Tarih Kursu Online Test – De\u011fi\u015fim \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 ve Diplomasi<\/title>\n<style>\n \/* WordPress \u00c7ak\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00d6nlemek \u0130\u00e7in Scoped CSS (tk-quiz-) *\/\n #tk-quiz-wrapper {\n font-family: 'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif;\n max-width: 800px;\n margin: 20px auto;\n \/* A\u00e7\u0131k mavi arka plan *\/\n background: #f0f8ff; \n border: 1px solid #d1d9e6;\n border-radius: 12px;\n box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);\n padding: 25px;\n color: #333;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n }\n\n #tk-quiz-wrapper * {\n box-sizing: border-box;\n }\n\n \/* Header & Progress *\/\n .tk-header {\n display: flex;\n justify-content: space-between;\n align-items: center;\n margin-bottom: 20px;\n padding-bottom: 15px;\n border-bottom: 2px solid #e1e8f0;\n }\n\n .tk-brand {\n font-weight: 700;\n color: #4a5568;\n font-size: 15px;\n letter-spacing: 0.5px;\n }\n\n .tk-progress {\n font-size: 14px;\n font-weight: 600;\n color: #3182ce;\n background: #e6f0ff;\n padding: 4px 10px;\n border-radius: 15px;\n }\n\n \/* Soru Alan\u0131 *\/\n .tk-meta-info {\n font-size: 12px;\n font-weight: 600;\n color: #718096;\n background: #ffffff;\n padding: 8px 12px;\n border-radius: 6px;\n margin-bottom: 15px;\n display: inline-block;\n border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;\n }\n\n .tk-question-text {\n font-size: 16px;\n line-height: 1.6;\n margin-bottom: 20px;\n padding: 15px;\n background-color: #ffffff;\n border-left: 5px solid #3498db;\n border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;\n box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\n }\n\n .tk-question-root {\n font-size: 17px;\n font-weight: 700;\n margin-bottom: 25px;\n color: #2d3748;\n }\n\n \/* \u015e\u0131klar *\/\n .tk-options {\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n gap: 12px;\n }\n\n .tk-option-btn {\n background: #ffffff;\n border: 2px solid #cbd5e0;\n padding: 14px 16px;\n border-radius: 8px;\n cursor: pointer;\n text-align: left;\n font-size: 15px;\n transition: all 0.2s ease;\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n width: 100%;\n color: #2d3748;\n font-weight: 500;\n }\n\n .tk-option-btn:hover:not(:disabled) {\n background-color: #ebf8ff;\n border-color: #63b3ed;\n transform: translateY(-1px);\n }\n\n \/* Do\u011fru\/Yanl\u0131\u015f Renkleri *\/\n .tk-option-btn.correct {\n background-color: #c6f6d5 !important;\n border-color: #38a169 !important;\n color: #22543d !important;\n }\n\n .tk-option-btn.wrong {\n background-color: #fed7d7 !important;\n border-color: #e53e3e !important;\n color: #742a2a !important;\n }\n\n .tk-option-letter {\n font-weight: 800;\n margin-right: 12px;\n min-width: 25px;\n color: #4a5568;\n }\n \n .tk-option-btn.correct .tk-option-letter,\n .tk-option-btn.wrong .tk-option-letter {\n color: inherit;\n }\n\n \/* Navigasyon *\/\n .tk-navigation {\n display: flex;\n justify-content: space-between;\n margin-top: 30px;\n gap: 15px;\n }\n\n .tk-nav-btn {\n padding: 12px 24px;\n background-color: #4a5568;\n color: white;\n border: none;\n border-radius: 6px;\n cursor: pointer;\n font-size: 15px;\n min-width: 110px;\n transition: background-color 0.2s;\n font-weight: 600;\n }\n\n .tk-nav-btn:hover {\n background-color: #2d3748;\n }\n\n .tk-nav-btn:disabled {\n background-color: #cbd5e0;\n cursor: not-allowed;\n }\n\n .tk-nav-btn.finish {\n background-color: #38a169;\n }\n \n .tk-nav-btn.finish:hover {\n background-color: #2f855a;\n }\n\n \/* \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm Alan\u0131 *\/\n .tk-solution-area {\n margin-top: 20px;\n display: none; \/* JS ile a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r *\/\n }\n\n .tk-solution-toggle {\n background: none;\n border: none;\n color: #3182ce;\n text-decoration: underline;\n cursor: pointer;\n font-size: 14px;\n padding: 5px 0;\n font-weight: 600;\n }\n \n .tk-solution-toggle:hover {\n color: #2b6cb0;\n }\n\n .tk-solution-content {\n