{"id":294,"date":"2023-10-21T16:31:00","date_gmt":"2023-10-21T13:31:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2023\/10\/21\/11-sinif-tarih-dersi-yaziliya-hazirlik-sorulari-acik-uclu-kisa-cevapli\/"},"modified":"2023-10-21T16:31:00","modified_gmt":"2023-10-21T13:31:00","slug":"11-sinif-tarih-dersi-yaziliya-hazirlik-sorulari-acik-uclu-kisa-cevapli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2023\/10\/21\/11-sinif-tarih-dersi-yaziliya-hazirlik-sorulari-acik-uclu-kisa-cevapli\/","title":{"rendered":"11. SINIF TAR\u0130H DERS\u0130 YAZILIYA HAZIRLIK SORULARI (A\u00c7IK U\u00c7LU- KISA CEVAPLI)"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

1. \u00dcN\u0130TE: <\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

DE\u011e\u0130\u015eEN D\u00dcNYA DENGELER\u0130 KAR\u015eISINDA OSMANLI S\u0130YASET\u0130 (1595-1774)<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

11.1.1. 1595-1700 y\u0131llar\u0131
\naras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcre\u00e7te meydana gelen ba\u015fl\u0131ca siyasi geli\u015fmeleri tarih \u015feridi ve
\nharitalar u\u0308zerinde g\u00f6sterir.<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

II. Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131, Buca\u015f
\nAntla\u015fmas\u0131, Zitvatorok Antla\u015fmas\u0131, Kasr-\u0131 \u015eirin Antla\u015fmas\u0131, Karlof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131daki 1595-1700 y\u0131llar\u0131
\naras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcre\u00e7te meydana gelen ba\u015fl\u0131ca siyasi geli\u015fmeleri kronolojik olarak
\ns\u0131ralay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1606 Zitvatorok Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1639 Kasr-\u0131 \u015eirin Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/a><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1672 Buca\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1683 II. Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1699 Karlof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

11.1.2. XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda de\u011fi\u015fen
\nsiyasi rekabet i\u00e7erisinde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin izledi\u011fi politikalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

XVII. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131
\nDevleti\u2019nin stratejik rakipleri kimlerdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Safeviler (\u0130ran), Avusturya, Lehistan, Rusya, Venedik ve
\nMalta. (VAR\u0130L\u0130M)<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00fctekabiliyet nedir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Milletleraras\u0131 hukukun temel prensiplerinden biridir. Genel
\nolarak devletlerin birbirleriyle e\u015fit egemenlik haklar\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131 demektir.
\nK\u0131sacas\u0131 e\u015fitlik, denklik anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Kanuni d\u00f6neminde Avusturya
\nile imzalanan 1533 \u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fctekabiliyet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na ters olan
\nmaddesi hangisidir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Avusturya ar\u015fid\u00fck\u00fc (kral\u0131) Osmanl\u0131 sadrazam\u0131na denk say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti-Avusturya
\naras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan 1533 \u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131 1606 Zitvatorok Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n
\nmaddelerini m\u00fctekabiliyet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n\u0131z.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1533 \u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Avusturya ar\u015fid\u00fck\u00fc (kral\u0131) Osmanl\u0131 sadrazam\u0131na denk say\u0131ld\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Avusturya, her y\u0131l Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne otuz bin alt\u0131n vergi
\n\u00f6deyecek.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1606 Zitvatorok Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Avusturya ar\u015fid\u00fck\u00fc, protokol bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131na
\ndenk say\u0131ld\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n her y\u0131l Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne \u00f6demek zorunda
\noldu\u011fu y\u0131ll\u0131k vergi kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak Avusturya sava\u015f tazminat\u0131 \u00f6dedi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Avusturya ar\u015fid\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131na denk say\u0131lmas\u0131 siyasi
\n\u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kayb\u0131na neden oldu. Bu durum ayn\u0131 zamanda iki \u00fclkenin diplomaside m\u00fctekabiliyet
\nesaslar\u0131na g\u00f6re e\u015fit olduklar\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

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XVII. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Osmanl\u0131-Lehistan
\nm\u00fccadelesinin temel nedenleri nelerdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Ukrayna ve Efl\u00e2k-Bo\u011fdan \u00fczerinde hakimiyet kurmak. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Lehistan\u2019\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Balt\u0131k Denizi\u2019ne
\nula\u015fabilece\u011fi ge\u00e7i\u015f koridoru \u00fczerinde bulunmas\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

II. Osman zaman\u0131nda Lehistan
\nile 9 Ekim 1621\u2019de imzalana Hotin Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n maddelerini yaz\u0131n\u0131z.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Hotin Kalesi, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 olan Bo\u011fdan\u2019a
\nb\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Dinyester Nehri iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131r say\u0131ld\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

14 ya\u015f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 taht\u0131na
\nge\u00e7en ve Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kald\u0131rmak isteyince \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen padi\u015fah kimdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Sultan II. Osman (Gen\u00e7), saltanat\u0131: 1618-1622<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Sultan IV. Mehmed d\u00f6neminde
\n18-23 Ekim 1672\u2019de Lehistan ile imzalanan Buca\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemini yaz\u0131n\u0131z.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Podolya Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin bat\u0131da toprak kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 son antla\u015fma. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti bat\u0131da en geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

III. Murat D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde
\nSafeviler ile imzalana 1590 Ferhat Pa\u015fa Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemini yaz\u0131n\u0131z.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti do\u011fuda en geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

17. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Safeviler ile
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti aras\u0131nda imzalanan \u00f6nemli antla\u015fmalar nelerdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1612 Nasuh Pa\u015fa Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1618 Serav Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1639 Kasr-\u0131 \u015eirin Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin do\u011fuda
\nilk toprak kaybetti\u011fi antla\u015fma hangisidir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1612 Nasuh Pa\u015fa Antla\u015fmas\u0131. Bu antla\u015fma ile Ferhat Pa\u015fa
\nAntla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda Safevi Devleti\u2019nden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan yerler geri verildi<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini
\nkoruyan T\u00fcrkiye-\u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 Safeviler ile yap\u0131lan hangi antla\u015fma ile ilk defa
\n\u00e7izilmi\u015ftir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

