{"id":2907,"date":"2025-10-01T22:20:15","date_gmt":"2025-10-01T19:20:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=2907"},"modified":"2025-10-01T22:20:16","modified_gmt":"2025-10-01T19:20:16","slug":"cagdas-turk-ve-dunya-tarihi-1-unite-iki-kuresel-savas-arasinda-dunya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2025\/10\/01\/cagdas-turk-ve-dunya-tarihi-1-unite-iki-kuresel-savas-arasinda-dunya\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk ve D\u00fcnya Tarihi 1. \u00dcnite: \u0130ki K\u00fcresel Sava\u015f Aras\u0131nda D\u00fcnya"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk ve D\u00fcnya Tarihi Dersi\u00a0<\/strong>liselerde se\u00e7meli olarak okutulan bir derstir. Bu sayfada payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk ve D\u00fcnya Tarihi ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde<\/strong>\u00a0s\u0131navda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011finiz t\u00fcm konulara hakim olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. Bu \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131\u00a0Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcfredat\u0131na<\/strong>\u00a0uygun olarak haz\u0131rland\u0131. Bu ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde\u00a0Se\u00e7meli \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk ve D\u00fcnya Tarihi Dersi yaz\u0131l\u0131s\u0131<\/strong>ndan 100 alacaks\u0131n\u0131z.\u00a0\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk ve D\u00fcnya Tarihi\u00a01. \u00dcnite: \u0130ki K\u00fcresel Sava\u015f Aras\u0131nda D\u00fcnya Ders Notu<\/strong>\u00a0MEB ders kitaplar\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0ile uyumludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131n\u0131f: Se\u00e7meli tarih<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ders:\u00a0\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk ve D\u00fcnya Tarihi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcnite:\u00a01. \u00fcnite: \u0130ki K\u00fcresel Sava\u015f Aras\u0131nda D\u00fcnya<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lgili yaz\u0131l\u0131:\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk ve D\u00fcnya Tarihi 1. d\u00f6nem 1. yaz\u0131l\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u00dcnite: \u0130ki K\u00fcresel Sava\u015f Aras\u0131nda D\u00fcnya<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bu \u00fcnitede, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>‘n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>‘na yol a\u00e7an geli\u015fmeleri inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 D\u00fcnyan\u0131n siyasi, ekonomik ve sosyal olarak nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6rece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Yeni ideolojilerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve k\u00fcresel g\u00fc\u00e7 dengelerinin nas\u0131l yeniden \u015fekillendi\u011fini anlayaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcnite Konular\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>‘n\u0131n Siyasi ve Ekonomik Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 SSCB<\/strong>‘nin Kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n Orta Asya T\u00fcrk Toplumlar\u0131nda Meydana Getirdi\u011fi De\u011fi\u015fim<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Sava\u015f Sonras\u0131 De\u011fi\u015fen Orta Do\u011fu ve Afrika Siyaseti<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 K\u00fcresel Siyaset ve Mutlak G\u00fc\u00e7 Aray\u0131\u015f\u0131: Hakimiyet Teorileri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Uzak Do\u011fu’da Yeni G\u00fc\u00e7: Japonya<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130ki Sava\u015f Aras\u0131 D\u00f6nemde Siyasi ve Ekonomik Geli\u015fmeler \u2022 \u0130ki Sava\u015f Aras\u0131 D\u00f6nemde Sosyok\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve Bilimsel Geli\u015fmeler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Versailles Antla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00dczerine Bir Yorum<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Mare\u015fal Ferdinand Foch<\/strong> (Frans\u0131z komutan), I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>‘n\u0131 bitiren antla\u015fmalar i\u00e7in \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 “Bu antla\u015fma bir bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 de\u011fil, yirmi y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek bir ate\u015fkes antla\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Foch, Versailles Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>‘n\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r oldu\u011funu ve Almanya<\/strong>‘y\u0131 yeni bir sava\u015fa s\u00fcr\u00fckleyece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Arka Plan\u0131ndaki Rekabet<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda<\/strong> (1800’ler) Avrupa devletleri aras\u0131ndaki stratejik ve emperyalist (s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci) rekabet, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>‘n\u0131n ana nedeni oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Sanayi Devrimi<\/strong> ve Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali<\/strong>, bu d\u00f6nemdeki siyasi ve ekonomik geli\u015fmeleri derinden etkiledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali<\/strong> ve Koalisyon Sava\u015flar\u0131<\/strong> sonras\u0131 bozulan denge, 1815 Viyana Kongresi<\/strong> ve 1856 Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> ile d\u00fczeltilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Sanayile\u015fen devletlerin ham madde ve pazar aray\u0131\u015f\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rekabet ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bu rekabet, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131 ve devletler aras\u0131 gerginli\u011fi art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanayile\u015fme ve Ham Madde \u0130htiyac\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Sanayi Devrimi<\/strong>, \u0130ngiltere<\/strong>‘de ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra Bel\u00e7ika<\/strong>, Fransa<\/strong> ve ABD<\/strong>‘ye yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Zamanla bu \u00fclkelere Almanya<\/strong>, \u0130talya<\/strong>, Avusturya-Macaristan<\/strong> ve \u0130skandinav \u00fclkeleri de kat\u0131ld\u0131. \u2022 Avrupa devletleri aras\u0131ndaki rekabetin temelinde, sanayileri i\u00e7in gerekli enerji ve ham madde kaynaklar\u0131na ula\u015fma hedefi vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ayr\u0131ca bu devletler, \u00fcrettikleri \u00fcr\u00fcnler i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli yeni pazarlar ar\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Sanayinin geli\u015fmesiyle k\u00f6m\u00fcr ihtiyac\u0131 artt\u0131 ve devletler zengin k\u00f6m\u00fcr