{"id":2903,"date":"2026-02-02T20:31:00","date_gmt":"2026-02-02T17:31:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=2903"},"modified":"2025-09-30T23:37:39","modified_gmt":"2025-09-30T20:37:39","slug":"turk-dusunce-tarihi-3-unite-osmanli-donemi-turk-dusuncesi-ders-notu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/02\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-3-unite-osmanli-donemi-turk-dusuncesi-ders-notu\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi 3. \u00dcnite: Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi Ders Notu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi<\/strong>\u00a010. 11. ve 12. s\u0131n\u0131flarda se\u00e7meli olarak okutulan bir derstir. Bu sayfada payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0<strong>T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde<\/strong>\u00a0s\u0131navda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011finiz t\u00fcm konulara hakim olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. Bu \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131\u00a0<strong>Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcfredat\u0131na<\/strong>\u00a0uygun olarak haz\u0131rland\u0131. Bu ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde\u00a0<strong>Se\u00e7meli T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Dersi yaz\u0131l\u0131s\u0131<\/strong>ndan 100 alacaks\u0131n\u0131z.\u00a0<strong>T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi\u00a03. \u00dcnite: Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi Ders Notu<\/strong> <strong>MEB ders kitaplar\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0ile uyumludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u0131n\u0131f:&nbsp;<strong>Se\u00e7meli tarih<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ders:&nbsp;<strong>T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00dcnite:\u00a0<strong>3. \u00fcnite: Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lgili yaz\u0131l\u0131:<strong>\u00a0T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>2. d\u00f6nem 1. yaz\u0131l\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \u00dcnite: Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti&#8217;nin hem toprak hem de bilgi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr miras\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur. Bu d\u00f6nemde farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce alanlar\u0131 etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Din\u00ee D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 f\u0131k\u0131h (\u0130slam hukuku) alimleri, Sel\u00e7uklulardan kalan Hanefi f\u0131k\u0131h gelene\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Hanefiler, h\u00fck\u00fcm verirken ayet ve hadislerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra k\u0131yas (benzeterek h\u00fck\u00fcm \u00e7\u0131karma) ve \u00f6rf\u00fc (gelenekler) de kulland\u0131lar. Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da mezhep ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131lmad\u0131. Medreselerde farkl\u0131 mezheplerden alimlerin kitaplar\u0131 da okutuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Molla H\u00fcsrev<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>F\u0131k\u0131h ve f\u0131k\u0131h usul\u00fc gibi alanlarda kitap yazd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kitaplar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 medreselerinde ders kitab\u0131 oldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u00fcrer\u00fc\u2019l-H\u00fckkam eseri, hukuk\u00e7ular i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenilir ba\u015fvuru kayna\u011f\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fatih Sultan Mehmet ona &#8220;Zaman\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n Ebu Hanife&#8217;sidir&#8221; diyerek sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 ilmiye te\u015fkilat\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131lar\u0131 oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Molla G\u00fcrani (1410-1488)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00fcderris, kad\u0131 ve kazasker olarak g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131. Fatih Sultan Mehmet&#8217;in hocas\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015feyh\u00fclislam\u0131yd\u0131. En tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f eseri Gayet\u00fc\u2019l-emani&#8217;yi Fatih Sultan Mehmet&#8217;e ithaf etti. Eseri; kelam, f\u0131k\u0131h ve siyer konular\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Zenbilli Ali Efendi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">II. Bayezid D\u00f6nemi \u015feyh\u00fclislam\u0131. As\u0131l ad\u0131 Ali Cemali&#8217;dir, Zenbilli M\u00fcft\u00fc olarak tan\u0131n\u0131r. Fetva sorular\u0131n\u0131 evinin penceresinden sepete (zenbil) al\u0131p cevaplar\u0131 yine sepete koyarak g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi i\u00e7in bu adla an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. F\u0131k\u0131h alan\u0131ndaki ba\u015fl\u0131ca eserleri: Muhtasar\u00fc\u2019l-Hidaye ve Muhtaratmine\u2019l-Fetava.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ebussuud Efendi (1490-1574)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hoca \u00c7elebi ad\u0131yla da bilinir. Osmanl\u0131 \u015feyh\u00fclislam\u0131, hukuk\u00e7u ve tefsir alimiydi. Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman taraf\u0131ndan \u015feyh\u00fclislaml\u0131\u011fa getirildi ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 y\u0131l bu g\u00f6revde kald\u0131. Onun d\u00f6neminde, yarg\u0131lama ve fetvalarda Hanefi mezhebinin esas al\u0131nmas\u0131 ilkesi getirildi. Bu ilke, kanun \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fitlik ve yarg\u0131 birli\u011fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7indi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Birgivi Mehmet Efendi (1522-1573)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Din\u00ee d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye katk\u0131da bulundu. F\u0131k\u0131h, tefsir, hadis gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli din\u00ee bilimlerde yakla\u015f\u0131k altm\u0131\u015f eser verdi. Vasiyetname (Ris\u00e2le-i Birgiv\u00ee) adl\u0131 eseri, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bir ilmihal kitab\u0131d\u0131r. Eserlerinde Kur\u2019an ve s\u00fcnnete uygun din\u00ee hayat\u0131 anlatt\u0131. Din ad\u0131na ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bat\u0131l inan\u00e7 ve hurafelere kar\u015f\u0131 uyar\u0131larda bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kelam D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kelam ilmi (\u0130slam ilahiyat\u0131) alan\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6zg\u00fcn kitap yerine, klasik metinlere \u015ferh (a\u00e7\u0131klama) ve ha\u015fiye (kenar notu) yaz\u0131ld\u0131. \u015eerh, bir kitab\u0131n kapal\u0131 ifadelerini a\u00e7\u0131klayan, eksiklikleri tamamlayan eserdir. Ha\u015fiye, bir kitab\u0131n sat\u0131r aralar\u0131na veya kenarlar\u0131na eklenen a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 notlard\u0131r. 14. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonraki d\u00f6nem, \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u015ferh ve ha\u015fiye yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in &#8220;\u015ferh ve ha\u015fiye d\u00f6nemi&#8221; olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00fcrkler f\u0131k\u0131hta Hanefi, kelamda ise Mat\u00fcridi ekol\u00fcndeydi. Ancak Osmanl\u0131 kelam\u0131n\u0131 E\u015farilik etkiledi. Bunun nedeni, Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n medreselere E\u015fari alimlerini atamas\u0131yd\u0131. Bu etki Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da da devam etti. E\u015fari kelam alimi Fahrettin Razi&#8217;nin de Osmanl\u0131 kelamc\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerinde etkisi vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi kelam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin ana kaynaklar\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Akaid-i Nesefiyye: \u00d6mer Nesefi yazd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u015eerh-i Akaid-i Nesefiyye: Taftaz\u00e2n\u00ee ve Molla Hayali, Akaid-i Nesefiyye&#8217;ye \u015ferh yazd\u0131lar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ha\u015fiye-i Tecrid: Seyyid \u015eerif C\u00fcrc\u00e2n\u00ee yazd\u0131 (Nasrettin Tusi&#8217;nin eserine \u015ferh).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Akaidu\u2019l-Adudiye: Adud\u00fcddin \u0130ci yazd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>El-Mevak\u0131f: Adud\u00fcddin \u0130ci yazd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u015eerhu\u2019l-Mevak\u0131f: Seyyid \u015eerif C\u00fcrc\u00e2n\u00ee, El-Mevak\u0131f&#8217;a \u015ferh yazd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tevaliu\u2019l-Envar: Kad\u0131 Beyzavi yazd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kelam \u0130lminin Geli\u015fimine Katk\u0131 Sa\u011flayan Alimler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Molla Fenari (1350-1430)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>H\u0131z\u0131r Bey (1407-1459)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cel\u00e2leddin Devv\u00e2n\u00ee (1426-1502)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130bn Kemal (1468-1534)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Molla Fenari (1350-1430)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fcderrislik ve kad\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6revlerine atand\u0131. 1425&#8217;te II. Murat taraf\u0131ndan Bursa m\u00fcft\u00fcs\u00fc yap\u0131ld\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;nin ilk \u015feyh\u00fclislam\u0131 kabul edilir. Osmanl\u0131 ulemas\u0131n\u0131 Fahrettin Razi \u00e7izgisine ba\u011flayan Orta Asya ekol\u00fcn\u00fc temsil eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>H\u0131z\u0131r Bey (1407-1459)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Geni\u015f bilgisi nedeniyle &#8220;ilim da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8221; olarak an\u0131ld\u0131. Molla Fenari&#8217;den sonra devrinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck alimi oldu. Fatih Sultan Mehmet taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fcderris atand\u0131. \u0130stanbul&#8217;un ilk kad\u0131s\u0131 oldu. Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da kelam alan\u0131nda m\u00fcstakil (ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z) kitap yazan ilk alimdir. Bu kitab\u0131, 105 beyitlik manzum (\u015fiir \u015feklinde) bir eser olan Kaside-i Nuniyye&#8217;dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cel\u00e2leddin Devv\u00e2n\u00ee (1426-1502)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">E\u015fari kelam alimiydi. Eserlerinde E\u015farilik, vahdetiv\u00fccut ve i\u015frak felsefesi etkileri g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kelam eseri \u015eerhu\u2019l-Aka&#8217;idi\u2019l-Adudiyye, uzun s\u00fcre medreselerde okutuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130bn Kemal (1468-1534)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kemalpa\u015fazade olarak bilinir. Anadolu&#8217;da yeti\u015fen \u00f6nemli bir alim, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr ve devlet adam\u0131d\u0131r. M\u00fcderrislik ve kazaskerlik yapt\u0131. Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman d\u00f6neminde \u015feyh\u00fclislam oldu. Din\u00ee ilimlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra dil, tarih, edebiyat gibi alanlarda da eser verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130bn Kemal&#8217;in Eserleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Risale fi Fazileti\u2019n-Nebi: Hz. Muhammed&#8217;in \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hakk\u0131nda.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Risale fi Kaza ve\u2019l-Kader: Kaza ve kader konusu hakk\u0131nda.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Risale fi Beyani\u2019l-Akl: Ak\u0131l ile ilgili konular hakk\u0131nda.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Risale fi-i Ziyadeti&#8217;l V\u00fccudale\u2019l Mahiyet: Varl\u0131k-mahiyet ili\u015fkisi hakk\u0131nda.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tasavvuf D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 tasavvuf d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin kaynaklar\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlidir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0130lk sufiler ve eserleri.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130\u015frakilik ve vahdetiv\u00fccut gibi tasavvuf felsefesi ekolleriyle ilgili eserler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 \u00f6ncesi kurulan tasavvuf \u00e7evrelerinin kitaplar\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde Anadolu ve Balkanlarda kurulan ekoller (Bayramilik, Celvetilik, Bekta\u015filik) ve eserleri.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">8. ve 9. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ilk sufiler (Haris Muhasibi, Hallac-\u0131 Mansur, H\u00e2kim Tirmizi) Osmanl\u0131 mutasavv\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131 etkiledi. Gazali&#8217;nin \u0130hya\u2019u Ulumi&#8217;d-din eseri mutasavv\u0131f ve vaizleri etkiledi. Bu eserin \u00f6zeti Kimya-\u0131 Saadet \u00e7ok pop\u00fclerdi. Ferid\u00fcddin Attar (1145-1221) Osmanl\u0131 tasavvufu \u00fczerinde derin etkiye sahipti. \u0130lk Osmanl\u0131 m\u00fcderrisi Davud-i Kayser\u00ee tasavvuf ile din\u00ee ilimleri birle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 tasavvufu; Yesevilik, Kadirilik, Rufailik, S\u00fchreverdilik, K\u00fcbrevilik gibi Osmanl\u0131 \u00f6ncesi ekollerden etkilendi. Nak\u015fibendilik gibi Osmanl\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f ama Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da devam eden ekoller de etkili oldu. F\u00fct\u00fcvvet ehli, Ahiler, Kalenderiler ve Melamiler gibi hareketler de Osmanl\u0131 tasavvufunu etkiledi. Ahilik d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndakiler di\u011fer \u0130slam \u00fclkelerinden geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Abdulkadir Geylani&#8217;nin (1078-1166) eserleri (el-Gunye, Fethu\u2019r-rabbani, F\u00fctuhu\u2019l-gayb) Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da ilgi g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Tasavvuf anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, dinin zahiri (d\u0131\u015fsal) h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine s\u0131k\u0131 ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dayan\u0131yordu. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri Anadolu ve Balkanlarda E\u015frefo\u011flu Rumi (?-1469) arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u015eeyh Bedreddin Simavi (1359-1420)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u015eeyh Bedreddin \u00fcnvan\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131r. Vahdetiv\u00fccut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini devam ettiren \u00f6nemli bir mutasavv\u0131ft\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ek varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n (v\u00fccut), s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n \u00f6tesindeki s\u0131rf varl\u0131k olan Allah oldu\u011funu savundu. F\u0131k\u0131h bilgisi m\u00fc\u00e7tehit seviyesindeydi. Mant\u0131k, felsefe, astronomi gibi akli bilimlerde de e\u011fitim ald\u0131. Tasavvuf e\u011fitimini Ahlatl\u0131 \u015eeyh H\u00fcseyin Efendi&#8217;den tamamlad\u0131. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini Varidat adl\u0131 eserinde toplad\u0131. Torunu Halil bin \u0130smail onun hakk\u0131nda Menak\u0131bname yazd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Emir Sultan (?-1429)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As\u0131l ad\u0131 Seyyid Emir Buhari&#8217;dir. Yaz\u0131l\u0131 kitap b\u0131rakmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen etkisi b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc. Padi\u015fahlara k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 ku\u015fatma gelene\u011fi onunla ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mevlevilik<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u015eiir, musiki ve sema ile Mevlevilik, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerde (\u00f6zellikle \u0130stanbul) ve saray \u00e7evresinde ilgi g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Devlet adamlar\u0131, ayd\u0131n ve b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli k\u0131sm\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan benimsendi. Mevlevihaneler in\u015fa edildi. Mevlana Celaleddin Rumi&#8217;nin eserleri (Mesnevi, Fihi Ma fih, Divan-\u0131 Kebir) \u00e7ok okundu ve \u015ferhleri yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bekta\u015filik<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bir di\u011fer etkili ekol Bekta\u015filik idi. Hac\u0131 Bekta\u015f Veli&#8217;ye nispet edilir. Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde yay\u0131ld\u0131 ve Balkanlarda taraftar buldu. Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131, Hac\u0131 Bekta\u015f Veli&#8217;yi pir olarak tan\u0131d\u0131. En eski kaynaklar: Vilayetname ve Makalat (15. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonu yaz\u0131ld\u0131).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bayramilik<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bayramilik ve Celvetilik Anadolu&#8217;da kuruldu ve etkili oldu. Hac\u0131 Bayram Veli (1352-1430) taraf\u0131ndan Ankara \u00e7evresinde kurulan Bayramilik etkiliydi. Bayramilik&#8217;in kollar\u0131 (\u015eemsiye, Melamiye-i Bayramiye) tasavvuf hayat\u0131nda \u00f6nemliydi. Melamilik, Hac\u0131 Bayram Veli&#8217;nin \u00f6\u011frencisi B\u0131\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131 \u00d6mer Dede&#8217;ye dayan\u0131r. Devlet adamlar\u0131 ve b\u00fcrokratlar aras\u0131nda yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Etkili mutasavv\u0131flar: Yaz\u0131c\u0131o\u011flu Mehmet (Muhammediye), Ahmed Bican (Envar\u00fc&#8217;l-A\u015f\u0131kin), Ak\u015femsettin (Fatih&#8217;in hocas\u0131). \u0130smail Hakk\u0131 Bursevi (1653-1715): Celvetilik mensubuydu. Eserleri aras\u0131nda en tan\u0131nan\u0131, Kur\u2019an tefsiri olan Ruhu\u2019l-Beyan&#8217;d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da Medreseler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Medreseler, T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131d\u0131r. Genellikle tek katl\u0131, dershane ve \u00f6\u011frenci odalar\u0131ndan olu\u015fur. Ders veren hocalara m\u00fcderris denir. Haftan\u0131n be\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc ders yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131, sal\u0131 ve cuma tatildi. Giderler, maa\u015flar ve burslar vak\u0131flar taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00d6\u011frenci Kabul\u00fc ve \u0130mkanlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yeni medrese yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak bir vak\u0131f da belirlenirdi. Genel e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 olan medreselere, ilkokulu (s\u0131byan mektepleri) veya \u00f6zel e\u011fitimi bitirenler kabul edilirdi. \u00d6\u011frenciler medresede bar\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. Medreselerin a\u015fevlerinde (imarethane) yemek yerlerdi. Yat\u0131l\u0131 okullard\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011frencilere burs verirlerdi. T\u00fcm hizmetler paras\u0131z (meccani) idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da \u0130lk Medreseler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osman Bey zaman\u0131nda hen\u00fcz medrese yoktu, resmi m\u00fcderris kadrosu da yoktu. \u0130lk alimler \u015eeyh Edebali ve Dursun Fakih, m\u00fcft\u00fcl\u00fck ve kad\u0131l\u0131k gibi g\u00f6revler yapt\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;nin ilk medresesi, Orhan Gazi taraf\u0131ndan 1331&#8217;de kurulan \u0130znik Medresesi&#8217;dir. Davud-i Kayser\u00ee, bu medresenin ilk m\u00fcderrisiydi. Orhan Gazi, Bursa&#8217;n\u0131n fethinden sonra kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan medresenin (Manast\u0131r Medresesi) giderleri i\u00e7in vak\u0131flar tahsis etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da Medreselerin Geli\u015fimi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kurulu\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131ndan Fatih Sultan Mehmet d\u00f6nemine kadar yakla\u015f\u0131k seksen d\u00f6rt medrese yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu medreselerdeki e\u011fitim, o d\u00f6nemin orta veya y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretimi olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir. \u0130lk Osmanl\u0131 \u015feyh\u00fclislam\u0131 Molla Fenari de bu medreselerde yeti\u015fti. Fatih Sultan Mehmet, 1470&#8217;te Sahn-\u0131 Seman (sekiz medrese) ve Tetimme medreselerini yapt\u0131rd\u0131. Bunlar y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurumu \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>S\u00fcleymaniye Medresesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00fcleymaniye Medresesi (1550-1557), Osmanl\u0131 e\u011fitiminin ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 en y\u00fcksek noktay\u0131 temsil etti. Medreselerde okutulan ilimler akli (mant\u0131\u011fa dayal\u0131 bilimler) ve nakl\u00ee (din\u00ee bilimler) olarak ikiye ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dersler \u00fc\u00e7 ana grupta toplanabilir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>C\u00fcz&#8217;iyyat dersleri: Hesap, hendese, hey&#8217;et, hikmet.