margin-top: 10px;\n padding: 15px;\n background-color: #fffff0;\n border: 1px solid #f6e05e;\n border-left: 4px solid #ecc94b;\n color: #744210;\n border-radius: 4px;\n font-size: 14px;\n line-height: 1.5;\n display: none;\n }\n\n \/* Sonu\u00e7 Ekran\u0131 *\/\n #tk-result-screen {\n display: none;\n text-align: center;\n padding: 30px 20px;\n }\n\n #tk-result-screen h2 {\n color: #2d3748;\n margin-top: 0;\n }\n\n .tk-score-circle {\n width: 160px;\n height: 160px;\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #4299e1 0%, #3182ce 100%);\n color: white;\n border-radius: 50%;\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n justify-content: center;\n align-items: center;\n margin: 20px auto 30px auto;\n box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.4);\n }\n\n .tk-score-percent {\n font-size: 36px;\n font-weight: bold;\n }\n\n .tk-score-text {\n font-size: 15px;\n opacity: 0.9;\n }\n\n .tk-stats {\n display: flex;\n justify-content: center;\n gap: 20px;\n margin-bottom: 30px;\n }\n\n .tk-stat-box {\n background: #ffffff;\n padding: 15px 25px;\n border-radius: 8px;\n min-width: 100px;\n box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\n }\n\n .tk-stat-val {\n font-size: 24px;\n font-weight: bold;\n display: block;\n margin-bottom: 5px;\n }\n \n .tk-stat-label {\n font-size: 13px;\n color: #718096;\n font-weight: 600;\n }\n\n .tk-restart-btn {\n background-color: #3182ce;\n color: white;\n border: none;\n padding: 14px 35px;\n border-radius: 30px;\n font-size: 16px;\n font-weight: 600;\n cursor: pointer;\n transition: transform 0.2s, background-color 0.2s;\n box-shadow: 0 4px 6px rgba(49, 130, 206, 0.3);\n }\n\n .tk-restart-btn:hover {\n transform: scale(1.05);\n background-color: #2b6cb0;\n }\n\n \/* Mobil D\u00fczenlemeler *\/\n @media (max-width: 600px) {\n #tk-quiz-wrapper {\n padding: 15px;\n margin: 10px 5px;\n border-radius: 8px;\n }\n .tk-question-text {\n font-size: 15px;\n padding: 12px;\n }\n .tk-question-root {\n font-size: 16px;\n }\n .tk-nav-btn {\n flex: 1; \/* Butonlar t\u00fcm geni\u015fli\u011fi kaplas\u0131n *\/\n }\n .tk-option-btn {\n padding: 12px;\n }\n }\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<div id=\"tk-quiz-wrapper\">\n \n <div id=\"tk-quiz-screen\">\n <div class=\"tk-header\">\n <span class=\"tk-brand\">tarihkursu.com<\/span>\n <span class=\"tk-progress\" id=\"tk-progress\">Soru 1 \/ 20<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div id=\"tk-question-container\">\n \n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tk-solution-area\" id=\"tk-solution-area\">\n <button class=\"tk-solution-toggle\" onclick=\"toggleSolution()\">\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc G\u00f6r \u25bc<\/button>\n <div class=\"tk-solution-content\" id=\"tk-solution-text\">\n \n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tk-navigation\">\n <button class=\"tk-nav-btn\" id=\"tk-btn-prev\" onclick=\"prevQuestion()\">Geri<\/button>\n <button class=\"tk-nav-btn\" id=\"tk-btn-next\" onclick=\"nextQuestion()\">\u0130leri<\/button>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div id=\"tk-result-screen\">\n <h2>Test Sonucu<\/h2>\n <p style=\"color:#718096; margin-bottom:20px; font-weight:600;\">tarihkursu.com<\/p>\n \n <div class=\"tk-score-circle\">\n <span class=\"tk-score-percent\" id=\"tk-final-percent\">%0<\/span>\n <span class=\"tk-score-text\">Ba\u015far\u0131<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tk-stats\">\n <div class=\"tk-stat-box\" style=\"border-bottom: 4px solid #48bb78;\">\n <span class=\"tk-stat-val\" id=\"tk-final-correct\" style=\"color:#2f855a\">0<\/span>\n <span class=\"tk-stat-label\">Do\u011fru<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tk-stat-box\" style=\"border-bottom: 4px solid #f56565;\">\n <span class=\"tk-stat-val\" id=\"tk-final-wrong\" style=\"color:#c53030\">0<\/span>\n <span class=\"tk-stat-label\">Yanl\u0131\u015f<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <button class=\"tk-restart-btn\" onclick=\"restartQuiz()\">Testi