IV. Murat D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde imzalanan 1639 Kasr-\u0131 \u015eirin Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Sultan IV. Mehmet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde,
\nSadrazam K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Faz\u0131l Ahmet Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan 1669 y\u0131l\u0131nda al\u0131nan Girit\u2019in ku\u015fatmas\u0131
\n24 y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu durumun temel nedeni nedir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131n\u0131n eski g\u00fcc\u00fcnde olmamas\u0131 Girit\u2019in
\nal\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Ruslar
\naras\u0131nda imzalanan ilk antla\u015fma nedir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1681 Bah\u00e7esaray (\u00c7ehrin) Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

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Avusturya ile imzalana 1664
\nVasvar Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n maddeleri nelerdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Uyvar ve Neograd Kaleleri Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin olacak.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Avusturya Erdel\u2019in i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmayacak.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Avusturya, 200 bin kuru\u015f sava\u015f
\ntazminat\u0131 \u00f6deyecek.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

IV. Mehmet d\u00f6neminde 1683 II.
\nViyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamayan ve idam edilen Osmanl\u0131 sadrazam\u0131 kimdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1683 II. Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131
\nsonras\u0131 T\u00fcrkleri Avrupa\u2019dan atmak amac\u0131yla olu\u015fturulan Kutsal \u0130ttifak\u2019ta hangi
\ndevletler vard\u0131?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Venedik, Avusturya, Rusya, Lehistan ve Malta<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Kutsal
\n\u0130ttifak devletleri ile yap\u0131lan sava\u015f sonras\u0131 <\/span><\/b><\/a>imzalanan 1699 Karlof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131 sonras\u0131 Osmanl\u0131
\nDevleti nereleri kaybetti?<\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Teme\u015fvar (Banat) hari\u00e7, b\u00fct\u00fcn Macaristan ve Erdel Avusturya\u2019ya
\nverildi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Ukrayna ve Podolya Lehistan\u2019a verildi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Mora ve Dalma\u00e7ya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 Venediklilere verildi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Kutsal \u0130ttifak devletleri ile yap\u0131lan sava\u015f sonras\u0131 1700
\n\u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Rusya hangi kazan\u0131mlar\u0131 elde etti?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Azak Kalesi Rusya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Rusya \u0130stanbul\u2019da daim\u00ee el\u00e7i bulundurma hakk\u0131 elde etti.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1699 Karlof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti
\na\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendiriniz<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ilk kez m\u00fczakere ederek bir antla\u015fma imzalad\u0131.
\nEski antla\u015fmalarda \u015eartlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 belirliyordu.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ilk kez masaba\u015f\u0131 diplomasi ile tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, tarihinde ilk kez bir antla\u015fma i\u00e7in arabulucu
\nkullanmak zorunda kald\u0131. (\u0130ngiltere ve Hollanda)<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Macaristan\u2019daki T\u00fcrk h\u00e2kimiyeti Teme\u015fvar hari\u00e7 sona erdi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Avrupa Devleti ile ayn\u0131 anda sava\u015facak g\u00fcce sahip olmayan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti
\nkonjonkt\u00fcrel ittifaklar kurdu.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 d\u0131\u015f siyasetinde etkin bir konumda olan Fransa\u2019n\u0131n yerini
\n\u0130ngiltere ve Hollanda almaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cEhl-i kalem\u201d unsurlar \u201cehl-i silah\u201d unsurlara g\u00f6re \u00f6n plana
\n\u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/o:p><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/o:p><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/o:p><\/p>\n

11.1.3. Denizcilik faaliyetlerinin i\u00e7denizlerden
\nokyanuslara ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnya siyasetine ve ticaretine etkilerini analiz eder.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fiflerin ba\u015flamas\u0131nda neler etkili oldu?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Avrupa\u2019da pusulan\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Yeni gemi yap\u0131m tekniklerinin \u00f6\u011frenilmesi<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n Do\u011fu\u2019nun zenginliklerine ula\u015fma iste\u011fi<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fiflerin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131
\nnelerdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Yeni k\u0131talar ve ticaret yollar\u0131 ke\u015ffedildi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Ticarette i\u00e7 denizler \u00f6nemini kaybetti. Okyanuslar \u00f6nem
\nkazand\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik faaliyetleri h\u0131z kazand\u0131. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilikte \u0130spanya ve Portekiz gibi \u00fclkeler \u00f6n plana
\n\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

De\u011ferli madenler Avrupa\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n etraf\u0131n\u0131
\n\u00dcmit Burnu yoluyla dolan\u0131p Hindistan\u2019a giden do\u011fu yolunu ke\u015ffeden millet
\nkimlerdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Portekizliler  (\u00dcmit
\nBurnu\u2019nu Bartolomeu Dias ke\u015ffetti)<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c7in\u2019e, Avrupa\u2019dan giden ilk
\nticari ve diplomatik el\u00e7ileri g\u00f6nderen millet kimdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Portekizliler<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1580\u2019de kurduklar\u0131 Levant
\nCompany\u2019i (Liv\u0131nt Kampani-Do\u011fu Akdeniz Ticaret \u015eirketi) sayesinde deniz
\nticaretinde adeta tekel h\u00e2line gelen devlet hangisidir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018\u2019\u00dczerinde g\u00fcne\u015f batmayan
\nimparatorluk\u201d unvan\u0131na sahip olan \u00fclke hangisidir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u0131cak denizlere inmeyi
\nama\u00e7layan hangi \u00fclke Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na g\u00f6z dikmi\u015ftir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Rusya<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Karadeniz\u2019de
\nOsmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetini zay\u0131flatan geli\u015fmeler nelerdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1700 – \u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131: Azak Kalesi Rusya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.
\nB\u00f6ylece Rusya ilk kez<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Karadeniz\u2019e inme f\u0131rsat\u0131 elde etti.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1720 – Osmanl\u0131-Rus Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131: Rus t\u00fcccarlar, ilk
\ndefa, Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda serbest ticaret hakk\u0131n\u0131 elde etti.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1770 – \u00c7e\u015fme Bask\u0131n\u0131: 1768-1774 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda,
\nRuslar \u00c7e\u015fme\u2019de bulunan Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131n\u0131 yakt\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1774 – K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca Antla\u015fmas\u0131: K\u0131r\u0131m ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z oldu.
\nKaradeniz T\u00fcrk denizi olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini kaybetti. Rus t\u00fcccarlar, ilk defa kendi
\ngemileri ile Karadeniz ve Akdeniz\u2019de ticaret yapabilme ile Bo\u011fazlardan ge\u00e7i\u015f
\nserbestli\u011fi de elde ettiler.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1783 – Osmanl\u0131-Rus Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131: Rus t\u00fcccarlar,
\n\u0130ngiliz ve Frans\u0131z t\u00fcccarlar ile ayn\u0131 haklara sahip olacak ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne
\n%3 g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisi verecekti.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1792 – Ya\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131n Rusya\u2019ya ait
\noldu\u011funu kabul etti.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/o:p><\/p>\n