yataklar\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Petrol\u00fcn Artan \u00d6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n<\/strong> sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru petrol\u00fcn sanayide yak\u0131t olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, devletler aras\u0131 m\u00fccadeleyi yeni bir boyuta ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Petrol \u015firketleri, h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinden ald\u0131klar\u0131 destekle uluslararas\u0131 pazarlarda etkin bir g\u00fc\u00e7 haline geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l<\/strong> ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren petrol \u00fcretimi h\u0131zla artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130ran<\/strong>, Musul-Kerk\u00fck<\/strong> ve Hindi\u00e7ini<\/strong> gibi petrol zengini b\u00f6lgeler, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci devletlerin rekabet alan\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>‘nda sava\u015f gemileri ve u\u00e7aklar gibi motorlu ara\u00e7lar petrole olan ihtiyac\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Petrole ve petrol yollar\u0131na hakim olma m\u00fccadelesi, emperyalist rekabeti yeniden \u015fekillendirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik ve Ula\u015f\u0131m A\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci devletler, ham maddeleri ta\u015f\u0131mak ve \u00fcr\u00fcnleri pazarlara ula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in haberle\u015fme ve ula\u015f\u0131ma b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bu ama\u00e7la yeni demir yollar\u0131 in\u015fa edildi ve deniz yolu ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 geli\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Hindistan<\/strong>, Uzak Do\u011fu<\/strong> ve Afrika<\/strong>‘daki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerden elde edilen kaynaklar, demir yollar\u0131yla limanlara ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci devletler, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerine giden stratejik kara, deniz ve su yollar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Artan d\u00fcnya ticareti, posta te\u015fkilatlar\u0131, telgraf ve telefon hatlar\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Afrika ve Uzak Do\u011fudaki S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n<\/strong> sonlar\u0131na kadar Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc s\u00f6m\u00fcrge haline getirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130ngiltere<\/strong> zengin kaynaklara sahip \u00fclkeleri ele ge\u00e7irirken, Fransa<\/strong>, Almanya<\/strong>, Bel\u00e7ika<\/strong>, Portekiz<\/strong> ve \u0130talya<\/strong> da hakimiyet alanlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Uzak Do\u011fu’daki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik faaliyetleri ise genellikle G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya ve \u00c7in<\/strong>‘de s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130ngiltere<\/strong> ve Fransa<\/strong>, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya’da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rekabete girdi ve bu m\u00fccadelenin merkezinde Hindistan<\/strong> vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130ngiltere<\/strong>, “G\u00fcne\u015f Batmayan \u0130mparatorluk” olarak an\u0131ld\u0131 ve Avustralya’dan Kanada’ya, Hindistan’dan G\u00fcney Afrika’ya kadar geni\u015f s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelere sahip oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupada De\u011fi\u015fen Dengeler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130talya<\/strong>‘n\u0131n (1870<\/strong>) ve Almanya<\/strong>‘n\u0131n (1871<\/strong>) siyasi birliklerini tamamlamas\u0131, Avrupa’daki g\u00fc\u00e7 dengelerini bozdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Almanya<\/strong>‘n\u0131n 1870 Sedan Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>‘nda zengin k\u00f6m\u00fcr b\u00f6lgesi olan Alsace-Lorraine<\/strong>‘i (Alsas Loren) Frans\u0131zlardan almas\u0131, gerginli\u011fi art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 1888<\/strong>‘de II. Wilhelm<\/strong>‘in imparator olmas\u0131yla Almanya<\/strong>, d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan bir strateji benimsedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Sanayisine ham madde ve pazar bulmak i\u00e7in s\u00f6m\u00fcrge aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na giren Almanya<\/strong>, bu ama\u00e7la Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/strong>‘yle yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Almanya<\/strong>‘n\u0131n bu h\u0131zl\u0131 y\u00fckseli\u015fi, \u0130ngiltere<\/strong>‘nin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ve deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 tehdit etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletlerinin Y\u00fckseli\u015fi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 ABD<\/strong>, Monroe Doktrini<\/strong> ile Avrupa’n\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmad\u0131 ve Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131nda s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik yapmas\u0131na izin vermedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 “Yaln\u0131zl\u0131k politikas\u0131” ad\u0131 verilen bu tutumla ABD<\/strong>, Latin Amerika \u00fclkelerinin \u0130spanyol s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011finden kurtulmas\u0131nda rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Zamanla bu \u00fclkeleri kendi siyasi ve ekonomik n\u00fcfuzu alt\u0131na alarak d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden biri oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Kendi k\u0131tas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki sorunlara mesafeli dursa da d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde ticari faaliyetlerde bulunarak ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer K\u00fcresel G\u00fc\u00e7ler ve Rekabet<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Fransa<\/strong>, Koalisyon Sava\u015flar\u0131<\/strong>‘nda kaybetti\u011fi s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeleri geri almak i\u00e7in Hindi\u00e7ini<\/strong> ve Afrika<\/strong>‘da yeni b\u00f6lgeler ele ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130ngiltere<\/strong> ve Fransa<\/strong> aras\u0131nda S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131<\/strong> nedeniyle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir gerginlik ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 1869<\/strong>‘da a\u00e7\u0131lan kanal\u0131n i\u015fletmesi Frans\u0131z \u015firketine verilmi\u015fti, ancak \u0130ngiltere<\/strong> 1882<\/strong>‘de M\u0131s\u0131r<\/strong>‘\u0131 i\u015fgal ederek kanal\u0131 kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na almak istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>, Akdeniz’e ve okyanuslara ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in \u0130stanbul<\/strong> ve \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011fazlar\u0131<\/strong>, Balkanlar<\/strong> ve Uzak Do\u011fu<\/strong> gibi b\u00f6lgelerde geni\u015flemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130talya<\/strong>, siyasi birli\u011fini tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra Osmanl\u0131<\/strong> topra\u011f\u0131 olan Trablusgarp<\/strong>‘\u0131 1911<\/strong>‘de i\u015fgal etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Japonya<\/strong>, sanayile\u015ftikten sonra emperyalist bir politika izleyerek Uzak Do\u011fu<\/strong>‘da Avrupa devletleri ve ABD<\/strong> ile rekabete girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bloklar\u0131n Olu\u015fumu: \u0130ttifak ve \u0130tilaf<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Avrupa devletleri aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7\u0131kar sava\u015flar\u0131 sonucunda iki b\u00fcy\u00fck blok olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130ttifak Devletleri (1882)<\/strong>: Almanya<\/strong>, Avusturya-Macaristan<\/strong>, \u0130talya<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130tilaf Devletleri (1907)<\/strong>: \u0130ngiltere<\/strong>, Fransa<\/strong>, Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f\u0131n Ba\u015flamas\u0131 ve Taraflar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Devletler aras\u0131 gerginlik, 28 Haziran 1914<\/strong>‘te Avusturya-Macaristan Veliahd\u0131 Ar\u015fid\u00fck Franz Ferdinand<\/strong>‘\u0131n Saraybosna’da bir S\u0131rp milliyet\u00e7isi taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle sava\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Avusturya-Macaristan<\/strong>, S\u0131rbistan<\/strong>‘a sava\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Almanya<\/strong>, 1 A\u011fustos<\/strong>‘ta Rusya<\/strong>‘ya, 3 A\u011fustos<\/strong>‘ta Fransa<\/strong>‘ya sava\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130ngiltere<\/strong> de 4 A\u011fustos<\/strong>‘ta Almanya<\/strong>‘ya sava\u015f ilan etti ve sava\u015f t\u00fcm Avrupa’ya yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/strong> (Kas\u0131m 1914<\/strong>) ve Bulgaristan<\/strong> (Ekim 1915<\/strong>), \u0130ttifak Devletleri<\/strong>‘nin yan\u0131nda sava\u015fa girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u0130ttifak<\/strong> blokunda olan \u0130talya<\/strong>, 20 May\u0131s 1915<\/strong>‘te taraf de\u011fi\u015ftirerek \u0130tilaf Devletleri<\/strong>‘nin yan\u0131na ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 1917<\/strong>‘de ABD<\/strong>‘nin de sava\u015fa girmesiyle sava\u015f, \u0130tilaf Devletleri<\/strong>‘nin lehine sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131 (18 Ocak 1919)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 bozulan g\u00fc\u00e7 dengelerini yeniden kurmak ve ma\u011flup devletlerin durumunu belirlemek amac\u0131yla topland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Konferansta kararlar\u0131 “Be\u015fler Konseyi” (ABD, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, \u0130talya, Japonya<\/strong>) alsa da as\u0131l etkili olanlar \u0130ngiltere<\/strong> ve Fransa<\/strong> oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Konferans sonunda Avrupa’n\u0131n siyasi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 yeniden \u00e7izildi, Kuzey Afrika ve Orta Do\u011fu’da manda y\u00f6netimleri<\/strong> kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Woodrow Wilson<\/strong>‘\u0131n 14 ilkesi<\/strong> \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclse de kararlar \u0130ngiltere<\/strong> ve Fransa<\/strong>‘n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na g\u00f6re al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Wilson \u0130lkeleri<\/strong> gere\u011fince Milletler Cemiyeti<\/strong>‘nin (Cemiyet-i Akvam<\/strong>) kurulmas\u0131na karar verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Versailles (Versay) Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (28 Haziran 1919)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130tilaf Devletleri<\/strong> ile Almanya<\/strong> aras\u0131nda imzalanan ve \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlar i\u00e7eren bir bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bu antla\u015fma, gelecekteki bir\u00e7ok sorunun da temelini att\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antla\u015fman\u0131n Baz\u0131 Maddeleri:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Almanya<\/strong>, Alsace-Lorraine<\/strong>‘i Fransa<\/strong>‘ya, Bat\u0131 Prusya’y\u0131 Polonya<\/strong>‘ya verecekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Danzig<\/strong>, Milletler Cemiyeti<\/strong> korumas\u0131nda serbest \u015fehir olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Almanya<\/strong>, t\u00fcm deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinden vazge\u00e7ecekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Zorunlu askerlik kald\u0131r\u0131lacak, ordusu y\u00fcz bin ki\u015fi<\/strong> ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lacak, denizalt\u0131 ve u\u00e7ak yapmas\u0131 yasaklanacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Almanya<\/strong>, “tamirat borcu” ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131r bir sava\u015f tazminat\u0131 \u00f6deyecekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Genel Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Milyonlarca insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti, uluslararas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 dengeleri derinden sars\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130mparatorluklar y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131 (Almanya, Osmanl\u0131, Avusturya-Macaristan<\/strong>), yeni ulus devletler kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Rusya<\/strong>‘da \u00e7arl\u0131k rejimi y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131 ve yerine sosyalist ideolojiye dayal\u0131 SSCB<\/strong> kuruldu. \u2022 D\u00fcnya siyasi haritas\u0131 yeniden \u00e7izilirken milliyetlerin dikkate al\u0131nmamas\u0131, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>‘na zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130ngiltere<\/strong> ve Fransa<\/strong> n\u00fcfuz alanlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletse de b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131larla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Avrupa’n\u0131n Uzak Do\u011fu<\/strong>‘daki etkisi azal\u0131rken, Japonya<\/strong>‘n\u0131n n\u00fcfuzu artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f\u0131n Ekonomik Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ve