{"id":2899,"date":"2025-09-30T20:40:08","date_gmt":"2025-09-30T17:40:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=2899"},"modified":"2025-09-30T20:40:09","modified_gmt":"2025-09-30T17:40:09","slug":"turk-dusunce-tarihi-1-unite-islam-oncesi-turk-dusuncesi-ders-notu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2025\/09\/30\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-1-unite-islam-oncesi-turk-dusuncesi-ders-notu\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi 1. \u00dcnite: \u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi Ders Notu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi<\/strong> 10. 11. ve 12. s\u0131n\u0131flarda se\u00e7meli olarak okutulan bir derstir. Bu sayfada payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0<strong>T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde<\/strong>\u00a0s\u0131navda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011finiz t\u00fcm konulara hakim olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. Bu \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131\u00a0<strong>Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcfredat\u0131na<\/strong>\u00a0uygun olarak haz\u0131rland\u0131. Bu ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde\u00a0<strong>Se\u00e7meli T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi<\/strong> <strong>Dersi yaz\u0131l\u0131s\u0131<\/strong>ndan 100 alacaks\u0131n\u0131z.\u00a0<strong>T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi\u00a01. \u00dcnite: \u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/strong> <strong>Ders Notu<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>MEB ders kitaplar\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0ile uyumludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u0131n\u0131f:&nbsp;<strong>Se\u00e7meli tarih<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ders:&nbsp;<strong>T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00dcnite:&nbsp;<strong>1. \u00fcnite: \u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lgili yaz\u0131l\u0131:<strong>&nbsp;T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>1. d\u00f6nem 1. yaz\u0131l\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u00dcnite: \u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>T\u00fcrkler, \u0130slamiyet&#8217;i kabul etmeden \u00f6nce \u00e7ok geni\u015f topraklarda ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu topraklarda Budizm, Hristiyanl\u0131k, Manihaizm, Yahudilik gibi farkl\u0131 dinlerle tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ancak bu dinleri tam olarak benimsemediler, kendi inan\u00e7 sistemlerini korudular.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrklerin din\u00ee hayat\u0131n\u0131n merkezinde G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ayr\u0131ca yer-su (yir-sub) inanc\u0131 ve atalar\u0131n ruhlar\u0131na sayg\u0131 da \u00f6nemliydi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrklerdeki \u00c2lem (Evren) Tasavvuru<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>T\u00fcrkler evreni 3 katl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu: g\u00f6k, yer ve yer alt\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d6nce g\u00f6k ve yer, sonra di\u011fer canl\u0131lar ve insan yarat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu katmanlar\u0131n demir bir direk, kutsal bir da\u011f veya d\u00fcnya a\u011fac\u0131 ile birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc kubbe \u015feklinde, \u00e7ok katl\u0131 bir daire gibiydi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G\u00f6\u011f\u00fcn merkezinde Demirkaz\u0131k denilen Kutup Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn bu y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>B\u00fcy\u00fckay\u0131 tak\u0131my\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131na bakarak mevsimleri ve takvimi belirlerlerdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u00fcnya sadece insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yer de\u011fildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G\u00f6kte, yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde ve yer alt\u0131nda iyeler (ruhlar) ya\u015far, insanlar\u0131 etkilerdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u00fcnya, kutsal da\u011flar, d\u00fcnya a\u011fac\u0131 ve ya\u011fmur arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla g\u00f6\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u00fcnya su \u00fcst\u00fcnde y\u00fczen d\u00f6rt k\u00f6\u015fe, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc ise bir daire olarak hayal edilirdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eski T\u00fcrklere g\u00f6re evren 4 ana unsurdan olu\u015fuyordu: a\u011fa\u00e7, demir, ate\u015f ve su.