Akdeniz\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyeti
\ng\u00fc\u00e7lendiren geli\u015fmeler nelerdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Yavuz Sultan Selim D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetine
\ngirmesi, <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Rodos\u2019un fethi ve Preveze
\nDeniz Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda Akdeniz \u00e2deta bir T\u00fcrk denizi h\u00e2line geldi. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Sultan II. Selim D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n, Sultan IV. Mehmet
\nD\u00f6nemi\u2019nde ise Girit\u2019in fethi<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Akdeniz\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyeti zay\u0131flatan geli\u015fmeler
\nnelerdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler: Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler sonucunda Akdeniz
\nlimanlar\u0131 \u00f6nemini kaybederken Atlas Okyanusu\u2019ndaki bir\u00e7ok liman \u00f6nem kazand\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1571 – \u0130nebaht\u0131 Deniz Sava\u015f\u0131: K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti
\ntaraf\u0131ndan fethi sonras\u0131 Avrupa devletleri, \u0130nebaht\u0131 mevkisinde yap\u0131lan sava\u015fta
\nyakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz par\u00e7al\u0131k Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131n\u0131 yakt\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti bu sava\u015fta
\nkaybetti\u011fi yetenekli leventlerin yerini dolduramad\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Kapit\u00fclasyonlar: Akdeniz ticaretini yeniden canland\u0131rmak
\nisteyen Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, baz\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkelerine kapit\u00fclasyonlar verdi. Ancak bu
\ndurum Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin Osmanl\u0131 Devleti \u00fczerindeki etkinliklerinin
\nartmas\u0131na, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergileri y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Osmanl\u0131 pazarlar\u0131na h\u00e2kim olmalar\u0131na
\nve Akdeniz\u2019deki etkinliklerinin Osmanl\u0131 aleyhine geli\u015fmesine neden oldu.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 Avrupal\u0131 Devletlerin Akdeniz\u2019e Y\u00f6nelik Yay\u0131lmac\u0131
\nPolitikalar\u0131: XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Hollanda gibi \u00fclkeler
\ndenizcilik alan\u0131nda \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler g\u00f6sterdiler.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti hangi
\nd\u00f6nemlerde hangi t\u00fcr gemiler kulland\u0131?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Kurulu\u015fundan XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na k\u00fcrekli gemiler
\n(\u00e7ektiri veya kad\u0131rga) kulland\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan XIX.
\ny\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n orta<\/a>lar\u0131na kadar yelkenli gemiler (kalyon) kulland\u0131lar.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortas\u0131ndan son d\u00f6nemlerine kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcrede
\nbuharl\u0131 gemiler kulland\u0131lar.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Garp
\nOcaklar\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan eyaletler nerelerdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Cezayir, Tunus, Trablusgarp<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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XVIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131
\nDevleti\u2019nin genel politikas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda, kaybetti\u011fi yerleri geri almak
\namac\u0131yla Avusturya, Rusya, Venedik gibi \u00fclkelerle sava\u015ft\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Kaybetti\u011fi topraklar\u0131 geri alamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlay\u0131nca savunma
\npolitikas\u0131na a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verdi. Avrupa\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 kendini \u00fcst\u00fcn g\u00f6rme tutumunu
\nde\u011fi\u015ftirdi. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Avrupa\u2019daki geli\u015fmeleri daha yak\u0131ndan izlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Elindeki mevcut topraklar\u0131 koruyabilmek i\u00e7in Avrupal\u0131
\ndevletlerin kendi aralar\u0131ndaki \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan yararlanmak istedi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Avrupal\u0131 devletlere birtak\u0131m ekonomik imtiyazlar tan\u0131d\u0131 veya
\nvar olan imtiyazlar\u0131 geni\u015fletti.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

De\u011fi\u015fim ve diplomasi h\u0131z kazand\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

11.1.4. 1700-1774 y\u0131llar\u0131
\naras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcre\u00e7te Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin di\u011fer devletlerle y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc rekabeti ve
\nbu rekabette uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 stratejileri analiz eder.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1703 Edirne Olay\u0131 hakk\u0131nda
\nbilgi veriniz.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Karlof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131ndan sonra Padi\u015fah\u0131
\nSultan II. Mustafa, devlet i\u015flerinden uzakla\u015farak zaman\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc
\nEdirne\u2019de ge\u00e7irmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Padi\u015fah\u0131n Edirne\u2019yi yeniden ba\u015fkent yapaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde
\ns\u00f6ylentiler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Yeni\u00e7eriler b\u00fcy\u00fck bir isyan \u00e7\u0131kararak Sultan II. Mustafa\u2019y\u0131
\ntahttan indirip yerine Sultan<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

III. Ahmet\u2019i tahta \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Rusya
\naras\u0131ndaki ilk dostluk antla\u015fmas\u0131 hangisidir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0130ran\u2019\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019daki topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kendi aralar\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131
\n1724 \u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1746 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ran ile
\nimzalanana hangi antla\u015fma ile Kasr-\u0131 \u015eirin Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n maddeleri genel olarak
\nkabul edildi?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1746 Kerden Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1718 Pasarof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n
\nmaddeleri nelerdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Mora Yar\u0131madas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde kald\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Kuzey S\u0131rbistan, Belgrad, Banat ve Efl\u00e2k\u2019\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131
\nAvusturya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1711 Osmanl\u0131- Rus sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n
\ntemel nedeni nedir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0130sve\u00e7 ile Rusya aras\u0131nda 1709 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan sava\u015fta,
\n\u0130sve\u00e7 Kral\u0131 XII. \u015earl, I. Petro ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Poltova Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kaybederek Osmanl\u0131
\ntopraklar\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmas\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Rusya\u2019ya sava\u015f ilan etmesi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1711 Prut Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda
\nOsmanl\u0131 Padi\u015fah\u0131 ve sadrazam\u0131 kimlerdi?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131 Sultan III. Ahmet, <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Sadrazam Baltac\u0131 Mehmet Pa\u015fa<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