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alet ilimleri: Arap\u00e7a, mant\u0131k, kelam.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Y\u00fcksek ilimler: Tefsir, hadis, f\u0131k\u0131h gibi din\u00ee ilimler.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Medreselerde E\u011fitim<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Derslerde belirli kitaplar takip edilirdi, neredeyse tamam\u0131 Arap\u00e7a idi. Ancak e\u011fitim dili T\u00fcrk\u00e7e idi. E\u011fitim genellikle takrir (anlat\u0131m) metoduyla yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Ders ge\u00e7me sistemi vard\u0131, yeterli g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00f6\u011frenciye icazetname (diploma) verilirdi. Medreseler, devletin ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu kamu g\u00f6revlilerini (m\u00fcderris, m\u00fcft\u00fc, kad\u0131) yeti\u015ftirirdi. Medrese mezunlar\u0131 ilmiye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130lmiye S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lmiye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda \u015feyh\u00fclislam yer al\u0131rd\u0131. Uleman\u0131n as\u0131l g\u00f6revi din e\u011fitimi ve hukuktu. Devletin y\u00fcksek dan\u0131\u015fma organ\u0131 Divan\u0131h\u00fcmayun&#8217;da ilmiye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan gelen kazaskerler bulunurdu. \u0130lmiye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 m\u00fcderris ve kad\u0131 olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. G\u00f6revlerine padi\u015fah berat\u0131yla atan\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 Medreselerinde Gerileme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">II. Mahmut ve Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nden itibaren, medreseler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda askeri ve idari personel yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in yeni okullar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Bu modern okullar desteklenirken medreseler ihmal edildi. Modern okullar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma s\u00fcreciyle medreseler, hukuk ve e\u011fitimdeki yenilikler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yaln\u0131z kald\u0131. 1826&#8217;da Evkaf-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun Nezareti kurulunca, vak\u0131f gelirleri devlete devredildi ve medrese\/uleman\u0131n ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc azald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Medreselerin Kapat\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">II. Abd\u00fclhamit sonras\u0131, medrese programlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Medaris-i \u0130lmiye Nizamnamesi (1910) ile programlar yenilendi, fen, sosyal bilimler ve matematik dersleri eklendi. Islah-\u0131 Medaris Nizamnamesi (1914) ile \u0130stanbul medreseleri Dar\u00fc\u2019l-Hilafet\u00fc\u2019l-Aliye Medresesi ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirildi. 3 Mart 1924 tarihli Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu ile medreseler Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;na devredildi. Medreseler, 11 Mart 1924 tarihinde kapat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Felsefi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Felsefe genellikle hikmet olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130kiye ayr\u0131ld\u0131: nazari hikmet (teorik) ve amel\u00ee hikmet (pratik &#8211; ahlak, siyaset). Osmanl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri mant\u0131k \u00fczerinde durdu, medreselerde okutuldu. Molla Fenari&#8217;nin mant\u0131k kitab\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 sonuna kadar okutuldu. Ali Sedad (1857-1900), Bat\u0131 cebirsel mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 inceledi, klasik mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 savundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Gelenekler ve Etkileri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 felsefesi, orijinal eserlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u015ferh, ha\u015fiye gibi yorumlarla var oldu. Farabi ve \u0130bni Sina&#8217;n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri temsil edildi. Platon ve Aristoteles&#8217;in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri yeni yorumlarla etkili oldu. \u0130bni R\u00fc\u015fd&#8217;\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri devam ettirildi. Ancak Gazali, Osmanl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini di\u011ferlerinden \u00e7ok daha fazla etkiledi. Davud-i Kayser\u00ee, Osmanl\u0131 felsefe gelene\u011finin kurucu ismidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>D\u00f6nemler ve Alimler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Felsefeye en yo\u011fun ilgi Fatih Sultan Mehmet D\u00f6nemi&#8217;ndeydi. Fatih, Sahn-\u0131 Seman medreselerinin program\u0131yla ilgilendi, felsefe ve mant\u0131k dersleri okutuldu. Fatih, Gazali ve \u0130bni R\u00fc\u015fd aras\u0131ndaki felsefi tart\u0131\u015fma hakk\u0131nda eser yazmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in alimleri g\u00f6revlendirdi. Kanuni D\u00f6nemi S\u00fcleymaniye Medreseleri&#8217;nde felsefe dersleri ve k\u00fcrs\u00fcleri vard\u0131. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l, Osmanl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin en zengin d\u00f6nemiydi. \u00d6ne \u00e7\u0131kan isimler: Karaba\u011fi, Ta\u015fk\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fczade Ahmed Efendi, K\u0131nal\u0131zade Ali Efendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Felsefi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce &#8211; \u00c7eviriler ve Sonraki D\u00f6nemler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u0131nal\u0131zade Ali Efendi, K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi taraf\u0131ndan &#8220;Ger\u00e7ekleri ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p bulan ulu T\u00fcrk alimi&#8221; diye \u00f6v\u00fcld\u00fc. III. Ahmet ve sadrazam Damat \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa, Aristo&#8217;nun eserlerinin \u00e7evirisi i\u00e7in heyet kurdurdu. Yanyal\u0131 Esad Efendi, Aristo&#8217;nun Fizika&#8217;s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evirdi. \u00c7evirmenler vergi muafiyeti gibi te\u015fvikler ald\u0131. 17. ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131llar, Osmanl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde bunal\u0131m ve aray\u0131\u015f d\u00f6nemiydi. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda modern okullarda yeti\u015fenler \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Felsefi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce &#8211; Ayd\u0131nlanma ve Modern Felsefe<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ayd\u0131nlar\u0131, Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00f6nemi Frans\u0131z felsefesiyle (Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu) ilgilendi. Bat\u0131&#8217;ya g\u00f6nderilen \u00f6\u011frenciler felsefi ak\u0131mlar\u0131 getirdi. \u0130kinci Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde felsefe geli\u015fti. Liselerde (sultaniler) modern felsefe dersleri ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130lk felsefe derslerini Emrullah Efendi ve Ahmet Mithat Efendi 1908&#8217;de verdi. Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminin ilk felsefecileri, Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n son d\u00f6neminde yeti\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bilimsel D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini \u015fekillendiren esas kurumlar medreselerdi. \u0130lk medrese Orhan Bey D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde 1331&#8217;de a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Fatih ve Kanuni d\u00f6nemlerinde medrese a\u00e7\u0131lmaya devam etti. 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda a\u00e7\u0131lan medreselerde din\u00ee ilimlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra akli ilimler (matematik, t\u0131p, felsefe vb.) de okutulmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Medreseler bilim, e\u011fitim ve din hizmeti verenlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra b\u00fcrokrasi ve yarg\u0131ya personel yeti\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bilimsel D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce &#8211; Geli\u015fimi ve \u0130htisas Medreseleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fatih Sultan Mehmet, devletin g\u00fcc\u00fc sayesinde \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan bilim insanlar\u0131 ve sanatkarlar davet etti. \u00d6nde gelen isimler: Kad\u0131zade-i Rumi ve Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u. Kanuni D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde medreselerin geli\u015fimi en y\u00fcksek seviyeye ula\u015ft\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde ihtisas medreseleri kuruldu: Dar\u00fctt\u0131p (t\u0131p e\u011fitimi), dar\u00fclhadis, dar\u00fclkurra gibi. Dar\u00fc\u015f\u015fifa (hastaneler) da t\u0131p e\u011fitimi verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kad\u0131zade-i Rumi (1364-1436)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d6zellikle matematik ve g\u00f6k bilimi (astronomi) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla bilinir. Hocas\u0131 Molla Fenari&#8217;nin te\u015fvikiyle Semerkant&#8217;a gitti. Ulu\u011f Bey ile tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve \u00f6zel hocas\u0131 oldu. Ulu\u011f Bey Medresesi&#8217;nin ba\u015fhocal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131. Semerkant Rasathanesi&#8217;nin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7ti. Matematik kitab\u0131 \u015eerhu E\u015fkali\u2019t-te\u2019sis, Osmanl\u0131 medreselerinde ders kitab\u0131 oldu. Astronomi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na fizik kurallar\u0131n\u0131 uygulad\u0131. \u00d6\u011frencilerini Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesine gitmeye te\u015fvik etti, Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u ve Fethullah e\u015f-\u015eirv\u00e2n\u00ee bu sayede Anadolu&#8217;ya geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ulu\u011f Bey (1394-1449)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Timurlu h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131, matematik\u00e7i ve astronomdu. Semerkant Rasathanesi&#8217;ni 1422&#8217;de kurdurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u (1403-1474)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Matematik ve astronomi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla tan\u0131n\u0131r. Kad\u0131zade-i Rumi ve Ulu\u011f Bey&#8217;den ders ald\u0131. Fatih Sultan Mehmet D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde \u0130stanbul&#8217;a geldi. Semerkant Matematik-Astronomi Okulu bilgisini getirdi. 