{"id":2842,"date":"2025-09-27T16:46:16","date_gmt":"2025-09-27T13:46:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=2842"},"modified":"2025-09-27T16:46:16","modified_gmt":"2025-09-27T13:46:16","slug":"tarihin-dogasi-ders-notu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2025\/09\/27\/tarihin-dogasi-ders-notu\/","title":{"rendered":"Tarihin Do\u011fas\u0131 Ders Notu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a09. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 1. \u00fcnitesi\u00a0<\/strong>olan\u00a0Ge\u00e7mi\u015fin in\u015fa s\u00fcrecinde tarih<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0Tarihin Do\u011fas\u0131\u00a0<\/strong><\/strong>Ders Notu sayesinde tarih dersi yaz\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131na tam olarak haz\u0131rlanacaks\u0131n\u0131z.\u00a09. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0<\/strong>ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z.\u00a0Maarif modeline\u00a0<\/strong>uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a09. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi notlar\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131n\u0131f: 9. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcnite: 9. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih 1. \u00fcnite: Ge\u00e7mi\u015fin in\u015fa s\u00fcrecinde tarih<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6\u011frenme \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131 \/ kazan\u0131m:\u00a0Tarihin Do\u011fas\u0131<\/strong> ders notu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lgili yaz\u0131l\u0131: 9. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih 1. d\u00f6nem 1. yaz\u0131l\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

TAR\u0130H\u0130N DO\u011eASI<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Tarihin Tan\u0131m\u0131nda Olmas\u0131 Gereken Unsurlar:<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kan\u0131t ve belge g\u00f6sterme zorunlulu\u011fu: Tarih, tarih\u00e7ilerin kan\u0131tlara ve belgelere dayanarak yeniden kurmaya ve \u015fekillendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fin kurgusudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015f olaylardan bahseder: Belgelerle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ge\u00e7mi\u015fin bir yans\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle tarih, ge\u00e7mi\u015f ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131n bug\u00fcn\u00fc anlamak ve gelece\u011fe y\u00f6n vermek amac\u0131yla anla\u015f\u0131labilir ve anlat\u0131labilir bir forma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her olay kendi d\u00f6nem \u015fartlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirilir: Tarih\u00e7iler, ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 kendi ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6nemde yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7mi\u015fi de\u011fil, ge\u00e7mi\u015ften artakalan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fabilen izleri yorumlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Olaylar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi yerin belirtilmesi gerekir: G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu ve Kuzey Suriye\u2019de yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sonu\u00e7 art\u0131k Neolitik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yeniden tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirecek duruma gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsan toplumunu ilgilendiren olaylar\u0131 inceler: Tarih; toplumdaki s\u00fcreklili\u011fi, siyasal ve sosyal de\u011fi\u015fimleri, insanlar\u0131 etkileyen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemlerini, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve ekonomik ko\u015fullar\u0131 kaydeden bir bellek niteli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Olaylar\u0131n sebep ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 inceler: Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle insanlar\u0131 ve toplumlar\u0131 etkileyen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc d\u00f6nemsel ve olgusal de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ke\u015ffetmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin sebep ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen bir disiplindir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Olaylar\u0131n zaman\u0131n\u0131 kronoloji biliminin yard\u0131m\u0131 ile belirler: Tarihsel zaman i\u00e7inde tan\u0131mlanan olaylar\u0131n \u00f6ncelik-sonral\u0131klar\u0131na g\u00f6re belli bir zamansal s\u0131raya dizilmesiyle olu\u015fan kronoloji, olaylar aras\u0131nda sa\u011flam bir k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn kurulmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tarihin temel \u00f6gelerinden biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih\u00e7iler, ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusu olarak se\u00e7ip tan\u0131mlad\u0131klar\u0131 olaylar\u0131 kronolojik bir ak\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde vererek tarihsel zaman\u0131n alg\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Olaylar\u0131n