{"id":2437,"date":"2025-03-03T21:35:58","date_gmt":"2025-03-03T18:35:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=2437"},"modified":"2025-11-07T19:33:36","modified_gmt":"2025-11-07T16:33:36","slug":"9-sinif-tarih-iii-unite-orta-cag-medeniyetleri-soru-cevap","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/03\/9-sinif-tarih-iii-unite-orta-cag-medeniyetleri-soru-cevap\/","title":{"rendered":"9. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih III. \u00dcnite Orta \u00c7a\u011f Medeniyetleri Soru-Cevap"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda\u00a0<strong>g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata<\/strong>\u00a0g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0<strong>9. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 3. \u00fcnitesi<\/strong>\u00a0olan<strong>\u00a0Orta \u00c7a\u011f Medeniyetleri soru- cevap<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0<strong>9. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih soru cevap<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z sayesinde ders kitab\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sorular\u0131n\u0131 rahatl\u0131kla \u00e7\u00f6zeceksiniz.<strong>\u00a09. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih yaz\u0131l\u0131ya haz\u0131rl\u0131k\u00a0<\/strong>\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zdaki sorular sizleri\u00a0<strong>9. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih yaz\u0131l\u0131s\u0131na<\/strong>\u00a0haz\u0131rlayacak.\u00a0<strong>Tarih dersi 9. s\u0131n\u0131f sorular<\/strong>\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zerek<strong>\u00a0tyt tarih\u00a0<\/strong>ve\u00a0<strong>ayt tarih\u00a0<\/strong>s\u0131navlar\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z.\u00a0<strong>Maarif modeline<\/strong>\u00a0uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z<strong>\u00a09. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih sorular\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. \u00dcnite Orta \u00c7a\u011f Medeniyetleri kronoloji<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 1:<\/strong> Orta \u00c7a\u011f devletlerinden hangileri T\u00fcrk devletidir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> I. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti (552-630), II. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti (682-742) ve Uygur Devleti (744-840).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 2:<\/strong> Orta \u00c7a\u011f&#8217;da varl\u0131k g\u00f6steren Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ve Sasani Devleti&#8217;nin kronolojik aral\u0131klar\u0131 nelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu (330-1453), Sasaniler (226-651).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 3:<\/strong> Orta \u00c7a\u011f&#8217;da kurulan ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u0130slam devletlerinin (\u0130slam Devleti, Emeviler, Abbasiler) kronolojisi nas\u0131ld\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u0130slam Devleti (622-661), Emeviler (661-750), Abbasi Devleti (750-1258).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3.1. ORTA \u00c7A\u011e\u2019DAK\u0130 K\u0130TLESEL G\u00d6\u00c7LER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 4:<\/strong> &#8220;G\u00f6\u00e7&#8221; kavram\u0131 nas\u0131l tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Bir toplulu\u011fun kendi yerini, yurdunu terk ederek ba\u015fka bir yere gitmesine veya yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesine verilen genel bir add\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 5:<\/strong> &#8220;Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc&#8221; nas\u0131l tan\u0131mlan\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Orta Asya\u2019daki siyasi h\u00e2kimiyetlerini kaybeden Hun boylar\u0131n\u0131n, Balamir \u00f6nderli\u011finde \u0130til Nehri\u2019ni ge\u00e7erek 374 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avrupa y\u00f6n\u00fcnde Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyindeki kavimleri itmesine \u201cKavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc\u201d denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 6:<\/strong> Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc \u00f6ncesinde Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu&#8217;nun durumu nas\u0131ld\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck imparatorlu\u011fu olmu\u015ftu. Ancak MS III. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren do\u011fuda Sasaniler ve bat\u0131da Germen kavimlerinin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle siyasi, asker\u00ee, sosyal ve ekonomik zorluklar ya\u015famaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 7:<\/strong> Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc \u00f6ncesi Avrupa&#8217;da ya\u015fayan Germen kavimleri hangileridir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Ostrogot, Frank, Burgund, Vizigot, Vandal, S\u00fcev gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli Germen kavimleri ya\u015fard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 8:<\/strong> Romal\u0131lar, Germen kavimlerini nas\u0131l g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Romal\u0131lara g\u00f6re kendileri uygar, Germenler ise h\u00e2l\u00e2 uygarla\u015famam\u0131\u015f barbarlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 9:<\/strong> Germen kavimlerinin yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n temel sebebi neydi ve ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin \u00f6zellikleri nelerdi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Germen yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n temel sebebi h\u0131zl\u0131 n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131yd\u0131. Ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lge ormanlar ve batakl\u0131klarla kapl\u0131, kasvetli, so\u011fuk, ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ve su bask\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yerdi; bu co\u011frafi ve iklimsel \u00f6zellikler ya\u015fam\u0131 zorlu k\u0131lmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 10:<\/strong> Asya Hun Devleti&#8217;nin b\u00f6l\u00fcnme s\u00fcreci nas\u0131ld\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Asya Hun Devleti \u00f6nce Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 olarak ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; Do\u011fu Hun Devleti de daha sonra Kuzey ve G\u00fcney olarak b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 11:<\/strong> Baz\u0131 Hun boylar\u0131n\u0131n Avrupa\u2019ya kom\u015fu sahalara yerle\u015fmesinin nedenleri nelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u00c7in bask\u0131s\u0131, veraset sava\u015flar\u0131 ve kurakl\u0131k y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Avrupa\u2019ya kom\u015fu sahalara, \u00f6zellikle Hazar G\u00f6l\u00fc \u00e7evresine yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 12:<\/strong> Sasanilerin Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile m\u00fccadele etmesinin sebebi neydi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Kendilerini Perslerin varisi olarak g\u00f6ren Sasaniler, onlar\u0131n ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlara ula\u015fmak istemi\u015f ve bu ama\u00e7la Roma\u2019dan bu topraklar\u0131n iadesini talep etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>KAV\u0130MLER G\u00d6\u00c7\u00dc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 13:<\/strong> Hun T\u00fcrkleri Avrupa \u00f6nlerinde ilk olarak hangi kavimle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131 ve bu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n etkisi ne oldu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Hun T\u00fcrkleri ilk olarak Alanlar ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Alanlar bat\u0131ya do\u011fru g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve baz\u0131 boy beyleri Hunlara kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 14:<\/strong> Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc&#8217;ndeki &#8220;domino etkisi&#8221; nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Alanlar\u0131n harekete ge\u00e7mesi bir domino etkisi olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Ostrogotlar, Vizigotlar, Vandallar, S\u00fcevler, Burgundlar, Franklar, Ang\u0131llar ve Saksonlar\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketine ba\u015flamas\u0131yla birbirini s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen kavimler, Roma\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7lerine girerek talan ve ya\u011fma hareketlerinde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 15:<\/strong> Hunlar\u0131n Roma topraklar\u0131ndaki ilerleyi\u015fi hangi istikametlerde oldu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u0130ki koldan ilerlemi\u015flerdir; bir kol Balkanlardan Trakya\u2019ya ilerlerken, di\u011fer kol 378\u2019de Tuna\u2019y\u0131 ge\u00e7erek Trakya\u2019ya kadar ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir kol ise Kafkaslardan Anadolu istikametine y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 16:<\/strong> &#8220;Vandall\u0131k&#8221; veya &#8220;Vandalizm&#8221; kavram\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze nas\u0131l gelmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Vandallar taraf\u0131ndan Roma&#8217;n\u0131n ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131, an\u0131tlar\u0131n yok edilmesi ve ya\u011fmac\u0131lar\u0131n her \u015feyi al\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcrmesi Roma\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kaosa yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sebeple Vandall\u0131k (Vandalizm), yap\u0131lan ya\u011fmalar\u0131 anlatan bir kavram olarak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 17:<\/strong> Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc sonras\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu&#8217;nun siyasi durumu ne oldu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u0130\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n bitmedi\u011fi Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu MS 395 tarihinde Do\u011fu Roma ve Bat\u0131 Roma olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu 476 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 18:<\/strong> Bat\u0131 