Krizler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 bir\u00e7ok devletin hazinesi bo\u015fald\u0131, Avrupa’da a\u00e7l\u0131k ve yoksulluk devam etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Almanya<\/strong>, sava\u015f tazminat\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z para bast\u0131 ve bu durum \u00fclkede hiper enflasyona<\/strong> (paran\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fer kaybetmesi) neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 ABD<\/strong>‘nin Avrupal\u0131 m\u00fcttefiklerinden kredilerini geri alamamas\u0131, k\u00fcresel bir ekonomik krize yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 “Kara Per\u015fembe” olay\u0131yla ba\u015flayan 1929 Ekonomik Buhran\u0131<\/strong>, d\u00fcnya ekonomilerini derinden etkiledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bu kriz, bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede “devlet\u00e7ilik” politikas\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131yla a\u015f\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ki Sava\u015f Aras\u0131 Etkili Olan \u0130deolojiler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> sonras\u0131 siyasi ve ekonomik sorunlar, baz\u0131 ideolojilerin y\u00fckselmesine ve bask\u0131c\u0131 (totaliter) rejimlerin kurulmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyalizm ve Kom\u00fcnizm:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bireysel \u00e7\u0131karlar yerine ortak \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 savunan, e\u015fitlik\u00e7i bir ideolojidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Karl Marx<\/strong> ve Friedrich Engels<\/strong>, Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto<\/strong> ile i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015fmeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. \u2022 Hedefleri; \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti kald\u0131rarak s\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z, devletsiz bir toplum d\u00fczeni kurmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Kom\u00fcnizm, 1917 Bol\u015fevik \u0130htilali<\/strong> ile Rusya<\/strong>‘da uygulamaya ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fa\u015fizm \u0130deolojisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Demokratik ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc yap\u0131lar yerine, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fe dayal\u0131 bir bask\u0131 d\u00fczeni kurmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Sendikal hareketler ve grevler yasaklan\u0131r, e\u011fitim s\u0131k\u0131 denetim alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 D\u0131\u015f politikada yay\u0131lmac\u0131 ve istilac\u0131 bir siyaset izlenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130lk kez \u0130talya<\/strong>‘da \u00f6rg\u00fctlendi ve I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> sonras\u0131 bir ideolojiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Liderli\u011fini Benito Mussolini<\/strong>‘nin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 fa\u015fist hareket, 1919<\/strong>‘da “Sava\u015f Demetleri” ad\u0131yla \u00f6rg\u00fctlendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Gen\u00e7lik te\u015fkilat\u0131 olan “Kara G\u00f6mlekliler”, siyasi kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131na, \u00f6zellikle kom\u00fcnistlere kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ekim 1922<\/strong>‘de Fa\u015fist Parti, \u0130talya<\/strong>‘da iktidara geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nasyonal Sosyalizm (Nazizm)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Adolf Hitler<\/strong> ve Nasyonal Sosyalist Partisi<\/strong>‘nin siyasi ideolojisidir ve “Nazizm” olarak an\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Fa\u015fizme benzeyen bu ideoloji, Alman \u0131rk\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/strong> tezi \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Esaslar\u0131, Hitler<\/strong>‘in Kavgam<\/strong> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Alman \u0131rk\u0131ndan olmayanlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015flayan ayr\u0131mc\u0131 bir politika izlemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bireysel ve siyasal \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri ortadan kald\u0131rarak otoriter bir devlet yap\u0131s\u0131 hedeflemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> sonras\u0131 Almanya<\/strong>‘da ya\u015fanan siyasi ve ekonomik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc, halk\u0131n Nazizm ideolojisi etraf\u0131nda birle\u015fmesine neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SSCB’nin Kurulmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>‘ndaki yenilgiler ve ekonomik sorunlar, Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>‘nda halk ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u015eubat 1917<\/strong>‘de Bol\u015fevikler<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ihtilal ile \u00e7arl\u0131k rejimi sona erdirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ekim 1917<\/strong>‘de Lenin<\/strong> \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Bol\u015fevikler<\/strong>, Ge\u00e7ici H\u00fck\u00fcmeti devirerek iktidar\u0131 tamamen ele ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 1918-1922<\/strong> y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki i\u00e7 sava\u015fta Bol\u015fevikler<\/strong>, K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu<\/strong> sayesinde zafer kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 30 Aral\u0131k 1922<\/strong>‘de Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli\u011fi (SSCB)<\/strong> resmen kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkistan Milli M\u00fccadelesi ve Basmac\u0131 Hareketi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bol\u015fevikler<\/strong>, 3 Aral\u0131k 1917<\/strong>‘de yay\u0131mlad\u0131klar\u0131 bir bildiriyle Rus hakimiyetindeki t\u00fcm halklara kendi kaderini belirleme (self-determinasyon<\/strong>) hakk\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bu do\u011frultuda T\u00fcrkistan Milli \u00d6zerk H\u00fck\u00fcmeti<\/strong>, Ala\u015f Orda Devleti<\/strong> ve Ba\u015fkort Milli \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti<\/strong> gibi T\u00fcrk devletleri kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 1918<\/strong>‘de Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ancak Sovyet Rusya<\/strong>, bask\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rarak bu h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 T\u00fcrkistan Milli \u00d6zerk H\u00fck\u00fcmeti<\/strong>‘nin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Hokand’da Korba\u015f\u0131 Erga\u015f<\/strong> liderli\u011finde silahl\u0131 direni\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131 (1918<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ruslar\u0131n Basmac\u0131 Hareketi<\/strong> ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi bu direni\u015f, t\u00fcm T\u00fcrkistan’a yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 8 Kas\u0131m 1921<\/strong>‘de Enver Pa\u015fa<\/strong>‘n\u0131n hareketin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7mesiyle m\u00fccadele g\u00fc\u00e7lendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Enver Pa\u015fa<\/strong>, 4 A\u011fustos 1922<\/strong>‘de Belcuvan<\/strong>‘da (Tacikistan) \u015fehit edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Direni\u015fin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmas\u0131ndaki temel etken, gruplar aras\u0131nda birlik sa\u011flanamamas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kafkasyada Gazav\u00e2t (M\u00fcridizm) Direni\u015fi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda<\/strong> Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n Kafkasya’y\u0131 istilas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flayan din\u00ee ve mill\u00ee bir direni\u015f hareketidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Nak\u015fibendi tarikat\u0131 mensuplar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netildi\u011fi i\u00e7in Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan “M\u00fcridizm<\/strong>” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130mam \u015eeyh Mansur<\/strong> ile ba\u015flayan hareket, \u0130mam Gazi Muhammed<\/strong> ve \u0130mam Hamza Bey<\/strong> ile devam etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130mam \u015eeyh \u015eamil<\/strong> zaman\u0131nda direni\u015f en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc d\u00f6nemini ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u015eeyh \u015eamil<\/strong>, \u00e7ok zor \u015fartlarda m\u00fccadele y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc ve 1858<\/strong>‘de Ruslara esir d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Onun esir d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle Gazav\u00e2t Hareketi<\/strong> b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sona erdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Azerbaycan’\u0131n Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k M\u00fccadelesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bol\u015fevik \u0130htilali<\/strong> sonras\u0131 Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ve Ermeniler ile Transkafkasya<\/strong> ad\u0131nda federatif bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ancak etnik ve siyasi anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar nedeniyle bu federasyon da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 28 May\u0131s 1918<\/strong>‘de Azerbaycan Milli \u015e\u00fbras\u0131<\/strong>, Mehmet Emin Resulzade<\/strong> ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Azerbaycan Halk Cumhuriyeti<\/strong>‘ni kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bak\u00fc’n\u00fcn kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/strong>‘nden yard\u0131m istendi ve Nuri Pa\u015fa<\/strong> komutas\u0131ndaki Kafkas \u0130slam Ordusu<\/strong> kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Kafkas \u0130slam Ordusu<\/strong>, 15 Eyl\u00fcl 1918<\/strong>‘de Bak\u00fc’y\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n ilk demokratik cumhuriyeti olan Azerbaycan<\/strong>, 28 Nisan 1920<\/strong>‘de Sovyet Rusya<\/strong>‘n\u0131n hakimiyetine girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SSCB’nin Orta Asya Politikas\u0131 ve Etkileri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 SSCB<\/strong>, \u00c7arl\u0131k D\u00f6nemi’ndeki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci politikay\u0131 kom\u00fcnist ideolojiye uyarlayarak devam ettirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Stalin<\/strong>, “milletlerin kayna\u015fmas\u0131” slogan\u0131 alt\u0131nda asl\u0131nda Rusla\u015ft\u0131rma<\/strong> politikas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 “B\u00f6l, par\u00e7ala ve y\u00f6net<\/strong>” politikas\u0131yla T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fan halklar aras\u0131ndaki leh\u00e7e farklar\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak ayr\u0131 milliyetler olu\u015fturuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 B\u00f6lgenin etnik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkistan’a Ruslar yerle\u015ftirildi, T\u00fcrkler ise g\u00f6\u00e7e zorland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Dinsizlik (ateizm) devlet politikas\u0131 oldu; cami ve medreseler kapat\u0131larak din\u00ee e\u011fitim engellendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Rus\u00e7a<\/strong> resmi dil olurken, T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n ana dillerinde e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmesi yasakland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r kullan\u0131lan Arap alfabesi<\/strong> yerine \u00f6nce Latin<\/strong>, sonra Kiril alfabesi<\/strong> getirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ortak tarih bilinci olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in her cumhuriyete ayr\u0131 \u00fclke tarihleri yaz\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta Do\u011fuda De\u011fi\u015fen Siyaset<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Orta Do\u011fu<\/strong>, XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l<\/strong> ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren T\u00fcrkiye, \u0130ran, Irak, Suriye, Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131 ve M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131 kapsayan co\u011frafi bir kavramd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/strong>‘nin I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> sonunda y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131yla b\u00f6lgede bir otorite bo\u015flu\u011fu olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130ngiltere<\/strong> ve Fransa<\/strong>, kurduklar\u0131 manda y\u00f6netimleri<\/strong> ile b\u00f6lgeden siyasi ve ekonomik \u00e7\u0131kar sa\u011flad\u0131 ve b\u00f6lgeyi istikrars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130ngiltere<\/strong>, Filistin’deki manda y\u00f6netimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda Yahudi g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcne g\u00f6z yumarak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar s\u00fcren \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n temelini att\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta Do\u011fuyu \u015eekillendiren Gizli Antla\u015fmalar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere<\/strong> ve Fransa<\/strong>, Osmanl\u0131<\/strong>‘n\u0131n Orta Do\u011fu topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kendi aralar\u0131nda