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1711 Prut Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n
\nmaddeleri nelerdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Azak Kalesi Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne geri verildi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Rusya, \u0130stanbul\u2019da el\u00e7i bulunduramayacak.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Rusya, Lehistan\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmayacak.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130sve\u00e7 Kral\u0131 XII. \u015earl \u00fclkesine serbest\u00e7e d\u00f6nebilecek.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1739 Belgrat Antla\u015fmas\u0131
\nhakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Avusturya ve Rusya ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131
\nkazanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Fransa\u2019n\u0131n arabuluculu\u011fu ile Belgrat Antla\u015fmalar\u0131 imzaland\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

I. Mahmut zaman\u0131nda imzalanan bu antla\u015fma ile Avusturya, 1718
\nPasarof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Belgrad\u2019\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne geri verdi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Rusya ile de ikinci bir Belgrat antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131. Bu
\nantla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re:<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Rusya, sava\u015fta ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerleri geri verecek, Karadeniz\u2019de
\nsava\u015f ve ticaret gemisi bulundurmayacakt\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Azak Kalesi, y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ko\u015fuluyla Rusya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131lacak.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Bu antla\u015fmalar sonras\u0131 Fransa\u2019ya tan\u0131nan kapit\u00fclasyonlar
\ns\u00fcrekli h\u00e2le getirildi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1774 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca
\nAntla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n maddelerini yaz\u0131n\u0131z.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019a ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k olacak.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

K\u0131r\u0131m din\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan Osmanl\u0131 halifesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olacak.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Rus ticaret gemileri Karadeniz ve Akdeniz\u2019de serbest\u00e7e
\ndola\u015fabilecek.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Rusya, \u0130stanbul\u2019da el\u00e7i bulundurabilecek.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Rusya, kapit\u00fclasyonlardan yararlanacak.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Rusya, Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimindeki Ortodokslar\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131
\nkoruyabilecek.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Rusya, bu sava\u015fta ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi Efl\u00e2k, Bo\u011fdan ve
\nBesarabya\u2019y\u0131 geri verecek.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti sava\u015f tazminat\u0131 \u00f6deyecek.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

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2. \u00dcN\u0130TE: DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130M \u00c7A\u011eINDA AVRUPA VE OSMANLI<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

11.2.1. Avrupa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde
\nmeydana gelen de\u011fi\u015fimleri ve bunlar\u0131n etkilerini analiz eder.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc sonras\u0131
\nAvrupa\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Feodal sistem hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc sonras\u0131nda ba\u015flayan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n etkisiyle
\nhalk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 hayat\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirebilmek i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fato veya
\nkalelere sahip feodal derebeylerinin himayesine girdi. Feodal sistemde halk\u0131
\nhimaye eden derebeylerine \u201cs\u00fczeren\u201d, himaye edilen halka ise \u201cvassal\u201d denildi.
\nBu ili\u015fkiye g\u00f6re vassal, s\u00fczerene bir ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k yemini ediyor; s\u00fczeren de
\nkendisine destek \u00e7\u0131kan vassal\u0131na, topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc verebiliyordu. Bu
\ny\u00fczden feodal d\u00fczende derebeyleri, topraklar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n \u00fczerinde
\nmutlak haklara sahip olmu\u015flard\u0131. Feodal sistemde, her derebeyinin kendine ait
\ntopra\u011f\u0131, silah\u0131, g\u00fcc\u00fc ve kanunlar\u0131 vard\u0131. Derebeylik sistemi Orta \u00c7a\u011f boyunca
\nAvrupa\u2019n\u0131n siyasi simgesiydi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Katolik Kilisesi\u2019nin bilimsel
\nara\u015ft\u0131rmalara kar\u015f\u0131 tav\u0131r tak\u0131nmas\u0131; Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrupa\u2019s\u0131nda hangi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce
\nanlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden oldu?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

End\u00fcljans, Aforoz, Enterdi ve
\nEngizisyon terimlerini k\u0131saca a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

End\u00fcljans: Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrupa\u2019s\u0131nda papan\u0131n satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnah
\n\u00e7\u0131karma, af belgesi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Aforoz: Hristiyanl\u0131kta kilise taraf\u0131ndan verilen \u201cdinden
\n\u00e7\u0131karma\u201d cezas\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Enterdi: Papan\u0131n, Hristiyan bir \u00fclkeyi halk\u0131 ile birlikte
\ndin\u00ee hizmetlerden mahrum b\u0131rakmas\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Engizisyon: Katolik Kilisesi\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 din\u00ee mahkeme.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00f6nesans nedir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Kelime anlam\u0131, yeniden do\u011fu\u015ftur. R\u00f6nesans; XV. y\u00fczy\u0131l
\nsonlar\u0131nda, \u00f6nce \u0130talya\u2019da ba\u015flay\u0131p daha sonra di\u011fer Avrupa \u00fclkelerine yay\u0131lan
\nve edebiyat, resim, m\u00fczik, bilim alanlar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen yenilik ve geli\u015fmelere
\ndenir. R\u00f6nesans ayn\u0131 zamanda din temelli bask\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye ve Katolik
\nKilisesi\u2019ne bir ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 niteli\u011findedir.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n
\nnedenleri nelerdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0130slam k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyetinden etkilenen Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n, Eski
\nYunan ve Roma medeniyetine ait eserleri incelemeleri.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul\u2019un fethi sonras\u0131 baz\u0131 bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130talya\u2019ya
\ngiderek bilimsel faaliyetleri burada devam ettirmeleri.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Matbaan\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla eski d\u00f6nemlere ait sanat ve bilim
\neserlerinin \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131, okuryazar oran\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler sonucu zenginle\u015fen burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n
\nsanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 korumas\u0131 ve desteklemesi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