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler i\u00e7in d\u00fcnyan\u0131n merkezi, etraf\u0131 nehirlerle \u00e7evrili \u00d6t\u00fcken b\u00f6lgesiydi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrklerdeki Ahiret \u0130nanc\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesinde T\u00fcrklerde ahiret inanc\u0131 vard\u0131. \u00d6lmek, yeni bir hayata ge\u00e7i\u015f olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede ruh ve can anlam\u0131na gelen kelime &#8220;tin&#8221; idi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;Tin&#8221; ayn\u0131 zamanda nefes anlam\u0131na da geliyordu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d6l\u00fcm, nefesin kesilmesi ve ruhun bedeninden ku\u015f gibi &#8220;u\u00e7up gitmesi&#8221; olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu y\u00fczden bazen &#8220;\u00f6ld\u00fc&#8221; yerine &#8220;u\u00e7tu&#8221; denirdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cennete &#8220;u\u00e7ma\u011f&#8221;, cehenneme ise &#8220;tamu&#8221; ad\u0131n\u0131 verdiler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d6len atalar\u0131n ruhlar\u0131 i\u00e7in at, s\u0131\u011f\u0131r ve koyun gibi hayvanlar kurban ederlerdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ki\u015filerin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn 3., 7., 21., 40. g\u00fcnlerinde ve y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcmlerinde yo\u011f \/ yu\u011f veya \u00f6l\u00fc a\u015f\u0131 denilen ziyafetler verirlerdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d6zellikle yedinci g\u00fcn t\u00f6renleri ve y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc t\u00f6renleri daha \u00e7ok \u00f6nemsendi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yedinci g\u00fcn t\u00f6reninin amac\u0131, \u00f6len ki\u015finin ruhunu Tanr\u0131 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karmakt\u0131. Gece boyu s\u00fcren t\u00f6renlerde kam (\u015faman), ruhu Tanr\u0131&#8217;ya ula\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d6lenler i\u00e7in yas tutulur, sa\u00e7 kesilir ve t\u00fcts\u00fc yak\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cenazeler b\u00fcy\u00fck t\u00f6renlerle g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. Yas tutanlar sa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 da\u011f\u0131t\u0131r, elbiselerini y\u0131rtar ve y\u00fczlerini kanat\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d6te d\u00fcnyada (ahirette) laz\u0131m olacak her \u015feyi mezarlara koyarlard\u0131. Mezarlara e\u015fya koymak, T\u00fcrklerin ahirete inand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d6lenlerin yerlerinin belli olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in mezarlar\u0131n \u00fczerine toprak veya ta\u015f y\u0131\u011farak t\u00fcmsekler yapt\u0131lar. Bu t\u00fcmseklere kurgan ad\u0131 verildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kurgan\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fi, \u00f6len ki\u015finin \u00f6nemine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015firdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E\u011fer \u00f6len ki\u015fi bir kahramansa, kurgan\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fc\u015fman say\u0131s\u0131 kadar balbal (mezar ta\u015f\u0131) dikilirdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kurgan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc zamanla geli\u015fti. Sel\u00e7uklular&#8217;da k\u00fcmbet, Osmanl\u0131lar&#8217;da ise t\u00fcrbe olarak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrklerdeki G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 \u0130nanc\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0130slam \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrklerin din\u00ee inan\u00e7lar\u0131 3 ana ba\u015fl\u0131kta toplan\u0131r: G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 \u0130nanc\u0131, Atalar K\u00fclt\u00fc ve Yer-Su \u0130nanc\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131, her \u015feye g\u00fcc\u00fc yeten, y\u00fcce bir yarat\u0131c\u0131 olarak kabul edildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tanr\u0131 tekti, sonsuzdu, her \u015feyi yaratt\u0131, evrenin sahibiydi. G\u00f6r\u00fclemezdi ve sonsuzdu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130nsanlar\u0131n ne kadar ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 O belirlerdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman insana veya ba\u015fka bir varl\u0131\u011fa benzetilmedi. Bu y\u00fczden O&#8217;nun heykeli veya sureti yap\u0131lmad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;Tanr\u0131&#8221; kelimesi T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin eski kelimelerindendir. Eski T\u00fcrk \u015fivelerinde tangr\u0131, tengri, tenri gibi farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde s\u00f6ylendi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00c7alab, idi, ugan gibi ba\u015fka kelimeler de kullan\u0131ld\u0131 ama &#8220;Tanr\u0131&#8221; en yayg\u0131n olan\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrkler \u0130slamiyet&#8217;i kabul ettikten sonra da &#8220;Tanr\u0131&#8221; kelimesini &#8220;Allah&#8221; kelimesi i\u00e7in kullanmaya devam etti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130slam \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrk dininde, cisim (madde) olmayan, tek bir Tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;Tanr\u0131&#8221; kelimesinin ayn\u0131 zamanda &#8220;g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc&#8221; anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 ve g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn kutsal say\u0131lmas\u0131, tek Tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kutsal olan her \u015fey Tanr\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yer, su, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc, baz\u0131 orman ve da\u011flar kutsald\u0131 ama Tanr\u0131 de\u011fildi. E\u015fi ve benzeri olmayan y\u00fcce Tanr\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ikinci bir Tanr\u0131&#8217;ya yer verilmedi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tanr\u0131 ruhani bir varl\u0131k olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in insan