tarafs\u0131z (objektif) olarak iletilmesi: Tarih\u00e7ilerin titizlik g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi konu, \u00e7\u0131karsamalar\u0131n ge\u00e7erlili\u011fidir. Pratikte tarih\u00e7iler, kaynaklardan yap\u0131labilecek \u00e7\u0131karsamalardan hangilerinin do\u011fru say\u0131l\u0131p say\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde tart\u0131\u015farak bunlar\u0131 daha incelikli hale getirmek i\u00e7in epeyce zaman harcarlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihte \u201cDeney ve G\u00f6zlem\u201d yoktur: Tarihsel olgular, fen bilimlerinin aksine kesin yasalara dayand\u0131r\u0131lamaz; tarih\u00e7ilerin kaynaklar \u00fczerinden ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlara ve yorumlara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih\u00ee bilgiler yeni bulgularla de\u011fi\u015febilir: Tarihsel bilgiler; elde edilen yeni bilgilere, belgelere ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015febilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De\u011fi\u015fim ve s\u00fcreklilik<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

De\u011fi\u015fim ve s\u00fcreklilik, tarihle ilgili temel kavramlardan biridir. Tarih boyunca toplumsal ya\u015famdaki baz\u0131 unsurlar de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f, baz\u0131 unsurlar ise devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De\u011fi\u015fim ve s\u00fcreklilik kavramlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bug\u00fcn ile ge\u00e7mi\u015f aras\u0131nda ba\u011f kurulur. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir toplumun dili, gelenekleri, mimari anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 gibi pek \u00e7ok unsur y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca hem varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumu\u015f hem de kendi i\u00e7inde baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimler ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tarih\u00e7iler, bu de\u011fi\u015fim ve s\u00fcreklili\u011fin sebepleri ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 da inceler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihin bir bilim dal\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren kan\u0131tlar ve gerek\u00e7eler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00f6ntemlerin Kullan\u0131m\u0131: Tarih\u00e7iler, di\u011fer bilim dallar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi belirli y\u00f6ntemler kullan\u0131rlar. Bu y\u00f6ntemler aras\u0131nda kaynak ele\u015ftirisi, tarihsel kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar, neden-sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkilerini analiz etme gibi bilimsel s\u00fcre\u00e7lere dayal\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar bulunur. Bu durum, tarihin sistematik ve disiplinli bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bilinmeyenin Pe\u015finde Olma: Tarih\u00e7iler, ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki olaylar\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in mevcut kaynaklar\u0131 inceleyerek yeni bilgiler elde etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, bilinmeyen sorulara cevap aramak ve yeni teoriler geli\u015ftirmek temel ama\u00e7t\u0131r. T\u0131pk\u0131 bir fizik\u00e7inin yeni bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k ke\u015ffetmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gibi, bir tarih\u00e7i de bilinmeyen bir medeniyetin izlerini s\u00fcrer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer Bilimlerle \u0130li\u015fki: Tarih, arkeoloji, antropoloji, sosyoloji gibi di\u011fer bilim dallar\u0131yla s\u0131k\u0131 bir ili\u015fki i\u00e7indedir. Bu disiplinler aras\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, tarih\u00e7ilerin daha kapsaml\u0131 ve do\u011fru sonu\u00e7lara ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir tarih\u00e7i bir medeniyeti anlamak i\u00e7in arkeologlar\u0131n bulgular\u0131ndan ve antropologlar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel analizlerinden yararlanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sistematik Bir Yakla\u015f\u0131m: Tarih\u00e7iler, olaylar\u0131 rastgele de\u011fil, belirli bir sistematik \u00e7er\u00e7eve i\u00e7inde incelerler. Kronoloji, nedensellik ve de\u011fi\u015fim gibi kavramlar, tarih\u00e7ilerin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel analiz ara\u00e7lar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu sistematik yakla\u015f\u0131m, tarihe bilimsel bir karakter kazand\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fcrekli Geli\u015fen Bir Alan: Tarih, yeni kaynaklar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131, y\u00f6ntemlerin geli\u015fmesi ve farkl\u0131 perspektiflerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla s\u00fcrekli olarak de\u011fi\u015fen ve geli\u015fen bir aland\u0131r. Tarihi bilgi yeni bir kaynak bulundu\u011funda de\u011fi\u015febilir. Bu durum, tarihin statik bir bilgi de\u011fil, s\u00fcrekli g\u00fcncellenen ve geli\u015ftirilen bir alan oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihsel bilginin bilimsel olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in neler gerekmektedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sistemle\u015ftirme: Tarihsel bilgilerin belirli bir d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve analiz edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu sayede tarihsel olaylar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler ve neden-sonu\u00e7 ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 daha net bir \u015fekilde ortaya konabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak Ele\u015ftirisi: Tarihsel bilgilerin g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi ve do\u011frulu\u011fu, kullan\u0131lan kaynaklar\u0131n ele\u015ftirel bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirilmesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Farkl\u0131 kaynaklar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkiler tespit edilmeli ve en do\u011fru bilgiye ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in titiz bir inceleme yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bilimsel Y\u00f6ntemlerin Kullan\u0131m\u0131: Tarihsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda bilimsel y\u00f6ntemler kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntemler aras\u0131nda hipotez kurma, veri toplama, analiz etme ve sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131karma gibi ad\u0131mlar yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihte Neden-Sonu\u00e7 \u0130li\u015fkisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011fer tarihsel olaylar aras\u0131ndaki neden-sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkisi kurulamazsa, tarih sadece birbirini izleyen rastgele olaylar\u0131n bir koleksiyonu olarak kal\u0131r. Bu durumda, tarih\u00e7iler olaylar\u0131 anlaml\u0131 bir \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klamak yerine, sadece kronolojik bir s\u0131rayla anlatmak zorunda kal\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihsel olaylar aras\u0131ndaki neden-sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkileri sayesinde gelecekteki olas\u0131 geli\u015fmeler hakk\u0131nda tahminlerde bulunmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olur. Ancak bu ili\u015fkiler g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilirse, tarih tamamen \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemez ve rastlant\u0131lara ba\u011fl\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu da tarih\u00e7ilerin gelece\u011fe y\u00f6nelik herhangi bir yorum yapmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih\u00e7i, olaylar aras\u0131ndaki neden-sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkilerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kararak, ge\u00e7mi\u015fi anlamaya ve a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Ancak neden-sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkileri g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilirse, tarih\u00e7inin rol\u00fc sadece olaylar\u0131 s\u0131ralamak ve yazg\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmekle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kal\u0131r. Bu da tarih\u00e7inin bilimsel bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karak, daha \u00e7ok bir hikaye anlat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesine neden olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Metafor<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Metafor, bir \u015feyi ba\u015fka bir \u015feye benzeterek daha etkili ve \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir anlat\u0131m elde etmektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu benzetme, iki farkl\u0131 \u015fey aras\u0131nda asl\u0131nda olmayan bir ba\u011flant\u0131 kurar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rnek: “Kalbim ta\u015f gibi oldu.” Bu c\u00fcmlede kalp, hissetmeyen, duymayan bir ta\u015f ile benzetilerek ki\u015finin duygusuz bir hale geldi\u011fi anlat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer \u00d6rnekler:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O bir asland\u0131r. (G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve cesur bir ki\u015fi)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Denizler kadar derin bir a\u015fk\u0131 var. (\u00c7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir a\u015fk)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zaman su gibi ak\u0131p gidiyor. (Zaman\u0131n s\u00fcrekli ve h\u0131zl\u0131 ge\u00e7ti\u011fi)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Analoji<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Analoji, karma\u015f\u0131k bir durumu daha basit ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r hale getirmek i\u00e7in iki farkl\u0131 \u015fey aras\u0131ndaki benzerlikleri vurgulamakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu benzetme, iki \u015fey aras\u0131nda mant\u0131ksal bir ili\u015fki kurar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rnek: “Bir atom, g\u00fcne\u015f sistemine benzer. \u00c7ekirdek g\u00fcne\u015f, elektronlar ise gezegenler gibidir.” Bu c\u00fcmlede atomun yap\u0131s\u0131, g\u00fcne\u015f sisteminin yap\u0131s\u0131na benzetilerek daha kolay anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r hale getirilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer \u00d6rnekler: “Bir a\u011fa\u00e7 gibi b\u00fcy\u00fcyor.” (S\u00fcrekli olarak geli\u015fme ve b\u00fcy\u00fcme)”Bilgisayar bir beyin gibidir.” (Bilgisayar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme ve i\u015flem yapma yetene\u011fi)” Bir puzzle gibi, her par\u00e7a bir b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.” (Bir sistemdeki her \u00f6\u011fenin \u00f6nemi)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Metafor ve Analoji Aras\u0131ndaki Fark<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    Metafor                                                Analoji<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ama\u00e7           Daha etkili ve \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 anlat\u0131m                Daha basit ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r a\u00e7\u0131klama<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u011flant\u0131    \u0130ki \u015fey aras\u0131nda hayali bir ba\u011flant\u0131            \u0130ki \u015fey aras\u0131nda mant\u0131ksal bir ili\u015fki<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dil                Daha \u015fiirsel ve sanatsal                        Daha bilimsel ve mant\u0131ksal<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihsel bilginin \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihsel olaylar tekrarlanamaz bu y\u00fczden g\u00f6zlemlenmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihsel bilgi, laboratuvar ortam\u0131nda tekrar edilmesi ya da \u00fczerinde g\u00f6zlem yap\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan ge\u00e7mi\u015f ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131 ele al\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih\u00e7iler farkl\u0131 kaynaklardan elde ettikleri \u00e7ok say\u0131da kan\u0131ttan yararlan\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih\u00e7iler, ara\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 belge, bulgu ve anlat\u0131lar \u00fczerinden ge\u00e7mi\u015fi yeniden kurgular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih\u00e7ilerin her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yaz\u0131l\u0131 ve g\u00f6rsel belgeden, arkeolojik buluntu ve kal\u0131nt\u0131dan, konuyla ilgili yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan ya da g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yararlanmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih, kaynaklara ve kan\u0131tlara dayand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bir disiplindir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Az say\u0131da belge g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uzak ge\u00e7mi\u015fte ya\u015fanan olay ya da olgularla ilgili bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kaynak say\u0131s\u0131 daha az olacak ve daha az kan\u0131ta eri\u015filecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baz\u0131 tarih \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda kaynaklara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak daha s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih di\u011fer bilim dallar\u0131ndan faydalan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda kronoloji, co\u011frafya, arkeoloji, n\u00fcmismatik, diplomatik gibi farkl\u0131 disiplinlere ait alan bilgilerinden yararlan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih\u00e7iler, bu alan bilgilerini kullanarak kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 hesaplanabilirlik, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilirlik ve kesinlik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerine g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihsel bilgide Fen Bilimlerinde oldu\u011fu gibi kesin bilimsel yasalara dayanan tarihsel olgular bulunmaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihsel olgular, fen bilimlerinin aksine kesin yasalara dayand\u0131r\u0131lamaz; tarih\u00e7ilerin kaynaklar \u00fczerinden ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlara ve yorumlara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 belli bir sistem d\u00e2hilinde ve nesnel bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla yap\u0131lmas\u0131, ayr\u0131ca farkl\u0131 kaynaklar \u00fczerinden \u00e7ok say\u0131da kan\u0131ta ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcyle bilimsel nitelik ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baz\u0131 tarihsel bilgiler de\u011fi\u015febilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir konu hakk\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131l\u0131rken kullan\u0131lan kaynaklara veya tarih\u00e7inin bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 yorumlar ya da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar ortaya konabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihsel bilgiler; elde edilen yeni bilgilere, belgelere ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015febilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih Nedir<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih; toplumlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en olaylar\u0131 zaman ve yer g\u00f6stererek belgelere