1473&#8217;te Ayasofya Medresesi&#8217;ne m\u00fcderris atand\u0131. Sahn-\u0131 Semani Medreseleri&#8217;nin \u00f6\u011fretim program\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesinde g\u00f6rev ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Piri Reis (1465-1554)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 denizcisi ve haritac\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerlerin haritalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcksek do\u011frulukla \u00e7izdi. G\u00f6rmedi\u011fi G\u00fcney ve Kuzey Amerika&#8217;y\u0131 da m\u00fckemmel \u00e7izdi. Kolomb&#8217;un Amerika haritas\u0131 ile di\u011fer haritalardan faydaland\u0131. Kendi tecr\u00fcbelerini ekleyerek 1513&#8217;te ilk d\u00fcnya haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi. Haritay\u0131 1517&#8217;de Yavuz Sultan Selim&#8217;e sundu. Amcas\u0131 Korsan Kemal Reis&#8217;in denizci olmas\u0131nda etkisi oldu. Kristof Kolomb&#8217;un seferine kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir \u0130spanyol esiri sorgulayarak bilgi ve harita ald\u0131. 1528&#8217;de \u00e7izdi\u011fi ikinci d\u00fcnya haritas\u0131nda yeni ke\u015ffedilen yerler vard\u0131. \u00d6nemli eseri, co\u011frafya kitab\u0131 Kitab-\u0131 Bahriye&#8217;yi Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman&#8217;a sundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tak\u0131yy\u00fcddin Ra\u015fid<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tak\u0131yy\u00fcddin Ra\u015fid (1526-1585): 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l Osmanl\u0131 biliminin \u00f6nemli isimlerindendir. III. Murat D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nin en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6k bilimcisiydi. \u0130stanbul&#8217;a geldi ve sarayda m\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131 (saray astronomu) olarak g\u00f6reve ba\u015flad\u0131. Galata Kulesi&#8217;nde, sonra Tophane s\u0131rtlar\u0131nda g\u00f6zlem yapt\u0131. 1577&#8217;de \u0130stanbul Rasathanesi&#8217;ni kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130stanbul Rasathanesi&#8217;nin Sonu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1577&#8217;deki kuyruklu y\u0131ld\u0131z g\u00f6zlemi halkta heyecan yaratt\u0131. Siyasi \u00e7eki\u015fmeler nedeniyle rasathane hedef oldu. \u015eeyh\u00fclislam Kad\u0131zade Ahmet \u015eemseddin Efendi, &#8220;Rasathaneler \u00fclkeye felaket getirir&#8221; \u015feklinde fetva verdi. \u0130stanbul Rasathanesi, 1580 y\u0131l\u0131nda i\u00e7indeki aletlerle birlikte y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Rasathanenin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn g\u00f6stergelerinden say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mirim \u00c7elebi ve \u0130smail Gelenbevi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Mirim \u00c7elebi (1450-1525):<\/strong> Kad\u0131zade-i Rumi ve Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u\u2019nun torunudur. D\u00f6neminin \u00f6nemli astronom ve matematik\u00e7ilerindendir. Edebiyat ve tarih alanlar\u0131nda da \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. En tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f eseri, Ulu\u011f Bey&#8217;in Z\u00eec-i Ulu\u011f Bey&#8217;ine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 D\u00fcst\u00fbr\u00fbl-Amel fi Tashih\u00fcl-Cedvel&#8217;dir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0130smail Gelenbevi (1730-1791):<\/strong> Matematik, fizik, astronomi alanlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda geleneksel bilgi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sorgulayan yakla\u015f\u0131ma katk\u0131 sundu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 Klasik D\u00f6nem Biliminin \u00d6zellikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kuruldu\u011fu co\u011frafyadan etkilendi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u0131s\u0131r, T\u00fcrkistan, \u0130ran, Suriye gibi k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezlerinden etkilendi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Medreseler geli\u015fti, ihtisas medreseleri kuruldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hint, Bizans, Akdeniz ve Bat\u0131 Avrupa ile etkile\u015fim i\u00e7indeydi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d6nemli k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezleri vard\u0131 (Bursa, Edirne, \u0130stanbul, \u00dcsk\u00fcp).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Geleneksel bilim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 hakimdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bilimsel D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin De\u011fi\u015fmesinde Kad\u0131zadelerin Etkisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">17. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 krizle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131: siyasi, ekonomik, epistemik (bilgi ile ilgili).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Siyasi kriz:<\/strong> II. Osman&#8217;\u0131n (Gen\u00e7 Osman) \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, sultanlar\u0131n me\u015fruiyetini sarst\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ekonomik kriz:<\/strong> Ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n Akdeniz&#8217;den Atlantik&#8217;e kaymas\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 gelirleri azald\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Epistemik kriz:<\/strong> Uleman\u0131n &#8220;bilinen her \u015feyin bilindi\u011fi&#8221; d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi. Bu kriz, yenilik yerine eskiyi taklit etmeye yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kad\u0131zadeler Hareketi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Epistemik krizin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda Kad\u0131zadeler hareketi etkili oldu. 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan din\u00ee ve toplumsal bir hareketti. Ad\u0131n\u0131 vaiz Kad\u0131zade Mehmet Efendi&#8217;den ald\u0131. Hz. Peygamber sonras\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan baz\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131 bidat (daha \u00f6nce benzeri olmay\u0131p sonradan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u015fey) olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fcler ve reddettiler. Ama\u00e7lar\u0131 \u0130slam&#8217;\u0131 Kur&#8217;an ve s\u00fcnnet d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bidatlardan ar\u0131nd\u0131rmak ve bunu devlete yaymakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kad\u0131zadeler Hareketi &#8211; G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ve Sonu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kad\u0131zadeler, devletin i\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar, ekonomik bozukluklar gibi istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k ortam\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7lendi. Tasavvuf hareketlerini tamamen reddettiler. Akli ve felsefi bilimlere \u015fiddetle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar, bunlarla u\u011fra\u015fanlar\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman g\u00f6rmediler. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta cami ve sarayda etkili oldular. IV. Murat \u00fczerinde etkili olup kahvehaneleri y\u0131kt\u0131rd\u0131lar. Zamanla tekkeleri y\u0131kt\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Sadrazam K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmet Pa\u015fa, alimleri toplay\u0131p Kad\u0131zadelerin K\u0131br\u0131s&#8217;a s\u00fcr\u00fclmesine karar verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kad\u0131zadeler Hareketi &#8211; Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kad\u0131zadelerin etkili oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde Osmanl\u0131 toplumu hukuk bilgisi \u00fcretemedi. Dinin ak\u0131l d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yorumlanmas\u0131 toplumu bunal\u0131ma s\u00fcr\u00fckledi. Ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc yerini taassup ve ba\u011fnazl\u0131\u011fa b\u0131rakt\u0131. \u0130nsanlar kendisi gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyenleri yok sayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bilim ve D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda De\u011fi\u015fimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri: K\u00e2tipler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">17. y\u00fczy\u0131l Osmanl\u0131 bilim ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde ulema d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda k\u00e2tipler (kalemiye) s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 da etkili oldu. K\u00e2tipler, devletin s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu askeri anlay\u0131\u015ftan b\u00fcrokratik anlay\u0131\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeyi istediler. Bu ama\u00e7la \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan k\u00e2tipler \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131: \u00c7elebiler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131, El\u00e7iler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131, Ayd\u0131nlar \u00c7a\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00c7elebiler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7elebi: Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da e\u011fitimli, y\u00fcksek tabakadan ki\u015filere verilen \u00fcnvan (14-18. yy). K\u00e2tipler, \u015fairler, alimler bu gruba girer. Bu isimler aras\u0131nda K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi, Evliya \u00c7elebi, Hezarfen H\u00fcseyin \u00c7elebi, Yirmisekiz Mehmet \u00c7elebi, \u0130brahim M\u00fcteferrika bulunur. Yeni D\u00fcnyaya kar\u015f\u0131 merakl\u0131yd\u0131lar. Osmanl\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki geli\u015fmeleri anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. &#8220;Kadim&#8221; (eski) anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 &#8220;yeni&#8221; yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 savundular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi, \u00c7elebiler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n ilk temsilcisidir. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren devletin durumunu d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Devlet adaml\u0131\u011f\u0131 tecr\u00fcbesi ve bilgisiyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini risalele\u015ftirdi. Eseri: Dusturu\u2019l-amel li-\u0131slahi\u2019l-halel (Bozukluklar\u0131n D\u00fczeltilmesinde Tutulacak Yollar). Akli ilimler konusundaki tutuculu\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u0130slam&#8217;\u0131n bilimi reddetmedi\u011fini, te\u015fvik etti\u011fini belirtti. Co\u011frafya eseri Cihann\u00fcma, Bat\u0131 k\u00f6kenli Atlas Minor&#8217;dan faydaland\u0131. Atlas Minor&#8217;u Levami el-Nur fi Zulmeti Atlas Minur ad\u0131yla \u00e7evirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hezarfen H\u00fcseyin \u00c7elebi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 tarih\u00e7isidir, Avrupal\u0131larca tan\u0131nd\u0131. Latince ve Yunanca biliyordu. Tarih-i D\u00fcvel-i Rumiyye, Eski Yunan ve Roma&#8217;dan bahseden ilk Osmanl\u0131 kitab\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130brahim M\u00fcteferrika<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi&#8217;nin fikirlerini savundu. Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da ilk matbaay\u0131 1727 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurdu. K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi&#8217;nin Tuhfet\u00fc\u2019l-Kibar fi Esfari\u2019l Bihar (1729) ve Cihann\u00fcm\u00e2 (1732) eserlerini bast\u0131. Cihann\u00fcma ile Bat\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin (Tycho Brahe, Copernicus, Descartes, Galileo) fikirlerine temas sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>El\u00e7iler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sefirler ve Reis\u00fclk\u00fcttaplar \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 olarak da bilinir. Yirmisekiz Mehmet \u00c7elebi ile ba\u015flad\u0131. Ahmet Resmi, Ebu Bekir Rat\u0131p Efendi, Reis\u00fclkuttap At\u0131f Efendi gibi isimler bu \u00e7a\u011fa dahildir. \u0130brahim M\u00fcteferrika&#8217;n\u0131n matbaa kurmas\u0131nda Yirmisekiz Mehmet \u00c7elebi ve o\u011flu Sait \u00c7elebi&#8217;nin katk\u0131s\u0131 oldu. Yirmisekiz Mehmet \u00c7elebi&#8217;nin Paris Sefaretnamesi, bilim ve tekni\u011fe \u00f6nem verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>El\u00e7iler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 &#8211; G\u00f6zlemler ve Reformlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El\u00e7iler, Osmanl\u0131 ile Avrupa aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131n teknik d\u00fczeyde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fcler. Askeri yenilgiler, askeri teknik transferini g\u00fcndeme getirdi. Ahmet Resmi Efendi (Viyana el\u00e7isi), Avusturya idaresi ve politikas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda rapor haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Ebu Bekir Rat\u0131p Efendi: Osmanl\u0131 yenile\u015fme hareketlerinin \u00f6nc\u00fclerindendir. M\u00fclkiyet edinme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri onunla ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>El\u00e7iler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 &#8211; D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler ve Yeni Kurumlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reis\u00fclk\u00fcttap At\u0131f Efendi, Muv\u00e2zene-i Politikiye (1798) raporunda Voltaire ve Rousseau gibi Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinden bahsetti. 1789 Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali&#8217;nin Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7in tehdit oldu\u011funu savundu. Ebu Bekir Rat\u0131p Efendi&#8217;nin Viyana g\u00f6zlemleri projelere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu projeler III. Selim D\u00f6nemi Nizam-\u0131 Cedit yenilikleri olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Viyana&#8217;daki akademilerden esinlenerek M\u00fchendishane-i Berri, H\u00fcmayun (Kara M\u00fchendishanesi) 1795&#8217;te a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. El\u00e7iler gittikleri \u00fclkelerin k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini, askeri yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 inceledi. El\u00e7iler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi ile son buldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ayd\u0131nlar \u00c7a\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">III. Selim&#8217;den itibaren Osmanl\u0131, kurumsal olarak Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma politikas\u0131 izledi. Askeri okullar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma h\u0131zland\u0131, sosyal alanlarda da reformlar ba\u015flad\u0131. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l Osmanl\u0131 ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 hem Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 savundu hem de muhafazakar kimlik ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131. Terc\u00fcme Odas\u0131 (1821&#8217;de kuruldu) \u00f6nemli terc\u00fcme i\u015flerini M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara verdi. Bu oda bir okula d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ayd\u0131nlar \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 &#8211; Terc\u00fcme Odas\u0131 ve Ayd\u0131nlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Terc\u00fcme Odas\u0131, Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nin \u00fcnl\u00fc pa\u015falar\u0131n\u0131 (Ali, Fuat, Safvet) yeti\u015ftirdi. Yeni bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve siyasi idealin geli\u015fti\u011fi merkez oldu. Burada yeti\u015fen ve el\u00e7ilik yapan b\u00fcrokratlar devlet y\u00f6netiminde etkili oldu. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca ayd\u0131nlar: Mustafa Re\u015fit Pa\u015fa, Ali Pa\u015fa, Fuat Pa\u015fa, M\u00fcnif Pa\u015fa, Hayrullah Efendi, \u015einasi, Nam\u0131k Kemal, Ziya Pa\u015fa. Ortak ama\u00e7lar\u0131, devleti mutlak monar\u015fiden me\u015fruti monar\u015fiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ayd\u0131nlar \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 &#8211; I. Me\u015frutiyet Sonras\u0131 ve Sosyoloji<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I. Me\u015frutiyet&#8217;in ilan\u0131ndan (1876) sonra ayd\u0131nlar fikirlerini gazete ve dergilerde daha serbest yayd\u0131. \u015einasi, Ali Suavi, Ziya Pa\u015fa, Nam\u0131k Kemal vatan, millet, h\u00fcrriyet kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130lim Cemiyeti (1861) yay\u0131n organ\u0131 Mecmua-i F\u00fcn\u00fbn&#8217;da Bat\u0131 bilim terimlerine T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k arand\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 takip etti. Ziya G\u00f6kalp ve Prens Sabahattin sosyolojiyi yaymak i\u00e7in \u00e7abalad\u0131. Prens Sabahattin Le Play, Ziya G\u00f6kalp Durkheim ekol\u00fcn\u00fc takip etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ayd\u0131nlar \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 &#8211; Bat\u0131 Etkisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ziya G\u00f6kalp, milli kurtulu\u015fu milliyet\u00e7ilikte buldu ve sosyolojiyi bu ama\u00e7la kulland\u0131. II. Abd\u00fclhamit&#8217;le iktidar m\u00fccadelesi nedeniyle yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na gidenler Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve pozitivizmi benimsedi. Sadece teknolojinin de\u011fil, Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn de al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 istediler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Siyasi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 klasik siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi \u0130slam, Orta Asya T\u00fcrk gelenekleri ve hakim oldu\u011fu co\u011frafyadaki medeniyetlerden etkilendi. Temel unsurlar: devlet-i ebed m\u00fcddet, nizam-\u0131 \u00e2lem, kanun-\u0131 kadim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Devlet-i ebed m\u00fcddet:<\/strong> Devletin sonsuza dek ya\u015famas\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kanun-\u0131 kadim:<\/strong> Belirli bir tan\u0131m\u0131 olmasa da benimsenen kanunlar ve uygulamalar\u0131 ifade eder. Nizam-\u0131 \u00e2lemin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, kanun-\u0131 kadimden sap\u0131lmamas\u0131yla ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nizam-\u0131 \u00e2lem:<\/strong> Devlet birli\u011fi, kamu d\u00fczeni, d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni gibi farkl\u0131 anlamlarda kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Bazen toplumsal hayat\u0131n t\u00fcm boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan bir kavramd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Nizam-\u0131 Alem<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Devlet birli\u011fi, kamu d\u00fczeni, d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni gibi farkl\u0131 anlamlarda kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Bazen toplumsal hayat\u0131n t\u00fcm boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan bir kavramd\u0131. Nizam-\u0131 \u00e2lemi sa\u011flama g\u00f6revi h\u00fck\u00fcmdara aittir. H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n sorumluluklar\u0131: Adil olmak, iyi siyaset izlemek, halka yumu\u015fak davranmak. \u0130\u015fi ehline vermek, gafil olmamak. Hatalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebilecek vezirler se\u00e7mek, ulemaya sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n Sorumluluklar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adil olmak, iyi siyaset izlemek, halka yumu\u015fak davranmak. Nizam-\u0131 \u00e2lemi sa\u011flama g\u00f6revi h\u00fck\u00fcmdara aittir. \u0130\u015fi ehline vermek, gafil olmamak. Hatalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebilecek vezirler se\u00e7mek, ulemaya sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermek. Sab\u0131rl\u0131 olmak, kararlarda isti\u015fareye \u00f6nem vermek. Halk\u0131n sevgisini kazanmak, vefak\u00e2r olmak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Adalet ve Adaletname<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adalet, nizam-\u0131 \u00e2lemi tamamlayan kavramd\u0131r. Adalet Dairesi (Adalet \u00c7emberi) \u00f6zellikle 16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonra ilgi g\u00f6rd\u00fc. K\u0131nal\u0131zade Ali Efendi, Ahl\u00e2k-\u0131 Al\u00e2\u00ee (1564) eserinde bu konuya de\u011findi. Orta Do\u011fu&#8217;daki adaletnameler Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da da yay\u0131mland\u0131. Adaletname: Padi\u015fah\u0131n, yetkililerin halka kar\u015f\u0131 yetkilerini k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklayan beyannamesi. Kad\u0131, beylerbeyi, sancak beylerine yaz\u0131l\u0131p halka duyurulurdu. Divan\u0131h\u00fcmayun&#8217;un ilk g\u00f6revi \u015fikayet dinlemekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>K\u0131nal\u0131zade Ali Efendi\u2019ye G\u00f6re Adalet Dairesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Adalet ve Siyaset:<\/strong> Siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7le korunur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Halk\u0131n Birli\u011fi ve Huzuru:<\/strong> Adaletle sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ekonomik G\u00fc\u00e7:<\/strong> Halktan gelir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ordu Deste\u011fi:<\/strong> Ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7le desteklenir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Siyasi G\u00fcc\u00fcn Korunmas\u0131:<\/strong> Ordu taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>D\u00fcnya Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131:<\/strong> Adaletle sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Devletin Korunmas\u0131:<\/strong> Hukukla sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u00fcnya bir bah\u00e7e gibidir, duvar\u0131 devlettir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Devletin d\u00fczenini hukuk kurar.