bi\u00e7iminde hayal edilmedi ve putu yap\u0131lmad\u0131. Bu nedenle T\u00fcrklerin puthaneleri de (put evi) olmad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrkler, \u0130slam \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemden itibaren sahip olduklar\u0131 bu tek Tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131n\u0131 tarih boyunca s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde ka\u011fanlara devleti y\u00f6netme yetkisini (kut) Tanr\u0131 verirdi. Tanr\u0131 ka\u011fan\u0131 y\u00fcceltir, sava\u015fanlara g\u00fc\u00e7 ve kuvvet verir, zafer kazand\u0131r\u0131r. O, T\u00fcrk&#8217;\u00fcn yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrk ka\u011fanlar\u0131 g\u00f6revlerini Tanr\u0131 ad\u0131na y\u00fcr\u00fcten ki\u015filerdi. Bu anlay\u0131\u015f, \u0130slam \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrklerde oldu\u011fu gibi \u0130slam sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde devam etti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Atalar K\u00fclt\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0130slam \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrk inan\u00e7 sisteminin ikinci temel dire\u011fi atalar k\u00fclt\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d6lm\u00fc\u015f atalar\u0131n ruhlar\u0131na sayg\u0131 duymak ve onlara kurban sunmak \u00f6nemli bir adetti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Baba ve atalar\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra da ruhlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ailelerini korudu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrkler i\u00e7in ailede ocak kutsald\u0131, bu kutsall\u0131k atalara sayg\u0131 ile ilgiliydi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Her atan\u0131n ruhu ve mezar\u0131 k\u00fclt konusu olmad\u0131, sadece sayg\u0131de\u011fer olanlar i\u00e7in t\u00f6ren yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Asya Hunlar\u0131&#8217;nda her y\u0131l\u0131n may\u0131s ay\u0131 ortalar\u0131nda atalara kurban sunulurdu. Atalar\u0131n hat\u0131ralar\u0131 da kutsal say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130slam \u00f6ncesinde T\u00fcrkler, \u00f6l\u00fclerini silahlar\u0131 ve de\u011ferli e\u015fyalar\u0131yla birlikte g\u00f6merlerdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrkler M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olduktan sonra da ana babaya ve atalara sevgi ve sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermeye devam ettiler. Ancak \u0130slam dini, \u00f6l\u00fclerin putla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve mezarlar\u0131n\u0131n tap\u0131nak haline getirilmesini yasaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, mezarlarda kurban kesme adetini b\u0131rakt\u0131lar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Yer-Su (Yir-Sub) \u0130nanc\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Yer-su (yir-sub) inanc\u0131, do\u011fa g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin kutsall\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Yer ve su ruhlar\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7eren varl\u0131klar\u0131n tamam\u0131ndan olu\u015fan bir k\u00fclt idi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrkler, i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 do\u011fan\u0131n Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na inand\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in onu &#8220;\u0131duk&#8221; (kutsal) sayd\u0131lar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrklere g\u00f6re yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki varl\u0131klar sonsuz g\u00fczellik kayna\u011f\u0131 ve Tanr\u0131&#8217;dan gelen kutsal hediyelerdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yer-su olarak ifade edilen bu kutsall\u0131k, zamanla bir yurt (vatan) inanc\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A\u011fa\u00e7 ve orman\u0131n kutsall\u0131\u011f\u0131, yer-su k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nemli simgelerindendi. Hayat a\u011fac\u0131 inanc\u0131 ile me\u015fe, kay\u0131n gibi a\u011fa\u00e7lara kutsall\u0131k atfedildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130slam \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemde kay\u0131n a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc. Kamlar (\u015famanlar), bu a\u011fa\u00e7 olmadan ayin yapmazlard\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hayat a\u011fac\u0131, Anadolu\u2019da \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imlerde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan motifler aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bilge Ka\u011fan Kitabesi&#8217;nde \u00d6t\u00fcken Orman\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n kutsal oldu\u011fundan bahsedilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Da\u011flar aras\u0131nda kutsal kabul edilen Altay, \u00d6t\u00fcken ve Tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkler i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir de\u011feri vard\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7ebe toplumlarda hayvanlar \u00e7ok \u00f6nemliydi. \u00d6zellikle at, kurt, geyik, ke\u00e7i ve koyun motifleri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bozkurt Destan\u0131&#8217;ndaki kurt motifi, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir sembold\u00fc. Kurt, T\u00fcrk destanlar\u0131nda yol g\u00f6sterici bir \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahipti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ate\u015f k\u00fclt\u00fc de \u00f6nemliydi. T\u00fcrkler, ate\u015fe sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterir ve onda kutsal ve temizleyici bir g\u00fc\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fcrlerdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kutsal ta\u015flardan biri olan yada ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ya\u011fmur ya\u011fd\u0131rmak gibi sihirli g\u00fc\u00e7leri oldu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00c7evrelerine ve canl\u0131lara etki etti\u011fine inan\u0131lan baz\u0131 ta\u015flar eski k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde de vard\u0131. Bu inanc\u0131n (dilek ta\u015f\u0131, nazar boncu\u011fu gibi) g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar devam etti\u011fine dair \u00f6rnekler vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrkler, yer-su ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda kutsal yerlere ve sulara dualar okur, onlardan dilek dilerlerdi. Bunun bir nedeni, k\u00f6kenlerinin suya dayal\u0131 oldu\u011fu inanc\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrklerdeki Felsefi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Felsefi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, bozk\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ya\u015fam ve di\u011fer k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerle (\u0130ran, \u00c7in, Hindistan) etkile\u015fimle \u015fekillendi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu etkile\u015fim, do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc varl\u0131klara olan inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bozk\u0131r\u0131n zorlu \u015fartlar\u0131, T\u00fcrklerin mistik ya\u015fam yerine ak\u0131l&#8217;a \u00f6nem veren bir ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi geli\u015ftirmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrkler, ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i ve pratik bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131na sahipti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7ebe ya\u015fam\u0131n zorluklar\u0131n\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve ahlak sistemlerindeki disiplinle a\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu ahlaki sistem, sorumluluk bilincine ve d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011fe \u00f6nem verirdi. Halk aras\u0131ndaki &#8220;S\u00f6z, namustur.&#8221; s\u00f6z\u00fc, T\u00fcrklerin ahlak anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi tek tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131nda, sonsuz g\u00fcce sahip tek varl\u0131k G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131&#8217;yd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131, ahlak ve adaleti temel alan bir devlet felsefesi ve cihan h\u00e2kimiyeti (d\u00fcnya egemenli\u011fi) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini olu\u015fturdu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrkler i\u00e7in t\u00fcm yery\u00fcz\u00fcne bar\u0131\u015f ve adaleti getirmek Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan verilen bir g\u00f6revdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yer alt\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ise k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn geldi\u011fi yer olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r ve o da katmanl\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrklerdeki Bilimsel D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>T\u00fcrklerde bilimsel bilginin geli\u015fimi, yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7 ge\u00e7ildi\u011fi i\u00e7in baz\u0131 eski medeniyetlere g\u00f6re daha yava\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ancak tar\u0131m, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ve sava\u015f teknolojileri gibi alanlarda ilerlediler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u00d6 8000&#8217;e ait bulgular, kesici aletler ve \u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mlek kulland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Orta Asya&#8217;da at\u0131 evcille\u015ftirdikleri ve M\u00d6 2800&#8217;lerde arabay\u0131 icat ettikleri bilinmektedir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130lk bilinen T\u00fcrk devleti olan Hunlar; ipek ve pamuk \u00fcretti, i\u015fledi. Ayr\u0131ca ayna yapt\u0131lar, a\u011fa\u00e7 oymac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131lar ve bitkilerden boya elde ettiler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Orta Asya&#8217;daki bir di\u011fer T\u00fcrk devleti olan Uygurlar, yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7ince \u015fehirle\u015fme ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrde b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fme g\u00f6sterdiler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Su kanallar\u0131, su kemerleri, ta\u015f binalar, b\u00fcy\u00fck tap\u0131naklar ve \u015fehir surlar\u0131 in\u015fa ettiler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pamu\u011fu ka\u011f\u0131t yap\u0131m\u0131 ve dokumac\u0131l\u0131kta kulland\u0131lar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alet yap\u0131m\u0131nda demirin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra farkl\u0131 madenlerden de faydaland\u0131lar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alt\u0131n ve de\u011ferli ta\u015flardan \u00e7e\u015fitli s\u00fcs e\u015fyalar\u0131 