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R\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131
\nnelerdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Avrupal\u0131lar bilim, resim, mimari, edebiyat gibi alanlar
\ngeli\u015fti.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Deney ve g\u00f6zleme dayal\u0131 pozitif d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130nsana de\u011fer veren h\u00fcmanist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Katolik Kilisesi\u2019ne olan g\u00fcven temelden sars\u0131ld\u0131. Bu durum
\nReform hareketlerinin ba\u015flamas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Bilimdeki geli\u015fmeler, end\u00fcstrinin geli\u015fmesine ortam
\nhaz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00f6nesans hareketleri Avrupa d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yay\u0131lma alan\u0131 bulamad\u0131.
\n\u00d6zellikle Osmanl\u0131 Devleti XIV ve XV. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Avrupa\u2019daki R\u00f6nesans
\nhareketlerinden etkilenmedi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Machiavelli (Makyavel)
\nhakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1469-1527 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131. \u201cH\u00fck\u00fcmdar (Prens)\u201d adl\u0131
\neserinde \u0130talya\u2019da siyasi birli\u011fin ancak g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdarla sa\u011flanabilece\u011fi
\nfikrini savundu. Ona g\u00f6re \u201cH\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde onu s\u0131n\u0131rlayacak hi\u00e7bir engel
\nolmamal\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d. Yine ayn\u0131 eserinde bir ki\u015finin hi\u00e7bir etik, ahlak veya hukuk
\nkural\u0131 olmadan tek ba\u015f\u0131na nas\u0131l iktidar h\u00e2line gelebilece\u011finden bahsetti.
\nHayat\u0131n\u0131n sonuna kadar \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n birli\u011fi i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etti.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Thomas Moore (Tam\u0131s Mur)
\nhakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1478-1535 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131. \u0130ngiliz devlet adam\u0131,
\nhukuk\u00e7u ve R\u00f6nesans D\u00f6nemi h\u00fcmanist yazarlar\u0131ndand\u0131r. 1518 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz
\ntarih yaz\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk ba\u015fyap\u0131t\u0131 olarak kabul edilen \u201cHistory of King Richard
\nIII\u201d [Histori of King Ri\u00e7\u0131rd III (Kral III. Richard\u2019\u0131n Tarihi)] adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131
\nyay\u0131mlad\u0131. 1516 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise me\u015fhur \u201cUtopia\u201d (\u00dctopya) adl\u0131 eserini tamamlad\u0131. Bu
\neserinde \u00f6zel m\u00fclk\u00fcn bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, alt\u0131na \u00f6nem verilmeyen, her \u015feyin
\npayla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve h\u00fck\u00fcmdar kavram\u0131n\u0131n bilinmedi\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z bir d\u00fcnya tasvir etti.
\nThomas Moore bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin yan\u0131nda zorunlu olmad\u0131k\u00e7a sava\u015flardan
\nka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmas\u0131, kad\u0131n erkek e\u015fitli\u011fi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerinin d\u00fczenlenmesi, e\u011fitim
\nsisteminin paras\u0131z ve zorunlu olmas\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin devlet\u00e7e yerine
\ngetirilmesi; hasta, ya\u015fl\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnlerin devlet taraf\u0131ndan korunmas\u0131 gibi
\nfikirleri savundu.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Jean Jacques Rousseau (Jan
\nJak Russo) hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1712-1778 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l Frans\u0131z
\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc Rousseau, mill\u00ee egemenlik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini ortaya atan ilk isimdir. Frans\u0131z
\n\u0130htilali\u2019nin \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftur. \u201cToplumsal S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u201d adl\u0131 eserinde
\n\u00f6zellikle yurtta\u015fl\u0131k bilincini, ortak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi, halk\u0131, devleti olu\u015fturan bir
\ntoplum s\u00f6zle\u015fmesini ve bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye her ferdin d\u00e2hil olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini
\nvurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Reform hareketi nedir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Reform ilk olarak Almanya\u2019da Katolik kilisesinin halk\u0131
\ns\u00f6m\u00fcrmesine kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flayan harekettir. Almanya\u2019da Reform hareketlerinin \u00f6nderi
\nWittenberg \u00dcniversitesinde din bilgini olan Martin Luther\u2019dir. Luther
\ntaraftarlar\u0131na \u201cProtestan\u201d ad\u0131 verildi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Protestanlara inan\u00e7
\nserbestli\u011fi tan\u0131yan ilk antla\u015fma hangisidir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Ogsburg Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1555).<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/o:p><\/p>\n

Reform hareketlerinin
\nsonu\u00e7lar\u0131 nelerdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Avrupa\u2019da mezhep birli\u011fi bozuldu. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Protestanl\u0131k, Kalvenizm ve Anglikanizm gibi yeni mezhepler
\nortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Katolik Kilisesi\u2019ne duyulan g\u00fcven azald\u0131. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Protestanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul eden \u00fclkelerde kilisenin mallar\u0131 elinden
\nal\u0131nd\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 Kilise ve din
\nadamlar\u0131n\u0131n toplum \u00fczerindeki din\u00ee ve siyasi bask\u0131lar\u0131 kalkt\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Okullar kilisenin elinden al\u0131narak laik e\u011fitim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131
\nyayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Krallar ve prensler din i\u015flerinin mutlak h\u00e2kimi oldular.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Sek\u00fclerle\u015fme kavram\u0131 hakk\u0131nda
\nbilgi veriniz<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

TDK, sek\u00fclerizm kavram\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak d\u00fcnyac\u0131l\u0131k
\ns\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6nermi\u015ftir. Sek\u00fclerle\u015fme, ister ki\u015fisel inan\u00e7 anlam\u0131nda, ister
\nkurumsal pratikler veya siyasi oterite anlam\u0131nda olsun kutsal olan\u0131n bilimsel
\nolana boyun e\u011fmesidir.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Sek\u00fclerle\u015fme, XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonras\u0131nda Protestanl\u0131\u011f\u0131
\nbenimseyen \u00fclkelerde devlet ve kilise hukukunun ayr\u0131m\u0131 anlam\u0131nda da kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Co\u011frafi ke\u015fifler sonras\u0131
\nAvrupa\u2019da hangi s\u0131n\u0131f \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde ticari faaliyetler sonucunda zenginle\u015fen burjuva
\ns\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 imtiyazl\u0131 bir konuma sahip oldu.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Merkantilizm nedir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler sonras\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da \u201cmerkantilizm\u201d ad\u0131
\nverilen ekonomik sistem ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u00dclkelerin g\u00fc\u00e7 ve zenginli\u011finin sahip
\nolduklar\u0131 de\u011ferli madenlerle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilece\u011fi fikrine dayal\u0131 bu ekonomik anlay\u0131\u015f
\ndo\u011frultusunda pek \u00e7ok Avrupa devleti i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f ticarete y\u00f6neldi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Merkantilist anlay\u0131\u015f sonucu Avrupal\u0131 devletler \u00fcretim ve
\nihracat\u0131 art\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok at\u00f6lye kurdular. Bu d\u00f6nemde teknolojik
\ngeli\u015fmelere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak tar\u0131mda insan g\u00fcc\u00fcne ihtiyac\u0131n azalmas\u0131, ula\u015f\u0131m
\nimk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesi, kentlerde sa\u011fl\u0131k merkezlerinin kurulmas\u0131 gibi etkenler
\nde k\u00f6ylerden kentlere g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0131zlanmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/o:p><\/p>\n

