{"id":2856,"date":"2025-12-01T17:48:00","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T14:48:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=2856"},"modified":"2025-09-28T20:54:27","modified_gmt":"2025-09-28T17:54:27","slug":"islam-bilim-tarihi-5-unite-x-yuzyilda-bilimde-gelismeler-ders-notu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2025\/12\/01\/islam-bilim-tarihi-5-unite-x-yuzyilda-bilimde-gelismeler-ders-notu\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130slam Bilim Tarihi 5. \u00dcnite: X. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bilimde Geli\u015fmeler Ders Notu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Bu sayfada payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0<strong>\u0130slam Bilim Tarihi Dersi\u00a0<\/strong>ders notlar\u0131m\u0131z sayesinde t\u00fcm konulara hakim olacaks\u0131n\u0131z.<strong>\u00a0Se\u00e7meli \u0130slam Bilim Tarihi Dersi\u00a0<\/strong>9. 10. 11. ve 12. s\u0131n\u0131flarda se\u00e7meli olarak okutulan bir derstir. Bu tarih ders notlar\u0131\u00a0<strong>Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcfredat\u0131na uygun<\/strong>\u00a0olarak\u00a0 haz\u0131rland\u0131. Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda\u00a0<strong>Se\u00e7meli \u0130slam Bilim Tarihi Dersinin 5. \u00fcnitesi olan X. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bilimde Geli\u015fmeler Ders Notu<\/strong>nu payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u0131n\u0131f:&nbsp;<strong>Se\u00e7meli tarih<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ders:&nbsp;<strong>\u0130slam Bilim Tarihi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00dcnite:\u00a0<strong>5. \u00fcnite: X. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bilimde Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130lgili yaz\u0131l\u0131:<strong>\u00a0\u0130slam Bilim Tarihi 1. d\u00f6nem 2. yaz\u0131l\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>X. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bilimde Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>X. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Siyasi Geli\u015fmelerin Bilime Etkisi:<\/strong> <strong>750 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Abbasi Devleti<\/strong>, zamanla \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerle zay\u0131flamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zay\u0131flama Nedenleri:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Yetenekli y\u00f6neticilerin gelmemesi (Halife Mutas\u0131m sonras\u0131)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Devlet y\u00f6netiminde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc komutanlar\u0131n (em\u00eer\u00fc&#8217;l-\u00fcmer\u00e2) etkisi<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fetihlerin durmas\u0131 ve ekonominin zay\u0131flamas\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Uzak eyaletlerde otorite bo\u015flu\u011fu ve <strong>Tav\u00e2if-i M\u00fcl\u00fbk<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilen yerel devletlerin kurulmas\u0131<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Tav\u00e2if-i M\u00fcl\u00fbk Devletleri:<\/strong> Bu devletlerden biri olan <strong>B\u00fcveyhiler (932-1055)<\/strong>, <strong>Fat\u0131milerin<\/strong> deste\u011fiyle S\u00fcnni halifeli\u011finin merkezi <strong>Ba\u011fdat&#8217;\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdir<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>B\u00fcveyhiler, Abbasi halifelerini sadece <strong>dini lider<\/strong> olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fler ve istedikleri halifeyi tahta \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu durum, \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda <strong>siyasi ve fikri geli\u015fmeleri olumsuz etkilemi\u015ftir<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u015eii Fat\u0131miler Devleti (909-1171):<\/strong> Merkezi <strong>Kahire<\/strong> olan bu devlet, S\u00fcnni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye kar\u015f\u0131 yeni bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <strong>Abbasi