yapt\u0131lar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yeni bir alfabe geli\u015ftirdiler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Matbaa \u00f6ncesinin en geli\u015fmi\u015f bask\u0131 tekni\u011fi olan kli\u015fe bask\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc oldular. Tahtadan oyulmu\u015f harf ve kli\u015felerle \u00e7ok say\u0131da eser bast\u0131lar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Astronomi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>T\u00fcrkler astronomi alan\u0131nda belli bir geli\u015fmi\u015fli\u011fe sahipti. Bu sayede kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir takvim geli\u015ftirdiler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bozk\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn izlerini ta\u015f\u0131yan On \u0130ki Hayvanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk Takvimi bir y\u0131ld\u0131z takvimiydi. Y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n hareketleri ve G\u00fcne\u015f&#8217;le ili\u015fkisine g\u00f6re olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu takvim 12 y\u0131ll\u0131k devrelerden olu\u015fuyordu. 12 y\u0131lda bir devreden bu takvimde her y\u0131la bir hayvan ad\u0131 verildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bunlar: fare, s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, pars, tav\u015fan, bal\u0131k, y\u0131lan, at, koyun, maymun, tavuk, k\u00f6pek ve domuzdu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hayvanlar\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerinin, o y\u0131l\u0131n nas\u0131l ge\u00e7ece\u011fini ve o y\u0131lda do\u011fan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n karakterini etkiledi\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bir y\u0131l 12 aya b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Aylar &#8220;birinci ay, ikinci ay&#8221; diye adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G\u00fcn, iki\u015fer saatlik 12 e\u015fit k\u0131sma ayr\u0131ld\u0131 ve bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere de hayvan adlar\u0131 verildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 gece yar\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. Y\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 ise ilkbahar kabul edilirdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Takvimde d\u00f6rt mevsim bulunuyordu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kimya<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Maden kullan\u0131m\u0131nda M\u00d6 2000&#8217;lerden itibaren \u00f6nemli bir art\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrkler, tarihlerinin en eski d\u00f6nemlerinden itibaren demircilik ile u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrklerce kutsal kabul edilen demir de yer-su inanc\u0131 i\u00e7inde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>T\u0131p<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kutadgu Bilig&#8217;e g\u00f6re \u0130slam \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrk t\u0131bb\u0131 2 gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131yordu.<ul><li>Birincisi: kam (\u015faman) taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan, inanca dayal\u0131, ruhsal sorunlara y\u00f6nelik tedaviydi. Bu manevi nitelikli hekimlikti.<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0130kincisi: Ota\u00e7\u0131, emci, atasagun gibi isimler verilen hekimlerce yap\u0131lan, daha \u00e7ok bitki ve hayvan ila\u00e7lar\u0131 kullan\u0131lan maddi nitelikli hekimlikti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu iki t\u00fcr t\u0131p uygulamas\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki gibi keskin bir ayr\u0131m yoktu. B\u00fcy\u00fc nitelikli i\u015flemler \u00e7o\u011fu kez maddi ila\u00e7larla birlikte kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fcn nerede bitti\u011fi ve pozitif t\u0131bb\u0131n nerede ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131rt etmek zordu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hunlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcleri mumyalamas\u0131, anatomi ve t\u0131p alan\u0131nda bilgi sahibi olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Uygurlar, \u00c7in ve Hint t\u0131p metinlerinden de faydalanarak zengin bir t\u0131p bilgisine sahip oldular.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sa\u011fl\u0131k alan\u0131nda ileri olan Uygurlar, \u00e7i\u00e7ek ve k\u0131zam\u0131k gibi bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirdiler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00c7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle yap\u0131l\u0131yordu: Hastal\u0131kl\u0131 ki\u015fiden al\u0131nan yara kabuklar\u0131 kurutulur, suda bekletilir ve zay\u0131flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f mikrop sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ki\u015filere verilirdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A\u015f\u0131lama i\u015flemi sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde de devam etti. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Lady Mary Wortley Montagu adl\u0131 bir \u0130ngiliz, T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye geldi ve bu a\u015f\u0131lama y\u00f6ntemini g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1716&#8217;da \u0130stanbul&#8217;da g\u00f6rev yapan \u0130ngiltere el\u00e7isinin e\u015fi olan Lady Montagu, daha \u00f6nce \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti. Bu tarihte \u0130ngiltere&#8217;de \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 hen\u00fcz bilinmiyordu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnce kendi o\u011flunu da a\u015f\u0131lat\u0131r. Bu uygulamay\u0131 arkada\u015f\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektupla anlat\u0131nca, \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 Avrupa&#8217;da tan\u0131nmaya ba\u015flar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Osmanl\u0131lardan \u0130ngiltere&#8217;ye ge\u00e7en bu a\u015f\u0131lama, 1750&#8217;lerde Fransa okullar\u0131nda herkese uygulan\u0131r ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede Rusya, \u0130sve\u00e7, \u0130talya gibi \u00fclkelere yay\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrklerdeki Siyasi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0130slam \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrklerin siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, evren anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcndeki d\u00fczenin benzer \u015fekilde yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde de oldu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nas\u0131l ki evrenin merkezinde Kutup Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 varsa, yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn merkezinde de Tanr\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n emriyle y\u00f6netici olan ka\u011fan bulunurdu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Devletin ve siyasi y\u00f6netimin temelinde iki ana unsur bulunurdu: kut anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve t\u00f6re.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kut Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kut, devleti idare etme, siyasi h\u00e2kimiyet g\u00fcc\u00fc anlam\u0131na geliyordu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Orhun Kitabelerinde, devletin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki ka\u011fana y\u00f6netme hakk\u0131n\u0131n Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan verildi\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>T\u00fcrk T\u00f6resi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bozk\u0131r ya\u015fam\u0131, toplumsal ve siyasi hayat\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen s\u00f6zl\u00fc hukuk kurallar\u0131 olan t\u00f6renin olu\u015fmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00f6re, ahlaki de\u011ferleri, devlet hukukunu \u015fekillendiren ve sosyal hayat\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen kurallar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00f6renin de\u011fi\u015fmez d\u00f6rt ilkesi vard\u0131: k\u00f6nilik (adalet), uzluk (iyilik), tuzluk \/ t\u00fczl\u00fck (e\u015fitlik) ve ki\u015filik (insanl\u0131k).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Baz\u0131 t\u00f6re kurallar\u0131, i\u00e7inde bulunulan \u015fartlara g\u00f6re zamanla yenilenip de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilirdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tanr\u0131, y\u00f6netme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ka\u011fan arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, ka\u011fan ise t\u00f6re arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kullan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ba\u015fa ge\u00e7en her ka\u011fan yeni bir t\u00f6re ilan edebilirdi. Ka\u011fan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli sorumlulu\u011fu, adil bir t\u00f6re olu\u015fturmas\u0131 ve uygulamas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00f6re olu\u015fturulurken genellikle kurultaya ve halka dan\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kurultay: T\u00f6re&#8217;yi en iyi bilen, deneyimli devlet adamlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan bir dan\u0131\u015fma meclisiydi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kurultay, ka\u011fan\u0131n se\u00e7iminde ve ka\u011fan\u0131 tahttan indirmede tam yetki sahibiydi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00f6renin bozulmas\u0131 veya ortadan kalkmas\u0131, devletin de ortadan kalkmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cihan H\u00e2kimiyeti Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bilinen ilk T\u00fcrk devleti olan Asya Hunlar\u0131ndan itibaren T\u00fcrklerde cihan h\u00e2kimiyeti (d\u00fcnyaya h\u00fckmetme) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi vard\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kut anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, T\u00fcrklerin cihan h\u00e2kimiyeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin temelini olu\u015fturuyordu. Ka\u011fan\u0131n Tanr\u0131&#8217;dan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kut sayesinde t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya bar\u0131\u015f getirece\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cihan h\u00e2kimiyeti: G\u00fcne\u015fin do\u011fdu\u011fu yerden batt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yere kadar t\u00fcm yery\u00fcz\u00fcne bar\u0131\u015f ve adaletin getirilmesinin T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6revi oldu\u011fu inanc\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, \u0130slam \u00f6ncesi oldu\u011fu gibi \u0130slamiyet sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde de devam etti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d6rnekler: Orhun Kitabelerindeki &#8220;Tengri (Tanr\u0131) izin verdi\u011fi i\u00e7in tahta oturma&#8221; ve Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131fat\u0131 &#8220;zillullah-i fi\u2019l-arz&#8221; (Allah\u2019\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki g\u00f6lgesi).