gizli antla\u015fmalarla payla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 McMahon Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1915-1916):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130ngiltere<\/strong> ile Mekke Em\u00eeri \u015eerif H\u00fcseyin<\/strong> aras\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u015eerif H\u00fcseyin<\/strong>‘in Osmanl\u0131<\/strong>‘ya kar\u015f\u0131 isyan etmesi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kendisine ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Arap krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 vadedildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sykes-Picot Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (16 May\u0131s 1916):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130ngiltere<\/strong> ile Fransa<\/strong> aras\u0131nda imzaland\u0131, Rusya<\/strong>‘n\u0131n da onay\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bu antla\u015fmayla Do\u011fu Akdeniz, Adana, Musul ve Suriye k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 Fransa<\/strong>‘ya; Hayfa, Akka, Ba\u011fdat ve G\u00fcney Irak \u0130ngiltere<\/strong>‘ye b\u0131rak\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Filistin’de ise uluslararas\u0131 bir y\u00f6netim kurulmas\u0131 planland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Balfour Deklarasyonu ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130ngiltere<\/strong>, Araplara devlet vadedilirken Siyonistlerle de g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeye devam ediyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 2 Kas\u0131m 1917<\/strong>‘de \u0130ngiliz D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Lord Balfour<\/strong>, Siyonist liderlerden Walter Rothschild<\/strong>‘a bir mektup g\u00f6nderdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bu mektupta, Yahudilerin Filistin topraklar\u0131n\u0131 yurt edinmesine olumlu bakt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve bunu destekleyeceklerini bildirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Tarihe Balfour Deklarasyonu<\/strong> olarak ge\u00e7en bu mektup, Orta Do\u011fu’da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar devam eden sorunlar\u0131n fitilini ate\u015fledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bol\u015fevik \u0130htilali<\/strong> sonras\u0131 Lenin<\/strong>, bu gizli antla\u015fmalar\u0131 d\u00fcnyaya if\u015fa etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 San Remo Konferans\u0131<\/strong>‘nda (Nisan 1920<\/strong>) Orta Do\u011fu’daki Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131 yeniden payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Suriye<\/strong> ve L\u00fcbnan<\/strong> Frans\u0131z mandas\u0131na, Irak<\/strong>, Filistin<\/strong> ve Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131<\/strong> \u0130ngiliz mandas\u0131na verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcresel Siyaset ve Hakimiyet Teorileri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Devletlerin k\u00fcresel bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olmak i\u00e7in hangi b\u00f6lgeleri kontrol etmesi gerekti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klayan teorilerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kara Hakimiyet Teorisi (Halford J. Mackinder):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 “D\u00fcnya Adas\u0131”n\u0131 (Asya, Avrupa, Afrika) kontrol etmek i\u00e7in “Merkez B\u00f6lge”yi (Heartland) ele ge\u00e7irmek gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Form\u00fcl\u00fc: “Do\u011fu Avrupa’ya hakim olan Merkez B\u00f6lge’yi, Merkez B\u00f6lge’ye hakim olan D\u00fcnya Adas\u0131’n\u0131, D\u00fcnya Adas\u0131’na hakim olan d\u00fcnyay\u0131 denetler.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kenar Ku\u015fak Hakimiyet Teorisi (Nicholas John Spykman):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Mackinder<\/strong>‘a kar\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. As\u0131l g\u00fcc\u00fcn Merkez B\u00f6lge’yi \u00e7evreleyen “Kenar Ku\u015fak”ta (T\u00fcrkiye, \u0130ran, Hindistan, \u00c7in vb.) oldu\u011funu savunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 ABD<\/strong>‘nin So\u011fuk Sava\u015f’taki “\u00e7evreleme politikas\u0131”n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deniz Hakimiyet Teorisi (Amiral Alfred Thayer Mahan):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bir \u00fclkenin k\u00fcresel g\u00fc\u00e7 olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in stratejik denizleri, bo\u011fazlar\u0131 ve kanallar\u0131 kontrol etmesi gerekti\u011fini savunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 “Denizlere ve deniz yollar\u0131na hakim olan g\u00fc\u00e7, d\u00fcnyaya hakim olur.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bu teori ABD<\/strong>, \u0130ngiltere<\/strong> ve Japonya<\/strong> gibi \u00fclkelerin denizcilik politikalar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hava Hakimiyet Teorisi (Giulio Douhet, William Mitchell):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir hava filosu kuran devletin di\u011ferleri \u00fczerinde hakimiyet kuraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunur. \u2022 “Havaya hakim olan g\u00fc\u00e7, d\u00fcnyaya hakim olur.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>‘nda Almanya<\/strong>‘n\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 “y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131” (Blitzkrieg<\/strong>) takti\u011fi bu teoriye dayan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uzak Do\u011fuda Dengeleri De\u011fi\u015ftiren G\u00fc\u00e7: Japonya<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131la<\/strong> kadar Japonya<\/strong>, d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya kapal\u0131, feodal bir y\u00f6netim yap\u0131s\u0131na sahipti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u00dclke, “\u015fogun” denilen en \u00fcst derebeyi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netiliyor, imparator (“mikado”) ise sembolik bir role sahipti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 1854<\/strong>‘te ABD<\/strong>‘nin askeri bask\u0131s\u0131yla Kanagawa Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>‘n\u0131 imzalayarak limanlar\u0131n\u0131 Bat\u0131l\u0131lara a\u00e7mak zorunda kald\u0131. \u2022 Bu geli\u015fme, \u00fclke i\u00e7inde kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klara yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 1867<\/strong>‘de tahta \u00e7\u0131kan \u0130mparator Mutsuhito Meiji<\/strong>, Meiji Restorasyonu<\/strong> olarak bilinen k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir reform d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meiji Restorasyonu ve Modernle\u015fme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Meiji Restorasyonu<\/strong>, Japon modernle\u015fmesinin