dayal\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde anlatan bunlar\u0131n sebep ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, birbirleriyle olan ili\u015fkilerini objektif olarak ele alan sosyal bir bilimdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih\u00e7ilerin Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Konular\u0131n\u0131 Belirlerken Kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Y\u00f6ntemleri:<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konu i\u00e7eri\u011fi ve kapsam\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamak gereklidir: Bir tarih\u00e7inin ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki t\u00fcm olaylar\u0131, ki\u015fileri, topluluklar\u0131 ya da mek\u00e2nlar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle ele al\u0131nacak konunun tarihsel \u00f6nemini belirlemek i\u00e7in s\u00f6z konusu olay ya da olgunun o d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fayan insanlar i\u00e7in ne kadar \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu, insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fi, bu etkilerin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar devam edip etmedi\u011fi gibi sorular \u00fczerinden konu i\u00e7eri\u011fi ve kapsam\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih\u00e7ilerin kan\u0131tlara ve belgelere dayanarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapmalar\u0131 gerekir: Ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki bilgiyi yeniden kurmaya ve \u015fekillendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fin kurgusudur. Bu nedenle kendi yorumlar\u0131n\u0131 ve bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131rken belge ve kan\u0131tlar onlar\u0131n temel ilkeleri olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih\u00e7iler i\u00e7in \u201cKaynak nedir?\u201d ve \u00e7e\u015fitleri nelerdir?<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak: Tarih, ge\u00e7mi\u015fe dair kaynaklar\u0131n belli metotlarla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131larak bilgi \u00fcretilmesi faaliyeti olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kaynaklar da ge\u00e7mi\u015fe dair izleri muhafaza eden materyaller \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O halde tarih\u00e7inin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015f, en sade ifadeyle, ge\u00e7mi\u015fe dair izleri muhafaza eden bu kaynaklardan yararlanarak bilgi \u00fcretmektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih\u00e7ilerin her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yaz\u0131l\u0131 ve g\u00f6rsel belgeden, arkeolojik buluntu ve kal\u0131nt\u0131dan, konuyla ilgili yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan ya da g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yararlanmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 belli bir sistem d\u00e2hilinde ve nesnel bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla yap\u0131lmas\u0131, ayr\u0131ca farkl\u0131 kaynaklar \u00fczerinden \u00e7ok say\u0131da kan\u0131ta ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcyle bilimsel nitelik ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda kronoloji, co\u011frafya, arkeoloji, n\u00fcmismatik, diplomatik gibi farkl\u0131 disiplinlere ait alan bilgilerinden yararlan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih\u00e7iler, bu alan bilgilerini kullanarak kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 hesaplanabilirlik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilirlik ve kesinlik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerine g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uzak ge\u00e7mi\u015fte ya\u015fanan olay ya da olgularla ilgili bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kaynak say\u0131s\u0131 daha az olacak ve daha az kan\u0131ta eri\u015filecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih\u00e7ilerin Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Y\u00f6ntemlerinin Basamaklar\u0131:<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma sorular\u0131 sorarak konular\u0131 belirleme,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Kaynaklardan bilgi toplama,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130nceleme ve ele\u015ftirme,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Olgular\u0131 belirleme,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Olgular aras\u0131nda ili\u015fki kurma<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ula\u015f\u0131lan bilgileri sentezleme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve tarih kavramlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki farklar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015f, ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, somut olaylar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr; geri d\u00f6n\u00fclemez bir zaman dilimidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun kurulu\u015fu, Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali gibi olaylar ge\u00e7mi\u015fe aittir. Ancak bu olaylar\u0131 sadece kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnemeyiz. Bu olaylar\u0131 anlamak, yorumlamak ve gelece\u011fe ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in tarih bilimine ihtiya\u00e7 duyar\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih ise, ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki bu olaylar\u0131 belgeleyen, yorumlayan ve anlaml\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00fcn haline getiren bir insan etkinli\u011fidir. Tarih\u00e7iler, \u00e7e\u015fitli kaynaklar\u0131 (kitaplar, belgeler, arkeolojik buluntular vb.) kullanarak ge\u00e7mi\u015fi yeniden in\u015fa ederler. