{"id":2833,"date":"2025-09-27T14:48:23","date_gmt":"2025-09-27T11:48:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=2833"},"modified":"2025-09-27T14:50:57","modified_gmt":"2025-09-27T11:50:57","slug":"onemli-askeri-mucadelelerin-turk-tarihinin-seyrine-etkileri-ders-notu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2025\/09\/27\/onemli-askeri-mucadelelerin-turk-tarihinin-seyrine-etkileri-ders-notu\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00d6nemli Askeri M\u00fccadelelerin T\u00fcrk Tarihinin Seyrine Etkileri Ders Notu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z10. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 1. \u00fcnitesi\u00a0<\/strong>olan\u00a0T\u00fcrkistan’dan T\u00fcrkiye’ye (1040- 1299) <\/strong>\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0\u00d6nemli Askeri M\u00fccadelelerin T\u00fcrk Tarihinin Seyrine Etkileri <\/strong>Ders Notu sayesinde tarih dersi yaz\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131na tam olarak haz\u0131rlanacaks\u0131n\u0131z.10. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0<\/strong>ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z.\u00a0Maarif modeline\u00a0<\/strong>uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a010. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi notlar\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ders: 10. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcnite: 1. \u00dcnite: T\u00fcrkistan’dan T\u00fcrkiye’ye (1040- 1299)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131\/ kazan\u0131m: \u00d6nemli Askeri M\u00fccadelelerin T\u00fcrk Tarihinin Seyrine Etkileri ders notlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lgili yaz\u0131l\u0131: 10. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 1. d\u00f6nem 1. yaz\u0131l\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u00dcN\u0130TE: T\u00dcRK\u0130STAN\u2019DAN T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019YE (1040-1299)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6NEML\u0130 ASKER\u00ce M\u00dcCADELELER\u0130N T\u00dcRK TAR\u0130H\u0130N\u0130N SEYR\u0130NE ETK\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu’ya \u0130lk T\u00fcrk Ak\u0131nlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu’ya y\u00f6nelik ilk T\u00fcrk ak\u0131nlar\u0131 M\u00d6 8. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130skitler taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ak\u0131nlar 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Hunlar ve 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Sibir T\u00fcrkleri ile devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ilk ak\u0131nlar\u0131n amac\u0131 yerle\u015fmek de\u011fil, Anadolu’yu ke\u015ffetmek, yeni ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131 bulmak ve ticaret yapmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Avar T\u00fcrkleri, Bizans’\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Konstantinopolis’i (\u0130stanbul) ku\u015fatm\u0131\u015f fakat ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise O\u011fuz T\u00fcrkleri, Horasan ve Mavera\u00fcnnehir b\u00f6lgelerinde yeni bir yurt aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O\u011fuzlar Neden Anadolu\u2019ya Ak\u0131nlar D\u00fczenledi?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu\u2019nun \u0130pek Yolu \u00fczerinde yer almas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asya ile Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flayan bir konumda olmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7 taraf\u0131n\u0131n denizlerle \u00e7evrili olmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Verimli topraklara sahip olmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130klim ve bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn T\u00fcrklerin ya\u015famas\u0131na uygun olmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130slamiyet\u2019in etkisiyle cihat ve gaza gelene\u011finin benimsenmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu siyasi y\u00f6nden zay\u0131f durumda olmas\u0131 O\u011fuzlar\u0131n Anadolu\u2019ya ak\u0131nlar yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu’nun “T\u00fcrkiye” Olmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam kaynaklar\u0131nda Anadolu co\u011frafyas\u0131 i\u00e7in “Diyar-\u0131 Rum” (Roma \u00dclkesi) ifadesi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malazgirt Zaferi’nden sonra Anadolu, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve n\u00fcfus a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tam bir T\u00fcrk yurdu haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131l\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler, II. