{"id":2905,"date":"2026-04-27T20:39:00","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T17:39:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=2905"},"modified":"2025-09-30T23:45:54","modified_gmt":"2025-09-30T20:45:54","slug":"turk-dusunce-tarihi-4-unite-cumhuriyet-donemi-turk-dusuncesi-ders-notu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/04\/27\/turk-dusunce-tarihi-4-unite-cumhuriyet-donemi-turk-dusuncesi-ders-notu\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi 4. \u00dcnite: Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi Ders Notu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi<\/strong>\u00a010. 11. ve 12. s\u0131n\u0131flarda se\u00e7meli olarak okutulan bir derstir. Bu sayfada payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0<strong>T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde<\/strong>\u00a0s\u0131navda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011finiz t\u00fcm konulara hakim olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. Bu \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131\u00a0<strong>Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcfredat\u0131na<\/strong>\u00a0uygun olarak haz\u0131rland\u0131. Bu ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde\u00a0<strong>Se\u00e7meli T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Dersi yaz\u0131l\u0131s\u0131<\/strong>ndan 100 alacaks\u0131n\u0131z.\u00a0<strong>T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi\u00a04. \u00dcnite: Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/strong> <strong>Ders Notu<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>MEB ders kitaplar\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0ile uyumludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u0131n\u0131f:&nbsp;<strong>Se\u00e7meli tarih<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ders:&nbsp;<strong>T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00dcnite:\u00a0<strong>4. \u00fcnite: Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130lgili yaz\u0131l\u0131:<strong>\u00a0T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>2. d\u00f6nem 2. yaz\u0131l\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. \u00dcnite: Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Din\u00ee D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhuriyet rejimine ge\u00e7i\u015fle birlikte, Osmanl\u0131&#8217;dan miras al\u0131nan din\u00ee d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce gelene\u011fi devam etti. Din\u00ee kurumlar de\u011fi\u015fse de, Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da oldu\u011fu gibi Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde de devlet kurumu olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini korudu. \u015eeyh\u00fclislaml\u0131k, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nce \u015eeriye ve Evkaf Vek\u00e2leti&#8217;ne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Din\u00ee Kurumlardaki De\u011fi\u015fiklikler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>3 Mart 1924&#8217;te halifeli\u011fin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla \u015eeriye ve Evkaf Vek\u00e2leti de kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yerine Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Reisli\u011fi kuruldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Reisli\u011fi&#8217;nin g\u00f6revi, kurulu\u015f kanununda \u201c\u0130slam dininin \u2018itikat ve ibadet\u2019 alan\u0131yla ilgili i\u015flerini y\u00fcr\u00fctmek\u201d ve \u201cdin\u00ee kurumlar\u0131 idare etmek\u201d olarak belirtildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1965&#8217;te y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren 633 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun ile bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 stat\u00fcs\u00fcne ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130lk Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Reisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0130lk kez Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Reisli\u011fi&#8217;ne atanacak ki\u015finin, ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6neminin sorumlulu\u011funu \u00fcstlenebilecek, kurumu laik sistem i\u00e7erisine yerle\u015ftirebilecek niteliklere sahip olmas\u0131 istendi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Din\u00ee bilgisine sayg\u0131 duyulan, halk taraf\u0131ndan sevilen ve yeni geli\u015fmelere a\u00e7\u0131k, donan\u0131ml\u0131 bir \u00e2lim olmas\u0131 arzuland\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>B\u00f6rek\u00e7izade Mehmet Rifat Efendi (Rifat B\u00f6rek\u00e7i) bu \u00f6zelliklere sahip g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Rifat B\u00f6rek\u00e7i ve Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mehmet Rifat Efendi, Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk&#8217;\u00fcn organize etti\u011fi Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele hareketini ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren destekledi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele&#8217;nin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ankara M\u00fcdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti&#8217;ni kurdu ve ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>23 Nisan 1920&#8217;de Mente\u015fe&#8217;den (Mu\u011fla) milletvekili se\u00e7ilerek ilk meclise kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u015eeyh\u00fclislam D\u00fcrr\u00eez\u00e2de&#8217;nin \u0130ngilizlerin bask\u0131s\u0131yla Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele aleyhine verdi\u011fi fetvay\u0131 reddeden bir fetva yay\u0131mlad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>H\u00e2kimiyet-i Milliye Gazetesi&#8217;nde yay\u0131mlan\u0131p da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan fetva, halk\u0131n Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele etraf\u0131nda toplanmas\u0131nda \u00e7ok etkili oldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bunun \u00fczerine, 25 Nisan 1920&#8217;de \u0130stanbul H\u00fck\u00fbmeti taraf\u0131ndan Ankara m\u00fcft\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6revinden al\u0131nd\u0131 ve Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele&#8217;ye destek oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in idama karar verildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ankara H\u00fck\u00fbmeti Rifat Efendi&#8217;yi m\u00fcft\u00fcl\u00fck g\u00f6revine iade etti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alt\u0131 ay Mente\u015fe milletvekili olarak TBMM&#8217;de bulundu, sonra m\u00fcft\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tercih ederek milletvekilli\u011fini b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>31 Mart 1924&#8217;te Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Reisli\u011fi kuruldu ve ba\u015f\u0131na Mehmet Rifat Efendi getirildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>O, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti&#8217;nin ilk Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Reisi s\u0131fat\u0131yla 1941&#8217;e kadar g\u00f6revde kald\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Soyad\u0131 Kanunu \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca B\u00f6rek\u00e7i soyad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Din E\u011fitimi Kurumlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131ndan sonra medreseler, Tevhid-i Tedrisat (\u00d6\u011frenim Birli\u011fi) Kanunu kabul edilene kadar e\u011fitim \u00f6\u011fretime devam etti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>TBMM&#8217;de 3 Mart 1924&#8217;te kabul edilen Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu, kapat\u0131lan medreseler yerine din e\u011fitimi veren yeni kurumlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc getirdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu kanunla ilahiyat fak\u00fcltesi ve imam hatip okullar\u0131 a\u00e7ma yetkisi Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;na verildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ana Kaynaklar\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7ele\u015ftirilmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde din\u00ee d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede ya\u015fanan \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmelerden biri de dinin ana kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evrilmesine y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n artmas\u0131 oldu. Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim\u2019in T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fan toplum taraf\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereklili\u011fi \u00fczerinde duruldu. Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, \u00e7eviri gerek\u00e7esi i\u00e7in \u015f\u00f6yle dedi: &#8220;T\u00fcrkler dinlerinin ne oldu\u011funu bilmiyorlar, bunun i\u00e7in Kur&#8217;an T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olmal\u0131d\u0131r.&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kur\u2019an ve Hadis \u00c7eviri Projeleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>21 \u015eubat 1925&#8217;te, yeni bir Kur\u2019an terc\u00fcme ve tefsirinin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve bir hadis kitab\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evrilmesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim\u2019i terc\u00fcme g\u00f6revi Mehmet Akif Ersoy\u2019a, tefsir g\u00f6revi ise Elmal\u0131l\u0131 Muhammed Hamdi Yaz\u0131r\u2019a verildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Belirlenen hadis kitab\u0131n\u0131n Babanzade Ahmet Naim taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Elmal\u0131l\u0131 Hamdi Yaz\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mehmet Akif Ersoy\u2019un terc\u00fcme g\u00f6revini b\u0131rakmas\u0131 \u00fczerine bu i\u015f de Elmal\u0131l\u0131 Hamdi Yaz\u0131r\u2019a verildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Elmal\u0131l\u0131 Hamdi Yaz\u0131r, son d\u00f6nem Osmanl\u0131 medreselerinde yeti\u015fti ve m\u00fcderrislik yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Milletvekilli\u011fi, naz\u0131rl\u0131k gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli devlet g\u00f6revlerinde bulundu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Din\u00ee ilimlerde yetkin olman\u0131n yan\u0131nda farkl\u0131 disiplinlere de h\u00e2kimdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130yi derecede Arap\u00e7a, Fars\u00e7a ve Frans\u0131zca biliyordu. Frans\u0131zcadan felsefeyle ilgili \u00e7evirisi de vard\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hak Dini Kur\u2019an Dili, Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde din\u00ee d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin geli\u015fimini do\u011frudan etkileyen ba\u015fl\u0131ca kitaplardan biriydi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu eser, bir\u00e7ok Kur\u2019an merkezli ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya kaynakl\u0131k etti ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Kur\u2019an anlama\/yorumlama faaliyetlerinde etkili oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hak Dini Kur\u2019an Dili&#8217;nin Tamamlanmas\u0131 ve \u00d6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Elmal\u0131l\u0131 Hamdi Yaz\u0131r, meal ve tefsir yazma i\u015fine 1926&#8217;da ba\u015flad\u0131 ve 1938&#8217;de tamamlad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1938&#8217;de ilk defa Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Reisli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan Hak Dini Kur\u2019an Dili ad\u0131yla sekiz cilt olarak yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Daha sonra bir\u00e7ok bask\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti&#8217;nin ilk T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Kur&#8217;an-\u0131 Kerim tefsir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan biriydi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Osmanl\u0131&#8217;dan Cumhuriyet&#8217;e ge\u00e7i\u015fin toplumsal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tan bir eserdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tefsiri yazarken, f\u0131k\u0131hla ilgili konularda genellikle Hanefi \u00e2limleri taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan kaynak eserlere ba\u015fvurdu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hadis \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131: Sahih-i Buhari Terc\u00fcmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Buhari\u2019nin C\u00e2miu\u2019s-sahih adl\u0131 kitab\u0131, Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim\u2019den sonra \u0130slam dininin ikinci ana kayna\u011f\u0131 kabul edilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu eser k\u0131saca Sahih-i Buhari olarak tan\u0131n\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tecrid-i Sarih, el-Cami\u00fc\u2019s-Sahih\u2019in belirli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerle k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015feklidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ahmet Naim&#8217;e verilen g\u00f6rev, Buhari\u2019nin el-Cami&#8217; al-Sahih\u2019inin \u00f6zetini (muhtasar), Tecrid-i Sarih\u2019in terc\u00fcme ve \u015ferhini yapmakt\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eserin ilk \u00fc\u00e7 cildinin terc\u00fcme ve \u015ferhini yapan Ahmet Naim, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 tamamlayamadan vefat etti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ahmet Naim, Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde hadis ilmine \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tecrid-i Sarih\u2019in di\u011fer ciltleri K\u00e2mil Miras taraf\u0131ndan terc\u00fcme ve \u015ferh edildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ahmet Hamdi Akseki<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Buhari\u2019nin el-Cami&#8217; al-Sahih\u2019inin \u00f6zeti ile Tecrid-i Sarih\u2019in terc\u00fcme ve \u015ferhinin yap\u0131l\u0131p Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131na yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131na Ahmet Hamdi Akseki\u2019nin katk\u0131s\u0131 oldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rifat B\u00f6rek\u00e7i\u2019nin iste\u011fi \u00fczerine Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Reisli\u011fi Hey\u2019et-i M\u00fc\u015f\u00e2vere \u00fcyeli\u011fine atand\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Daha sonra 1947&#8217;de Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Reisli\u011fi&#8217;ne getirildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrk\u00e7e din\u00ee eserlerin az oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde Ahmet Hamdi Akseki\u2019nin \u0130slam Dini kitab\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de en \u00e7ok okunan din\u00ee kitaplardan biri oldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130mam hatip liselerinde uzun y\u0131llar ders kitab\u0131 olarak okutuldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Di\u011fer \u00d6nemli Din \u00c2limleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde din\u00ee d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye katk\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u00f6nemli \u00e2limlerden bir di\u011feri \u0130smail Hakk\u0131 \u0130zmirli (1869-1946) oldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130slami ilimlerin t\u00fcm dallar\u0131nda eser verdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kur\u2019an ilimleri, hadis, ahlak, tasavvuf, mezhepler tarihi, f\u0131k\u0131h, kelam, felsefe ve mant\u0131kla ilgili \u00e7ok say\u0131da kitap yazd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As\u0131l katk\u0131s\u0131 kelam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde oldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan Cumhuriyet\u2019e ge\u00e7i\u015fte Hasan Basri \u00c7antay, \u00d6mer R\u0131za Do\u011frul, Konyal\u0131 Mehmet Vehbi gibi di\u011fer \u0130slam \u00e2limleri de yazd\u0131klar\u0131 tefsir ve eserlerle din\u00ee d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin geli\u015fimine b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131lar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130smail Hakk\u0131 \u0130zmirli<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130smail Hakk\u0131 \u0130zmirli, Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemi kelam ilminde yeni aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 temsil eden bir \u00e2lim olarak tan\u0131nd\u0131. Yeni \u0130lm-i Kelam kitab\u0131n\u0131, kelam ilmini zaman\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re yeni bir metotla ele almak amac\u0131yla yazd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00d6mer Nasuhi Bilmen<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin be\u015finci Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Ba\u015fkan\u0131 