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k: Bir \u00fclkenin yabanc\u0131 bir g\u00fcce ba\u011fl\u0131 olmadan kendi kendini y\u00f6netebilmesi anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrk devlet felsefesinin en \u00f6nemli unsurlar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrk tarihi \u00e7ok say\u0131da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesine sahne olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bozk\u0131r hayat tarz\u0131 sayesinde istedikleri zaman yer de\u011fi\u015ftirebiliyorlard\u0131. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmektense, \u00f6zg\u00fcrce ya\u015fayabilecekleri yeni topraklara g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeyi tercih ettiler.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er Ya\u015fam<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Orta Asya&#8217;n\u0131n toprak ve iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131 bozk\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yaratt\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z topluluklar halinde ya\u015famakt\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Orta Asya&#8217;n\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131 hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa uygun oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in atl\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7ebe bir ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi olu\u015ftu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrklerin en \u00e7ok besledi\u011fi hayvanlar at ve koyundu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>S\u00fcr\u00fclerine verimli otlaklar bulmak i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmeleri gerekiyordu (yaylak ve k\u0131\u015flak hayat\u0131).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bozk\u0131r hayat\u0131, at\u0131n evcille\u015ftirilmesine imkan sa\u011flad\u0131. At\u0131 ilk evcille\u015ftirenler T\u00fcrkler olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Boylar Federasyonu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>T\u00fcrklerde devletin temelini aile (ogu\u015f) olu\u015ftururdu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ailelerin birle\u015fmesiyle uruglar, uruglar\u0131n birle\u015fmesiyle de boylar meydana geldi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Boylar siyasi nitelikte birliklerdi. Soy ve dil birli\u011fine dayanan boylar\u0131n kendi topraklar\u0131 ve sava\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7leri vard\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kendi i\u00e7inde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir devlet gibi olan boylar bir araya gelerek boylar federasyonunu olu\u015fturdu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Boylar federasyonunun birle\u015fmesiyle de en b\u00fcy\u00fck siyasi birlik olan devlet (il) meydana geldi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Devletin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki h\u00fck\u00fcmdar, bu beylerden biri olurdu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk Siyasi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin Kaynaklar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0130slam \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrk siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini anlamak i\u00e7in en \u00f6nemli kaynaklar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Orhun Kitabeleri gelir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Kitabeleri olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu yaz\u0131tlar Vezir Tonyukuk, K\u00fcl Tigin ve Bilge Ka\u011fan ad\u0131na dikilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu kitabeler T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihinde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130lk yaz\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e metin olarak kabul edilirler. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk alfabesi ile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;T\u00fcrk&#8221; ad\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e metin olarak bilinirler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>II. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nden kalan bu kitabeler, T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve t\u00f6resi hakk\u0131nda de\u011ferli bilgiler i\u00e7erir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>K\u0131z\u0131lelma \u00dclk\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>T\u00fcrk siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce gelene\u011finde \u00f6nemli bir kavram da K\u0131z\u0131lelma \u00fclk\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Genel olarak &#8220;eri\u015filmesi istenen hedef veya yer&#8221; anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re k\u00f6kleri \u00e7ok eski, mitolojik \u00e7a\u011flara kadar uzan\u0131r. Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lara g\u00f6re ilk defa Orta Asya&#8217;da T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda do\u011fdu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>K\u0131z\u0131lelma, Ergenekon Destan\u0131&#8217;ndaki Ergenekon&#8217;dan \u00e7\u0131kma ve kaybedilen eski vatan\u0131 tekrar ele ge\u00e7irme idealidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kavram zamanla, ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen idealleri ve fethedilmesi gereken yerleri belirleyen bir sembol haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan da h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k alameti say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrklerdeki Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve Adalet D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>T\u00fcrk tarihi, T\u00fcrklerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n egemenli\u011fine girmeyi kabul etmemek i\u00e7in verdikleri \u00e7ok say\u0131da m\u00fccadele ile doludur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrk siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine g\u00f6re devletin en \u00f6ncelikli g\u00f6revi adaleti sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Devletin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi adalete ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tanr\u0131dan kut alan ka\u011fan, adil davranmazsa kutu elinden al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrklerdeki Devlet D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kut anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ildi\u011fine inan\u0131lan bir ka\u011fan devleti y\u00f6netirdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrklerde devlet ve millet kutsal say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 bu do\u011frultuda \u015fekillenmi\u015fti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Y\u00f6netimde t\u00f6re esas al\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. Ka\u011fanl\u0131k, veraset usul\u00fcne g\u00f6re (babadan o\u011fula) ge\u00e7erdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ka\u011fan\u0131n yan\u0131nda kurultay ad\u0131 verilen bir dan\u0131\u015fma meclisi vard\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hatun (ka\u011fan\u0131n e\u015fi) da y\u00f6netimde etkili bir konuma sahipti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrklere g\u00f6re devlet; halk, \u00fclke ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k gibi unsurlardan olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e metinlerde devlet &#8220;il&#8221; olarak ifade edilirdi. Bilinen en eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e s\u00f6zl\u00fck olan D\u00eev\u00e2nu Lug\u00e2ti\u2019t-T\u00fcrk&#8217;te &#8220;il&#8221; s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bir di\u011fer anlam\u0131 da bar\u0131\u015f olarak verilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu, devletin en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revinin bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flamak ve korumak oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Toplumda s\u0131n\u0131fla\u015fma yoktu, herkes t\u00f6reye kar\u015f\u0131 e\u015fit derecede sorumluydu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00f6re, ayn\u0131 zamanda toplum ile devlet aras\u0131nda adaletin g\u00fcvencesiydi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 olan ka\u011fan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revi, halk\u0131n mutlulu\u011funu sa\u011flamakt\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Halk\u0131n birli\u011fini ve mutlulu\u011funu sa\u011flayamayan ka\u011fan, y\u00f6netme me\u015fruiyetini kaybederdi. Bu durumda yerine hanedan i\u00e7inden ba\u015fka bir ki\u015fi getirilirdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d6rne\u011fin G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti&#8217;nde \u0130\u015fbara Ka\u011fan, kurultay\u0131n \u00f6nceki ka\u011fan\u0131 tahttan indirmesiyle ba\u015fa getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Toplumsal yap\u0131n\u0131n ve devletin temelini eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede ogu\u015f olarak isimlendirilen aile olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ailelerin birle\u015fmesi ile uruglar, zamanla uruglar\u0131n birle\u015fmesi sonucu da boy d\u00fczeni meydana gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Boylar, beyler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir. Boylar birli\u011finin bir araya gelmesi sonucu devlet kurulmu\u015ftur. Devletin h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 ise bu beylerden biri olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130slam \u00d6ncesi D\u00f6nem\u2019de T\u00fcrk devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yere sahip olan bir ba\u015fka unsur da meclistir. Bu kuruma toy, kenge\u015f meclisi veya kurultay gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli isimler verilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Meclis, y\u0131l\u0131n belli g\u00fcnlerinde toplan\u0131r. Siyasi, asker\u00ee, sosyal, ekonomik gibi \u00f6nemli konular\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve karara ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi 10. 11. ve 12. s\u0131n\u0131flarda se\u00e7meli olarak okutulan bir derstir. Bu sayfada payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde\u00a0s\u0131navda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011finiz t\u00fcm konulara hakim <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2025\/09\/30\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-1-unite-islam-oncesi-turk-dusuncesi-ders-notu\/\" title=\"T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi 1. \u00dcnite: \u0130slam \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi Ders 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