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir tarih\u00e7i, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun kurulu\u015funu incelerken, o d\u00f6nemde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tarih kitaplar\u0131na, seyahatnamelere, fermanlara ve di\u011fer belgelere ba\u015fvurur. Bu belgeleri analiz ederek, imparatorlu\u011fun nas\u0131l kuruldu\u011fu, hangi etkenlerin rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi sorulara cevap arar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131, ge\u00e7mi\u015f, ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f olan her \u015feydir; tarih ise bu ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 anlamland\u0131rma, yorumlama ve gelece\u011fe ta\u015f\u0131ma \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015f, bir nevi ham madde ise, tarih bu ham maddeden yap\u0131lan bir eser gibidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih\u00e7iler, bu eseri olu\u015ftururken kendi bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, bilgi birikimlerini ve kulland\u0131klar\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131 da i\u015fin i\u00e7ine katarlar. Bu nedenle, ayn\u0131 olay\u0131 farkl\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde yorumlayabilirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zaman\u0131n Farkl\u0131 D\u00fczeyleri ve Tarihsel Zaman:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bireysel Zaman: H\u0131zl\u0131 akan, ki\u015fisel deneyimlere dayal\u0131 zaman alg\u0131s\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toplumsal Zaman: Sosyal yap\u0131lar\u0131n etkisiyle daha yava\u015f akan zaman alg\u0131s\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co\u011frafi Zaman: \u00c7evresel fakt\u00f6rlerin etkisiyle neredeyse durmu\u015f gibi alg\u0131lanan zaman alg\u0131s\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihsel Zaman: Toplumsal olaylar\u0131n kronolojik s\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen ve tarih\u00e7ilerin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman kavram\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Takvim Sistemleri ve Tarihsel D\u00f6nemlendirme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcne\u015f ve Ay hareketleri g\u00f6zlemlenerek takvimler olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Her toplum kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir takvim olu\u015ftururken ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 en \u00e7ok etkileyen olay\u0131 takvimlerinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak kabul etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ay Takvimi: \u0130lk olarak S\u00fcmerler taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcne\u015f Takvimi: \u0130lk olarak Antik M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roma D\u00fczenlemesi: Julius Caesar zaman\u0131nda Antik M\u0131s\u0131r g\u00fcne\u015f takvimi yeniden d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gregoryen Takvim: Antik M\u0131s\u0131r g\u00fcne\u015f takvimi 1582’de Papa XIII. Gregor taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu takvim kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu takvimin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 \u0130sa\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fdu\u011fu y\u0131l (0 y\u0131l\u0131) kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zaman\u0131n S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemlere ve \u00e7a\u011flara ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tarihi \u00e7a\u011flara ve y\u00fczy\u0131llara ay\u0131rmak, tarih\u00e7ilerin ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7a\u011f: Kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir \u00f6zellik ta\u015f\u0131yan zaman par\u00e7as\u0131; as\u0131r, d\u00f6nem, devir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fczy\u0131l: Milat ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 al\u0131narak 0-99, 100-199, 200-299 vb. olarak say\u0131lan y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa\u2019da XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren tarih d\u00f6nemlere ayr\u0131larak incelenmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemlendirme s\u0131ras\u0131nda Avrupa\u2019da ya\u015fanan geli\u015fmeler ve de\u011fi\u015fimler dikkate al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n nedeni; Avrupal\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilerin, kendi ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 co\u011frafyay\u0131 di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerden daha ileri ve \u00f6nemli bir merkez olarak kabul etmesidir<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsano\u011flu