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Yenilik Aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n Siyasi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye Etkisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">17. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren, devletin i\u015fleyi\u015findeki aksakl\u0131klar nedeniyle devlet adamlar\u0131 ve ulema risaleler yazd\u0131. Sorunlar\u0131 ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerilerini belirttiler. Bu isimler aras\u0131nda Evliya \u00c7elebi, K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi, Ko\u00e7i Bey, Defterdar Sar\u0131 Mehmed Pa\u015fa bulunur. Evliya \u00c7elebi, gezdi\u011fi yerlerdeki aksakl\u0131klar\u0131, ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, haks\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 eserine kaydetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi, devletin i\u015fleyi\u015findeki s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 yazan \u0131slahat\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fcr. Risalesini IV. Murat&#8217;a sundu. Kanuni d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flayan mali ve siyasi bozulmalar\u0131 sebep-sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkisiyle a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. D\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00f6nerdi. Dust\u00fbru\u2019l-amel li-\u0131slahi\u2019l-halel eserinde devletleri canl\u0131 gibi evrelere ay\u0131rd\u0131 (\u0130bni Haldun gibi). Ancak o, zaman\u0131nda al\u0131nacak \u00f6nlemlerle sonun uzat\u0131labilece\u011fini belirtti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ko\u00e7i Bey ve Defterdar Sar\u0131 Mehmed Pa\u015fa<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ko\u00e7i Bey:<\/strong> IV. Murat ve Sultan \u0130brahim&#8217;e sundu\u011fu risalelerde sorunlara de\u011findi. R\u00fc\u015fvetin \u00f6nlenmesi, makamlar\u0131n ehil olana verilmesi gibi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerileri sundu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Defterdar Sar\u0131 Mehmed Pa\u015fa:<\/strong> Nes\u00e2yih\u00fc\u2019l-V\u00fczer\u00e2 ve\u2019l-\u00dcmer\u00e2 eserinde devlet sistemini i\u015fledi. Sorunlar\u0131n kanun-\u0131 kadime d\u00f6n\u00fclerek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclece\u011fini savundu. \u00d6zellikle Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman D\u00f6nemi&#8217;ne d\u00f6n\u00fclmesini \u00f6nerdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Genel G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ve El\u00e7iler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">17. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0131slahat\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri genellikle devlet-i ebed m\u00fcddet inanc\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Duraklama ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn sebeplerini tamamen i\u00e7 mesele olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fcler. \u00dclkede kanun-\u0131 kadime d\u00f6n\u00fclmesi, adalete ve hukuka sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmesi \u00f6nerildi. Bunun bilgili ve liyakatli y\u00f6neticilerle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu belirtildi. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren Avrupa&#8217;ya el\u00e7iler g\u00f6nderilmeye \u00f6nem verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Lale Devri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lale Devri&#8217;nde (1718-1730) Paris&#8217;e el\u00e7i g\u00f6nderilen Yirmisekiz Mehmet \u00c7elebi&#8217;den, Fransa&#8217;n\u0131n geli\u015fim sebeplerini \u00f6\u011frenmesi ve uygulanabilecekleri bildirmesi istendi. Sefaretname&#8217;si ve o\u011flu Sait Mehmet Efendi&#8217;nin matbaa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, modernle\u015fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemliydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tanzimat Ferman\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n ilan\u0131ndan (1839) I. Me\u015frutiyet&#8217;e (1876) kadar olan d\u00f6nemdir. Tanzimat s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fczenleme, yap\u0131lanma anlam\u0131na gelir. Devleti de\u011fi\u015fime zorlayan d\u0131\u015f etkenlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali&#8217;nin etkileri gelir. Me\u015frutiyet, anayasalar, adalet, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, e\u015fitlik gibi kavramlar \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Milliyet\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda isyanlara yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi &#8211; Nedenleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reformlar, devleti az\u0131nl\u0131k taleplerine cevap vermeye ve reform yapmaya y\u00f6neltti. Di\u011fer d\u0131\u015f neden: Rusya&#8217;n\u0131n yay\u0131lmac\u0131 politikas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Avrupa devletlerinden destek almak istemesi. \u0130\u00e7 neden: Devletin idari mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flememesi, yeni bir idari yap\u0131lanma ihtiyac\u0131. Sorunlar\u0131 merkezi b\u00fcrokratik yap\u0131lanmayla \u00e7\u00f6zme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle reformlar yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi &#8211; Haz\u0131rl\u0131k S\u00fcreci<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Haz\u0131rl\u0131k s\u00fcreci III. Selim D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde (1789-1807) ba\u015flad\u0131. Bat\u0131&#8217;y\u0131 \u00f6rnek alan k\u00f6kl\u00fc yenilikler (ba\u015fta ordu) yap\u0131ld\u0131. Avrupa ba\u015fkentlerinde daimi el\u00e7ilikler a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. III. Selim, askeri alanda Nizam-\u0131 Cedit yeniliklerini yapt\u0131. Haz\u0131rl\u0131k Sultan II. Mahmut D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde (1808-1839) devam etti. \u0130dari, askeri, toplumsal alanda reformlar yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>II. Mahmut D\u00f6nemi Reformlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>II. Mahmut, Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131 kald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yerine yeni, modern bir ordu: As\u00e2kir-i Mans\u00fbre-i Muhammediye&#8217;yi kurdu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avrupa&#8217;ya ilk kez \u00f6\u011frenci g\u00f6nderildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130lk\u00f6\u011fretim zorunlu hale getirildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mekteb-i Harbiye ve T\u0131bbiye gibi yeni okullar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Muhtarl\u0131k te\u015fkilat\u0131 kuruldu, ilk n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130lk resmi gazete Takvim-i Vekayi yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Posta sistemi kuruldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fta pasaport uygulamas\u0131 geldi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sa\u011fl\u0131k alan\u0131nda karantina usul\u00fc uyguland\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Memurlara fes ve pantolon giyme zorunlulu\u011fu getirildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>H\u00fck\u00fcmet te\u015fkilat\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131ld\u0131, nezaretler (bakanl\u0131klar) kuruldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Merkezi otoriteyi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in ayanlar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sadrazam\u0131n yetkileri k\u0131s\u0131tland\u0131, padi\u015fah\u0131n otoritesi g\u00fc\u00e7lendi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kanun haz\u0131rlamak i\u00e7in kurullar, yenilikler i\u00e7in meclisler kuruldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tanzimat Ferman\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n \u0130lan\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tanzimat Ferman\u0131 (G\u00fclhane Hatt-\u0131 H\u00fcmayunu), modernle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde anayasal sisteme ge\u00e7i\u015fin \u00f6nemli ad\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Hariciye Naz\u0131r\u0131 Mustafa Re\u015fit Pa\u015fa etkili oldu. 3 Kas\u0131m 1839&#8217;da G\u00fclhane Park\u0131&#8217;nda okundu. Halka temel haklar verildi. \u0130dareciler (padi\u015fah dahil) kendilerini kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tanzimat Ferman\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Maddeleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>T\u00fcm tebaan\u0131n (M\u00fcslim ve Hristiyan) can, mal, namus g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flanacak.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vergi, herkesin g\u00fcc\u00fc oran\u0131nda al\u0131nacak.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Askerlik t\u00fcm tebaa i\u00e7in zorunlu olacak (4-5 y\u0131l).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kimseye yarg\u0131lanmadan \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131 verilmeyecek.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Herkes mal\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrce kullanabilecek.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>R\u00fc\u015fveti \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in etkili kanun haz\u0131rlanacak.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u015eeriata ayk\u0131r\u0131 davranan herkes cezaland\u0131r\u0131lacak.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Islahat Ferman\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n \u0130lan\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tanzimat Ferman\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri d\u0131\u015f m\u00fcdahaleyi \u00f6nlemekti, ancak bu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi. Tanzimat Ferman\u0131 az\u0131nl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmede yetersiz kald\u0131. Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletler uygulamalar\u0131 denetleyici oldu. Bat\u0131l\u0131 el\u00e7iler yeni bir ferman istedi. Islahat Ferman\u0131, Tanzimat Ferman\u0131&#8217;ndaki kanunlar\u0131 geni\u015fletti. Sadrazam \u00c2l\u00ee Pa\u015fa&#8217;n\u0131n \u00e7abalar\u0131yla 1856&#8217;da yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Islahat Ferman\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fi ve Tepkiler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tanzimat Ferman\u0131 t\u00fcm tebaay\u0131 ilgilendiriyordu. Islahat Ferman\u0131, tamamen gayrim\u00fcslim Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131na ait h\u00fck\u00fcmler i\u00e7eriyordu. Gayrim\u00fcslimlere geni\u015f haklar tan\u0131d\u0131. Bu durum M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ve ulema taraf\u0131ndan tepkiyle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Gayrim\u00fcslimler hukuki e\u015fitli\u011fe ula\u015fsa da \u00e7ok memnun kalmad\u0131. \u00d6zellikle e\u015fitlik ilkesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Rumlar, askerlik gibi zorunlu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckten kurtulmak i\u00e7in M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne raz\u0131 oldular. Gayrim\u00fcslim din adamlar\u0131 da memnun de\u011fildi. Aidatlar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p maa\u015fa ba\u011flanmas\u0131, devlete sadakat yemini etmeleri, halktan \u00fcye se\u00e7ilmesi gibi konulara tepki g\u00f6sterdiler. Fermandaki ekonomik haklar gayrim\u00fcslimleri g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. Ticaret ve sanayide zenginle\u015ferek az\u0131nl\u0131k burjuvazisi olu\u015fturdular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Islahat Ferman\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Baz\u0131 Maddeleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>M\u00fcslim ve gayrim\u00fcslimler kanun \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fit olacak.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Irk, din, dil fark\u0131 g\u00f6zetilmeyecek, mezhep \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olmayacak.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kimse din de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye zorlanmayacak.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patrikhanelerde yeni meclisler kurulacak, kararlar Bab\u0131ali onay\u0131ndan sonra y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girecek.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gayrim\u00fcslimleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131layan ifadeler kullan\u0131lmayacak.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yabanc\u0131lar m\u00fclk sahibi olabilecek.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u00fcslim-gayrim\u00fcslim davalar\u0131 i\u00e7in karma mahkemeler kurulacak.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gayrim\u00fcslimlerin \u015fahitli\u011fi kabul edilecek, kendi inanc\u0131na g\u00f6re yemin edebilecek.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Devlet hizmetleri, askerlik, okullara ayr\u0131m yap\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n t\u00fcm tebaa kabul edilecek.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gayrim\u00fcslimler okul a\u00e7abilecek.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cizye vergisi kald\u0131r\u0131lacak, gayrim\u00fcslimler askerlik yapacak veya bedelini \u00f6deyecek.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcm tebaa ayn\u0131 vergiyi \u00f6deyecek.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi Reformlar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce D\u00fcnyas\u0131na Etkileri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi, T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. K\u00f6kl\u00fc reformlar, siyasi ve sosyal d\u00fczeni de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Zengin m\u00fcltezimler, ulema, ayanlar, t\u00fcccarlar reformlara olumsuz tepki g\u00f6sterdi. Kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kma nedenleri din\u00ee de\u011fil, siyasi ve ekonomik ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yitirme korkusuydu. Fermanlar\u0131n gayrim\u00fcslimlerle e\u015fitlik amac\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 rahats\u0131z etti. Gayrim\u00fcslimler, Islahat Ferman\u0131&#8217;ndaki siyasi ve din\u00ee haklardan memnun kald\u0131. Elde ettikleri haklar, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k isteklerinin artmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Fermanlar Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131 memnun etti ancak uygulamada aksakl\u0131klar oldu. Bu durum, Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u015flerine m\u00fcdahalesi i\u00e7in zemin olu\u015fturdu. Reformcular Bat\u0131 rasyonalist (ak\u0131lc\u0131) felsefeyi benimsedi. Osmanl\u0131l\u0131k: K\u00f6keni ne olursa olsun vatanda\u015fl\u0131k ba\u011f\u0131yla ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00fcst kimlik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi. Y\u00f6netici ve ayd\u0131nlar, halk i\u00e7in neyin iyi oldu\u011funu sadece kendilerinin bildi\u011fine inand\u0131. Yeni okullardaki baz\u0131 gen\u00e7ler siyasi anla\u015fmazl\u0131k veya daha iyi e\u011fitim i\u00e7in Avrupa&#8217;ya gitti. Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc etkisiyle kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerine yabanc\u0131la\u015ft\u0131lar. Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kurumlar\u0131yla birlikte al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 savundular. Medrese gibi geleneksel e\u011fitim alanlar Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc yay\u0131lmas\u0131na tepki g\u00f6sterdi. Bu ki\u015filer, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel dinamiklere dayal\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim istedi. Bu durum, \u00fclkede ayd\u0131nlar aras\u0131nda k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ikili\u011fe neden oldu. Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle temas sonucu pozitivist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yay\u0131ld\u0131. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ve gayrim\u00fcslimlerin hukuki e\u015fitli\u011fi, devlet y\u00f6netiminde laikle\u015fmenin bir i\u015fareti oldu. Dilde de\u011fi\u015fim ve sadele\u015fme tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131. Fransa ile ili\u015fkiler nedeniyle Frans\u0131zca bir\u00e7ok kelime g\u00fcnl\u00fck dile girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tanzimat sonras\u0131 Kanun-\u0131 Esasi&#8217;nin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesiyle Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi ba\u015flad\u0131. Reformlar devam etti. \u0130lk modern anayasa haz\u0131rland\u0131. Se\u00e7imler yap\u0131ld\u0131, Me\u015frutiyet Meclisi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Siyasi partiler kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>I. Me\u015frutiyet&#8217;in \u0130lan\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ayd\u0131nlar, devletin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc engellemek i\u00e7in anayasal\u0131 y\u00f6netim ve halk\u0131n temsil edildi\u011fi meclis istedi. Me\u015frutiyet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini Nam\u0131k Kemal, Ziya Pa\u015fa, \u015einasi, Ali Suavi, Mithat Pa\u015fa savundu. B\u00fcrokrasi i\u00e7inde Gen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar ve J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler muhalefet hareketi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bat\u0131&#8217;daki yeniliklerden etkilenip idareye kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele ettiler. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta edebi yaz\u0131larla, sonra siyasi hareketle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>I. Me\u015frutiyet&#8217;e Giden S\u00fcre\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1876 May\u0131s&#8217;ta darbeyle Abd\u00fclaziz indirildi, V. Murat getirildi. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra V. Murat sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 nedeniyle tahttan indirildi. Veliat II. Abd\u00fclhamit, Mithat Pa\u015fa ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp me\u015frutiyeti ilan etme s\u00f6z\u00fc vererek tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Rusya sava\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131yordu, Balkan isyanlar\u0131 vard\u0131. Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin bask\u0131s\u0131yla \u0130stanbul (Tersane) Konferans\u0131 topland\u0131 (23 Aral\u0131k 1876).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kanun-\u0131 Esasi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131, az\u0131nl\u0131k ve ayd\u0131n talepleri ile d\u0131\u015f m\u00fcdahaleyi \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn me\u015frutiyete ge\u00e7ildi\u011fini ilan etti. T\u00fcrk tarihinin ilk anayasas\u0131 Kanun-\u0131 Esasi y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kondu. Yeni y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 getirildi. Ancak tam bir me\u015fruti y\u00f6netim de\u011fildi. Padi\u015fah\u0131n geni\u015f yetkileri s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lamad\u0131. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme g\u00fcc\u00fc padi\u015fah\u0131n denetimindeydi, h\u00fck\u00fcmet padi\u015faha kar\u015f\u0131 sorumluydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>I. Me\u015frutiyet &#8211; Meclis ve Sava\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mecliste siyasi grup\/parti yoktu, muhalefeti engelledi. Meclis, Meclis-i Um\u00fbmi (\u00c2yan Meclisi + Mebusan Meclisi) idi. \u00c2yan \u00fcyeleri padi\u015fah\u00e7a, Mebusan \u00fcyeleri se\u00e7imle belirleniyordu. \u0130lk se\u00e7imler 1877&#8217;de yap\u0131ld\u0131. Rusya 1877-78 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131 (93 Harbi) ilan etti. Sava\u015f Osmanl\u0131 aleyhine d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>I. Me\u015frutiyet&#8217;in Sonu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sava\u015fta al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemler g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcrken baz\u0131 meclis \u00fcyeleri padi\u015fah\u0131 sorumlu tuttu. Meclis, h\u00fck\u00fcmet ve saray aras\u0131nda gerilim olu\u015ftu. Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamit, anayasan\u0131n verdi\u011fi yetkiyle meclisi 13 \u015eubat 1878&#8217;de s\u00fcresiz tatil etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamit D\u00f6nemi Reformlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">II. Abd\u00fclhamit D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde (1876-1909) yenile\u015fme faaliyetleri h\u0131zla devam etti. Merkezi otoritenin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesine \u00f6nem verdi. Politika amac\u0131 t\u00fcm tebaay\u0131 kayna\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131. Az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k iste\u011fi \u00fczerine \u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k siyasetini uygulamaya koydu. T\u00fcm M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 inan\u00e7 ba\u011f\u0131yla payitahta ba\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. E\u011fitim ve ula\u015ft\u0131rma politikalar\u0131na \u00f6nem verdi. Ula\u015f\u0131m ve haberle\u015fmeye b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem verildi, demir yollar\u0131 ve telgraf hatlar\u0131 d\u00f6\u015fendi. Merkezi otoritenin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi ama\u00e7land\u0131. Yabanc\u0131 dil bilen gen\u00e7ler Avrupa&#8217;daki siyasi\/felsefi geli\u015fmeleri takip etti. Bu durum, Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc etkisini art\u0131rd\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011fi\u015fimi h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131. Bas\u0131n tarihinde sans\u00fcrle an\u0131lsa da modern matbaalar kuruldu. Kitap ve bas\u0131nla ilgili Avrupa geli\u015fmeleri takip edildi, matbaa say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131. Hukuk alan\u0131nda Adliye Naz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 modern bakanl\u0131k oldu. H\u00e2kim ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in Mekteb-i Hukuk-i \u015e\u00e2h\u00e2ne a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6nemli hukuk eseri Mecelle (Mecelle-i Ahk\u00e2m-\u0131 Adliye) haz\u0131rland\u0131. Mecelle, Ahmet Cevdet Pa\u015fa ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki komisyonca derlendi. O d\u00f6nemin en \u00f6nemli medeni hukuk eseriydi. Toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fimle e\u011flence k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc yay\u0131ld\u0131. Sinema, tiyatro, opera gibi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel faaliyetler yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c2s\u00e2r-\u0131 At\u00eeka Nizamnamesi ile m\u00fczecilik geli\u015fti. Spor kul\u00fcpleri kuruldu: Be\u015fikta\u015f (1903), Galatasaray (1905), Fenerbah\u00e7e (1907).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>II. Me\u015frutiyet&#8217;in \u0130lan\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">II. Abd\u00fclhamit y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler (muhalefet) \u0130ttihat ve Terakk\u00ee Partisi&#8217;ni kurdu. \u0130ttihat ve Terakk\u00ee bask\u0131lar\u0131yla Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamit, 24 Temmuz 1908&#8217;de Kanun-\u0131 Esasi&#8217;yi yeniden y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koydu. B\u00f6ylece II. Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130lan\u0131 heyecanla kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Meclis-i Mebusan yeni d\u00f6nemin ilk toplant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131 (17 Aral\u0131k 1908).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>II. Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi &#8211; Y\u00f6netim ve Partiler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">II. Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi, T\u00fcrk demokrasi tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Kanun-\u0131 Esasi&#8217;deki de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle padi\u015fah yetkileri azald\u0131. Temel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetler, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme, bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc geni\u015fledi. Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015flar\u0131 cemiyet kurma hakk\u0131 kazand\u0131. Y\u00f6netim me\u015frutiyet\u00e7i yap\u0131ya kavu\u015ftu, parlamenter h\u00fck\u00fcmet modeli benimsendi. Bir\u00e7ok siyasi parti kuruldu, \u00e7ok partili rejim uyguland\u0131 (1908-1913).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130ttihat ve Terakk\u00ee Cemiyeti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130ktidar m\u00fccadelesinde \u0130ttihat ve Terakk\u00ee Cemiyeti ve Ahrar F\u0131rkas\u0131 etkili oldu. Genel se\u00e7imler yap\u0131ld\u0131 (1908, 1912, 1914, 1919). D\u00f6nemin en \u00f6nemli akt\u00f6r\u00fc \u0130ttihat ve Terakk\u00ee Cemiyeti idi. 1913 Bab\u0131ali Bask\u0131n\u0131 ile y\u00f6netimi tamamen ele ge\u00e7irdi. \u0130ktidarda oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde milliyet\u00e7i ve Bat\u0131 yanl\u0131s\u0131 politika izledi. E\u011fitimin \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fmas\u0131na, hukukun laikle\u015fmesine \u00f6nem verdi. Milliyet\u00e7i k\u00fclt\u00fcr derneklerini (T\u00fcrk Oca\u011f\u0131) destekledi. Giri\u015fimcili\u011fi ve kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fi destekledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Ak\u0131mlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 modernle\u015fmesinde etkili olan ilk ak\u0131md\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131lar sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Savunucular\u0131: Nam\u0131k Kemal, \u015einasi, Ziya Pa\u015fa. En \u00f6nemli etken, milliyet\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131yla az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n isyan etmesiydi. Ama\u00e7: \u00dclkenin sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 modern d\u00fcnyaya ve gayrim\u00fcslim isteklerine g\u00f6re \u00e7\u00f6zmek. Din ve \u0131rk fark\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n t\u00fcm milletlerin e\u015fit haklara sahip olmas\u0131 ama\u00e7land\u0131. Tanzimat ve Islahat Fermanlar\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n ana fikri &#8220;Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8221; ve &#8220;Osmanl\u0131 vatanperverli\u011fi&#8221; oldu. Ama\u00e7, din, \u0131rk, mezhep kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde bir \u00fcst kimlik olu\u015fturmakt\u0131. Balkan milletlerinin isyanlar\u0131 ve sava\u015flar\u0131yla son buldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k, Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde muhalif \u00e7evrelerce ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Tanzimat&#8217;\u0131n Bat\u0131&#8217;y\u0131 \u00f6rnek almas\u0131 ve gayrim\u00fcslimlerle e\u015fitli\u011fi, baz\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarca benimsenmedi. Din birli\u011fine dayal\u0131 bir milliyet\u00e7ilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirdiler. Savunucular\u0131: Said Halim Pa\u015fa, Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Babanzade Ahmet Naim. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n siyasi birli\u011fini savunan Panislamizm, Abd\u00fclaziz zaman\u0131nda politika oldu. II. Abd\u00fclhamit taraf\u0131ndan devlet politikas\u0131 haline getirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Devletin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 (19. yy son \u00e7eyre\u011fi). Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131&#8217;ndan sonra g\u00fc\u00e7lendi. Ama\u00e7: T\u00fcm T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve politik birli\u011fi ile y\u00fckselmesi. \u0130lk izleri edebiyatta g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Macar T\u00fcrkologlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, Orhun Kitabeleri&#8217;nin okunmas\u0131 ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 etkiledi. Fikri \u015fekillenmesinde Rusya T\u00fcrklerinden isimlerin etkisi oldu. Etkili isimler: Yusuf Ak\u00e7ura, \u0130smail Gasp\u0131ral\u0131, Ahmet A\u011fao\u011flu. T\u00fcrk Oca\u011f\u0131 (1912) ve \u0130ttihat ve Terakk\u00ee&#8217;nin etkisiyle g\u00fc\u00e7lendi. Devlet politikalar\u0131nda belirleyici olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00d6nde gelen temsilcileri: Ziya G\u00f6kalp, Mehmet Emin, Necip \u00c2s\u0131m, S\u00fcleyman Pa\u015fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da etkili olan ak\u0131mlardan biridir. Bat\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n bilimsel, askeri, teknolojik yeniliklerinden faydalan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savundu. Tek kurtulu\u015f yolunun, zamana uygun \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f devlet ve millet modeli olu\u015fturmak oldu\u011funu savundular. Bat\u0131 bir medeniyet olarak kabul edilmeliydi, ancak bilin\u00e7siz taklit olmamal\u0131yd\u0131. Bat\u0131&#8217;dan neyin al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 konusunda ayr\u0131l\u0131klar vard\u0131. Abdullah Cevdet (&#8220;\u0130\u00e7tihad&#8221; dergisi yazar\u0131), Bat\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n her \u015feyiyle al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 savundu. Celal Nuri (\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 Bat\u0131c\u0131), sadece teknik geli\u015fmelerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc. Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde de etkisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u00d6nemli temsilcileri: Abdullah Cevdet, Celal Nuri, Tevfik Fikret.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi\u00a010. 11. ve 12. s\u0131n\u0131flarda se\u00e7meli olarak okutulan bir derstir. Bu sayfada payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde\u00a0s\u0131navda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011finiz t\u00fcm konulara hakim olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/02\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-3-unite-osmanli-donemi-turk-dusuncesi-ders-notu\/\" title=\"T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi 3. \u00dcnite: Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi Ders Notu\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2875,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[177],"tags":[99,176,295],"class_list":["post-2903","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-turk-dusunce-tarihi","tag-ders-notlari","tag-turk-dusunce-tarihi","tag-turk-dusunce-tarihi-ders-notlari"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pink-Gradient-Concept-Map-Chart-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pink-Gradient-Concept-Map-Chart-1200x800.png",1200,800,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pink-Gradient-Concept-Map-Chart-1200x1080.png",1200,1080,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pink-Gradient-Concept-Map-Chart-1200x1080.png",1200,1080,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pink-Gradient-Concept-Map-Chart-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pink-Gradient-Concept-Map-Chart-600x900.png",600,900,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pink-Gradient-Concept-Map-Chart-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pink-Gradient-Concept-Map-Chart.png",1920,1080,false]},"yoast_head":"<!-- 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