Roma&#8217;n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131yla Avrupa&#8217;da nas\u0131l bir yap\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu \u00e7\u00f6kerken bu iktidar bo\u015flu\u011funu dolduran k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck barbar krall\u0131klar ve feodal beylikler ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Devlet otoritesinden yoksun kalan Avrupa, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir karma\u015faya s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmi\u015f ve k\u0131tan\u0131n siyasi yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendiren feodalizm anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 19:<\/strong> Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ba\u015fl\u0131ca siyasi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 nelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Avrupa Hun Devleti kuruldu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Avrupa milletlerinin temelleri at\u0131ld\u0131. Avrupa\u2019da feodalite g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 20:<\/strong> Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc&#8217;n\u00fcn k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 nelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce geli\u015fti ve Avrupal\u0131lar, T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc tan\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 21:<\/strong> Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc sonras\u0131 baz\u0131 Germen kavimlerinin yerle\u015ftikleri b\u00f6lgeler nerelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Ang\u0131llar ve Saksonlar: \u0130ngiltere. Franklar: Fransa-Galya. Vandallar: \u0130spanya-Afrika. Ostrogotlar ve Vizigotlar: \u0130talya-\u0130spanya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 22:<\/strong> Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da ya\u015fanan kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7lerin Avrupa ve Asya\u2019daki de\u011fi\u015fimlerin etkileri nelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Eski \u00c7a\u011f kapanm\u0131\u015f, Orta \u00c7a\u011f ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Feodal sistem ile papal\u0131k ve kiliseler g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Avrupal\u0131lar T\u00fcrklerden pantolon, \u00fczengi gibi yenilikler \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>FEODAL\u0130ZM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 23:<\/strong> Feodalizmde siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7 nas\u0131l payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Teoride siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7 kralda toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat kral g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc mutlak sadakat ko\u015fuluyla ve kontroll\u00fc olarak yerel derebeyleriyle payla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 24:<\/strong> Feodal d\u00fczende &#8220;\u015f\u00f6valye&#8221; kimdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Lordlar\u0131n, kendisine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve topraklar\u0131na toprak katabilmek i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu sad\u0131k profesyonel sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lara \u015f\u00f6valye ad\u0131 verilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 25:<\/strong> Feodal toplumda &#8220;\u015fato&#8221;nun \u00f6nemi nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u015eato; g\u00fc\u00e7 ve prestij, mevki anlam\u0131na geliyordu ve ayn\u0131 zamanda ger\u00e7ek bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkeziydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 26:<\/strong> Feodal d\u00f6nemde hangi iki s\u0131n\u0131f iyi durumdayd\u0131 ve sayg\u0131 g\u00f6ren meslekler nelerdi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Yaln\u0131z iki s\u0131n\u0131f, soylular ve ruhbanlar maddi ve manevi y\u00f6nleriyle iyi bir durumda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sadece sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve din adaml\u0131\u011f\u0131 sayg\u0131 g\u00f6ren meslekler h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>K\u0130L\u0130SE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 27:<\/strong> Kilise, Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc&#8217;n\u00fcn yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortamdan nas\u0131l faydalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Kilise, k\u00f6k salmak ve yay\u0131lmak i\u00e7in ya\u015fanan korku ve karma\u015fa ortam\u0131ndan faydalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bat\u0131 Roma\u2019n\u0131n b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurarak daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kurum haline gelmi\u015f ve sonunda imparatorlu\u011fun miras\u0131n\u0131 devralm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 28:<\/strong> &#8220;Skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce&#8221; nedir ve temel \u00f6zellikleri nelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en belirgin \u00f6zelliklerinden biridir. Esas olan kilisenin ortaya koymu\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00f6\u011fretidir. Aristo mant\u0131\u011f\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r, kitap ve \u00fcstat bilgileri esas al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in tabiat\u0131n do\u011frudan do\u011fruya m\u00fc\u015fahedesi (g\u00f6zlemi) yoktur. Ger\u00e7e\u011fi ara\u015ft\u0131rma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ya da yeni bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc endi\u015fesi yoktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>AVRUPA HUN DEVLET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 29:<\/strong> Avrupa Hun Devleti&#8217;nin kurucusu kimdir ve nerede kurulmu\u015ftur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> MS 375 y\u0131l\u0131yla birlikte Balamir \u00f6nderli\u011finde bat\u0131ya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Hunlar Macaristan ovalar\u0131na yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir. V. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Kafkaslardan Elbe Irma\u011f\u0131\u2019na kadar uzanan geni\u015f topraklar \u00fczerinde Avrupa Hun \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 30:<\/strong> Attila d\u00f6nemi neden Avrupa Hun Devleti&#8217;nin en parlak d\u00f6nemidir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Attila, Balkan Seferi ile Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu vergiye ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f; Galya Seferi ile Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ba\u015fkenti Roma\u2019y\u0131 abluka alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Papa ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki bar\u0131\u015f heyetinin ricas\u0131n\u0131 kabul ederek Roma&#8217;y\u0131 esirgemi\u015f ve Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 31:<\/strong> Attila&#8217;n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Hunlar neden Karadeniz&#8217;in kuzeyine \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Attila&#8217;n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra yerine o\u011fullar\u0131 \u0130lek, Dengizik ve \u0130rnek ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Avrupa\u2019da tutunamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayan Hunlar, \u0130rnek D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde, Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyine \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 32:<\/strong> Attila hakk\u0131nda t\u00fcretilen en me\u015fhur efsane nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> En me\u015fhuru Attila\u2019n\u0131n, Sava\u015f Tanr\u0131s\u0131 Ares\u2019in k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu ve bu nedenle b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaya h\u00fckmedece\u011fi inanc\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 33:<\/strong> Attila, Avrupa&#8217;da hangi isimle an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Attila, Avrupa\u2019da Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n K\u0131rbac\u0131 olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 34:<\/strong> Almanlar\u0131n Nibelungen Destan\u0131&#8217;nda Attila (Etzel) nas\u0131l tan\u0131t\u0131lmaktad\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Attila\u2019y\u0131 (Etzel) babacan, iyiliksever ve y\u00fcksek vas\u0131fl\u0131 bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak tan\u0131tmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00dcRK G\u00d6\u00c7LER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 35:<\/strong> T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7lerinin temel nedenleri nelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 (ana yurt topraklar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7im bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yetersiz kalmas\u0131), kurakl\u0131k, n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve otlak darl\u0131\u011f\u0131, yabanc\u0131 (\u00c7in ve Mo\u011fol) d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131lar\u0131, ba\u015fka milletlerin egemenli\u011fini kabul etmeme (istiklal arzusu) ve fetih arzusu ile yeni vatanlar kurma fikri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 36:<\/strong> T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7lerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran ve te\u015fvik eden co\u011frafi sebepler nelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyindeki sahalar (Ural da\u011flar\u0131ndan Orta Avrupa\u2019ya kadar), Orta Asya\u2019daki bozk\u0131rlar\u0131n tabii bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 durumundayd\u0131. Bu saha, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc ve iklimiyle T\u00fcrklerin kendilerine has hayat tarzlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye son derece elveri\u015fliydi. Ayr\u0131ca, b\u00f6lgede T\u00fcrklerin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00c7in, \u0130ran ve Bizans gibi yerle\u015fik medeniyete sahip b\u00fcy\u00fck bir devlet \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 37:<\/strong> T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7leri, T\u00fcrk tarihini