temelini olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u015eogunluk la\u011fvedildi, feodal sisteme son verildi ve merkez\u00ee bir y\u00f6netim kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 1868-1898<\/strong> aras\u0131nda 2190 adet fabrika kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u00dclke geneline demir yollar\u0131 in\u015fa edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130lk\u00f6\u011fretim zorunlu hale getirildi, Avrupa ve ABD<\/strong>‘ye \u00f6\u011frenciler g\u00f6nderildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 1873<\/strong>‘te zorunlu askerlik kabul edildi, ordu ve donanma modernize edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 1889<\/strong>‘da ilk anayasa yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve Gregoryen takvime ge\u00e7ildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Japon Yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Meiji Restorasyonu<\/strong> ile sanayile\u015fen Japonya<\/strong>, ham madde sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla yay\u0131lmac\u0131 bir politika izlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130lk hedefi, ham madde kayna\u011f\u0131 ve pazar olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Kore<\/strong> oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 1894-1895 \u00c7in-Japon Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>‘n\u0131 kazanarak Man\u00e7urya<\/strong>‘n\u0131n g\u00fcneyini ele ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Rusya<\/strong>‘n\u0131n bu duruma kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u00fczerine 1904-1905 Rus-Japon Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> ya\u015fand\u0131 ve Japonya<\/strong> bu sava\u015f\u0131 da kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 1910<\/strong>‘da Kore<\/strong>‘yi tamamen ilhak eden Japonya<\/strong>, Uzak Do\u011fu<\/strong>‘nun ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden biri haline geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ki Sava\u015f Aras\u0131 D\u00f6nemde Siyasi ve Ekonomik Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bu d\u00f6nem, bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 koruma ve I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>‘n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 onarma \u00e7abalar\u0131yla ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 1925 Locarno Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> ve 1929 Briand-Kellogg Pakt\u0131<\/strong> ile uluslararas\u0131 alanda bir yumu\u015fama ortam\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ancak 1929 D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Buhran\u0131<\/strong>‘n\u0131n patlak vermesi, siyasi istikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa ve bask\u0131c\u0131 rejimlerin kurulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Fransa<\/strong>, sava\u015f y\u00fcz\u00fcnden tar\u0131m arazilerini ve gen\u00e7 i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130ngiltere<\/strong>, d\u00fcnya hakimiyetini b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda kaybetti; pazarlar\u0131 Japonya<\/strong> ve ABD<\/strong>‘nin eline ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130rlanda<\/strong>, 1921<\/strong>‘de \u0130ngiltere<\/strong>‘den ayr\u0131larak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Sovyet Rusya<\/strong>, Lenin<\/strong>‘in Yeni Ekonomik Politikas\u0131 (NEP)<\/strong> ile ekonomisini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1929 D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Buhran\u0131 (“Kara Per\u015fembe”)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 ABD<\/strong>, Avrupal\u0131 devletlere verdi\u011fi bor\u00e7lar\u0131 geri alamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Avrupa’daki yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n sermayelerini Amerikan borsas\u0131na y\u00f6neltmesiyle hisse senetleri a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fer kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 24 Ekim 1929 Per\u015fembe<\/strong> g\u00fcn\u00fc, New York Wall Street Borsas\u0131<\/strong>‘nda hisse senetleri aniden de\u011fer kaybetmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 “Kara Per\u015fembe” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fle ba\u015flayan kriz, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Binlerce banka, fabrika ve i\u015fletme iflas etti; milyonlarca insan i\u015fsiz kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Franklin D. Roosevelt<\/strong>, “New Deal” adl\u0131 reform program\u0131yla krizi a\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 SSCB<\/strong>, kapal\u0131 ekonomik sistemi sayesinde bu krizden etkilenmedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong> ise 1930<\/strong>‘dan itibaren devlet\u00e7ilik ilkesini benimseyerek krizin etkilerini azaltt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanyada Ekonomik Kriz ve Nazizmin Y\u00fckseli\u015fi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 Almanya<\/strong>, Versailles Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>‘n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi a\u011f\u0131r sava\u015f tazminat\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fc alt\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 H\u00fck\u00fcmet, bor\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6deyebilmek i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z para basmaya ba\u015flad\u0131, bu da \u00fclkede hiper enflasyona<\/strong> yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 1923<\/strong>‘te Alman mark\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri, 1913<\/strong>‘teki de\u011ferinin milyarda birine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 1929 Ekonomik Buhran\u0131<\/strong> da eklenince Alman ekonomisi tamamen iflas etme noktas\u0131na geldi. \u2022 Sanayi \u00fcretimi durdu ve i\u015fsizlik rekor seviyelere ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bu ekonomik ve siyasi \u00e7alkant\u0131lar, Adolf Hitler<\/strong> \u00f6nderli\u011findeki nasyonal sosyalizmi (Nazizm)<\/strong> g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ki Sava\u015f Aras\u0131 D\u00f6nemde Sanatsal Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Sava\u015f\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131m, sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n yeni bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 geli\u015ftirmesine neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ekspresyonizm, k\u00fcbizm, f\u00fct\u00fcrizm, Dadaizm, s\u00fcrrealizm<\/strong> gibi yeni sanat ak\u0131mlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Pablo Picasso<\/strong>‘nun Guernica<\/strong> adl\u0131 tablosu, \u0130spanya \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>‘ndaki bir bombard\u0131man\u0131n trajedisini