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi (1148) s\u0131ras\u0131nda Anadolu’daki yo\u011fun T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusunu ve direni\u015fini g\u00f6rerek bu co\u011frafya i\u00e7in “T\u00fcrkiye” ismini kullanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir di\u011fer isim de “Sel\u00e2\u00e7\u0131ka-y\u0131 Rum” (Rum Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131) idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti’nin Kurulu\u015fu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devletin kurucusu Sel\u00e7uk Bey, O\u011fuzlar\u0131n K\u0131n\u0131k boyuna mensuptu ve O\u011fuz Yabgu Devleti’nde ordu komutan\u0131 (suba\u015f\u0131) idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yabgu ile anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce maiyetiyle birlikte Cend \u015fehrine gelerek burada \u0130slamiyet’i kabul etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sel\u00e7uk Bey’in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Gazneli Sultan\u0131 Mahmud, o\u011flu Arslan Yabgu’yu hileyle yakalat\u0131p hapsetmi\u015ftir (1025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun \u00fczerine O\u011fuzlar, Sel\u00e7uk Bey’in torunlar\u0131 olan Tu\u011frul Bey ve \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 Bey etraf\u0131nda toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dandanakan Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tu\u011frul ve \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 Beyler liderli\u011findeki O\u011fuzlar, 1040 y\u0131l\u0131nda Gazneliler ile Dandanakan Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu zaferin ard\u0131ndan B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti resmen kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 yap\u0131lan toplant\u0131da Tu\u011frul Bey, yeni devletin ilk sultan\u0131 ilan edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu zaferle Sel\u00e7uklular, Horasan’a h\u00e2kim olmu\u015f ve t\u00fcm S\u00fcnni-\u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n koruyuculu\u011fu g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pasinler Sava\u015f\u0131 (1048)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sel\u00e7uklular, Dandanakan Zaferi’nden sonra Anadolu’nun fethi i\u00e7in ak\u0131nlar d\u00fczenlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizansl\u0131lar\u0131n \u015eehzade Hasan’\u0131 \u015fehit etmesi \u00fczerine Tu\u011frul Bey, intikam ve gaza amac\u0131yla Bizans \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18 Eyl\u00fcl 1048’de Erzurum yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Pasinler Ovas\u0131’nda iki ordu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sava\u015f, Sel\u00e7uklular ile Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015f olarak tarihe ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sel\u00e7uklu ordusunu \u0130brahim Y\u0131nal ve Kutalm\u0131\u015f komuta ediyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pasinler Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015ftan sonra Bizans bar\u0131\u015f istemi\u015f ve iki devlet aras\u0131nda diplomatik ili\u015fkiler kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anla\u015fma ile \u0130stanbul’da Emeviler d\u00f6neminden kalma harap bir caminin tamir edilmesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu camide hutbenin Abbasi Halifesi ve Sultan Tu\u011frul Bey ad\u0131na okunmas\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca caminin mihrab\u0131na Sel\u00e7uklu h\u00e2kimiyet sembol\u00fc olan “ok ve yay” damgas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flenmesine karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu maddeler, Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n askeri ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 siyasi ve dini bir kazan\u0131ma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malazgirt Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00d6ncesi Anadolu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizans’\u0131n Sasani ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzun sava\u015flar Anadolu’yu harap etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizans; Balkanlarda Pe\u00e7enekler, Uzlar (O\u011fuzlar) ve Kumanlar gibi T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131yla m\u00fccadele ediyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130mparatorluk i\u00e7indeki taht kavgalar\u0131, a\u011f\u0131r vergiler ve yerel y\u00f6neticilerin (tekfurlar) halka zulmetmesi devleti zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durum, T\u00fcrklerin Anadolu’ya yerle\u015fmesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sultan Alp Arslan, 1064’te “fethedilemez” denilen Ani Kalesi’ni fethederek Bizans’a b\u00fcy\u00fck bir darbe vurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malazgirt Zaferi (1071)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizans \u0130mparatoru Romanos Diogenes (Romen Diyojen), T\u00fcrkleri Anadolu’dan atmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir orduyla sefere \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu s\u0131rada M\u0131s\u0131r seferinde olan Sultan Alp Arslan, haberi al\u0131nca h\u0131zla geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ki ordu, 26 A\u011fustos 1071 Cuma g\u00fcn\u00fc Malazgirt Ovas\u0131’nda kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f, Sultan Alp Arslan komutas\u0131ndaki Sel\u00e7uklu ordusunun kesin zaferiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu zafer, “Anadolu’nun kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrklere a\u00e7an sava\u015f” olarak bilinir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malazgirt Zaferi’nin Kazan\u0131lma Nedenleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Turan (Bozk\u0131r Kapan\u0131) takti\u011finin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde uygulanmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizans ordusunda paral\u0131 asker olan Uz (O\u011fuz) ve Pe\u00e7enek T\u00fcrklerinin soyda\u015flar\u0131 olan Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n taraf\u0131na ge\u00e7mesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sultan Alp Arslan’\u0131n Cuma namaz\u0131ndan sonra yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u015fkulu ve motive edici konu\u015fma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizans ordusunun \u00e7ok kalabal\u0131k olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen hantal bir yap\u0131ya sahip olmas\u0131 ve komutanlar aras\u0131ndaki g\u00fcvensizlik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malazgirt Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu T\u00fcrk yurdu olmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizans’\u0131n \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00fcnyas\u0131 \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131s\u0131 son bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizans\u2019\u0131n Anadolu\u2019daki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan, (1096-1270) Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri\u2018nin d\u00fczenlenmesine ortam olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye Tarihi bu sava\u015f sonunda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu’da Sultan Alparslan’\u0131n komutanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan, ilk T\u00fcrk beylikleri kurulmu\u015ftur. (Dani\u015fmentliler, Meng\u00fccekliler, Saltuklular, Artuklular, \u00c7aka Beyli\u011fi)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miryokefalon Sava\u015f\u0131 (1176) – Yurt Tutan Sava\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 II. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7arslan, Anadolu’daki T\u00fcrk h\u00e2kimiyetini g\u00fc\u00e7lendiriyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizans \u0130mparatoru Manuel Comnenos, T\u00fcrkleri Anadolu’dan tamamen atmak amac\u0131yla Alman, Frans\u0131z, \u0130ngiliz ve Macar gibi milletlerden olu\u015fan dev bir ordu toplad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sel\u00e7uklu ordusu, Bizansl\u0131lar\u0131n ge\u00e7ece\u011fi Miryokefalon yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki dar bir ge\u00e7itte pusu kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17 Eyl\u00fcl 1176’da yap\u0131lan sava\u015fta Bizans ordusu a\u011f\u0131r bir yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miryokefalon Zaferi’nin \u00d6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu zafer, “Vatan ve Devlet Koruyan Zafer” olarak tarihe ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun T\u00fcrkleri Anadolu’dan atma \u00fcmidi tamamen sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu’nun kesin olarak bir T\u00fcrk yurdu oldu\u011fu bu zaferle kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f ve Bat\u0131l\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan da kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malazgirt Zaferi ile T\u00fcrklere a\u00e7\u0131lan vatan, Miryokefalon Zaferi ile g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu’da Kurulan \u0130lk T\u00fcrk Beylikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sultan Alp Arslan, Malazgirt Zaferi’nden sonra komutanlar\u0131na fethettikleri topraklarda kendi beyliklerini kurma izni verdi. Bu duruma “k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 hakk\u0131” denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu beylikler, fethettikleri yerlere T\u00fcrk\u00e7e isimler vermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu’da cami, medrese, han, kervansaray, \u015fifahane gibi yap\u0131lar in\u015fa ederek b\u00f6lgeyi bay\u0131nd\u0131r hale getirdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yapt\u0131klar\u0131 fetihler ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel faaliyetlerle Anadolu’nun T\u00fcrkle\u015fmesi ve \u0130slamla\u015fmas\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk T\u00fcrk Beylikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saltuklular (1072-1202):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erzurum ve \u00e7evresinde kuruldu. Anadolu’daki ilk T\u00fcrk beyli\u011fidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En \u00f6nemli eseri: Mama Hatun K\u00fclliyesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meng\u00fccekliler (1080-1228):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erzincan ve \u00e7evresinde kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En \u00f6nemli eseri: Divri\u011fi Ulu Cami ve Dar\u00fc\u015f\u015fifas\u0131 (UNESCO D\u00fcnya Miras\u0131).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dani\u015fmentliler (1080-1178):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sivas merkezli kuruldu. Anadolu’daki en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc beyliklerden biriydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ha\u00e7l\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fccadeleler verdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En \u00f6nemli eseri: Ya\u011f\u0131basan Medresesi (Anadolu’da in\u015fa edilen ilk medrese).