halifeli\u011fini hedef alm\u0131\u015f<\/strong>, kutsal topraklar ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Abbasi topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek ve kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini yaymak istemi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sel\u00e7uklu H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Tu\u011frul Bey<\/strong>, <strong>1055 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ba\u011fdat&#8217;a girerek<\/strong> Abbasi hanedan\u0131n\u0131 B\u00fcveyhilerin egemenli\u011finden kurtarm\u0131\u015f ve Abbasi halifesine b\u00fcy\u00fck sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0130lim ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr Hayat\u0131n\u0131n Canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Y\u00f6netimin B\u00fcveyhiler ve Fat\u0131miler&#8217;in elinde oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerde bile <strong>ilim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr hayat\u0131 canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumu\u015ftur<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u015e\u00eeraz, Rey ve \u0130sfahan k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri<\/strong>, en parlak d\u00f6nemlerini <strong>B\u00fcveyhiler D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde<\/strong> ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kahire<\/strong>, <strong>Fat\u0131miler D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde<\/strong> \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezlerinden biri olmu\u015ftur. <strong>El-Ezher \u00dcniversitesi<\/strong> de d\u00f6nemin \u00f6nde gelen e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131ndand\u0131r. O d\u00f6nemde Kahire Saray\u0131&#8217;ndaki kadar kitap d\u00fcnyan\u0131n hi\u00e7bir yerinde yoktu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130SLAM D\u00dcNYASINDA ASTRONOM\u0130 ALANINDAK\u0130 GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0130br\u00e2him b. Sinan b. S\u00e2bit (\u00f6l. 946)<\/strong>, <strong>ekliptik e\u011fimin sabit olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savunmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ahmet b. Muhammed Es-Sicz\u00ee (\u00f6l. 1024)<\/strong>, X. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru <strong>D\u00fcnya&#8217;n\u0131n d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tezini ilk \u00f6ne s\u00fcren bilim insan\u0131<\/strong> olmu\u015ftur. Galileo&#8217;dan \u00e7ok \u00f6nce bu fikri savunmu\u015ftur. En \u00f6nemli eseri <strong>Ris\u00e2le fi&#8217;\u015f \u015fekli&#8217;l katta&#8217;d\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Abdurrahm\u00e2n es-S\u00fbf\u00ee (903-986)<\/strong>, <strong>sabit y\u0131ld\u0131zlar astronomisi<\/strong> konusunda temel bir eser olan <strong>Kit\u00e2b\u00fc Suveri&#8217;l kev\u00e2kibi&#8217;s sabite&#8217;yi<\/strong> yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Abdurrahm\u00e2n es-S\u00fbf\u00ee<\/strong>, modern \u00e7a\u011fa etki eden <strong>\u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck astronomi aliminden biridir<\/strong>. Bat\u0131 bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda farkl\u0131 isimlerle tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. <strong>Batlamyus&#8217;tan sonra sabit y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n incelenmesi ve kataloglanmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol\u00fc olmu\u015ftur<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u00f6nemin \u00fcnl\u00fc astronomlar\u0131ndan <strong>Eb\u00fb Ca&#8217;fer el-H\u00e2zin (\u00f6l. 971)<\/strong>, icat etti\u011fi <strong>Z\u00eec\u00fc&#8217;s es-Saf\u00e2&#8217;ih<\/strong> adl\u0131 aletle gezegenlerin boylam derecelerini aritmetik hesaplamalar yapmadan \u00f6l\u00e7meyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu alet, Avrupa&#8217;da <strong>\u00c4quatorium (Akuatoryum)<\/strong> ad\u0131yla <strong>XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar<\/strong> kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Usturlap<\/strong>, astronomi tarihinde en yayg\u0131n ve tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ara\u00e7lardan biridir. <strong>M\u00d6 IV-II. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Yunanlarca bilinmesine ra\u011fmen \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda VIII-IX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130slamiyet&#8217;in yay\u0131lmas\u0131yla birlikte <strong>k\u0131ble y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn tayini, namaz ve oru\u00e7 vakitlerinin belirlenmesinde<\/strong> kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Usturlap; <strong>hesap makinesi, pusula, zaman \u00f6l\u00e7er ve uzakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7er<\/strong> olarak kullan\u0131labilen \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir alettir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>MATEMAT\u0130K ALANINDAK\u0130 GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Eb\u00fb Sehl el-K\u00fbh\u00ee (\u00f6l. 990)<\/strong>, bu y\u00fczy\u0131lda matematik alan\u0131nda \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <strong>Parabolik kubbenin hacmini basit bir y\u00f6ntemle \u00f6l\u00e7m\u00fc\u015f<\/strong> ve <strong>\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc derece e\u011frilerle ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda konik kesit \u00e7izimleri i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir pergel (bark\u00e2r t\u00e2mm) tasarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ebu&#8217;l-Vef\u00e2 el-B\u00fbzc\u00e2n\u00ee (940-998)<\/strong>, geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi metotlarla <strong>sin\u00fcs (ceyb), tanjant (z\u0131l) ve kotanjant \u00e7izelgelerini hesaplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Eb\u00fb&#8217;l Vef\u00e2<\/strong>, <strong>geometride pergel kullanmay\u0131 prensip edinen ilk matematik\u00e7idir<\/strong>. Bilim tarih\u00e7ileri, <strong>sekant\u0131n bilinenin aksine Kopernik taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil Eb\u00fb&#8217;l Vef\u00e2 taraf\u0131ndan bulundu\u011funu<\/strong> belirtmektedirler. Ayr\u0131ca <strong>Antik Yunan ve Hint uygarl\u0131klar\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemeyen denklemleri de \u00e7\u00f6zmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>TIP VE TIP TEKNOLOJ\u0130LER\u0130 ALANINDAK\u0130 GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>El-Mec\u00fbs\u00ee (Ali ibn Abbas) (\u00f6l. 994)<\/strong>&#8216;nin <strong>K\u00e2mil es-S\u0131n\u00e2&#8217;a et-T\u0131bbiyye<\/strong> adl\u0131 eseri bu alandaki en \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardand\u0131r. <strong>W. Harvey&#8217;den y\u0131llar \u00f6nce k\u0131lcal damar kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Eb\u00fb Zeyd Ahmed b. Sehl el-Belh\u00ee (849-934)<\/strong>&#8216;nin T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye <strong>Beden ve Ruh Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> olarak terc\u00fcme edilen <strong>Mes\u00e2lih el-Ebd\u00e2n ve-l-Enf\u00fcs<\/strong> adl\u0131 eseri de bu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndand\u0131r. <strong>El-Belh\u00ee<\/strong>, <strong>psikosomatik hastal\u0131klar\u0131n (ruhsal durumun hastal\u0131klar \u00fczerindeki rol\u00fc) erken d\u00f6nem temsilcisi<\/strong> olarak kabul edilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>End\u00fcl\u00fcsl\u00fc hekim S\u00fcleyman b. Hasan \u0130bn C\u00fclc\u00fcl (\u00f6l. 994)<\/strong>&#8216;\u00fcn <strong>987&#8217;de yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u0131p Tarihi (Tabak\u00e2t el-Etibb\u00e2 ve-l-Hukem\u00e2)<\/strong> adl\u0131 eseri, X. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en \u00f6nemli bilim tarihi kitaplar\u0131ndand\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Modern opti\u011fin babas\u0131 olarak kabul edilen \u0130bn\u00fc&#8217;l-Heysem&#8217;den sonra<\/strong> bu alanda yeti\u015fmi\u015f en b\u00fcy\u00fck bilim insan\u0131 <strong>el-Mevs\u0131l\u00ee (\u00f6l. 1010)<\/strong>&#8216;dir. En \u00f6nemli eserlerinden biri <strong>Kitab-\u00fcl-M\u00fcntehab F\u00ee \u0130lac-\u0131l Ayn&#8221; (G\u00f6z Tedavisi ve Kullan\u0131lan \u0130la\u00e7lar Kitab\u0131)<\/strong> adl\u0131 eserdir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>El Mevs\u0131l\u00ee&#8217;nin i\u00e7i oyulmu\u015f \u00e7ukur bir t\u00fcple katarakt ameliyat\u0131 yapmas\u0131<\/strong>, bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kendi icad\u0131 olan <strong>metal bir i\u011fne (g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki enjekt\u00f6re benzer bir alet) ile yumu\u015fak katarakt tabakas\u0131n\u0131 sorunsuz bir \u015fekilde ameliyat etmi\u015ftir<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u00f6nemin \u00fcnl\u00fc cerrahlar\u0131ndan <strong>End\u00fcl\u00fcsl\u00fc ez-Zahrav\u00ee (936-1013)<\/strong>, <strong>Kit\u00e2b\u00fc&#8217;t-Tasr\u00eef<\/strong> adl\u0131 eserinde yaralar\u0131n ate\u015fle da\u011flanmas\u0131nda, hayvanlar \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan deney ameliyatlar\u0131nda ve <strong>kadavra te\u015frihinde (otopsi) kullan\u0131lan aletlerin resimlerine yer vermi\u015ftir<\/strong>. Zahrav\u00ee&#8217;nin bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 <strong>Bat\u0131&#8217;ya \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil etmi\u015ftir<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>BE\u015eER\u00ce VE MATEMAT\u0130KSEL CO\u011eRAFYANIN GEL\u0130\u015e\u0130M\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0130slam co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n temellerinin at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Abbasiler D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde, <strong>IX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda &#8220;Irak Co\u011frafya Okulu&#8221;<\/strong>, X. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Orta Asya&#8217;da &#8220;<strong>Belh Co\u011frafya Okulu<\/strong>&#8221; a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Belh \u0130slam Okulu<\/strong>, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 <strong>\u0130slam co\u011frafyas\u0131<\/strong> \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <strong>Irak Co\u011frafya Okulu<\/strong> ise <strong>genel ve tasvir\u00ee co\u011frafya<\/strong> alan\u0131na odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Irak Co\u011frafya Okulu&#8217;nun en \u00f6nemli bilim insan\u0131 el-Mes&#8217;\u00fbd\u00ee (896-956)&#8217;dir<\/strong>. Se\u00e7kin bir tarih\u00e7i olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra <strong>Orta \u00c7a\u011f M\u00fcsl\u00fcman seyyahlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelenlerindendir<\/strong>. Bir\u00e7ok eser yazan el-Mes&#8217;\u00fbd\u00ee&#8217;nin sadece <strong>M\u00fcr\u00fbc\u00fc&#8217;z-zeheb ve Me&#8217;adin\u00fc&#8217;l-cevher ile et- Tenbih ve&#8217;l-israf<\/strong> adl\u0131 eserleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. El-Mes&#8217;\u00fbd\u00ee, d\u00f6nemin co\u011frafyac\u0131lar\u0131na ait bilgileri <strong>deney ve g\u00f6zlemler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yeniden yorumlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mes&#8217;\u00fbd\u00ee&#8217;nin co\u011frafya a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/strong>, <strong>bir b\u00f6lgenin co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n o b\u00f6lgedeki insan, hayvan ve bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc do\u011frudan etkiledi\u011fi<\/strong> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Belh\u00ee<\/strong>, Ba\u011fdat&#8217;ta <strong>Filozof Kind\u00ee&#8217;den ders alm\u0131\u015f<\/strong>, Orta Asya&#8217;ya d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra <strong>Suver\u00fc&#8217;l-ekal\u00eem<\/strong> ad\u0131yla bilinen bir co\u011frafya kitab\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn son d\u00f6nemlerinde \u0130slam \u00fclkelerinin b\u00f6lgesel haritalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Belh co\u011frafyac\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong>, <strong>co\u011frafi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 belirlenmi\u015f \u00fclke kavram\u0131n\u0131 ilk defa kullanan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman co\u011frafyac\u0131lard\u0131r<\/strong>. Bu okulun ilk temsilcisi <strong>el-\u0130stahr\u00ee (\u00f6l. 957)<\/strong>&#8216;dir. X. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve &#8220;<strong>el-\u0130stahr\u00ee&#8217;nin D\u00fcnya Haritas\u0131<\/strong>&#8221; ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi harita, Arap co\u011frafyas\u0131nda &#8220;<strong>el-Belhi Ekol\u00fc<\/strong>&#8221; olarak bilinir. \u0130stahr\u00ee, <strong>Kitab\u00fc&#8217;l-Mes\u00e2lik\u00fc&#8217;l Mem\u00e2lik<\/strong> adl\u0131 eserinde \u0130slam co\u011frafyac\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kabul g\u00f6ren &#8220;<strong>Yedi \u0130klim<\/strong>&#8221; anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n aksine \u0130slam \u00fclkelerini <strong>20 iklime<\/strong> ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Belh Co\u011frafya Okulu&#8217;nun ikinci \u00f6nemli ismi \u0130bn Havkal (\u00f6l. 988)&#8217;d\u0131r<\/strong>. <strong>Kit\u00e2b\u00fc S\u00fbretu&#8217;l-Arz (el-Mes\u00e2lik ve&#8217;l-mem\u00e2lik)<\/strong> adl\u0131 eserini 977&#8217;de tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130bn Havkal, eserini \u0130stahr\u00ee&#8217;nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerine in\u015fa etmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Belh Co\u011frafya Okulu&#8217;nun \u00f6nemli temsilcilerinden biri de Makdis\u00ee (Mukaddes\u00ee, \u00f6l. 1000)&#8217;dir<\/strong>. En uzak \u0130slam \u00fclkelerine bile seyahatler yapm\u0131\u015f ve <strong>Ahsen\u00fc&#8217;t-tekas\u00eem f\u00ee ma&#8217;rifeti&#8217;l-ekal\u00eem<\/strong> adl\u0131 bir co\u011frafya kitab\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Makdis\u00ee<\/strong>, sosyal, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel alanlardaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla &#8220;<strong>erken d\u00f6nem co\u011frafya<\/strong>&#8220;s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde &#8220;<strong>be\u015fer\u00ee co\u011frafya<\/strong>&#8221; olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bilim dal\u0131na \u00e7eviren ki\u015fidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar<\/strong>, y\u0131ld\u0131z ve deniz yollar\u0131 haritalar\u0131yla yollar\u0131n\u0131 bulabilmek i\u00e7in yeni bir y\u00f6ntem kullanm\u0131\u015flar, <strong>boylamlar (meridyenler) ile enlemleri sabitleyerek k\u00fcresel kartografiyi yaratm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r<\/strong>. Haritac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fmesinde <strong>stereografik iz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc tekni\u011finin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong> \u00f6nemli ilerlemeler sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Bu sayfada payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0\u0130slam Bilim Tarihi Dersi\u00a0ders notlar\u0131m\u0131z sayesinde t\u00fcm konulara hakim olacaks\u0131n\u0131z.\u00a0Se\u00e7meli \u0130slam Bilim Tarihi Dersi\u00a09. 10. 11. ve 12. s\u0131n\u0131flarda se\u00e7meli olarak okutulan bir <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2025\/12\/01\/islam-bilim-tarihi-5-unite-x-yuzyilda-bilimde-gelismeler-ders-notu\/\" title=\"\u0130slam Bilim Tarihi 5. \u00dcnite: X. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bilimde Geli\u015fmeler Ders Notu\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":223,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[245],"tags":[247,248],"class_list":["post-2856","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-islam-bilim-tarihi","tag-islam-bilim-tarihi","tag-secmeli-islam-bilim-tarihi"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0130slam Bilim Tarihi 5. \u00dcnite: X. 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