incelemeyi neden zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131 as\u0131rlarca yeni iklimler, yeni yurtlar arayarak tarihlerini farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r; bu durum T\u00fcrk tarihini belirli bir zaman kesitinde ve b\u00fct\u00fcn h\u00e2linde incelemeyi zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 38:<\/strong> Orta Asya&#8217;dan g\u00f6\u00e7 eden baz\u0131 T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131 ve kurduklar\u0131 devletler nelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Avarlar:<\/strong> Orta Avrupa\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek Avar Devleti\u2019ni kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hazarlar:<\/strong> Karadeniz ile Kafkas Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n kuzeyine g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek Hazar Devleti\u2019ni kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bulgarlar:<\/strong> Balkanlara ve Volga Nehri k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek Bulgar Devleti\u2019ni kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>O\u011fuzlar:<\/strong> \u0130ran\u2019a ve Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu, T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Akhunlar-Eftalitler:<\/strong> Afganistan ve Kuzey Hindistan\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek Ak Hun Devleti\u2019ni kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 39:<\/strong> Yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7en ilk T\u00fcrk devleti hangisidir ve nereye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Uygurlar (Yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7en ilk T\u00fcrk devleti), 840\u2019\u0131 takip eden y\u0131llarda Orhun Nehri \u00e7evresinden T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 40:<\/strong> Balkan co\u011frafyas\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 eden T\u00fcrk kavimleri hangileridir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Ba\u015fta Do\u011fu Avrupa Hunlar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere, Avarlar, Bulgarlar, Sabarlar, Hazarlar, Pe\u00e7enekler, Uzlar (O\u011fuz) ve Kuman-K\u0131p\u00e7aklar bu b\u00f6lgeye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3.2. ORTA \u00c7A\u011e\u2019DAK\u0130 S\u0130YAS\u0130 VE ASKER\u0130 GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 41:<\/strong> Orta \u00c7a\u011f ba\u015flar\u0131nda Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n siyasi durumu nas\u0131ld\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun 476\u2019da tarih sahnesinden \u00e7ekilmesiyle Avrupa, zay\u0131f siyasi sistemlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve b\u00f6lgede feodalite \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 42:<\/strong> Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Asya&#8217;da (Balkanlar, Anadolu, Mezopotamya vb.) hangi iki b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 bulunuyordu ve dinleri neydi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Do\u011fu Roma ile Sasani imparatorluklar\u0131 iki b\u00fcy\u00fck monar\u015fi olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettiriyordu. Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun dini Hristiyanl\u0131k iken S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eeler Zerd\u00fc\u015ftilik\u2019e inan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sasaniler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 43:<\/strong> Sasani \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu kim taraf\u0131ndan, nerede ve ne zaman kurulmu\u015ftur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> 226 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ran\u2019da Part egemenli\u011fine son veren ve \u015fahan\u015fah unvan\u0131n\u0131 alan Erde\u015fir taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 44:<\/strong> Sasanilerin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 kimdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> I. H\u00fcsrev (531-579), S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eelerin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 olarak bilinir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 45:<\/strong> Sasaniler, Ak Hun Devleti&#8217;ne kar\u015f\u0131 kiminle ittifak kurmu\u015f ve sonucu ne olmu\u015ftur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u0130pek transit ticaretini elinde tutan Ak Hun Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk yabgusu \u0130stemi ile ittifak kurmu\u015ftur. Bu ittifak sonucunda Ak Hun Devleti y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (557) ve topraklar\u0131 iki devlet aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 46:<\/strong> Sasaniler ile Do\u011fu Roma aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015flar\u0131n temel nedeni nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eeler, halefleri olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri Pers \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015fmak istemi\u015ftir. Bu idealin ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun h\u00fckmetti\u011fi Anadolu topraklar\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131 gerekmekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 47:<\/strong> Sasani h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 hangi unvan\u0131 kullan\u0131rd\u0131 ve y\u00f6netim yap\u0131s\u0131 nas\u0131ld\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> H\u00fck\u00fcmdarlara \u015fahlar\u0131n \u015fah\u0131 anlam\u0131nda \u201c\u015fahan\u015fah\u201d ad\u0131 verilmekteydi. S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eelerde devlet y\u00f6netimi olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015f y\u00fcksek kapasitede merkeziyet\u00e7i bir yap\u0131ya sahipti. Devlet i\u015fleri divan ad\u0131 verilen kurullarda icra edilmekteydi. \u00dclke d\u00f6rt ana eyaletten olu\u015fuyordu ve bu eyaletlere satrap ad\u0131 verilmekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 48:<\/strong> Sasani ordusu hangi sisteme g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenmi\u015fti ve hangi birim zaferlerin temel nedenlerinden biri olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Ordu birlikleri t\u0131pk\u0131 Orta Asya toplumlar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi onluk sisteme g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenmi\u015fti. S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee ordusunun en etkin s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer alan sava\u015f filleri, bir\u00e7ok kaynakta zaferlerin temel nedenlerinden biri olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 49:<\/strong> Sasaniler hangi sava\u015fla ve ne zaman y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Hz. \u00d6mer D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde yap\u0131lan Nihavend Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda yenilmi\u015f ve 651 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 50:<\/strong> Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu (Bizans) ne zaman ve kim taraf\u0131ndan kuruldu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> 330 y\u0131l\u0131nda I. Konstantin taraf\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul\u2019da kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 51:<\/strong> Do\u011fu Roma (Bizans) ile Avrupa Hun Devleti aras\u0131nda imzalanan Margus Antla\u015fmas\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n (434) baz\u0131 maddeleri nelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re Bizansl\u0131lar bundan b\u00f6yle Hun ka\u00e7aklar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmeyecek ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131nanlar\u0131 geri vereceklerdi. Bizansl\u0131lar, Hunlar\u0131n harp halinde bulunduklar\u0131 hi\u00e7bir kavimle ittifak kuramayacaklard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Hunlara \u00f6denen verginin iki misline \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131na raz\u0131 olmak zorunda kald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 52:<\/strong> Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hangi h\u00fck\u00fcmdar d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ve en geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 I. Justinianus (Justinyanus) (527-565) iktidar\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ve imparatorluk en geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 53:<\/strong> I. Justinianus&#8217;un (Justinyanus) en \u00f6nemli icraatlar\u0131 nelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u00dclkedeki hukuku yeniden d\u00fczenleyerek kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan kanunlar haz\u0131rlatt\u0131. Nika \u0130syan\u0131 (532) s\u0131ras\u0131nda yanm\u0131\u015f olan Ayasofya\u2019y\u0131 muhte\u015fem bir \u015fekilde yeniden in\u015fa ettirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 54:<\/strong> Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu hangi olayla tarih sahnesinden \u00e7ekildi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> 1453\u2019te \u0130stanbul\u2019un T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan fethedilmesiyle tarih sahnesinden \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 55:<\/strong> Bizans&#8217;ta &#8220;Thema&#8221; sistemi nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u0130dar\u00ee ve asker\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fc bir arada tutan ve imparator taraf\u0131ndan atanan komutan\u0131n y\u00f6netimindeki idar\u00ee, asker\u00ee ve sosyo-ekonomik y\u00f6netim birimidir. (Osmanl\u0131daki t\u0131mar sisteminin benzeridir).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 56:<\/strong> Bizans ordusunun as\u0131l g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ne olu\u015fturuyordu ve hangi milletlerden \u00fccretli askerler g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> As\u0131l g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc eyalet birlikleri olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. XI. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren ise \u00fccretli askerler ordunun asl\u00ee unsuru h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. Bizans ordusunda; \u0130ngiliz, Frank, Norman, Bulgar, G\u00fcrc\u00fc, Pe\u00e7enek, K\u0131p\u00e7ak, Uz gibi \u00fccretli askerler g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 57:<\/strong> G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti ne zaman, kimin \u00f6nderli\u011finde ve nerede kuruldu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> T\u00fcrk milletine ad\u0131n\u0131 veren G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler, Bumin Ka\u011fan \u00f6nderli\u011finde 552 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00d6t\u00fcken merkezli kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 58:<\/strong> I. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti&#8217;nin en parlak d\u00f6nemi hangi ka\u011fan zaman\u0131ndad\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Mukan Ka\u011fan (553-573) I. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019ne \u00e7ok parlak bir d\u00f6nem ya\u015fatt\u0131. Do\u011fuda Kore\u2019den, bat\u0131da Karadeniz\u2019e kadar uzanan sahada ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131n\u0131 ve yabanc\u0131 kavimleri G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklere ba\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 59:<\/strong> \u00dclkenin bat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 idare eden \u0130stemi Yabgu&#8217;nun d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131 nas\u0131ld\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> D\u00f6nemin iki b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcc\u00fc olan S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee ve Bizans imparatorluklar\u0131 ile ittifaklar kurdu. \u0130pek transit ticaretini elinde tutan Ak Hun-Eftalit\u2019lere kar\u015f\u0131 S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile antla\u015fma yapt\u0131. Bu ittifakla Ak Hun devleti y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131 (557).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 60:<\/strong> \u0130stemi Yabgu&#8217;nun Sasanilerle ittifak\u0131 neden bozuldu ve Bizans&#8217;a neden heyet g\u00f6nderdi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 An\u00fb\u015f\u00eerv\u00e2n, \u0130pek kervan yolunun M\u00e2vera\u00fcnnehir g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131 da ele ge\u00e7irmek istiyordu. Bu maksatla, kendi \u00fclkesinden yap\u0131lan ipek nakliyat\u0131n\u0131 durdurdu ve \u0130stemi\u2019nin el\u00e7ilerini \u00f6ld\u00fcrtt\u00fc. \u0130ran ile uzla\u015fma \u00fcmidini kesen \u0130stemi, Bizans\u2019a d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve \u0130stanbul\u2019a bir heyet g\u00f6nderdi (567).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 61:<\/strong> Orta Asya&#8217;dan Do\u011fu Roma&#8217;ya (\u0130stanbul) giden ilk resm\u00ee heyet ne zaman g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> 567 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stemi Yabgu taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 62:<\/strong> II. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti (Kutluk Devleti) kimin \u00f6nderli\u011finde ve ne zaman kuruldu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 y\u0131l \u00c7in esaretinde ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrkler, Kutluk Ka\u011fan \u00f6nderli\u011finde 682 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanarak II. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019ni kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 63:<\/strong> G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerde siyasi iktidar (ka\u011fanl\u0131k) hangi anlay\u0131\u015fa dayan\u0131yordu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Siyasi iktidar \u201ckut\u201d tabiri ile ifade olunuyordu. Ka\u011fanl\u0131k ki\u015fiye Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan verilirdi. Milleti i\u00e7in gece g\u00fcnd\u00fcz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayan ka\u011fan, vazifelerini yerine getirmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in kut\u2019unun Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan geri al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle iktidardan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 64:<\/strong> T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n\u0131n &#8220;t\u00f6re&#8221; (s\u00f6zl\u00fc hukuk kurallar\u0131) ile ili\u015fkisi nas\u0131ld\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 kanunlar\u0131 (t\u00f6re) uygular, kendisi de uyar fakat kanun yapamazd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 65:<\/strong> T\u00f6renin kesinlikle de\u011fi\u015fmeyen h\u00fck\u00fcmleri nelerdi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> K\u00f6nilik (adalet), uzluk (iyilik, faydal\u0131l\u0131k) ve ki\u015filik (insanl\u0131k).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 66:<\/strong> G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerde meclise ne ad verilirdi ve Bilge Ka\u011fan&#8217;\u0131n hangi teklifleri meclis taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmemi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Meclis kelimesinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ctoy\u201d idi. Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk \u015fehirlerinin etraf\u0131n\u0131n surla \u00e7evrilmesi ve Budizmin \u00fclkede propaganda edilmesi teklifleri meclis taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 67:<\/strong> G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk toplumunda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n (hatun) yeri nas\u0131ld\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u0130nsanlar\u0131n hepsi h\u00fcrd\u00fc, kulluk ve k\u00f6lelik yoktu. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n toplumda \u00f6nemli yerleri vard\u0131. Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n kar\u0131s\u0131 hatun, devlet i\u015flerinde kocas\u0131yla birlikte s\u00f6z sahibidir. Kad\u0131nlar birliklere ve ordulara kumanda edebilir ve harplere kat\u0131labilirlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 68:<\/strong> G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk ordusunun temel \u00f6zellikleri nelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Ordu-millet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 vard\u0131; bar\u0131\u015f zaman\u0131 i\u015fiyle me\u015fgul olan halk, sava\u015fta topyek\u00fbn seferber olurdu. T\u00fcrk ordusu \u00fccretli de\u011fildir. T\u00fcrk ordusu da\u00eemidir. T\u00fcrk ordusu temelde atl\u0131 birliklerden olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Uygurlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 69:<\/strong> B\u00fcy\u00fck Uygur Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ne zaman ve kim taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> 745 y\u0131l\u0131nda Uygur yabgusu, Basm\u0131l ka\u011fan\u0131n\u0131 yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131p kendini ka\u011fan il\u00e2n etmi\u015f ve Kutlu\u011f Bilge K\u00f6l unvan\u0131n\u0131 alarak devleti kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 70:<\/strong> Uygurlar\u0131n gerilemesinde ve 840 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u0131rg\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131yla y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131nda hangi dinin rol\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck olmu\u015ftur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Bunda sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ruhunu gev\u015feten Maniheizm\u2019in rol\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 71:<\/strong> Uygurlar\u0131n hayat tarz\u0131n\u0131n G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklere g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmesinin sebepleri nelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u00c7inlilerle fazla yak\u0131nla\u015fma ve Maniheizm\u2019in \u00fclkede kabul g\u00f6rmesi hayat tarz\u0131n\u0131 eskisine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015ftirmelerine sebep olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 72:<\/strong> Uygurlar\u0131n yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7mesini ama\u00e7layan ka\u011fan kimdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> B\u00f6g\u00fc Ka\u011fan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 73:<\/strong> Eski T\u00fcrk devletlerinde &#8220;Katun&#8221; (Hatun) rol\u00fc neydi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Ka\u011fandan sonra ikinci s\u0131ray\u0131 al\u0131rd\u0131. T\u00f6re ile katunluk makam\u0131na otururlard\u0131. Sava\u015flarda ka\u011fanlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda yer al\u0131r, bazen ordulara komuta ederlerdi. Devlet meclislerine kat\u0131l\u0131r ve oy sahibi olurlard\u0131. Fermanlar\u0131n muhakkak surette \u201chakan ile hatun buyurur ki\u2026\u201d diye ba\u015flamas\u0131 laz\u0131md\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00c7\u0130N<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 74:<\/strong> \u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu&#8217;nun T\u00fcrkistan h\u00e2kimiyeti m\u00fccadelesi hangi sava\u015fla ve nas\u0131l sona ermi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Abbasilere kar\u015f\u0131 Talas Sava\u015f\u0131 (751) ile kaybeden \u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki n\u00fcfuzu sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 75:<\/strong> \u00c7in&#8217;de etkili olan ahlak sistemi nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u00c7in\u2019de bir ahlak sistemi olan Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 76:<\/strong> \u00c7in&#8217;deki sosyal yap\u0131 nas\u0131ld\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Halk, sosyal durumlar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u015ee\u2019ler (asiller) ve Nong\u2019lar (k\u00f6yl\u00fcler) olmak \u00fczere iki z\u00fcmreye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve bu s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ayr\u0131ca k\u00f6lelik m\u00fcessesesine de yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u0130ND\u0130STAN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 77:<\/strong> Hindistan&#8217;da siyasi birli\u011fin olmamas\u0131n\u0131n ve halk\u0131n kesin \u00e7izgilerle ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Kast sistemi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden halk, kesin \u00e7izgilerle birbirinden ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 78:<\/strong> Kast sistemi nedir ve s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 nelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Bir ki\u015finin toplumsal konumunun ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca belirlendi\u011fi toplumsal bir d\u00fczendir. S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131; brahmanlar (din adamlar\u0131), k\u015fatriyalar (askerler), vaisyalar (\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar) ve sudralar (i\u015f\u00e7iler ve k\u00f6leler) \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 79:<\/strong> Kast sisteminin toplumsal \u00f6zellikleri nelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Kast toplumlar\u0131nda farkl\u0131 toplumsal gruplar birbirlerine kapal\u0131d\u0131r. Herkes, bir daha terk edemeyece\u011fi bir kast i\u00e7inde do\u011far, bu kasttan e\u015f se\u00e7er ve bu kast i\u00e7inde \u00f6l\u00fcr. Her kast bireyinin alabilece\u011fi e\u011fitim ve yapabilece\u011fi meslek t\u00fcrleri bellidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ARAP YARIMADASI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 80:<\/strong> Hz. Muhammed&#8217;in do\u011fdu\u011fu s\u0131ralarda Arabistan&#8217;\u0131n siyasi ve sosyal durumu nas\u0131ld\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Siyasi birlikten yoksun olan Arabistan\u2019da koyu bir kabilecilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 vard\u0131. Kabileler aras\u0131nda soy \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve kan davas\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 sava\u015flar ya\u015fan\u0131rd\u0131. Toplum; h\u00fcrler, k\u00f6leler ve mevaliler olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 sosyal s\u0131n\u0131fa ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yar\u0131mada genelinde putperestlik h\u00e2kimdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hz. Muhammed D\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 81:<\/strong> Hz. Muhammed&#8217;e ilk vahiy ne zaman ve nerede gelmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> 610 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nur Da\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki Hira Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019nda Cebrail arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile iletilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 82:<\/strong> Hicret (622) neden ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> M\u00fc\u015friklerin M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara \u015fiddet ve i\u015fkence uygulamas\u0131 ve Hz. Peygamber\u2019i \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye karar vermeleri \u00fczerine Hz. Muhammed 622 y\u0131l\u0131nda Medine\u2019ye hicret etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 83:<\/strong> \u0130slam tarihinde yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir anayasan\u0131n ilk \u00f6rne\u011fi nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Hicretten sonra Hz. Peygamber&#8217;in Medine toplumunu olu\u015fturan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131, Yahudileri ve di\u011fer gruplar\u0131 bir \u015fehir devleti halinde te\u015fkil\u00e2tland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in esaslar\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir metin (sah\u00eefe) halinde ortaya koydu\u011fu belgedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 84:<\/strong> Bedir Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n (624) nedeni ve sonucu nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Nedeni, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n \u015eam\u2019dan Mekke\u2019ye d\u00f6nen b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kervan\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek istemesi \u00fczerine Mekkeli m\u00fc\u015friklerin harekete ge\u00e7mesidir. Sonucu, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u00fcst\u00fcn gelmi\u015f ve m\u00fc\u015friklere kar\u015f\u0131 ilk asker\u00ee ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 85:<\/strong> Uhud Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;nda (625) M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n bozguna u\u011framas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Hz. Muhammed\u2019in Ayneyn Ge\u00e7idi\u2019ne yerle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ok\u00e7ular\u0131n yerlerini terk etmesi nedeniyle M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar bozguna u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 86:<\/strong> Hendek Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n (627) \u00f6zelli\u011fi ve sonucu nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Hz. Peygamber&#8217;in isti\u015fare yapt\u0131ktan sonra \u015fehrin etraf\u0131na derin hendekler kaz\u0131lmas\u0131na karar vermesiyle savunma yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sava\u015fla Mekkeli m\u00fc\u015friklerin Medine\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 son bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 87:<\/strong> Hudeybiye Antla\u015fmas\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n (628) \u00f6nemi nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Bu antla\u015fma ile Mekkeli m\u00fc\u015frikler, \u0130slam Devleti\u2019ni resmen tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 88:<\/strong> Hayber&#8217;in Fethi&#8217;nin (629) \u00f6nemi nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Mekkeli m\u00fc\u015friklerle i\u015f birli\u011fi yapan Yahudilerin bulundu\u011fu Hayber fethedilmi\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece \u015eam ticaret yolunun g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 89:<\/strong> M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla Do\u011fu Roma aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ilk sava\u015f hangisidir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> 629 y\u0131l\u0131nda meydana gelen Mute Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 90:<\/strong> Mekke&#8217;nin Fethi&#8217;nin (630) nedeni ve sonucu ne olmu\u015ftur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Nedeni, Mekkeli m\u00fc\u015friklerin Hudeybiye Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na sad\u0131k kalmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Sonucunda hicretten sonra Mekke ile Medine aras\u0131nda ba\u015flayan d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k sona ermi\u015f ve Hicaz B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tesis edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 91:<\/strong> Hz. Peygamber&#8217;in son seferi hangisidir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> 631 y\u0131l\u0131nda Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun sefere \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 haberi \u00fczerine d\u00fczenlenen Teb\u00fck Seferi&#8217;dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 92:<\/strong> Hz. Peygamber ne zaman vefat etmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> 632 y\u0131l\u0131nda Medine\u2019de vefat etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>D\u00f6rt Halife D\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 93:<\/strong> &#8220;Ridde Sava\u015flar\u0131&#8221; (632-633) nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Hz. Ebu Bekir\u2019in halifeli\u011finin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u0130slamiyet\u2019ten d\u00f6nerek devlete isyan eden kabilelerle yap\u0131lan sava\u015flard\u0131r. Hz. Ebubekir bu kabilelere \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck kurarak kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klara son vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 94:<\/strong> Kur&#8217;an-\u0131 Kerim neden ve hangi halife d\u00f6neminde kitap h\u00e2line getirilmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Hz. Ebu Bekir D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde bir\u00e7ok haf\u0131z\u0131n \u015fehit olmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, unutulmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek amac\u0131yla ayetler bir araya toplat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim kitap h\u00e2line getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 95:<\/strong> Suriye&#8217;nin fethi hangi sava\u015fla tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Hz. \u00d6mer zaman\u0131nda Bizans ile yap\u0131lan 636 Yerm\u00fck sava\u015f\u0131 ile Suriye\u2019nin fethi tamamland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 96:<\/strong> Kud\u00fcs hangi halife d\u00f6neminde ve nas\u0131l teslim al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Hz. \u00d6mer zaman\u0131nda ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, halk\u0131n aman dilemesi \u00fczerine Halife \u00d6mer 638 y\u0131l\u0131nda bizzat gelerek \u015fehri Patrik Sophronios\u2019tan teslim alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 97:<\/strong> S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu&#8217;nun y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan sava\u015flar hangileridir ve hangi halife d\u00f6nemindedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Hz. \u00d6mer d\u00f6neminde yap\u0131lan Kadisiye Sava\u015f\u0131 (636), Celula Sava\u015f\u0131 (637) ve Nihavend Sava\u015f\u0131 (642) sonucunda S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 98:<\/strong> T\u00fcrklerle M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar hangi halife d\u00f6neminde kom\u015fu olmu\u015ftur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Hz. \u00d6mer d\u00f6neminde Horasan\u2019a kadar olan b\u00f6lgelerin fethedilmesiyle T\u00fcrklerle kom\u015fu olunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 99:<\/strong> Hz. \u00d6mer d\u00f6neminde kurulan ve askeri ama\u00e7l\u0131 olan \u015fehirlere ne ad verilir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Ordug\u00e2h \u015fehirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 100:<\/strong> Hicr\u00ee takvim hangi halife d\u00f6neminde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Hz. \u00d6mer d\u00f6neminde, hicret ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 kabul edilerek d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 101:<\/strong> \u0130lk \u0130slam