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Artuklular (1102-1231):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu’da kuruldu. En uzun s\u00fcre h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren beyliktir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En \u00f6nemli eseri: Diyarbak\u0131r’daki Malabadi K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7aka Beyli\u011fi (1081-1093):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130zmir ve \u00e7evresinde \u00c7aka Bey taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7aka Bey, tarihteki ilk T\u00fcrk denizcisi olarak kabul edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kurdu\u011fu donanma, ilk T\u00fcrk donanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile Ege Denizi’nde m\u00fccadele etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0130\u011eER T\u00dcRK BEYL\u0130KLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyli\u011fin Ad\u0131<\/strong><\/td>Kurucusu<\/strong><\/td>Kuruldu\u011fu Yer<\/strong><\/td>B\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00d6nemli Eserler<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
S\u00f6kmenliler (Ahlat\u015fahl\u0131lar) (1100-1208)<\/td>S\u00f6kmen Bey<\/td>Van, Erci\u015f, Tatvan, Mu\u015f<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u0130nan\u00e7\u011fullar\u0131 (Ladik Beyli\u011fi) (1261-1368)<\/td>\u0130nan\u00e7 o\u011flu Mehmet Bey<\/td>Denizli, Ladik<\/td>Server Gazi T\u00fcrbesi<\/td><\/tr>
Dilma\u00e7o\u011fullar\u0131 (Togan Arslano\u011fullar\u0131) (1085-1394)<\/td>Dilma\u00e7o\u011flu Mehmet Bey<\/td>Bitlis, Erzen<\/td>Bitlis Ulu Cami<\/td><\/tr>
\u0130nalo\u011fullar\u0131 (1098-1183)<\/td>Emir \u0130nal Bey<\/td>Diyarbak\u0131r, Ergani<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Tanr\u0131vermi\u015fo\u011fullar\u0131 (1081-1093)<\/td>Tanr\u0131vermi\u015f Bey<\/td>Efes<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u00c7ubuko\u011fullar\u0131 (1085-1213)<\/td>\u00c7ubuk Bey<\/td>Harput<\/td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri’nin Nedenleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dini Neden: Papa II. Urbanus’un Hristiyanlar i\u00e7in kutsal olan Kud\u00fcs’\u00fc M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan geri almak istemesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Siyasi Neden: T\u00fcrkler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda zor durumda kalan Bizans’\u0131n Papa’dan yard\u0131m istemesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomik Neden: Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n fakirlik i\u00e7inde olmas\u0131 ve Do\u011fu’nun zenginliklerini (baharat, ipek vb.) ele ge\u00e7irmek istemeleri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyal Neden: Topraks\u0131z \u015f\u00f6valyelerin ve halk\u0131n macera ve zenginlik aray\u0131\u015f\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi (1096-1099)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As\u0131l ordudan \u00f6nce gelen halk kitleleri, Sultan I. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7arslan taraf\u0131ndan Anadolu’da yok edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015e\u00f6valyelerden olu\u015fan as\u0131l Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordusu, T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti’nin ba\u015fkenti \u0130znik’i ele ge\u00e7irdi. Ba\u015fkent Konya’ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dorileon Sava\u015f\u0131’nda Sel\u00e7uklular yenilince Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar Anadolu’dan ge\u00e7erek hedeflerine ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sefer sonucunda Urfa, Antakya, Kud\u00fcs ve Trablus’ta Ha\u00e7l\u0131 devletleri (kontluklar) kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi (1147-1149)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Musul Atabeyi Nurettin Mahmut Zengi 1144 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ha\u00e7l\u0131lardan \u00f6nce Urfa\u2019y\u0131, daha sonra da Halep ve \u015eam\u2019\u0131 geri ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu\u2019ya gelen Ha\u00e7l\u0131 kuvvetleri, Konya civar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan sava\u015fta, T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 I. Mesut taraf\u0131ndan a\u011f\u0131r bir yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar \u015eam\u2019\u0131 ku\u015fatmak istedilerse de ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi\u2019nin en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi bu sefere ilk kez kral ve imparatorlar\u0131n kat\u0131lmas\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hittin Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Kud\u00fcs’\u00fcn Fethi (1187)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eyyubi Devleti’nin kurucusu Selahaddin Eyyubi, Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kervanlar\u0131na sald\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00fczerine harekete ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1187 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hittin Sava\u015f\u0131’nda Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordusunu imha etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck zaferin ard\u0131ndan Kud\u00fcs’\u00fc ku\u015fatt\u0131 ve 88 y\u0131l sonra \u015fehri Ha\u00e7l\u0131lardan geri ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kud\u00fcs’\u00fcn yeniden fethi, \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sevin\u00e7le kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131rken Avrupa’da \u015fok etkisi yaratt\u0131 ve III. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi’ne neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi (1189-1192)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kud\u00fcs’\u00fc geri almak i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenen bu sefere Avrupa’n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fc\u00e7 kral\u0131 kat\u0131ld\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alman \u0130mparatoru Friedrich Barbarossa<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere Kral\u0131 I. Richard (Aslan Y\u00fcrekli)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fransa Kral\u0131 II. Philippe<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friedrich Barbarossa, Anadolu’da Silifke \u00c7ay\u0131’n\u0131 ge\u00e7erken bo\u011fuldu ve ordusu da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar, Akka Kalesi’ni ele ge\u00e7irmelerine ra\u011fmen as\u0131l hedefleri olan Kud\u00fcs’\u00fc geri alamad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi (1202-1204)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sefer, as\u0131l amac\u0131 olan Kud\u00fcs’ten tamamen sapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar, Venediklilerin k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131yla Hristiyan bir devlet olan Bizans’\u0131n ba\u015fkenti \u0130stanbul’a sald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1204 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015fehri ele ge\u00e7irip \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn boyunca ya\u011fmalad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stanbul’da Latin \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ad\u0131yla bir devlet kurdular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu olay, Bizans’\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl derecede zay\u0131flatt\u0131 ve Katolik-Ortodoks ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 derinle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri’nin Genel Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dini: Kiliseye ve Papal\u0131\u011fa duyulan g\u00fcven azald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Siyasi: Derebeylik (feodalite) zay\u0131flad\u0131, merkezi krall\u0131klar g\u00fc\u00e7lendi. T\u00fcrklerin bat\u0131ya ilerleyi\u015fleri bir s\u00fcre durdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomik: Akdeniz ticareti canland\u0131, Do\u011fu-Bat\u0131 ticareti geli\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Teknik ve K\u00fclt\u00fcrel: Avrupal\u0131lar ka\u011f\u0131t, matbaa, pusula ve barut gibi teknik bulu\u015flar\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan \u00f6\u011frendi. Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 aras\u0131nda k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkile\u015fim artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6seda\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00d6ncesi Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sultan II. G\u0131yaseddin Keyh\u00fcsrev d\u00f6neminde devlet, siyasi ve askeri a\u00e7\u0131dan zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vezir Sadeddin K\u00f6pek gibi devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n olumsuz y\u00f6netimi ve halktan toplanan a\u011f\u0131r vergiler huzursuzlu\u011fa yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu’daki g\u00f6\u00e7ebe T\u00fcrkmenlerin ihmal edilmesi, Baba\u00eeler \u0130syan\u0131’na (1240) neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devletin bu b\u00fcy\u00fck isyan\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckle bast\u0131rmas\u0131, zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve Mo\u011follar\u0131 Anadolu’ya sald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in cesaretlendirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6seda\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131 (1243) ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mo\u011fol komutan\u0131 Baycu Noyan liderli\u011findeki ordu, 1243’te Sivas yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki K\u00f6seda\u011f’da Sel\u00e7uklu ordusuyla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mo\u011follar\u0131n uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sahte ricat (geri \u00e7ekilme) takti\u011fi i\u015fe yarad\u0131 ve Sel\u00e7uklu ordusu a\u011f\u0131r bir yenilgi ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti, Mo\u011fol h\u00e2kimiyetine girdi ve y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecine ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu’daki T\u00fcrk siyasi birli\u011fi bozuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu’da can ve mal g\u00fcvenli\u011fi kalmad\u0131, ticaret yollar\u0131 \u00f6nemini yitirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu otorite bo\u015flu\u011fu, \u0130kinci T\u00fcrk Beylikleri’nin kurulmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6seda\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan Sonra Anadolu\u2019da Kurulan T\u00fcrk Beylikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n