olan \u00d6mer Nasuhi Bilmen, f\u0131k\u0131h ve tefsir \u00e2limiydi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Onun \u00fczerinde kitap yazd\u0131, her biri ayr\u0131 bir ilm\u00ee ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusunu i\u00e7eriyordu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d6zellikle B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130sl\u00e2m \u0130lmihali kitab\u0131; T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00f6\u011frencilerin, din g\u00f6revlilerinin ve halk\u0131n ilgisini g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>O d\u00f6nemde iki bu\u00e7uk milyondan fazla bas\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>TDV \u0130sl\u00e2m Ansiklopedisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u00d6zellikle TDV \u0130sl\u00e2m Ansiklopedisi, d\u00fcnyada M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f, hem madde listesi hem de i\u00e7erik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6zg\u00fcn olan ve telif niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan ilk ansiklopedidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130ki binin \u00fczerinde uzman yazar katk\u0131da bulundu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1983&#8217;te haz\u0131rlanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131, 2016&#8217;da k\u0131rk alt\u0131 cilde ula\u015ft\u0131 ve tamamland\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar \u0130slam dini, tarihi, medeniyeti ve \u0130slam toplumlar\u0131na dair hemen her konuda g\u00fcvenilir, do\u011fru ve yeterli bilgi sunmay\u0131 hedefledi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130slam ilimleri, \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ve be\u015fer\u00ee\/sosyal bilimlerin farkl\u0131 alanlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar i\u00e7in kapsaml\u0131 bir kaynak oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6neminde Felsefi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin Geli\u015fimi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulu\u015fu ve ulus devlete ge\u00e7i\u015fle topyek\u00fbn modernle\u015fme s\u00fcreci ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Devletin t\u00fcm imkanlar\u0131 \u201cyeni yurtta\u015f\/insan\u201d ve \u201cyeni toplum\u201d idealini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1920 ve 30\u2019lu y\u0131llarda siyaset, ekonomi, bilim, sanat, edebiyat gibi her \u015fey bu ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in seferber edildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00c7evirilerin Rol\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar, ba\u015fta Bat\u0131 klasikleri olmak \u00fczere farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri (varolu\u015f\u00e7uluktan Marksizm&#8217;e) i\u00e7eren \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00e7evirinin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu \u00e7eviriler, d\u00f6nemin dil ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr politikalar\u0131n\u0131n yerle\u015fip yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ayr\u0131ca felsefe k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve felsefe dilinin i\u015flevsellik kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yine bu y\u0131llarda Eski Yunanca ve Latince e\u011fitimine ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d6zellikle \u201ch\u00fcmanizma\u201d (insanc\u0131l\u0131k) ideali \u00e7evresinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Felsefe E\u011fitiminin Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde felsefe e\u011fitimi ilk kez 1933&#8217;te, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Edebiyat Fak\u00fcltesinde verilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ard\u0131ndan 1940&#8217;ta Dil Tarih Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesinde (DTCF) felsefe e\u011fitimi ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00dcniversite Reformu ve Yabanc\u0131 Felsefeciler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1933&#8217;te ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen \u00dcniversite Reformu ile kapat\u0131lan Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun yerine \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi kuruldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Felsefe b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, zaman\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen pozitivistlerinden Hans Reichenbach ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kuruldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1930\u2019lu y\u0131llarda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye gelen Alman felsefeciler, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yeni bir felsefeci tipinin olu\u015fmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli roller oynad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Alman Felsefecilerin Etkileri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Viyana \u00c7evresi\u2019ne mensup Hans Reichenbach, matematiksel mant\u0131k ve bilimsel felsefe dersleri verdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de felsefenin bilim ekseni \u00fczerinde geli\u015fip yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda etkili oldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ernst von Aster ve Walter Kranz felsefe tarihi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Yerli Felsefeciler ve Etkile\u015fim<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ba\u015fta Reichenbach ve Ernst von Aster\u2019\u0131n etkisinde kalan Nusret H\u0131z\u0131r, Macit G\u00f6kberk, Takiyettin Meng\u00fc\u015fo\u011flu gibi felsefeciler, Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi&#8217;ndeki felsefi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin \u015fekillenmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dil Tarih Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesinde Felsefe B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1935&#8217;te kurulan DTCF\u2019ye, felsefe b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kurmak \u00fczere Fransa&#8217;dan Profes\u00f6r Olivier Lacombe getirildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Felsefe b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc DTCF\u2019de ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u201cFelsefe Z\u00fcmresi\u201d olarak yap\u0131land\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>B\u00fcnyesinde sosyoloji, psikoloji ve pedagoji k\u00fcrs\u00fcleri a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DTCF Felsefe B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki felsefe \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na en \u00f6nemli katk\u0131s\u0131, 1955&#8217;te Ord. Prof. Dr. Ayd\u0131n Say\u0131l\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kurulan ve daha sonra Bilim Tarihi ad\u0131n\u0131 alacak olan \u0130lim Tarihi K\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kurulmas\u0131 oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Felsefe Derneklerinin Katk\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde felsefi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin geli\u015fmesinde felsefe derneklerinin de \u00f6nemli katk\u0131s\u0131 oldu. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca dernekler \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>T\u00fcrk Felsefe Cemiyeti (1927)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrk Felsefe Derne\u011fi (1949-1954)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrkiye Felsefe Kurumu (1974)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrk Felsefe Derne\u011fi (1987)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00fcrk Felsefe Cemiyeti (1927)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hilmi Ziya \u00dclken\u2019in \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde kuruldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin ilk felsefe derne\u011fidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1927&#8217;den itibaren Felsefe ve \u0130\u00e7timaiyat Mecmuas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d6nemli felsefi tart\u0131\u015fmalara mekan sa\u011flayarak bir felsefe gelene\u011fi kurmay\u0131 hedefledi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00fcrk Felsefe Derne\u011fi (1949-1954)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Felsefe B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ilk ku\u015fak \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyelerinden Hilmi Ziya \u00dclken, Nermi Uygur, Bedia Akarsu gibi isimlerin Macit G\u00f6kberk&#8217;in \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde kurduklar\u0131 dernektir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bir\u00e7ok felsefe etkinli\u011fine ev sahipli\u011fi yapt\u0131 ancak be\u015f y\u0131l sonra kapand\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00fcrkiye Felsefe Kurumu (1974)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0130oanna Ku\u00e7uradi\u2019nin giri\u015fimiyle ve Ankara \u00dcniversitesinin deste\u011fiyle kuruldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kurucular\u0131 aras\u0131nda Prof. Nusret H\u0131z\u0131r, Prof. Dr. Takiyettin Meng\u00fc\u015fo\u011flu, Prof. Dr. Suat Sinano\u011flu, Do\u00e7. Dr. Cemal Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m bulundu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Merkezi Ankara\u2019dayd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Temel amac\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de felsefenin geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flayacak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fctmekti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Felsefe alan\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00e7eviri ve telif \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yay\u0131mlad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2003&#8217;te D\u00fcnya Felsefe Kongresi&#8217;nin \u0130stanbul&#8217;da yap\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00fcrk Felsefe Derne\u011fi (1987)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1987 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ankara&#8217;da kuruldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Derne\u011fin yay\u0131n organ\u0131 olan Felsefe D\u00fcnyas\u0131 felsefe alan\u0131n\u0131n uzun soluklu dergilerinden biri oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Felsefe Dergileri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin ilk \u00f6zel felsefe dergisi 1921&#8217;de Mustafa \u015eekip Tun\u00e7\u2019un \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde yay\u0131mlanan Derg\u00e2h Mecmuas\u0131 oldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu dergide sezgicili\u011fin temsilcisi Bergson&#8217;un fikirleri esas al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yahya Kemal ve Ahmet Ha\u015fim gibi isimler yazar kadrosunda yer ald\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1921-1925 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Naz\u0131m Hikmet, Sadrettin Celal, Dr. \u015eefik H\u00fcsn\u00fc gibi isimlerin \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ayd\u0131nl\u0131k dergisi yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu dergide materyalist bir felsefe ve sosyalist bir sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 benimseyen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere yer verildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hilmi Ziya \u00dclken\u2019in 1927&#8217;de yay\u0131mlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Felsefe ve \u0130\u00e7timaiyat dergisi 1931&#8217;e kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hilmi Ziya \u00dclken, 1930&#8217;lu y\u0131llarda bir\u00e7ok derginin \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ziyaeddin Fahri F\u0131nd\u0131ko\u011flu&#8217;nun 1934-1972 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130\u015f ve D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce dergisi felsefe ve sosyolojiyi merkeze ald\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1939&#8217;dan 1982&#8217;ye kadar yay\u0131mlanan Nurettin Top\u00e7u\u2019nun Hareket dergisi uzun soluklu yay\u0131nlardand\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1990&#8217;l\u0131 y\u0131llarda felsefe dergisi yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck art\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu d\u00f6nemin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan yay\u0131nlar\u0131: Cogito, Yeni T\u00fcrkiye, Bilim ve Felsefe Metinleri, Divan, Do\u011fu-Bat\u0131, Felsefelogos, Us.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2000&#8217;li y\u0131llarda \u00fcniversitelerin felsefe b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00dcniversite yay\u0131nlar\u0131na \u00f6rnekler: Kayg\u0131, Yeditepe\u2019de Felsefe, FLSF, Tem\u00e2\u015f\u00e2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2000&#8217;li y\u0131llar\u0131n \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan di\u011fer dergileri: Teoman Dural\u0131 y\u00f6netiminde yay\u0131mlanan Kutadgu Bilig, Bayku\u015f Felsefe Yaz\u0131lar\u0131 Dergisi ve Beyt&#8217;\u00fcl Hikme.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi Bilimsel D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ba\u015fta Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk olmak \u00fczere y\u00f6netici kadro, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f y\u00f6netim ve ya\u015fam \u015feklini ak\u0131l ve bilim rehberli\u011finde olu\u015fturmak istedi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bilim ve teknoloji politikalar\u0131n\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131; ekonomik kalk\u0131nma, refah, \u00e7evre ve savunma gibi alanlar\u0131 geli\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelikti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Atat\u00fcrk, yeni siyasal yap\u0131y\u0131 bi\u00e7imlendirirken bilim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr alan\u0131nda dayan\u0131lacak temeller \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n geli\u015fmi\u015fli\u011finin alt\u0131nda yatan temel fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn bilimsel faaliyetler oldu\u011funu fark etti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Atat\u00fcrk&#8217;\u00fcn ve Bilim<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi halka anlatmak i\u00e7in 22 Eyl\u00fcl 1924&#8217;te Samsun\u2019da \u201cHayatta en hakiki yol g\u00f6sterici ilimdir, fendir.\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6yledi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu s\u00f6zle Cumhuriyet\u2019in dayand\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 esaslar\u0131 \u00f6zetledi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ya\u015fam bi\u00e7iminin bilimsel bilgiye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ger\u00e7ek g\u00fcc\u00fcn bu bilgi oldu\u011funu vurgulad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Atat\u00fcrk, \u201cT\u00fcrk milletinin y\u00fcr\u00fcmekte oldu\u011fu ilerleme ve medeniyet yolunda, elinde ve kafas\u0131nda tuttu\u011fu me\u015fale m\u00fcspet ilimdir.\u201d diyerek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini uygulamaya koydu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ink\u0131laplar\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel \u201cbilim\u201d ve \u201cbilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce\u201d oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>E\u011fitim Sisteminin Modernizasyonu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>E\u011fitim meselesi ilk defa 1921 tarihli Maarif Kongresi\u2019nde ele al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu y\u0131llarda e\u011fitim, Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan kalan medrese ve Bat\u0131 tipi okullar\u0131n kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130lk ad\u0131m 1924\u2019te Tevhid-i Tedrisat\u2019\u0131n kabul edilmesiyle at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>B\u00f6ylece mill\u00ee ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f e\u011fitim sisteminin temeli at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Alfabe De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Bilim<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1928\u2019de Latin Harfleri Kanunu\u2019nun kabul edilmesiyle alfabe s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 giderildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrk diliyle bilimsel faaliyetler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrk Dili Tetkik Cemiyeti (T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu) 12 Temmuz 1932\u2019de Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn talimat\u0131yla kuruldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cemiyetin amac\u0131, T\u00fcrk dilinin zenginli\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak ve onu d\u00fcnya dilleri aras\u0131ndaki de\u011ferine ula\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Amerikal\u0131 pedagog John Dewey, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn iste\u011fiyle \u00fclkeye davet edildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Millet Mektepleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1928 Harf Devrimi&#8217;nden sonra, halk\u0131n yeni alfabeyi \u00f6\u011frenmesi i\u00e7in 1929&#8217;dan itibaren millet mektepleri a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Halka okuma yazma \u00f6\u011fretmek ama\u00e7land\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu k\u00f6ylerdeydi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Halkevleri ve Halk Odalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Halkevleri, Cumhuriyet\u2019in halk\u00e7\u0131 e\u011fitim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131tmak i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir ara\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1932\u2019de kuruldu. 