{"id":2862,"date":"2026-03-09T21:26:00","date_gmt":"2026-03-09T18:26:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=2862"},"modified":"2025-09-28T21:39:39","modified_gmt":"2025-09-28T18:39:39","slug":"islam-bilim-tarihi-8-unite-islam-dunyasinda-astronomi-tip-ve-muhendislik-alanindaki-gelismeler-xiii-yuzyil-ders-notu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/03\/09\/islam-bilim-tarihi-8-unite-islam-dunyasinda-astronomi-tip-ve-muhendislik-alanindaki-gelismeler-xiii-yuzyil-ders-notu\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130slam Bilim Tarihi 8. \u00dcnite: \u0130slam D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Astronomi, T\u0131p ve M\u00fchendislik Alan\u0131ndaki Geli\u015fmeler (XIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131l) Ders Notu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Bu sayfada payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0<strong>\u0130slam Bilim Tarihi Dersi\u00a0<\/strong>ders notlar\u0131m\u0131z sayesinde t\u00fcm konulara hakim olacaks\u0131n\u0131z.<strong>\u00a0Se\u00e7meli \u0130slam Bilim Tarihi Dersi\u00a0<\/strong>9. 10. 11. ve 12. s\u0131n\u0131flarda se\u00e7meli olarak okutulan bir derstir. Bu tarih ders notlar\u0131\u00a0<strong>Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcfredat\u0131na uygun<\/strong>\u00a0olarak\u00a0 haz\u0131rland\u0131. Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda\u00a0<strong>Se\u00e7meli \u0130slam Bilim Tarihi Dersinin 8. \u00fcnitesi olan \u0130slam D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Astronomi, T\u0131p ve M\u00fchendislik Alan\u0131ndaki Geli\u015fmeler (XIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/strong> <strong>Ders Notu<\/strong>nu payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u0131n\u0131f:&nbsp;<strong>Se\u00e7meli tarih<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ders:&nbsp;<strong>\u0130slam Bilim Tarihi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00dcnite:\u00a0<strong>8. \u00fcnite: \u0130slam D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Astronomi, T\u0131p ve M\u00fchendislik Alan\u0131ndaki Geli\u015fmeler (XIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130lgili yaz\u0131l\u0131:<strong>\u00a0\u0130slam Bilim Tarihi 2. d\u00f6nem 1. yaz\u0131l\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0130slam D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Astronomi, T\u0131p ve M\u00fchendislik Alan\u0131ndaki Geli\u015fmeler (XIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>XIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130slam Astronomisinin Geli\u015fimi:<\/strong> \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda astronomi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde de \u00f6nemli ilerlemeler kaydetmi\u015ftir. \u00d6nceki y\u00fczy\u0131llarda at\u0131lan temeller \u00fczerine yeni ke\u015fifler ve g\u00f6zlemevleri kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0130lk G\u00f6zlemevleri:<\/strong> Abbasi Halifesi Me&#8217;mun D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde (813-833) <strong>Ba\u011fdat ve \u015eam&#8217;da ilk g\u00f6zlemevleri kurulmu\u015ftur<\/strong>. Burada yap\u0131lan g\u00f6zlemler &#8220;<strong>zic<\/strong>&#8221; ad\u0131 verilen tablolara kaydedilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u00fcsl\u00fcman astronomlar, <strong>Batlamyus&#8217;un &#8220;Yer Merkezli Evren&#8221; modelini<\/strong> incelemi\u015f ve XI. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren bu modelde <strong>de\u011fi\u015fiklikler \u00f6nermi\u015flerdir<\/strong>. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, <strong>Kopernik, Kepler ve Galileo gibi Avrupal\u0131 astronomlara \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015ftir<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Mer\u00e2ga Rasathanesi:<\/strong> \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda <strong>g\u00f6zleme dayal\u0131 astronomi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli merkezlerinden biriydi<\/strong>. <strong>\u0130lhanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 H\u00fclag\u00fc Han&#8217;\u0131n iste\u011fiyle XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Mer\u00e2ga (\u0130ran) \u015fehrinde kurulmu\u015ftur<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u00f6nemin \u00fcnl\u00fc bilgini <strong>Nas\u00eer\u00fcddin et-T\u00fbs\u00ee (1201-1274)<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen