{"id":3025,"date":"2025-11-18T20:25:54","date_gmt":"2025-11-18T17:25:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=3025"},"modified":"2025-11-18T20:25:54","modified_gmt":"2025-11-18T17:25:54","slug":"avrupalilarin-somurgeci-politikalari-ders-notlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2025\/11\/18\/avrupalilarin-somurgeci-politikalari-ders-notlari\/","title":{"rendered":"Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci Politikalar\u0131 Ders Notlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcncel m\u00fcfredata g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a010. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 3. \u00fcnitesi\u00a0<\/strong>olan\u00a0Cihan Devleti Osmanl\u0131 (1453-1683)<\/strong>\u00a0\u00fcnitesinin\u00a0\u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u00a0Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci Politikalar\u0131<\/strong> Ders Notu<\/strong>\u00a0sayesinde tarih dersi yaz\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131na tam olarak haz\u0131rlanacaks\u0131n\u0131z.10. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih kitab\u0131 \u00f6zet pdf\u00a0<\/strong>ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde derslerde daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z.\u00a0MEB\u00a0Maarif modeline\u00a0<\/strong>uygun olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a010. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi notlar\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ders: 10. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcnite: 3. \u00dcnite: Cihan Devleti Osmanl\u0131 (1453-1683)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131\/ kazan\u0131m:\u00a0Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci Politikalar\u0131 pdf<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lgili yaz\u0131l\u0131:\u00a010. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 2. d\u00f6nem 1. yaz\u0131l\u0131<\/strong>, 10. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersi 2. d\u00f6nem 2. yaz\u0131l\u0131<\/strong>, <\/p>\n\n\n\n

AVRUPALILARIN S\u00d6M\u00dcRGEC\u0130 POL\u0130T\u0130KALARI<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Yeni Ticaret Yollar\u0131 Aray\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

XV-XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve di\u011fer M\u00fcsl\u00fcman devletler, \u0130pek ve Baharat yollar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol ediyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durum, Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n Do\u011fu ile ticaretini zorla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ve maliyetleri art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupal\u0131lar, ticari \u00fcr\u00fcnleri daha ucuza alabilmek ve Venediklilerle M\u00fcsl\u00fcman t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n i\u015f birli\u011fini engellemek i\u00e7in yeni yollar aramaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu aray\u0131\u015f, Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler’in temel nedenlerinden biri oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Denizcilik Teknolojisindeki Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

XV. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n denizcilik bilgisi s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Portekizli gemiciler, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman co\u011frafyac\u0131lardan \u00f6\u011frendikleri harita tekni\u011fini geli\u015ftirdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Okyanuslara dayan\u0131kl\u0131, hem y\u00fck hem de top ta\u015f\u0131yabilen karavel ve karak tipi gemiler in\u015fa ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00f6n bulmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran pusula, usturlap ve sekstant gibi aletler sayesinde bilinmeyen yerlerin haritalar\u0131n\u0131 yapabildiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Portekiz’in \u00d6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Ke\u015fifler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Portekizli Prens Henrique (Denizci Henri), XV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Afrika k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ke\u015fifleri ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bartolomeu Dias, Afrika’n\u0131n g\u00fcney ucundaki \u00dcmit Burnu’nu ke\u015ffederek Hindistan yolunu a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1498’de Vasco da Gama, \u00dcmit Burnu’nu ge\u00e7erek Hindistan’\u0131n Kalikut Liman\u0131’na ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ke\u015fif, Portekiz’in baharat ticaretinde egemen olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Portekiz S\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun Do\u011fu\u015fu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1500 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pedro Alvares Cabral, Brezilya’ya ula\u015farak buray\u0131 Portekiz topra\u011f\u0131 ilan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1511’de stratejik \u00f6neme sahip Malakka Bo\u011faz\u0131’n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1554’te \u00c7in ile ticaret yapmak i\u00e7in Makao’yu bir \u00fcs olarak kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ke\u015ffedilen bu topraklarda koloniler kuran Portekiz Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede b\u00fcy\u00fck bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrge imparatorlu\u011funa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer Avrupal\u0131 G\u00fc\u00e7ler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Portekiz’in ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 \u0130spanya, Hollanda, Fransa