donanmas\u0131 hangi halife d\u00f6neminde kurulmu\u015f, ilk deniz zaferi hangisidir ve K\u0131br\u0131s ne zaman fethedilmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Hz. Osman D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Suriye Valisi Muaviye taraf\u0131ndan donanma kurulmu\u015f, 649\u2019da K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131 fethetmi\u015ftir. Bu donanma Do\u011fu Roma ile sava\u015farak Z\u00e2t\u00fc\u2019s-sav\u00e2r\u00ee (655) denilen ilk deniz zaferini kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 102:<\/strong> Kur&#8217;an-\u0131 Kerim hangi halife d\u00f6neminde \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Hz. Osman Devri\u2019nde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 103:<\/strong> Hz. Ali D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde fetih hareketlerinin durmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Hz. Osman\u2019\u0131n \u015fehit edilmesinden sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan olaylar nedeniyle Hz. Ali D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde fetih hareketleri durmu\u015f ve \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 104:<\/strong> &#8220;Cemel Vakas\u0131&#8221; (656) nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Hz. Osman&#8217;\u0131n katillerinin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla Hz. \u00c2i\u015fe, Talha ve Z\u00fcbeyir taraftarlar\u0131 ile Hz. Ali&#8217;nin ordusu aras\u0131nda Basra&#8217;da ya\u015fanan sava\u015ft\u0131r. Sava\u015f, Z\u00fcbeyir ve Talha\u2019n\u0131n hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmeleri ve Hz. \u00c2i\u015fe taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131n yenilgisiyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 105:<\/strong> &#8220;S\u0131ff\u00een Sava\u015f\u0131&#8221; (657) kimler aras\u0131nda olmu\u015ftur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> G\u00f6revden al\u0131nmay\u0131 kabullenemeyen ve Hz. Ali&#8217;ye biat etmeyen Emev\u00eeler\u2019in lideri durumundaki Mu\u00e2viye ile Hz. Ali aras\u0131nda olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 106:<\/strong> &#8220;H\u00e2ric\u00eeler&#8221; nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> S\u0131ff\u00een Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n hakemlere havale edilmesi \u00fczerine Hz. Ali\u2019nin ordusundan ayr\u0131lan ve daha sonra onunla Nehrevan\u2019da sava\u015fan z\u00fcmredir. Hz. Ali, \u0130bn M\u00fclcem adl\u0131 bir H\u00e2ric\u00ee taraf\u0131ndan \u015fehid edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 107:<\/strong> D\u00f6rt Halife D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde halifeler nas\u0131l belirlenmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir ile Hz. Ali Medine halk\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7imiyle, Hz. \u00d6mer b\u0131rakma suretiyle, Hz. Osman\u2019da \u015f\u00fbra yoluyla hil\u00e2fete gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 108:<\/strong> D\u00f6rt Halife D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde iktidar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak ne kabul edilmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Halifeler iktidar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar yani \u00fcmmet oldu\u011funu kabul etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 109:<\/strong> Hz. \u00d6mer d\u00f6neminde kurulan &#8220;divan te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131&#8221;n\u0131n kurulma sebebi nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Fetihler sonucunda \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00fclkelerinin geni\u015flemesi \u00fczerine fey (vergi) gelirlerinin artmas\u0131 Hz. \u00d6mer\u2019i yeni bir d\u00fczenlemeye gitmek mecburiyetinde b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f ve divan te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131 b\u00f6ylece kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 110:<\/strong> Hz. \u00d6mer d\u00f6neminde kurulan askeri merkezlere ne ad verilirdi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u00d6mer, c\u00fcnd ad\u0131 verilen bir\u00e7ok askeri merkez kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Emeviler D\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 111:<\/strong> Emeviler devleti ne zaman, kim taraf\u0131ndan ve nerede kurulmu\u015ftur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> D\u00f6rt Halife D\u00f6nemi\u2019nden sonra Muaviye taraf\u0131ndan 661\u2019de \u015eam\u2019da kurulan Emeviler, ilk \u0130slam hanedan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 112:<\/strong> Emevilerin \u0130stanbul ku\u015fatmas\u0131n\u0131n (668-675) ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Yedi y\u0131l s\u00fcren ku\u015fatma, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman gemilerinin Grek ate\u015fiyle yak\u0131lmas\u0131 ve karadan yap\u0131lan h\u00fccumun \u0130stanbul surlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015famamas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015famad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 113:<\/strong> \u0130spanya&#8217;n\u0131n fethi hangi komutan \u00f6nderli\u011finde ve hangi sava\u015fla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Tar\u0131k bin Ziyad, 711 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rio Guadalete mevkisinde Gotlar\u0131 ma\u011flup etmi\u015ftir. Bu zaferden sonra b\u00f6lgede \u00f6nemli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130spanya\u2019y\u0131 fethetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 114:<\/strong> Emevilerin Avrupa\u2019daki ilerleyi\u015fi hangi sava\u015fla durdurulmu\u015ftur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Franklar taraf\u0131ndan Puvatya Sava\u015f\u0131 (732) ile Prene Da\u011flar\u0131nda durdurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 115:<\/strong> &#8220;Kerbela Olay\u0131&#8221; (680) nedir ve \u00f6nemi nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Mu\u00e2viye\u2019nin vefat\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Yez\u00eed\u2019e biat etmeyen Hz. H\u00fcseyin ve beraberindekilerin 10 Ekim 680&#8217;de Kerbel\u00e2\u2019da hunharca katledilmesi olay\u0131d\u0131r. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n iki z\u00fcmreye ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n esas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil eden bu facia, Emev\u00eeler\u2019in y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli sebeplerinden biri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 116:<\/strong> Emeviler d\u00f6nemindeki &#8220;Mevali siyaseti&#8221; nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u0130ktidarda bulunan Emev\u00ee y\u00f6neticilerinin \u00e7o\u011funun M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi ilkesini bir yana b\u0131rakarak mev\u00e2l\u00ee (Arap olmayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar) ile Araplar aras\u0131nda ay\u0131r\u0131m yapmas\u0131, mev\u00e2l\u00eeye Kur\u2019an ve S\u00fcnnet\u2019te yeri olmayan baz\u0131 vergiler y\u00fcklemesi ve onlar\u0131 asker\u00ee maa\u015f divan\u0131na kaydetmemesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 117:<\/strong> Hangi Emevi halifesi mevali siyasetine son vermi\u015ftir ve neden &#8220;Hulef\u00e2-yi R\u00e2\u015fid\u00een\u2019in be\u015fincisi&#8221; say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u00d6mer b. Abd\u00fclaz\u00eez (717-720). Mev\u00e2l\u00eeyi Arap as\u0131ll\u0131 m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla e\u015fit kabul etmi\u015ftir. Saraydaki l\u00fcks\u00fc b\u0131rakmas\u0131, halktan biri gibi ya\u015famas\u0131 gibi ilk d\u00f6rt halifeyi \u00f6rnek alan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 sebebiyle Hulef\u00e2-yi R\u00e2\u015fid\u00een\u2019in be\u015fincisi say\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 118:<\/strong> Emevilerin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f nedenleri nelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Son d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fanan taht m\u00fccadeleleri ve halifelerin k\u00f6t\u00fc y\u00f6netimi merkez\u00ee otoriteyi zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kerbela Olay\u0131 ve mevali siyaseti de bu duruma eklenince Emeviler halk\u0131n deste\u011fini kaybetmi\u015ftir. Horasan\u2019da e\u015fitlik ve adalet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle isyan ba\u015flatan Abbasi ailesi, 750 y\u0131l\u0131nda Emevilere son vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 119:<\/strong> \u0130slam tarihinde halifeli\u011fin saltanata d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi hangi olayla olmu\u015ftur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Mu\u00e2viye\u2019nin hil\u00e2fet makam\u0131na ge\u00e7mesiyle ve en \u00f6nemli icraat\u0131 olan o\u011flu Yez\u00eed\u2019i veliaht tayin etmesiyle olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 120:<\/strong> Emeviler d\u00f6neminde olu\u015fturulan &#8220;h\u00e2ciblik&#8221; g\u00f6revi nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k merasimleriyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. H\u00e2cibin vazifesi halifenin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak, halk taraf\u0131ndan me\u015fgul edilmesini \u00f6nlemek ve yapaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri d\u00fczenlemekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 121:<\/strong> Emeviler d\u00f6neminde T\u00fcrkler orduda yer alm\u0131\u015f m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Evet, Emev\u00eeler art\u0131k T\u00fcrkleri, \u0130sl\u00e2m ordular\u0131nda istihdam etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Abbasiler D\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 122:<\/strong> Abbasiler devleti kim taraf\u0131ndan ve ne zaman kurulmu\u015ftur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Ebu\u2019l Abbas Seffah taraf\u0131ndan 750 y\u0131l\u0131nda Emevi hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na son verilerek kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 123:<\/strong> Talas Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n (751) taraflar\u0131 kimlerdir ve sonucu ne olmu\u015ftur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki otorite bo\u015flu\u011funu doldurmak