bu rasathanede <strong>yakla\u015f\u0131k on be\u015f astronom<\/strong> g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mer\u00e2ga&#8217;da <strong>M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve yabanc\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenciler birlikte<\/strong> \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Nas\u00eer\u00fcddin et-T\u00fbs\u00ee<\/strong>, Mer\u00e2ga Rasathanesi&#8217;nde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleri <strong>ez-Z\u00eec\u00fc&#8217;l-\u0130lh\u00e2n\u00ee (\u0130lhan&#8217;\u0131n Z\u00eeci)<\/strong> adl\u0131 eserinde toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mer\u00e2ga&#8217;da kullan\u0131lan <strong>astronomi aletleri<\/strong>, XVI ve XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Avrupa rasathanelerinde kullan\u0131lan aletlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilecek d\u00fczeyde geli\u015fmi\u015fti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>El-Urd\u00ee<\/strong>, y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fini bulmaya yarayan <strong>\u00e7ift kadranl\u0131 aleti<\/strong> ve g\u00f6k cisimlerinin meridyen dairesindeki y\u00fcksekliklerini tespit eden <strong>\u00e7ift bacakl\u0131 aleti<\/strong> geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca &#8220;<strong>m\u00fckemmel alet<\/strong>&#8221; olarak bilinen, bir y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fini ve azimutunu belirlemeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan bir g\u00f6zlem aleti icat etmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u00fbs\u00ee<\/strong>, bir yerin y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc ve y\u00fcksekli\u011fini belirlemede kullan\u0131lan &#8220;<strong>torquetum (torkidum)<\/strong>&#8221; adl\u0131 bir alet icat etmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca bir g\u00f6k cisminin ufuktaki kuzey veya g\u00fcney noktas\u0131na olan a\u00e7\u0131sal uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7en &#8220;<strong>azimut kadran\u0131<\/strong>&#8220;n\u0131 da geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kutb\u00fcddin e\u015f \u015e\u00eer\u00e2z\u00ee (1236-1311)<\/strong>, T\u00fbs\u00ee&#8217;nin \u00f6\u011frencilerindendir. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta t\u0131p bilimine ilgi duymu\u015f, daha sonra Mer\u00e2ga&#8217;ya gelerek T\u00fbs\u00ee&#8217;den astronomi e\u011fitimi alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <strong>Gezegenler modeli olu\u015fturmu\u015f ve bu modelle Ay&#8217;\u0131n hareketlerini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>. Astronomi aletlerinin yap\u0131m\u0131nda T\u00fbs\u00ee ile birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>XIII. Y\u00dcZYIL \u0130SLAM D\u00dcNYASINDA TIP<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bu y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130slam t\u0131p d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan \u00fcnl\u00fc hekimlerden biri <strong>\u0130bn Nefis (1210-1288)<\/strong>&#8216;tir. <strong>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffeden ilk hekim<\/strong> olarak t\u0131p tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130SLAM D\u00dcNYASINDA SA\u011eLIK KURUMLARI VE TIP E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Emeviler<\/strong>, VIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda <strong>c\u00fczzaml\u0131, k\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcm, \u00e2m\u00e2, yatalak ve kimsesizleri bar\u0131nd\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n ilk hastanesini kurmu\u015flard\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda hastaneler i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli isimler kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: &#8220;<strong>bimaristan, dar\u00fc\u015f\u015fifa, dar\u00fclafiye, dar\u00fclmerda, \u015fifaiyye, bimarhane, \u015fifahane ve t\u0131marhane<\/strong>&#8220;.