1941&#8217;de 389 Halkevi, 217&#8217;ye yak\u0131n Halk Odas\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00c7e\u015fitli kurslar ve etkinlikler yap\u0131ld\u0131 (konferans, konser, sinema).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>K\u00f6y Enstit\u00fcleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Atat\u00fcrk hayattayken 1936&#8217;da planlanan k\u00f6y enstit\u00fcleri, k\u00f6yl\u00fcye g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayata y\u00f6nelik e\u011fitim vermeyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>K\u00f6yl\u00fc halk\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f ya\u015fama kat\u0131lmas\u0131 hedeflendi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1942\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hasan Ali Y\u00fccel\u2019in deste\u011fiyle 20 farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgede kuruldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anadolu k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fc tar\u0131m, e\u011fitim ve sa\u011fl\u0131k alan\u0131nda e\u011fitim ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00dcniversiteler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1900&#8217;de \u0130stanbul\u2019da Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun ad\u0131yla kurulan kurum, ilk T\u00fcrk \u00fcniversitesi kabul edilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6rneklere uygun olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1933&#8217;te Almanya\u2019dan gelen bilim adamlar\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131yla \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi olarak yeniden d\u00fczenlendi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi ve Bilim \u0130nsanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesinde, Nazi y\u00f6netiminden ka\u00e7an Alman bilim insanlar\u0131 ve yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yeti\u015fen T\u00fcrk bilim insanlar\u0131 g\u00f6rev ald\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ikinci \u00fcniversitesi, 1944&#8217;te kurulan \u0130stanbul Teknik \u00dcniversitesi&#8217;dir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1946&#8217;da Ankara \u00dcniversitesi kuruldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretimi sistemle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in 1946 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00dcniversiteler Kanunu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Geli\u015ftirme Kurumlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rma merkezi ve enstit\u00fc kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u00d6rnekler: Adana Pamuk Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (1924), Rize \u00c7ay Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (1924), Eski\u015fehir ve Adapazar\u0131 Zirai Enstit\u00fcleri (1926), Orta Anadolu Zirai Enstit\u00fcleri (1927), Tekel Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (1927).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Di\u011fer tesisler: Devlet Meteoroloji \u0130\u015fleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (1925), Refik Saydam Merkez H\u0131fz\u0131ss\u0131hha Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (1928), Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (MTA) (1935), T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu (1935), Nazilli Basma Fabrikas\u0131 (1937).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Refik Saydam Merkez H\u0131fz\u0131ss\u0131hha Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin ilk Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakan\u0131 Refik Saydam\u2019dan ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>27 May\u0131s 1928&#8217;de Ankara\u2019da kuruldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Hizmetleri \u00fcretim, kontrol, te\u015fhis ve e\u011fitim olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt gruptu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Koruyucu sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmeti veren, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 insan\u0131 korumay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan bir kurumdu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (MTA)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1935 y\u0131l\u0131nda kuruldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 bir kamu te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Madencilik sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak uzman ve teknik ekip yeti\u015ftirmek de ama\u00e7land\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kandilli Rasathanesi: Kurulu\u015f ve Geli\u015fim<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1868 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rasathane-i Amire ad\u0131yla kuruldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1894 B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130stanbul Depremi&#8217;nden sonra Abd\u00fclhamit II taraf\u0131ndan \u0130talya&#8217;dan getirilen cihazlarla deprem ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1911&#8217;de, Fatin G\u00f6kmen zaman\u0131nda, rasathane \u0130cadiye Tepesi&#8217;ne (\u00dcsk\u00fcdar\/\u0130stanbul) ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde yeni sismoloji aletleri sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1936&#8217;da ilk kez Kandilli Rasathanesi ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sismik ve astronomik g\u00f6zlemlere kesintisiz devam etti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1982&#8217;de Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesine ba\u011flan\u0131nca e\u011fitim ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma faaliyetlerine ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ad\u0131 Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn direktifi \u00fczerine 15 Nisan 1931\u2019de T\u00fcrk Tarihi Tetkik Cemiyeti kuruldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cemiyet 3 Ekim 1935\u2019te T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1960 Sonras\u0131 Bilim Politikalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1960\u2019tan sonra bilim politikalar\u0131 daha sistematik hale geldi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bilim ve teknoloji politikas\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen kurumlar kuruldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Devlet Planlama Te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n (DPT) 1961\u2019de kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra 1963\u2019te Birinci Be\u015f Y\u0131ll\u0131k Kalk\u0131nma Plan\u0131 (BYKP) uygulamaya konuldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu (T\u00dcB\u0130TAK) 1963&#8217;te kuruldu. Kalk\u0131nma plan\u0131ndaki bilim politikalar\u0131n\u0131 uygulamak ama\u00e7land\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1983 y\u0131l\u0131nda &#8220;Bilim ve Teknoloji Y\u00fcksek Kurulu&#8221; olu\u015fturuldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kurulda bakanlar, DPT, Y\u00d6K, T\u00dcB\u0130TAK ve TAEK ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 yer ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6neminin \u00d6nemli Bilim \u0130nsanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cahit Arf (1910-1997)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011frenimini 1932&#8217;de