11.2.1. Avrupa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde meydana
\ngelen de\u011fi\u015fimleri ve bunlar\u0131n etkilerini analiz eder.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/o:p><\/p>\n

1618 ile 1648 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131
\nger\u00e7ekle\u015fen 30 Y\u0131l sava\u015flar\u0131 hangi taraflar aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Katolik Birli\u011fi; Baz\u0131 Alman prenslikleri, Avusturya,
\nRoma-Germen \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ve \u0130spanya<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Protestanlar: Baz\u0131 Alman prenslikler, Hollanda, \u0130ngiltere,
\nFransa, Danimarka ve \u0130sve\u00e7 de bu gruba kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

30 Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131 sonras\u0131
\nimzalanan 1648 Westphalia Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Otuz Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131 Protestan Birli\u011fi\u2019nin zaferi ile
\nsonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Kalvenizm mezhebi resmen tan\u0131nd\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Katolik Kilisesi ve Roma-Germen \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu g\u00fc\u00e7
\nkaybederken Fransa Avrupa siyasetine y\u00f6n vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Kilisenin kral \u00fczerindeki etkisi zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f ve egemenlik
\ndin\u00ee otoriteden do\u011frudan kral\u0131n yetkisine ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerde m\u00fctekabiliyet esas\u0131 ile modern
\ndevletler hukuku \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Hollanda, Portekiz ve \u0130svi\u00e7re gibi \u00fclkeler ulus devlet
\nanlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 do\u011frultusunda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 elde etti.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/o:p><\/p>\n

Rasyonalizm nedir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Rasyonalizm, bilginin do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen ak\u0131l ve onun bir g\u00f6revi
\nolan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme g\u00fcc\u00fc ile meydana geldi\u011fini benimseyen ve do\u011fru bilginin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131
\nda duyularda de\u011fil, ak\u0131lda g\u00f6ren \u00f6\u011fretidir.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Rasyonalizm Avrupa\u2019da bilimsel devrimin ba\u015flamas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck
\netti.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Bilim Devrimin \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden
\nNicolaus Copernicus (Nikola Kopernik) hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriniz.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1473-1543 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015f
\netraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nen bir gezegen oldu\u011funu iddia etti. Ancak Katolik Kilisesi,
\nD\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n sabit durdu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindeydi. Bu nedenle Copernicus bu fikrini
\na\u00e7\u0131klayamad\u0131 ve bu fikirlerine yer verdi\u011fi \u201cG\u00f6k K\u00fcrelerin Hareketi\u201d adl\u0131
\neserini \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden k\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce yay\u0131mlayabildi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Galileo (Galile) kimdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0130talyan as\u0131ll\u0131 g\u00f6k bilimci Galileo 1564-1642 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131
\nya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Kendi geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi teleskobu sayesinde gezegen ve
\ny\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n hareketlerini inceledi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Gezegenlerin G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in \u00e7evresinde hareket etti\u011fini ve
\nD\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n yuvarlak oldu\u011funu iddia etti. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Ancak bu iddias\u0131 nedeniyle engizisyonda yarg\u0131land\u0131. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Mahkemede kilisenin bask\u0131lar\u0131 sonucu bu iddias\u0131ndan
\nvazge\u00e7mi\u015fse de \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn kalan\u0131n\u0131 ev hapsiyle ge\u00e7irdi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

(1642-1727) Isaac Newton kimdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Newton, geli\u015fmi\u015f bir teleskop icat etti. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Newton, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f anlamda bilimi kuran ve bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn en
\ngeli\u015fmi\u015f \u00f6rne\u011fini ortaya koyan bilim insan\u0131yd\u0131. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Evrensel \u00e7ekim yasas\u0131n\u0131 bulman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde bilim ve felsefe
\naras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi de bug\u00fcn\u00fcn bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla belirledi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/o:p><\/p>\n

“11.2.2. Avrupa\u2019daki
\ngeli\u015fmelere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Osmanl\u0131 idari, asker\u00ee ve ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131nda meydana
\ngelen de\u011fi\u015fimleri analiz eder.”<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 devletinde ger\u00e7ek
\nanlamda ilk kapit\u00fclasyonlar hangi \u00fclkeye hangi padi\u015fah zaman\u0131nda verildi?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ek anlamda ilk kapit\u00fclasyon II. Selim d\u00f6neminde 1569\u2019da
\nFransa\u2019ya verildi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1580\u2019de \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye ve 1612\u2019de de Hollanda\u2019ya
\nKapit\u00fclasyonlar verildi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/o:p><\/p>\n

Hangi padi\u015fah d\u00f6neminde
\nFransa\u2019ya verilen kapit\u00fclasyonlar s\u00fcrekli hale getirildi?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1740 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fransa\u2019ya verilen kapit\u00fclasyonlar Sultan I.
\nMahmut taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrekli h\u00e2le getirdi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/o:p><\/p>\n

Kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n s\u00fcrekli
\nhale getirilmesi Osmanl\u0131 devletini nas\u0131l etkiledi?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Avrupal\u0131 devletlere verilen kapit\u00fclasyonlar merkantilizm
\npolitikas\u0131n\u0131n<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 Osmanl\u0131’da
\nuygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n mallar\u0131 zamanla Osmanl\u0131 pazarlar\u0131n\u0131 doldurmaya
\nba\u015flad\u0131. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Esnaf s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f yapamaz h\u00e2le gelmesi, sosyo-ekonomik
\nyap\u0131n\u0131n bozulmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

T\u0131mar sistemini bozulmas\u0131n\u0131n
\nnedenleri nelerdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