anlatarak sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sembol\u00fc oldu. \u2022 Edebiyatta ise sava\u015f\u0131n ve ekonomik krizin etkilerini konu alan \u00f6nemli romanlar yaz\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 John Steinbeck<\/strong>‘in Gazap \u00dcz\u00fcmleri<\/strong> adl\u0131 roman\u0131, 1929 Ekonomik Buhran\u0131<\/strong>‘n\u0131n toplum \u00fczerindeki sars\u0131c\u0131 etkilerini anlatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bilimsel Geli\u015fmeler ve Albert Einstein<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l<\/strong> ba\u015flar\u0131nda bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar h\u0131z kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ancak SSCB<\/strong> ve Almanya<\/strong>‘daki bask\u0131c\u0131 rejimler nedeniyle bir\u00e7ok bilim insan\u0131 \u00fclkelerini terk etmek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Alman fizik\u00e7i Albert Einstein<\/strong>, ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 izafiyet (g\u00f6relilik) teorisi<\/strong> ile bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda bir devrim yaratt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Einstein<\/strong>, Newton<\/strong> fizi\u011fine alternatif olarak geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi teoriyle \u0131\u015f\u0131k, uzay, zaman ve k\u00fctle \u00e7ekimi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi yeniden tan\u0131mlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla 1921<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc<\/strong>‘ne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Nazi Partisi’nin y\u00fckseli\u015fi nedeniyle 1933<\/strong>‘te Almanya<\/strong>‘y\u0131 terk ederek ABD<\/strong>‘ye yerle\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bilimsel Geli\u015fmelerin Di\u011fer Alanlara Yans\u0131mas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Askeri Alan:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Arazi telefonu, telgraf ve radyo kullan\u0131m\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Gemilerde k\u00f6m\u00fcr yerine petrol kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131, denizalt\u0131 teknolojisi geli\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 A\u011f\u0131r toplar, tanklar, sava\u015f u\u00e7aklar\u0131 gibi daha y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 silahlar \u00fcretildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Fizik alan\u0131ndaki geli\u015fmeler, atom ve n\u00fckleer enerji \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mimarl\u0131k Alan\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 1919<\/strong>‘da kurulan Bauhaus Okulu<\/strong>, i\u015flevsel mimariyi esas alarak yeni bir ekol olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Mimari’de \u00e7elik, cam ve beton gibi yeni malzemeler kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa\u011fl\u0131k Alan\u0131ndaki Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan can kay\u0131plar\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k alan\u0131nda yeni bulu\u015flar\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 1921<\/strong>‘de verem a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 (BCG)<\/strong> geli\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Frederick Banting<\/strong> ve Charles Best<\/strong>, ins\u00fclini<\/strong> ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak diyabet tedavisinde devrim yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 1928<\/strong>‘de Alexander Fleming<\/strong>‘in penisilini<\/strong> icat etmesi, antibiyotik tedavisinin geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Prof. Dr. Hulusi Beh\u00e7et<\/strong>, 1937<\/strong>‘de kendi ad\u0131yla bilinen Beh\u00e7et hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> tan\u0131mlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Kamu sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sa\u011fl\u0131k sigortas\u0131 sistemleri geli\u015ftirilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir Propaganda Arac\u0131 Olarak Sinema ve Radyo<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n<\/strong> ba\u015f\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck ileti\u015fim devrimlerinden olan sinema ve radyo, kamuoyunu \u015fekillendirmede etkin rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Sinema:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> s\u0131ras\u0131nda devletler taraf\u0131ndan propaganda amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131ld\u0131. \u2022 Charlie Chaplin<\/strong>, Modern Zamanlar<\/strong> filminde kapitalist sistemi ele\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Almanya<\/strong>‘da Nazi Partisi, \u0130talya<\/strong>‘da fa\u015fist iktidar ve SSCB<\/strong>‘de kom\u00fcnist rejim, sinemay\u0131 kendi ideolojilerini yaymak i\u00e7in yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Radyo:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130lk kesintisiz radyo yay\u0131n\u0131 1920<\/strong>‘de yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Naziler, radyoyu Hitler<\/strong>‘in liderli\u011fini ve Alman \u0131rk\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc vurgulamak i\u00e7in bir propaganda arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk ve D\u00fcnya Tarihi Dersi\u00a0liselerde se\u00e7meli olarak okutulan bir derstir. Bu sayfada payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk ve D\u00fcnya Tarihi ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde\u00a0s\u0131navda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011finiz t\u00fcm konulara hakim […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2875,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[179],"tags":[185,296,99],"class_list":["post-2907","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cagdas-turk-ve-dunya-tarihi-ders-notlari","tag-cagdas-turk-ve-dunya-tarihi","tag-cagdas-turk-ve-dunya-tarihi-ders-notlari","tag-ders-notlari"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pink-Gradient-Concept-Map-Chart-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pink-Gradient-Concept-Map-Chart-1200x800.png",1200,800,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pink-Gradient-Concept-Map-Chart-1200x1080.png",1200,1080,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pink-Gradient-Concept-Map-Chart-1200x1080.png",1200,1080,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pink-Gradient-Concept-Map-Chart-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pink-Gradient-Concept-Map-Chart-600x900.png",600,900,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pink-Gradient-Concept-Map-Chart-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pink-Gradient-Concept-Map-Chart.png",1920,1080,false]},"yoast_head":"\n\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f 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