isteyen \u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile Abbasiler aras\u0131nda meydana gelmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrklerin deste\u011fini alan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Araplar, \u00c7in ordusuna kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zafer kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sava\u015f sonucunda, T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki \u00c7in bask\u0131s\u0131 ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 124:<\/strong> Abbasilerin en parlak d\u00f6nemi hangi halife zaman\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Halife Harun Re\u015fid (786-809) Abbasilere en parlak d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 125:<\/strong> &#8220;Avas\u0131m&#8221; nedir ve kimler buraya yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u0130slam Devleti ile Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndaki (Tarsus, Mara\u015f ve Malatya) kalelerin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirildi\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131r hatt\u0131na \u201cavas\u0131m\u201d ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrklerden olu\u015fan asker\u00ee birlikler buraya yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 126:<\/strong> Hangi Abbasi halifesi T\u00fcrk askerlerine dayanarak S\u00e2marr\u00e2 \u015fehrini kurmu\u015f ve hil\u00e2fet merkezini oraya ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Mu\u2019tas\u0131m (833-842) halife olunca otoritesini T\u00fcrklere dayand\u0131rmay\u0131 tercih etmi\u015f, muhaf\u0131z k\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131 onlardan kurmu\u015ftur. S\u00e2marr\u00e2 \u015fehrini kurarak T\u00fcrk askerleriyle birlikte hil\u00e2fet merkezini oraya nakletmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 127:<\/strong> &#8220;S\u00e2marr\u00e2 Devri&#8221; (836-892) nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Abb\u00e2si tarihinde T\u00fcrklerin yaln\u0131z asker\u00ee alanda de\u011fil, siyas\u00ee ve idar\u00ee alanlarda da devlette etkili olduklar\u0131 devirdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 128:<\/strong> Abbasiler hangi devletin idari yap\u0131s\u0131ndan etkilenerek &#8220;vezirlik&#8221; kurumunu olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Abb\u00e2s\u00eeler ile birlikte ilk defa ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan vezirlik kurumu Sasan\u00eeler\u2019den al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 129:<\/strong> Abbasi ordusu, T\u00fcrk birliklerinin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndan sonra hangi askeri sistemi esas alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> T\u00fcrk birliklerinin hil\u00e2fet ordusunun saflar\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra T\u00fcrkler\u2019deki onlu sistem esas al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 130:<\/strong> Abbasiler ne zaman ve kimler taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Abbasilere 1258 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mo\u011follar son vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 131:<\/strong> T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slamiyet&#8217;i kabul etmelerini h\u0131zland\u0131ran etkenler nelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> T\u00fcrkler k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 zoruyla de\u011fil kendi istek ve iradeleriyle \u0130slamiyet&#8217;i benimsemi\u015ftir. Abbasilerin mevali siyasetini terk etmesi yay\u0131lmay\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda G\u00f6k tanr\u0131 dini ile \u0130slamiyet aras\u0131nda benzerlikler bulunmas\u0131 ve \u0130slamiyet\u2019in T\u00fcrk mizac\u0131na uygun gelmesi de etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Kurulan T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Devletleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 132:<\/strong> M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da kurulan ilk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk devleti hangisidir ve kim taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Toluno\u011fullar\u0131 Devleti (868-905). Ahmed b. Tolun taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 133:<\/strong> M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da T\u00fcrk usul\u00fc yapt\u0131r\u0131lan ilk cami hangisidir ve hangi devlet d\u00f6neminde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Toluno\u011fullar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131lan Tul\u00fbniyye Camisi, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da T\u00fcrk usul\u00fc yapt\u0131r\u0131lan ilk camidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 134:<\/strong> Kutsal topraklar (Hicaz b\u00f6lgesi) \u00fczerinde h\u00e2kimiyet kuran ilk T\u00fcrk devleti hangisidir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u0130h\u015f\u00eed\u00eeler (935-969). T\u00fcrkler ilk kez bu d\u00f6nemde kutsal topraklar \u00fczerinde hakimiyet kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 135:<\/strong> Toluno\u011fullar\u0131 ve \u0130h\u015f\u00eed\u00eelerin k\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olmas\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck sebebi nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Y\u00f6neticilerin T\u00fcrk, halk\u0131n Arap olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 136:<\/strong> Eyyubiler devleti nas\u0131l kurulmu\u015ftur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> F\u00e2t\u0131mi Devletinde vezirlik yapan Selahaddin Eyyubi, F\u00e2t\u0131mi hilafetine son vererek M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Abbasiler ad\u0131na 1171\u2019de hutbe okutmu\u015f ve devleti kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 137:<\/strong> Kud\u00fcs&#8217;\u00fc Ha\u00e7l\u0131lardan geri alan ve III. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi&#8217;nin d\u00fczenlenmesine neden olan sava\u015f hangisidir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Selahaddin Eyyubi&#8217;nin 1187&#8217;de meydana gelen H\u0131ttin Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yenilgiye u\u011fratmas\u0131 ve Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc fethetmesidir. Bu zafer III. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi\u2019nin d\u00fczenlenmesine neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 138:<\/strong> Meml\u00fbklular (K\u00f6lemenler) devleti nas\u0131l kurulmu\u015ftur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;da Eyyubi ordusundaki T\u00fcrk as\u0131ll\u0131 azatl\u0131 emirler taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur ve ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Aybek\u2019tir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 139:<\/strong> Meml\u00fbklularda h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k sistemi nas\u0131ld\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Asker\u00ee bir y\u00f6netim kurmu\u015flard\u0131. Genel olarak Meml\u00fbklularda h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k babadan o\u011fula ge\u00e7mezdi. Sultan da y\u00fcksek dereceli emirlerden biri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 140:<\/strong> \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eden Mo\u011follar\u0131 durduran ve Suriye&#8217;ye hakim olan Meml\u00fbk sava\u015f\u0131 hangisidir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Sultan Kutuz D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde \u0130slam D\u00fcnyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 tehdit eden Mo\u011follara kar\u015f\u0131 1260\u2019da kazan\u0131lan Aynic\u00e2lut Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 141:<\/strong> Abbasi hilafetini M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;da yeniden kurarak hilafetin koruyucusu olan Meml\u00fbk sultan\u0131 kimdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u0130lhanl\u0131lar\u0131n 1258\u2019de Abbasi Devleti\u2019ni ortadan kald\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Sultan I. Baybars, 1261 y\u0131l\u0131nda Abbasi ailesinden birini halife ilan ederek Abbasi hilafetini M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da yeniden kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 142:<\/strong> Meml\u00fbk Devleti ne zaman ve kim taraf\u0131ndan sona erdirilmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Meml\u00fbk Devleti, Yavuz Sultan Selim\u2019in M\u0131s\u0131r Seferi sonucunda 1517\u2019de sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3.3. ORTA \u00c7A\u011e\u2019DA T\u0130CARET YOLLARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 143:<\/strong> &#8220;Kral Yolu&#8221; hangi medeniyet taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fckemmel hale getirilmi\u015ftir ve hangi \u015fehirler aras\u0131nda uzan\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Pers \u0130mparatoru I. Darius taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fckemmel hale getirilmi\u015f olsa da ondan \u00f6nce de i\u015fledi\u011fi bilinmektedir. \u0130zmir yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki Sart\u2019tan ba\u015flayarak Perslerin pay\u0131taht\u0131 Susa\u2019da son buluyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 144:<\/strong> Ticaret yollar\u0131 ticari mallar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda nelerin ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na arac\u0131l\u0131k etmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Yollar mallarla birlikte bilgilerin, fikirlerin, inan\u00e7lar\u0131n ve de\u011ferlerin de hareketine sahne olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 145:<\/strong> &#8220;\u0130pek Yolu&#8221; nedir ve ad\u0131n\u0131 nereden alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u00c7in\u2019den ba\u015flayarak Anadolu ve Akdeniz \u00fczerinden Avrupa\u2019da son bulan bir ticaret yolunu temsil etmektedir. Ad\u0131n\u0131 en \u00f6nemli simgesi olan ipekten alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 146:<\/strong> \u0130pek Yolu&#8217;nun Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc&#8217;n\u00fc ge\u00e7tikten sonra birle\u015fti\u011fi \u015fehir neresidir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u0130pek Yolu, Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc&#8217;n\u00fcn kuzey kenar\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcney kenar\u0131n\u0131 takip ederek ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve her iki yol Ka\u015fgar \u015fehrinde birle\u015fiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 147:<\/strong> &#8220;Baharat Yolu&#8221;nun ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 neresidir ve hangi yollar\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u0130pek Yolu\u2019nun aksine, deniz g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131n daha fazla kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ticaret rotas\u0131yd\u0131. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131n\u0131 Endonezya\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusundaki, baharat adalar\u0131 olarak bilinen Maluku Tak\u0131madalar\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 148:<\/strong> Baharat Yolu hangi geli\u015fme sonucunda \u00f6nemini kaybetmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Bu yol, co\u011frafi ke\u015fifler sonucunda \u00f6nemini kaybetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 149:<\/strong> &#8220;K\u00fcrk Yolu&#8221; nedir ve hangi devletin merkezine ula\u015f\u0131rd\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> G\u00fcney Sibirya ormanlar\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 boyunca devam eden ve hayvan derisi ile postlar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoldur. Mallar, Hazar Devleti\u2019nin merkezi Hanbal\u0131k\u2019a (\u0130dil) ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor ve buradan Bizans\u2019a ve \u0130slam \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6nderiliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 150:<\/strong> &#8220;Kervansaray&#8221; nedir ve hangi hizmetleri sunard\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> 30-40 kilometre aral\u0131klarla in\u015fa edilmi\u015f ticari konaklama merkezleri olup, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc otellerin g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirmektedir. Y\u00fckl\u00fc kervanlarla gelenlerin kendileri ve hayvanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in hekim, baytar ve nalbant bulundurulmu\u015f, ayr\u0131ca yatma i\u00e7in odalar, revir, k\u00fct\u00fcphane, ibadet yerleri, hamam ve \u00e7e\u015fmeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3.4. ORTA \u00c7A\u011e\u2019DA B\u0130L\u0130M, K\u00dcLT\u00dcR VE SANAT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 151:<\/strong> Medeniyetlerin birbirleriyle etkile\u015fimleri hangi kanallardan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Medeniyetlerin birbirleriyle etkile\u015fimleri sava\u015f, g\u00f6\u00e7 ve ticaret ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok kanaldan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 152:<\/strong> Abbasiler d\u00f6neminde Ba\u011fdat&#8217;ta kurulan ve &#8220;\u0130slam R\u00f6nesans\u0131&#8221; s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatan ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve e\u011fitim kurumunun ad\u0131 nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Beyt\u00fc\u2019l-hikme. Halife el-Me\u2019mun taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 153:<\/strong> Beyt\u00fc\u2019l-hikme&#8217;nin g\u00f6revleri nelerdi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> D\u00f6nemin \u00fcnl\u00fc astronom, matematik\u00e7i ve hekimlerini bir araya getirmek ve bilimin \u00e7e\u015fitli alanlar\u0131ndaki belli ba\u015fl\u0131 eserleri Arap\u00e7aya \u00e7evirmektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 154:<\/strong> \u0130slam medeniyetindeki bilgi birikiminin Avrupa\u2019ya tesir etti\u011fi ve Avrupa\u2019da R\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131nda etkili olan medeniyet havzas\u0131 hangisidir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> End\u00fcl\u00fcs havzas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 155:<\/strong> Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrupa\u2019s\u0131nda e\u011fitimin temel amac\u0131 neydi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> E\u011fitimin temel amac\u0131 ak\u0131l ve inanc\u0131n uyumunu savunan Skolastik D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi aktarmak ve geli\u015ftirmekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 156:<\/strong> El Harezmi&#8217;nin (780-850) matemati\u011fe en \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar\u0131 nelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Cebirin ve algoritman\u0131n kurucusudur. S\u0131f\u0131r\u0131 bulan Harezmi, Hintlilerden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 dokuz adet rakama s\u0131f\u0131r\u0131 ekleyerek onluk sistemi tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 157:<\/strong> \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck hekimlerinden olan ve &#8220;el- H\u00e2v\u00ee&#8221; adl\u0131 eseri 17. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar ba\u015fvuru kayna\u011f\u0131 olan bilim insan\u0131 kimdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Eb\u00fb Bekir er-R\u00e2z\u00ee (Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n Rhazes dedikleri).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 158:<\/strong> Aristo&#8217;dan sonra &#8220;\u0130kinci \u00d6\u011fretmen&#8221; lakab\u0131yla an\u0131lan ve mant\u0131k ilmine katk\u0131lar sunan bilim insan\u0131 kimdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> Farabi (Bat\u0131\u2019da Alfarabius olarak tan\u0131n\u0131r).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 159:<\/strong> Modern optik biliminin kurucusu kabul edilen, &#8220;Kitab\u00fc&#8217;l-Menazir&#8221; adl\u0131 eseri yazan ve foto\u011fraf makinesinin mucidi olarak an\u0131lan bilim insan\u0131 kimdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u0130bn\u00fc&#8217;l-Heysem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 160:<\/strong> Bat\u0131\u2019da Avicenna olarak bilinen, t\u0131p alan\u0131nda &#8220;el-Kanun f\u00ee\u2019t\u2013T\u0131b&#8221; adl\u0131 eseri yazan ve bu eseri XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131&#8217;da el kitab\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan alim kimdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u0130bn-i Sina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 161:<\/strong> \u0130bn-i Sina&#8217;n\u0131n t\u0131p alan\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 bulu\u015flar\u0131 nelerdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u015eeker hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nab\u0131z inceleme y\u00f6ntemiyle damar ve kalp hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemi\u015ftir. Ak\u0131l hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fguliyet, \u015fok, telkin ve m\u00fczik ile tedavi edilebilece\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 162:<\/strong> Ay&#8217;daki b\u00fcy\u00fck kraterlere ismi verilen T\u00fcrk \u0130slam bilgini kimdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u0130bn-i Sina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 163:<\/strong> Nizamiye Medresesi\u2019nde ba\u015f m\u00fcderrislik yapan ve en \u00fcnl\u00fc eseri &#8220;\u0130hy\u00e2\u00fc Ul\u00fbmi\u2019d-Din&#8221; olan alim kimdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u0130mam Gazali.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 164:<\/strong> \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc cerrah\u0131 olan, &#8220;el-Tasrif&#8221; isimli eserinde yaralar\u0131n ate\u015fle da\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 anlatan ve ameliyat aletlerinin resimlerine yer veren End\u00fcl\u00fcsl\u00fc alim kimdir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> End\u00fcl\u00fcsl\u00fc Zehrav\u00ee (936-1013).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 165:<\/strong> Bat\u0131&#8217;da Averroes olarak bilinen, Aristo&#8217;nun en b\u00fcy\u00fck yorumcusu kabul edilen ve g\u00fcne\u015f lekelerini ilk defa g\u00f6zlemleyen bilgindir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> \u0130bn-i R\u00fc\u015fd (1126-1198).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Soru 166:<\/strong> \u0130bn-i R\u00fc\u015fd&#8217;\u00fcn t\u0131p ve optik alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cevap:<\/strong> G\u00f6z\u00fcn retina tabakas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flevini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda\u00a0g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata\u00a0g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a09. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 3. \u00fcnitesi\u00a0olan\u00a0Orta \u00c7a\u011f Medeniyetleri soru- cevap\u00a0\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a09. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih soru cevap\u00a0\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z sayesinde ders kitab\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sorular\u0131n\u0131 rahatl\u0131kla \u00e7\u00f6zeceksiniz.\u00a09. <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/03\/9-sinif-tarih-iii-unite-orta-cag-medeniyetleri-soru-cevap\/\" title=\"9. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih III. \u00dcnite Orta \u00c7a\u011f Medeniyetleri Soru-Cevap\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1406,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[113,149],"tags":[241,87,240],"class_list":["post-2437","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-9-sinf-tarih-soru-cevap","category-9-sinif-tarih-yazili-sorulari","tag-9-sinif-tarih-yazili","tag-9-sinif-tarih","tag-9-sinif-tarih-soru-cevap"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.-sinif-tarih-soru-cevap-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.-sinif-tarih-soru-cevap-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.-sinif-tarih-soru-cevap-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.-sinif-tarih-soru-cevap-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.-sinif-tarih-soru-cevap-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.-sinif-tarih-soru-cevap-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.-sinif-tarih-soru-cevap-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/9.-sinif-tarih-soru-cevap.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>9. 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