Fransa&#8217;da tamamlad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1964&#8217;te T\u00dcB\u0130TAK&#8217;\u0131n ilk bilim kurulu ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de matemati\u011fin simgesiydi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cisimlerin kuadratik formlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan &#8220;Arf Sabiti, Arf Halkalar\u0131, Arf Kapan\u0131\u015flar\u0131&#8221; gibi terimleri buldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Matematik ve bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131na \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alman matematik\u00e7i Helmut Hesse ile Hesse-Arf kuram\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc Arma\u011fan\u0131 (1943) ve T\u00dcB\u0130TAK Bilim \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc&#8217;n\u00fc (1974) kazand\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hatice N\u00fczhet Toydemir G\u00f6kdo\u011fan (1910-2003)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti&#8217;nin ilk kad\u0131n astronomu, dekan\u0131 ve senat\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Atat\u00fcrk&#8217;\u00fcn iste\u011fiyle Fransa&#8217;da Lyon \u00dcniversitesinde Matematik-Fen okudu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Paris Rasathanesinde staj yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Fen Fak\u00fcltesi Astronomi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fcne ilk T\u00fcrk do\u00e7enti olarak atand\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesine g\u00f6zlemevi kurulmas\u0131 konusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrk Matematik Derne\u011fi ve T\u00fcrk \u00dcniversiteli Kad\u0131nlar Derne\u011fi&#8217;nin kurucular\u0131ndand\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrk Astronomi Derne\u011fini kurdu ve yirmi y\u0131l ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00dcB\u0130TAK Ulusal G\u00f6zlemevinin kurulmas\u0131nda rol oynad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ayd\u0131n Say\u0131l\u0131 (1913-1993)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Harvard \u00dcniversitesi&#8217;nde fizikten y\u00fcksek lisans ald\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ayn\u0131 \u00fcniversitede bilim tarihi e\u011fitimine ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1942&#8217;de &#8220;\u0130slam D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Bilim Kurumlar\u0131&#8221; teziyle Harvard&#8217;dan doktora ald\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu doktora, d\u00fcnyada bilim tarihi alan\u0131nda verilen ilk doktora olarak bilinir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1955&#8217;te Dil ve Tarih Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesinde bilim tarihi k\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kurdu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bilim tarih\u00e7ili\u011finin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yerle\u015fmesini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Fuat Sezgin (1924-2018)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bilim tarihi ve \u00f6zellikle \u0130slam bilim tarihi alan\u0131ndaki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131yla tan\u0131n\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130slam bilim tarihine ait sekiz y\u00fcz adet bilimsel aletin \u00e7izimini yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00c7izimleri, Frankfurt Johann Wolfgang Goethe \u00dcniversitesi&#8217;nde kurdu\u011fu Arap-\u0130slam Bilimler Tarihi Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 M\u00fczesinde sergiledi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Almanya\u2019dan sonra ikinci bir m\u00fczeyi 2008&#8217;de \u0130stanbul\u2019da kurdu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ad\u0131 \u0130slam Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi M\u00fczesi oldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d6mr\u00fcn\u00fc \u0130slam bilim tarihi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na adad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu alanda yakla\u015f\u0131k bin d\u00f6rt y\u00fcz civar\u0131nda kitap yazd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mahmut Gazi Ya\u015fargil (1925- 2025)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ankara \u00dcniversitesi T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi mezunudur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130svi\u00e7re&#8217;de y\u00fcksek lisans ve n\u00f6ro\u015fir\u00fcrji (beyin ve sinir cerrahisi) uzmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>30 Ekim 1967&#8217;de, Z\u00fcrih&#8217;te cerrahi mikroskop kullanarak ilk beyin baypas ameliyat\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131yla n\u00f6ro\u015fir\u00fcrji d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda tan\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cerrahi ekipmanlar\u0131 yetersiz bularak yenilerini geli\u015ftirdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Beyin ameliyatlar\u0131nda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 mikroskop \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Amerikan Beyin Cerrahlar\u0131 Birli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan &#8220;Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n Adam\u0131&#8221; se\u00e7ildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Oktay Sinano\u011flu (1935-2015)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kimya, molek\u00fcler biyofizik ve biyokimya alanlar\u0131nda bulu\u015flar yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kimya m\u00fchendisli\u011fi i\u00e7in ABD&#8217;ye gitti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1960&#8217;ta Yale \u00dcniversitesinin 300 y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihindeki &#8220;en gen\u00e7 profes\u00f6r&#8221; unvan\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1964&#8217;te Yale \u00dcniversitesinde Teorik Kimya B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kurdu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nobel&#8217;e iki kez aday g\u00f6sterilen ilk T\u00fcrk bilim insan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Amerikan Bilim ve Sanat Akademisinin ilk T\u00fcrk \u00fcyesidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de bulundu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde toplumda bir T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bilinci olu\u015fturmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin yabanc\u0131 dillerin istilas\u0131 alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funu vurgulad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E\u011fitim dilinin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savundu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Aziz Sancar (1946- )<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Akademisyen, biyokimyager ve molek\u00fcler biyologdur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1997 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri ABD&#8217;deki Kuzey Carolina \u00dcniversitesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DNA onar\u0131m\u0131, h\u00fccre dizilimi, kanser tedavisi ve biyolojik saat \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD Ulusal Bilimler Akademisine se\u00e7ildi. Bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n prestijli \u00fcyeliklerindendir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu akademiye se\u00e7ilen ilk T\u00fcrk bilim insan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2006&#8217;da T\u00fcrkiye Bilimler Akademisine asli \u00fcye se\u00e7ildi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>H\u00fccrelerin hasar g\u00f6ren DNA&#8217;lar\u0131 nas\u0131l onard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve genetik bilgisini nas\u0131l korudu\u011funu haritalayan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131yla 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc&#8217;n\u00fc kazand\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi \u0130nk\u0131laplar\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Hayat\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde yap\u0131lan ink\u0131laplar T\u00fcrk toplumunun modernle\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemli etkide bulundu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da Tanzimat Ferman\u0131 (1839) ile ba\u015flay\u0131p I. Me\u015frutiyet&#8217;in (1876) ilan\u0131yla