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0130lk tam te\u015fekk\u00fcll\u00fc hastane<\/strong>, Abbasi Halifesi Harun Re\u015fid taraf\u0131ndan VIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda <strong>Ba\u011fdat&#8217;ta kurulmu\u015ftur<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hastaneler, ilk d\u00f6nemlerde <strong>t\u0131p e\u011fitiminin de verildi\u011fi kurumlard\u0131<\/strong>. Bu nedenle Abbasiler D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde Ba\u011fdat&#8217;ta kurulan ilk modern hastanenin yan\u0131nda <strong>b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00fct\u00fcphane<\/strong> da yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda t\u0131p e\u011fitimi veren \u00f6nemli medreselerden biri <strong>El-Mustansiriye Medresesi<\/strong>&#8216;ydi. Abbasi halifesi M\u00fcstans\u0131r-Billah&#8217;\u0131n iste\u011fiyle <strong>1234&#8217;te Ba\u011fdat&#8217;ta a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Eczac\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong> faaliyetleri, ilk d\u00f6nemlerde <strong>hekimler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f<\/strong> ve ila\u00e7lar &#8220;<strong>k\u00f6k\u00e7\u00fc, ot\u00e7u, attar<\/strong>&#8221; ad\u0131 verilen esnaflardan temin edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Abbasiler D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde eczac\u0131l\u0131k <strong>kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir yap\u0131ya<\/strong> kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur. \u0130lk eczane <strong>765&#8217;te Ba\u011fdat&#8217;ta<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>XIII. Y\u00dcZYIL \u0130SLAM D\u00dcNYASINDA TEKNOLOJ\u0130 \u00c7ALI\u015eMALARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>El-Cezer\u00ee (1153-1233)<\/strong>, XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda yeti\u015fmi\u015f <strong>\u00f6nemli bilim insanlar\u0131ndan biridir<\/strong>. <strong>Artuklu Devleti&#8217;nde m\u00fchendis olarak<\/strong> g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>El-Cezer\u00ee, &#8220;<strong>Uygulamaya ge\u00e7memi\u015f bir bilgi do\u011fru ile yanl\u0131\u015f aras\u0131nda bir yerdedir.<\/strong>&#8221; s\u00f6z\u00fcyle teorik bilginin prati\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclerek test edilmesi gerekti\u011fini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>El-Cezer\u00ee, kitab\u0131nda <strong>hava, bo\u015fluk ve denge prensiplerini kullanarak 50 adet arac\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak vermi\u015ftir<\/strong>. Kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>makine par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 ve imalat y\u00f6ntemlerini de detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>El-Cezer\u00ee&#8217;nin icat etti\u011fi makinelerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu <strong>Avrupa m\u00fchendislik terminolojisine girmi\u015ftir<\/strong>. Bu makinelerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Abdest Almak \u0130\u00e7in D\u00fczenlenmi\u015f Otomat<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hisarl\u0131 Kan Alma Teknesi<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kay\u0131k Su Saati<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Tutan \u00c7ocu\u011fun Mumlu Saati<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hayvan G\u00fcc\u00fcnden Yararlanarak Suyu Yukar\u0131 \u00c7\u0131karan Ara\u00e7<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Bu sayfada payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0\u0130slam Bilim Tarihi Dersi\u00a0ders notlar\u0131m\u0131z sayesinde t\u00fcm konulara hakim olacaks\u0131n\u0131z.\u00a0Se\u00e7meli \u0130slam Bilim Tarihi Dersi\u00a09. 10. 11. ve 12. s\u0131n\u0131flarda se\u00e7meli olarak okutulan bir <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/03\/09\/islam-bilim-tarihi-8-unite-islam-dunyasinda-astronomi-tip-ve-muhendislik-alanindaki-gelismeler-xiii-yuzyil-ders-notu\/\" title=\"\u0130slam Bilim Tarihi 8. \u00dcnite: \u0130slam D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Astronomi, T\u0131p ve M\u00fchendislik Alan\u0131ndaki Geli\u015fmeler (XIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131l) Ders Notu\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":223,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[245],"tags":[247,248],"class_list":["post-2862","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-islam-bilim-tarihi","tag-islam-bilim-tarihi","tag-secmeli-islam-bilim-tarihi"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/tarih-ders-notlari.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0130slam Bilim Tarihi 8. \u00dcnite: \u0130slam D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Astronomi, T\u0131p ve M\u00fchendislik Alan\u0131ndaki Geli\u015fmeler (XIII. 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