0131 geri ald\u0131rd\u0131k. Bug\u00fcn\u00fc, bu u\u011fursuz antla\u015fman\u0131n y\u0131rt\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn olarak kutlad\u0131k.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n, Do\u011fu Cephesi\u2019ndeki zaferi \u201cu\u011fursuz antla\u015fman\u0131n y\u0131rt\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn\u201d olarak kutlamas\u0131n\u0131n nedenini a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cevap:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n Do\u011fu Cephesi’ndeki zaferini “u\u011fursuz antla\u015fman\u0131n y\u0131rt\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn” olarak kutlamas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni, bu zaferi sadece askeri bir ba\u015far\u0131 de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda ulusal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmesinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun par\u00e7alanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bir antla\u015fma olarak de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finden bu antla\u015fman\u0131n reddedilmesi ve zaferin kazan\u0131lmas\u0131, T\u00fcrk milletinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k iradesinin sembol\u00fc haline gelmi\u015ftir. Bu ba\u011flamda zafer sadece bir askeri ba\u015far\u0131 de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda milletin gelece\u011fi i\u00e7in verilen bir m\u00fccadelenin sonlanmas\u0131 olarak alg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bug\u00fcn\u00fc kutlamak, ulusal onur ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k arzusunun bir ifadesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kazan\u0131m: 2.5. D\u00fczenli ordunun kurulmas\u0131ndan Mudanya Ate\u015fkes Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na kadar meydana gelen geli\u015fmeleri T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k s\u00fcrecine katk\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan analiz eder.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    5. Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele devam ederken \u00fclkede ya\u015fanan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klara son vermek i\u00e7in yeni bir anayasaya gereksinim duyuldu. Bu ihtiyac\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak amac\u0131yla B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi (BMM), \u00f6zel bir g\u00fcndemle toplanarak yeni bir anayasan\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015flad\u0131. Yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin sonunda 20 Ocak 1921 tarihinde Te\u015fkil\u00e2t-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu kabul edildi ve uygulamaya konuldu. Bu Anayasa 1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda yeni bir anayasa haz\u0131rlanana kadar y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte kald\u0131. 1921 Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemli maddeleri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. Egemenlik kay\u0131ts\u0131z ve \u015farts\u0131z milletindir. Y\u00f6netim \u015fekli, halk\u0131n mukadderat\u0131n\u0131 bizzat ve bilfiil idare etmesi esas\u0131na dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. Yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme yetkileri, milletin tek ve ger\u00e7ek temsilcisi olan B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019nde toplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3. T\u00fcrkiye Devleti, B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi taraf\u0131ndan idare olunur ve \u201cT\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi H\u00fck\u00fbmeti\u201d \u00fcnvan\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    4. Din buyruklar\u0131n\u0131n yerine getirilmesi, antla\u015fma ve bar\u0131\u015f yap\u0131lmas\u0131, sava\u015f karar\u0131 verilmesi gibi temel haklar BMM\u2019nindir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele devam ederken bir anayasa haz\u0131rlamaya ni\u00e7in gerek duymu\u015ftur? A\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cevap:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele D\u00f6nemi’nde yeni bir anayasa yap\u0131lmas\u0131 sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131nda halk\u0131n iradesinin yasal \u00e7er\u00e7evede tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve merkezi bir otoritenin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ulusal birli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kritik bir gereklilikti. Bu nedenle 1921 Anayasas\u0131’n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131, sadece hukuki bir metin olman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde bir milletin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinin de bir ifadesiydi. Egemenli\u011fin millete ait oldu\u011fu ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme ile yasama yetkisinin T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi’nde topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgusu ulusal iradenin \u00f6nemi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Bu t\u00fcr bir anayasan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, sava\u015f\u0131n getirdi\u011fi zorluklara ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kabilmek ve devletin gelece\u011fini \u015fekillendirmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir ara\u00e7t\u0131. Bu ba\u011flamda sava\u015f devam ederken anayasa yap\u0131lmas\u0131 kesinlikle gerekli bir ad\u0131m olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kazan\u0131m: 2.6. Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele sonucunda kazan\u0131lan diplomatik ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fclkemizin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sevr Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (10 A\u011fustos 1920)<\/td>Kapit\u00fclasyonlardan t\u00fcm \u0130tilaf Devletleri yararlanacakt\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr>
    Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (24 Temmuz 1923)<\/td>Adl\u00ee, mali, idari ve ekonomik ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar i\u00e7eren kapit\u00fclasyonlar tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    6. Buna g\u00f6re Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda kapit\u00fclasyonlara ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemenin ne gibi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur? A\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cevap:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131’nda kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Bu d\u00fczenleme, T\u00fcrkiye’nin tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet olarak uluslararas\u0131 alanda tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f ve kendi yasalar\u0131n\u0131 belirleme hakk\u0131n\u0131 peki\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k kazanarak yabanc\u0131 imtiyazlar\u0131na son vermi\u015f, uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerde e\u015fit \u015fartlarda yer almas\u0131na imk\u00e2n tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hukuki a\u00e7\u0131dan yabanc\u0131 mahkemelerin yetkilerinin sona ermesi, ulusal yarg\u0131 sisteminin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak bu durum T\u00fcrkiye’nin ulusal egemenli\u011fini peki\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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