yaz\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffini bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olarak kabul etmi\u015ftir. Bunun sonucunda yaz\u0131dan \u00f6nceki zamanlar tarih \u00f6ncesi, sonraki zamanlar ise tarih\u00ee d\u00f6nemler olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih \u00d6ncesi Devirler: Yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemdir. Antropolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda h\u0131z kazanm\u0131\u015f ve tarih \u00f6ncesi devirler hakk\u0131nda bilgi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihi Devirler: S\u00fcmerlerin M\u00d6 3200’lerde yaz\u0131y\u0131 icat etmesiyle tarihi devirler ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihi \u00c7a\u011flar:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski \u00c7a\u011f: Yaz\u0131n\u0131n icad\u0131ndan Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kadar (baz\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n B\u00fcy\u00fck Kostantinus taraf\u0131ndan resm\u00ee din olarak kabul edildi\u011fi 336-337 ye kadar) olan devre, Eski \u00c7a\u011f denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta \u00c7a\u011f: Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n bitiminden <\/a>\u0130stanbul\u2019un fethi olan 1453 y\u0131l\u0131na (veya Amerika\u2019n\u0131n ke\u015fif tarihi 1492 y\u0131l\u0131na) kadar olan devre de Orta \u00c7a\u011f denilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni \u00c7a\u011f: 1453\u2019ten 1789 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Frans\u0131z ihtilaline kadar olan devre Yeni \u00c7a\u011f denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yak\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f: Frans\u0131z ihtilalinden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar olan devre de Yak\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f denilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihsel Olay ve Olgu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihsel olay: Tarihte insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkileyen siyasi, sosyal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, ekonomik din\u00ee konularda k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede meydana gelen geli\u015fmelerdir. Olaylar; kendine has \u00f6zelliklere sahiptir, somut bilgiler i\u00e7erir, yer ve zaman bildirir. Olaylar\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 ve biti\u015f s\u00fcreleri de bellidir. (\u00d6rne\u011fin, ilk M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Mekke\u2019den Medine\u2019ye hicreti).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihsel olgu: Tarihte insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkileyen olaylar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lara g\u00f6re uzun s\u00fcrede meydana gelen de\u011fi\u015fimlerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Olgular; geneldir, s\u00fcreklilik g\u00f6sterir, soyuttur. Olgularda belirli bir yer ve zaman s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. (\u00d6rne\u011fin, \u0130slamiyet\u2019in yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rnekler:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

James Watt\u2019\u0131n buhar makinesini icat etmesi olayd\u0131r, Sanayi Devrimi olgudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019nin ba\u015flamas\u0131 olayd\u0131r, milliyet\u00e7ilik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 olgudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn 19 May\u0131s\u2019ta Samsun\u2019a \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 olayd\u0131r, T\u00fcrk ink\u0131lab\u0131 olgudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neden-Sonu\u00e7 \u0130li\u015fkisi:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihsel olaylar ve olgular aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131 bir neden-sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkisi bulunur. Bir olay, ba\u015fka bir olay\u0131n nedeni olabilir veya bir olgunun sonucu olabilir. Bu ili\u015fkiyi anlamak, tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7leri daha iyi kavramam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rnek:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda ya\u015fanan K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Buzul \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin azalmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur, ancak Celali \u0130syanlar\u0131n\u0131n tek nedeni bu de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali, milliyet\u00e7ilik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin yay\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00f6nemli katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a09. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 1. \u00fcnitesi\u00a0olan\u00a0Ge\u00e7mi\u015fin in\u015fa s\u00fcrecinde tarih\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0Tarihin Do\u011fas\u0131\u00a0Ders Notu sayesinde tarih dersi yaz\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131na tam olarak haz\u0131rlanacaks\u0131n\u0131z.\u00a09. 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