h\u0131zlanan T\u00fcrk modernle\u015fmesi, Cumhuriyet&#8217;te d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme girdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130nk\u0131laplar\u0131n Temel \u00d6zellikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi ink\u0131laplar\u0131n\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel \u00f6zellikler \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vatan ve Millet Sevgisi<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Egemenli\u011fin Millete Ait Olmas\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mill\u00ee Birlik ve Beraberlik Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn Geli\u015ftirilmesi<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tarih Bilinci<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dil<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Uygarl\u0131k D\u00fczeyinin \u00dczerine \u00c7\u0131kma<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Ak\u0131mlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Atat\u00fcrk&#8217;e g\u00f6re milletin hedefi, d\u00fcnyada yerini alm\u0131\u015f medeni bir toplum olmakt\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Atat\u00fcrk, bu hedefler do\u011frultusunda m\u00fcspet ilmi rehber edindi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>II. Me\u015frutiyet&#8217;ten (1908) itibaren belirginle\u015fen T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck, \u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k ve Bat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ak\u0131mlar\u0131, \u00f6nce Osmanl\u0131&#8217;y\u0131 kurtarma amac\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu ak\u0131mlar, Cumhuriyet ink\u0131laplar\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle bir medeniyet ve ahlak anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u015feklini ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ziya G\u00f6kalp ve Hars-Uygarl\u0131k Ayr\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ziya G\u00f6kalp bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yapanlar\u0131n \u00f6nde gelenlerindendi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ona g\u00f6re hars (k\u00fclt\u00fcr) uygarl\u0131k kavram\u0131ndan ayr\u0131 ele al\u0131nmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hars; din, ahlak, \u00f6rf, \u00e2det, gelenek gibi antropolojik kavramlarla ele al\u0131nmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ziya G\u00f6kalp k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc Do\u011fu\u2019da, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise Bat\u0131\u2019da vurgulad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bat\u0131\u2019dan teknik manas\u0131na gelen uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n al\u0131nabilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Di\u011fer Bat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k Yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ahmet Mithat ve H\u00fcseyin Cahit Yal\u00e7\u0131n, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n bilimi, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin ayr\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fini ifade etti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ali Fuat Ba\u015fgil, Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n olumlu yanlar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131n\u0131p T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne uymayan olumsuz yanlar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bat\u0131 bilim ve tekni\u011finin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini vurgulad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Peyami Safa ve Avrupa Medeniyeti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin fikir adamlar\u0131ndan Edebiyat\u00e7\u0131 Peyami Safa\u2019ya g\u00f6re Avrupa medeniyetinin temelleri eski Yunan, Roma k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve Hristiyanl\u0131k de\u011ferleridir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Avrupa k\u00fclt\u00fcr co\u011frafyas\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkile\u015fim ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bat\u0131 medeniyeti ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin temelinde, End\u00fcl\u00fcs ve T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn izleri de bulunur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00c7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fma yolunda Bat\u0131\u2019y\u0131 \u00f6rnek alman\u0131n modernle\u015fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan faydal\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndeydi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kendini ink\u0131lap\u00e7\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc ve esas milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin Atat\u00fcrk\u2019le ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Erol G\u00fcng\u00f6r ve De\u011fi\u015fim S\u00fcreci<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Erol G\u00fcng\u00f6r, ink\u0131laplarla de\u011fi\u015fim s\u00fcrecine farkl\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m getirdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Toplum de\u011ferlerini \u015fekillendiren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin, tarih ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr aktar\u0131m\u0131ndaki s\u00fcreklilik oldu\u011funu vurgulad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tanzimat ile ba\u015flay\u0131p Cumhuriyet\u2019le devam eden d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn T\u00fcrk tarihi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcndeki s\u00fcreklili\u011fi sa\u011flayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savundu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>S\u00fcreklili\u011fi sa\u011flayamaman\u0131n nedeninin ink\u0131laplar de\u011fil, ink\u0131laplar\u0131n uygulan\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki aksakl\u0131klar oldu\u011funu belirtti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Erol G\u00fcng\u00f6r\u2019\u00fcn yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, bir\u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcn ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 konulardand\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mavi Anadoluculuk<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mavi Anadoluculuk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine g\u00f6re Bat\u0131 medeniyetini etkileyen Yunan ve Roma medeniyetlerinin temelinde Anadolu co\u011frafyas\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu co\u011frafyaya ait mitolojik anlat\u0131lar, antik mimari, antik kentler Yunan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne mal edilemez.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bat\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Yunan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc olarak tan\u0131mlanan Antik Anadolu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn temellerini Hitit, Frig, Lidya, Likya, Troya, Pers, \u0130yon, Bizans, Sel\u00e7uklu ve Osmanl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc olu\u015fturdu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anadolu\u2019nun \u2018\u2019k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin ge\u00e7i\u015f k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019\u2019 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc kabul etmedi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Halikarnas Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ve Mavi Anadoluculuk<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ak\u0131m\u0131n mimar\u0131 kabul edilen Halikarnas Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 (Cevat \u015eakir Kabaa\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131), Anadolu\u2019yu k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin merkez b\u00f6lgesi kabul etti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yunan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn Anadolu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc de\u011fil, izleyicisi oldu\u011funu savundu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mavi Anadoluculu\u011fun \u00c7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fma G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u00c7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fma ad\u0131na Bat\u0131 medeniyetinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini alman\u0131n fayda sa\u011flamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savundu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anadolu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u011funu ve k\u00f6klerine inilerek geli\u015fim sa\u011flanabilece\u011fini savundu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d6nde gelen temsilcileri: Azra Erhat, Sabahattin Ey\u00fcbo\u011flu, Bedri Rahmi Ey\u00fcbo\u011flu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Anadoluculuk<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Anadoluculuk ak\u0131m\u0131 mensuplar\u0131, vatan ve millet kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden yorumlad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Olu\u015fum s\u00fcrecini co\u011frafya merkezli ele ald\u0131lar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ayn\u0131 toprakta ya\u015fayan, kader birli\u011fi yapan insanlar \u00fczerinden de\u011ferlendirdiler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi tarih ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr boyutunda ele ald\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anadolu\u2019nun tarihsel zenginli\u011finin T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc bozmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savundular.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tarihsel tezinde Anadolu\u2019daki T\u00fcrk tarihini esas ald\u0131lar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>K\u0131rsal hayat\u0131n ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn korunmas\u0131n\u0131 hedefleyen gelenek\u00e7i ve muhafazak\u00e2r bir \u00e7izgi izledi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Savunucular\u0131 \u00c7\u0131\u011f\u0131r, Millet ve Hareket dergilerinde fikirlerini yay\u0131mlad\u0131lar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Anadoluculu\u011fun Ele\u015ftirileri ve Temsilcileri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Anadolu topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki T\u00fcrk tarihini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi esas ald\u0131lar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Turanc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k ve Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirdiler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bu ak\u0131mlar\u0131n Anadolu co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7eklerini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d6nde gelen temsilcileri: O\u011fuz Ar\u0131k, Nurettin Top\u00e7u, Mehmet Kaplan, M\u00fcmtaz Turhan, Osman Turan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u00fcmanizm<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Avrupa\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fclen R\u00f6nesans hareketinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini savundular.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>H\u00fcmanist s\u00f6ylemler 1930\u2019lu y\u0131lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda Y\u00fccel dergisinde ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yaz\u0131lar, eski T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131ndan ilham alarak T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131 yeniden \u015fekillendirmeyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrk h\u00fcmanizmas\u0131, edebiyat ve sanat\u0131 mill\u00eele\u015ftirmek gayesi g\u00fctt\u00fc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d6nde gelen temsilcileri: Yahya Kemal Beyatl\u0131 ve Yakup Kadri Karao\u011fmano\u011flu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kadro Hareketi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Temsilcileri, devlet\u00e7ilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir yakla\u015f\u0131m g\u00f6sterdi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir devlet\u00e7ilik modelini benimsedi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bunun gerek\u00e7esi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131f bilincinin olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sermaye birikimi ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131n\u0131 da neden g\u00f6sterdiler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de devlet-s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, sanayile\u015fmeyle s\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z bir refah toplumu yarat\u0131labilece\u011fini savundular.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fikirleri Kadro dergisinde yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 tepkilerine neden oldu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d6nde gelen temsilcileri: \u015eevket S\u00fcreyya Aydemir, \u0130smail H\u00fcsrev T\u00f6kin, Vedat Nedim T\u00f6r, Burhan Asaf Belge, \u015eevki Yazman.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Atat\u00fcrk Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kuvay\u0131milliye ruhu, milleti birle\u015ftirerek Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin i\u015fgaline kar\u015f\u0131 Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019yi ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kuvay\u0131milliye ruhu, Atat\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin temellerini olu\u015fturdu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yap\u0131lacak ink\u0131laplar\u0131n \u015fekillenmesini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130lham\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131, sanat\u0131, tarihi ve evrensel de\u011ferlerden ald\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Etnik, \u0131rksal yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 reddetti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>K\u00fclt\u00fcre dayal\u0131 milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi temel esas kabul etti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Sistemini Etkileyen Fakt\u00f6rler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Okudu\u011fu kitaplar fikir d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fimini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Okul y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrk tarihiyle ilgilendi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Okudu\u011fu kitaplar T\u00fcrk tarih bilincinin olu\u015fumuna katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Atat\u00fcrk&#8217;\u00fc Etkileyen Yerli Ayd\u0131nlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Nam\u0131k Kemal\u2019in Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mehmet Emin Yurdakul\u2019un \u015fiirleri,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tevfik Fikret\u2019in Rubab-\u0131 \u015eikeste eseri,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ziya G\u00f6kalp\u2019\u0131n eserleri Mustafa Kemal\u2019in duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 zenginle\u015ftirdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Atat\u00fcrk&#8217;\u00fc Etkileyen Bat\u0131l\u0131 Ayd\u0131nlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mustafa Kemal Bat\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin eserlerini de okudu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Frans\u0131z Devrimi haz\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131ndan J. J. Rousseau\u2019nun \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc ve cumhuriyet\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri etkiledi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Montesquieu\u2019n\u00fcn adalet yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 etkiledi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Frans\u0131z edebiyat\u00e7\u0131 ve Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc Voltaire\u2019in \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, e\u015fitlik, bilimsellik, laiklik, ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131k fikirleri zihninde yer edindi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Descartes\u2019in yenilik\u00e7i yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 da etkiledi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck ve Bat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ak\u0131mlar\u0131 Mustafa Kemal\u2019i derinden etkiledi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi\u00a010. 11. ve 12. s\u0131n\u0131flarda se\u00e7meli olarak okutulan bir derstir. 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