T\u0131mar topraklar\u0131n\u0131n n\u00fcfuzlu \u015fah\u0131slar taraf\u0131ndan, kendi
\n\u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Dirliklerin, asker\u00ee hizmetle de\u011fil, para ile sat\u0131n
\nal\u0131nabilen birer ge\u00e7im kap\u0131s\u0131 h\u00e2line gelmesi<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/o:p><\/p>\n

Cel\u00e2li \u0130syanlar\u0131 nedeniyle
\nAnadolu\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan g\u00fcvenlik sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve isyanlar\u0131n
\nbast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in hangi birlikler kuruldu?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Sekban, sar\u0131ca ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan levent birlikleri olu\u015fturuldu.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130ltizam sistemi nedir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0130ltizam sisteminde devlet, bir b\u00f6lgenin vergi toplama
\nhakk\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k artt\u0131rma usul\u00fcyle satard\u0131. Devlet iltizam bedelinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131
\npe\u015fin olarak talep ederdi. Pe\u015fin para yat\u0131rarak iltizam\u0131 alan ki\u015filere
\nm\u00fcltezim, vergi toplama hakk\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131klar\u0131 topraklara da mukataa denirdi.
\nM\u00fcltezimler ba\u015fta asker\u00ee s\u0131n\u0131ftan gelenlerden
\nolu\u015furken bunlar\u0131n yerini zamanla zengin t\u00fcccarlar ve tefeciler almaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u0131mar sistemi yerine iltizam
\nsisteminin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n temel nedeni nedir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Sava\u015f teknolojisindeki geli\u015fim, ate\u015fli silahlarla donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f
\nve devaml\u0131 maa\u015f alan merkez\u00ee piyade ordular\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Bu geli\u015fmeler Osmanl\u0131 maliyesine \u00f6nemli bir y\u00fck getirmi\u015f,
\ndevlet gelirlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n nakit \u00fczerinden hazinede toplanmas\u0131
\ngereklili\u011fini do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Bu nedenle t\u0131mar sisteminin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi de ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz
\nolmu\u015ftur.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde ekonomik
\ndengeyi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in hangi \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Ekonomide dengenin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in M\u00fcsadere (\u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n
\nmallar\u0131na el koyma), yeni vergilerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve mevcut vergi oranlar\u0131n\u0131n
\nart\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, para ta\u011f\u015fi\u015fi (paran\u0131n i\u00e7erisine ba\u015fka ucuz madenler katma) gibi
\nuygulamalara gidildi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Bir b\u00f6lgenin vergi toplama
\nhakk\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 ki\u015fiye verildi\u011fi malik\u00e2ne usul\u00fc neden uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Malik\u00e2ne usul\u00fc olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu sistemin amac\u0131 s\u00fcrekli
\nde\u011fi\u015fen m\u00fcltezimlerin fazla k\u00e2r sa\u011flama amac\u0131yla tahrip ettikleri vergi
\nkaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden canland\u0131rarak s\u00fcrekli h\u00e2le getirmek ve de\u011fi\u015fmez bir
\nm\u00fcltezime b\u0131rakmakt\u0131r. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Mukataa topraklar\u0131 h\u0131zla malik\u00e2ne mukataas\u0131na \u00e7evrildi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Sistem sayesinde ba\u015flarda Osmanl\u0131 hazinesine \u00f6nemli miktarda
\nnakit para ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

11.2.3. Osmanl\u0131 devlet idaresi ve
\ntoplum d\u00fczenindeki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeleri \u00f6nleme \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 analiz eder.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cel\u00e2li isyanlar\u0131n\u0131n nedenleri
\nnelerdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda uzun s\u00fcren Osmanl\u0131-Avusturya ve Osmanl\u0131- \u0130ran
\nsava\u015flar\u0131 gelirleri azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin ekonomisi zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u0131mar sisteminin bozulmas\u0131, <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Vergilerin y\u00fckseltilmesi,<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130ltizam sistemiyle istenilen sonuca ula\u015f\u0131lamamas\u0131,<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Eski askerlerin e\u015fkiyal\u0131k faaliyetlerine y\u00f6nelmesi gibi
\nnedenler bu isyanlar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca etkenleridir.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Cel\u00e2li isyanlar\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131
\nnelerdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0130syanlar\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u015fiddet ve bask\u0131 uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in
\nsa\u011flanan huzur uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Anadolu’da bir\u00e7ok insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f, k\u00f6yler
\nbo\u015falm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Halk\u0131n can ve mal g\u00fcvenli\u011fi isyanlar boyunca tehlike alt\u0131na
\ngirmi\u015ftir. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130syanlardan dolay\u0131 tar\u0131msal ve hayvansal \u00fcretim d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f,
\ni\u015fsizlik artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00f6ylerden \u015fehirlere yap\u0131lan g\u00f6\u00e7ler sebebiyle k\u0131rsal n\u00fcfus
\nazalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6\u00e7, \u015fehir hayat\u0131nda yeni sorunlar\u0131 do\u011furmu\u015ftur. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan ise vergilerin d\u00fczenli toplanamay\u0131\u015f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131
\nekonomisini zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/o:p><\/p>\n

Lehistan seferindeki
\ngayretsizli\u011fi \u00fczerine Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen ve yeni\u00e7eriler
\ntaraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131 kimdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Gen\u00e7 Osman (II. Osman)<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Yeni\u00e7erilerin 30 kadar devlet
\nadam\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131nar a\u011fac\u0131na ast\u0131klar\u0131 (Vakai Vakvakiyye) \u00c7\u0131nar Vakas\u0131 hangi padi\u015fah
\nd\u00f6neminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