ve \u0130ngiltere’yi de harekete ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130spanyol denizci Kristof Kolomb, Hindistan’a ula\u015fmak isterken Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ke\u015fifler sonucunda Amerika’daki \u0130nka ve Aztek gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck medeniyetler y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130spanyollar, bu topraklardaki alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f gibi de\u011ferli kaynaklar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrerek Avrupa’n\u0131n en zengin krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2line geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fiflerin Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne Etkileri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler sonucunda ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6n de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi, Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesinden ge\u00e7en \u0130pek ve Baharat yollar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini azaltt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atlas Okyanusu\u2019ndaki limanlar \u00f6nem kazan\u0131rken Akdeniz limanlar\u0131 \u00f6nemini kaybetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durum Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin g\u00fcmr\u00fck gelirlerinde azalmaya, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da ekonomisinde gerilemeye neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hollanda, Fransa ve \u0130ngiltere’nin S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hollanda, Do\u011fu Hindistan \u015eirketi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Asya baharat ticaretini ele ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fransa, Amerika, Afrika ve Asya’da koloniler kurarak baharat, \u015feker kam\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve k\u00fcrk ticareti yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere, Hindistan ve Amerika’da koloniler kurdu; Do\u011fu Hindistan \u015eirketi s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin merkezi oldu. \u0130ngiltere \u00fczerinde g\u00fcne\u015f batmayan imparatorlu\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngilizler, k\u00f6le ticaretinde de aktif rol oynayarak Avrupa ekonomisinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fc\u00e7 h\u00e2line geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atlantik K\u00f6le Ticareti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130spanyollar, Amerika’daki yerli n\u00fcfusun salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar nedeniyle azalmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Afrikal\u0131 k\u00f6lelere y\u00f6neldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1518’de \u0130spanyol Kral\u0131 V. Charles, Afrika’dan k\u00f6le ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 resmen yasalla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere (Royal African Company), Hollanda (West India Company) ve Fransa (Compagnie du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal) gibi \u00fclkeler kurduklar\u0131 \u015firketlerle k\u00f6le ticaretini y\u00f6nettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milyonlarca Afrikal\u0131, zorla Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclerek k\u00f6le olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6leli\u011fin Sonu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atlantik k\u00f6le ticareti XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sona erdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak k\u00f6leli\u011fin tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve etkilerinin silinmesi uzun y\u0131llar s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6lelik kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 protestolar, insan haklar\u0131 m\u00fccadelesinin \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler, 25 Mart’\u0131 Uluslararas\u0131 K\u00f6lelik ve Transatlantik K\u00f6le Ticareti Ma\u011fdurlar\u0131n\u0131 Anma G\u00fcn\u00fc ilan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00f6nesans<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00f6nesans, “yeniden do\u011fu\u015f” anlam\u0131na gelir; XV-XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Avrupa’da ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antik Yunan ve Roma k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne dayanan bilim, sanat ve felsefe alan\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir canlanmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00fcmanizm ak\u0131m\u0131, toplum yerine insan\u0131 merkeze alarak R\u00f6nesans’\u0131 \u015fekillendirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde Katolik Kilisesi’nin bask\u0131lar\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011fretileri sorgulanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do\u011fru bilginin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131l oldu\u011funu savunan rasyonalizm de bu d\u00f6nemde etkili oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00f6nesans’\u0131n Destek\u00e7ileri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do\u011fu ile ticaret, Venedik, Cenova ve Floransa gibi \u0130talyan \u015fehirlerini zenginle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu zenginle\u015fme, bilimi ve sanat\u0131 destekleyen “mesen” adl\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Floransa’daki Medici ailesi, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci gibi sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 ve daha sonra bilim insan\u0131 Galileo’yu destekledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu destek, R\u00f6nesans’\u0131n \u0130talya’da ba\u015flamas\u0131nda ve geli\u015fmesinde kilit rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00f6nesans Sanat\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00f6nesans sanat\u0131, XV. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u0130talya’n\u0131n Floransa \u015fehrinde ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsan\u00fcst\u00fc bir dinsellik yerine, dinle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fen bir do\u011fa ve idealle\u015ftirilmi\u015f insan anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 benimsedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu nedenle din d\u0131\u015f\u0131 konular (portreler, mitolojik hikayeler) ve sivil mimari (saraylar, konutlar) \u00f6nem kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Temel amac\u0131, Eski Roma ve Yunan sanat\u0131n\u0131 yeniden canland\u0131rmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00f6nesans’\u0131n Yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda Matbaan\u0131n Rol\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00f6nesans k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda en etkili icat, matbaa oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1450’de Johannes Gutenberg, Almanya’n\u0131n Mainz \u015fehrinde hareketli harf bask\u0131 sistemini geli\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu bulu\u015f sayesinde kitap bas\u0131m\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131 ve ucuzlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Okuma-yazma, sadece din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p t\u00fcm topluma yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00f6nesans ve Siyasi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00f6nesans d\u00f6neminde feodal yap\u0131lar y\u0131k\u0131larak yerlerini mutlak monar\u015filere (g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc krall\u0131klara) b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcccarlar, ticari faaliyetlerini g\u00fcvenle s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in merkezi y\u00f6netimi g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren krallar\u0131 destekledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemin en \u00f6nemli siyaset d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinden biri Floransal\u0131 Niccolo Machiavelli’ydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Machiavelli, “Prens” adl\u0131 eserinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n \u00f6nemini vurgulad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reform Hareketlerinin Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Katolik Kilisesi’nin artan bask\u0131s\u0131 ve yanl\u0131\u015f uygulamalar\u0131 halk aras\u0131nda tepkiye yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00fcmanizm ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin yay\u0131lmas\u0131yla insanlar Kilise’yi sorgulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1517’de Alman bir ke\u015fi\u015f olan Martin Luther, Wittenberg’deki kilisenin kap\u0131s\u0131na 95 maddelik bir bildiri asarak Reform hareketini ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Luther, Kilise’nin g\u00fcnahlar\u0131 affetme (end\u00fcljans) gibi uygulamalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reform’un Yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alman prensleri, siyasi nedenlerle Martin Luther’i destekledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1555 Augsburg Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile Almanya’da Protestanl\u0131k mezhebi resmen tan\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reform hareketleri Avrupa’ya yay\u0131ld\u0131: Almanya’da Lutheryenizm, \u0130svi\u00e7re ve Fransa’da Kalvenizm, \u0130ngiltere’de Anglikanizm gibi yeni mezhepler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Otuz Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve Westphalia Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa’daki mezhep ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131, Otuz Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131’na (1618-1648) neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f, Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile Protestan Alman prensleri aras\u0131nda ba\u015flay\u0131p t\u00fcm Avrupa’ya yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f\u0131 bitiren Westphalia Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1648), modern diplomasi ve uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkiler i\u00e7in bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu antla\u015fmayla, devletlerin egemenli\u011finin dini otoriteden (Papal\u0131k’tan) ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z oldu\u011fu kabul edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reform Hareketleri ve Osmanl\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reform hareketleri Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde etkili olamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Hristiyanlar, din ve vicdan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahiplerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Avrupa\u2019daki Reform hareketleriyle siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan ilgilendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6nemin h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Kanuni, Luther\u2019e ve Protestanlara destek verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa\u2019daki kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klardan faydalanarak Viyana \u00f6nlerine kadar ilerledi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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