IV. Mehmet d\u00f6neminde<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

I. Ahmet D\u00f6nemi’nde
\n(1603-1617) uygulanmaya ba\u015flanan Ekber ve Er\u015fed Sisteminde padi\u015fah nas\u0131l
\nbelirleniyordu?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Veraset
\nsisteminde yap\u0131lan bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikle hanedan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck (ekber) ve en olgun
\n(er\u015fed) \u00fcyesi padi\u015fah olacakt\u0131.<\/o:p><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki sanca\u011fa
\n\u00e7\u0131kma ve kafes usul\u00fc uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131saca a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131n.<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde \u015fehzadeler, y\u00f6netimde tecr\u00fcbe kazanmas\u0131
\namac\u0131yla yeti\u015ftirilmek i\u00e7in sancaklara g\u00f6nderilirdi. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Ekber ve Er\u015fed Sistemiyle \u015fehzadelerin sanca\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kma usul\u00fc
\nsona ermi\u015ftir. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece \u015fehzadelerin tamamen saray i\u00e7inde yeti\u015fti\u011fi kafes
\nusul\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Ekber ve Er\u015fed sisteminin
\nyararl\u0131 ve zararl\u0131 etkileri neler olmu\u015ftur?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Bu uygulamayla \u015fehzadeler aras\u0131nda taht kavgalar\u0131 \u00f6nlenmi\u015fti
\nancak \u015fehzadeler \u00fclke y\u00f6netiminde bilgi ve tecr\u00fcbe kazanmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bilgi ve
\ntecr\u00fcbeden yoksun kalan \u015fehzadeler, padi\u015fah olunca devlet adamlar\u0131 ve saray
\nkad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Layiha nedir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Layiha, \u00f6zellikle XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren devlet
\nd\u00fczenindeki olumsuzluklar\u0131n giderilmesi i\u00e7in tavsiye niteli\u011findeki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f
\nmetinleridir.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Layihalarda Osmanl\u0131 kadim (eski) d\u00fczenine d\u00f6nme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi \u00f6n
\nplandad\u0131r.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda layihalar
\nhaz\u0131rlayan devlet adamlar\u0131 kimlerdi?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

XVII. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ko\u00e7i Bey, K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi, Ayni Ali Efendi gibi
\ndevlet adamlar\u0131 raporlar (risale-layiha) haz\u0131rlad\u0131lar.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Lale
\nDevri <\/span><\/b><\/a>hangi olayla ba\u015flar, hangi
\nolayla biter?<\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Lale Devri, 1718\u2019de imzalanan Pasarof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile
\nba\u015flayan ve 1730\u2019da Patrona Halil \u0130syan\u0131 ile sona eren d\u00f6nemdir.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Lale Devri padi\u015fah\u0131 ve
\nsadrazam\u0131 kimdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131 III. Ahmet ve Sadrazam Nev\u015fehirli Damat
\n\u0130brahim Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n sadrazaml\u0131k d\u00f6nemini kapsayan zevk, e\u011flence, bar\u0131\u015f, yenile\u015fme
\nve sivil reformlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu d\u00f6neme Lale Devri ad\u0131 verilir.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Paris el\u00e7ili\u011finin ard\u0131ndan
\nsundu\u011fu raporla Osmanl\u0131\u2019da Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma hareketleri fiilen ba\u015flatan Osmanl\u0131
\ndevlet adam\u0131 kimdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Yirmisekiz \u00c7elebi Mehmet Efendi<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Lale Devri\u2019nde meydana gelen
\n\u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler nelerdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Paris, Viyana, Var\u015fova, Lehistan ve Rusya\u2019ya giden el\u00e7iler
\ndiplomatik ve ticari g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde bulundular.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 devlet erk\u00e2n\u0131 ve zenginleri yeni konaklar, k\u00f6\u015fkler
\nve saraylar in\u015fa ettirdiler.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c7elebi Mehmet Efendi\u2019nin o\u011flu Mehmet Said Efendi ve \u0130brahim
\nM\u00fcteferrika\u2019n\u0131n gayretleriyle 1727\u2019de \u0130stanbul’da matbaa kuruldu.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1720\u2019de Tulumbac\u0131 Oca\u011f\u0131 (itfaiye) kuruldu. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Yalova\u2019da k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t, \u0130stanbul\u2019da \u00e7ini fabrikas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00fcsleme sanat\u0131nda barok ve rokoko tarzlar\u0131 etkili oldu.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 dillerinden terc\u00fcmeler yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Karantina usul\u00fc uyguland\u0131.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul\u2019da \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 tedavi edildi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Zenginlerin Bat\u0131 ya\u015fam tarz\u0131 olan e\u015fyalar\u0131 ithal etmeleri
\nmoda olmu\u015ftu.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131da ilk matbaa ne zaman
\nkuruldu?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0130lk kez II. Bayezid d\u00f6neminde Yahudi az\u0131nl\u0131klar taraf\u0131ndan
\nkuruldu.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130brahim M\u00fcteferrika ile
\nMehmet Said Efendi’nin, III. Ahmet d\u00f6neminde kurdu\u011fu matbaada ilk hangi eser
\nbas\u0131ld\u0131?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Bas\u0131lan eser, kaynaklarda \u201cVankulu Lugat\u0131\u201d ad\u0131yla ge\u00e7en \u201cS\u0131hahul
\nCevheri\u201d terc\u00fcmesiydi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

1609- 1657 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131
\nya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l T\u00fcrk bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda pozitif ve h\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi savunan, “Cihann\u00fcma\u2019\u2019
\nadl\u0131 eserini haz\u0131rlayan Osmanl\u0131 alimi kimdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

Evliya \u00c7elebi kimdir?<\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Evliya \u00c7elebi 1611- 1685 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f T\u00fcrk
\ntarihinin en \u00f6nemli seyyahlar\u0131ndan biridir. Seyahatname isimli eserinde gezip
\ndola\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler hakk\u0131nda bilgi vermi\u015ftir.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/o:p><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/o:p><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/o:p><\/p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  1. \u00dcN\u0130TE: DE\u011e\u0130\u015eEN D\u00dcNYA DENGELER\u0130 KAR\u015eISINDA OSMANLI S\u0130YASET\u0130 (1595-1774)   11.1.1. 1595-1700 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcre\u00e7te meydana gelen ba\u015fl\u0131ca siyasi geli\u015fmeleri tarih \u015feridi ve haritalar […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[39],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-294","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-yaziliya-hazirlik"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":"","post_slider_layout_landscape_large":"","post_slider_layout_portrait_large":"","post_slider_layout_square_large":"","post_slider_layout_landscape":"","post_slider_layout_portrait":"","post_slider_layout_square":"","full":""},"yoast_head":"\n11. SINIF TAR\u0130H DERS\u0130 YAZILIYA HAZIRLIK SORULARI (A\u00c7IK U\u00c7LU- KISA CEVAPLI) - tarihkursu.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2023\/10\/21\/11-sinif-tarih-dersi-yaziliya-hazirlik-sorulari-acik-uclu-kisa-cevapli\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"11. 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