Tekrarla<\/button>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\n \/\/ Soru Verileri - DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130M \u00c7A\u011eI VE D\u0130PLOMAS\u0130 (G\u00dcNCEL)\n const questions = [\n {\n id: 1,\n meta: \"Soru 1\",\n text: \"Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131\u2019nda Kilise, sadece din\u00ee hayat\u0131 de\u011fil, e\u011fitimden sanata, siyasetten bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara kadar hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131 bir denetim alt\u0131nda tutmu\u015ftur. Antik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019dan kalan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras\u0131n yaln\u0131zca Kilise \u00f6\u011fretilerine uygun olan k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verilmi\u015f, ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc fikir reddedilmi\u015ftir. Bu durum, ele\u015ftiriye kapal\u0131, dogmatik bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kle\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\",\n root: \"Bu bilgilere dayanarak Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131\u2019ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisi s\u00f6ylenemez?\",\n options: { A: \"\u00d6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ortam\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tland\u0131\u011f\u0131\", B: \"K\u00fclt\u00fcrel birikimin Kilise filtresinden ge\u00e7ti\u011fi\", C: \"Ak\u0131lc\u0131 ve bilimsel y\u00f6ntemin \u00f6n planda oldu\u011fu\", D: \"Skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin topluma egemen oldu\u011fu\", E: \"Antik k\u00fclt\u00fcr de\u011ferlerinin se\u00e7ilerek korundu\u011fu\" },\n correct: \"C\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklara g\u00f6re Orta \u00c7a\u011f'da kilise sadece uygun buldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere m\u00fcsaade etmi\u015f ve bu durum skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce dogmatiktir; ak\u0131lc\u0131 ve bilimsel y\u00f6ntemi (pozitif d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi) reddeder.\"\n },\n {\n id: 2,\n meta: \"Soru 2\",\n text: \"Avrupa\u2019da toplum y\u00fczy\u0131llarca keskin s\u0131n\u0131flara ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; bir tarafta geni\u015f imtiyazlara sahip ruhban ve aristokratlar, di\u011fer tarafta ise her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sosyal ve ekonomik haktan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131lan yoksul halk yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kilise, halk\u0131n manevi duygular\u0131n\u0131 istismar ederek onlara \\\"End\u00fcljans\\\" ad\u0131 verilen g\u00fcnah \u00e7\u0131karma belgeleri satarken, toplumsal hiyerar\u015finin bozulmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in \\\"Aforoz\\\" ve \\\"Enterdi\\\" gibi yetkilerini birer bask\u0131 arac\u0131 olarak kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\",\n root: \"Bu bilgiler do\u011frultusunda Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrupa toplumu ile ilgili a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisine ula\u015f\u0131labilir?\",\n options: { A: \"S\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131 dikey hareketlili\u011fin yayg\u0131n oldu\u011funa\", B: \"Kilisenin ekonomik ve siyasi bir g\u00fc\u00e7 oda\u011f\u0131 haline geldi\u011fine\", C: \"Burjuvazinin y\u00f6netimde en etkili s\u0131n\u0131f kabul edildi\u011fine\", D: \"Halk\u0131n e\u011fitim yoluyla sosyal stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc h\u0131zla de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fine\", E: \"Laik hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n toplumsal yap\u0131y\u0131 \u015fekillendirdi\u011fine\" },\n correct: \"B\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklarda kilisenin para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnah \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 (End\u00fcljans), kral\u0131 ve halk\u0131 dinden atabildi\u011fi (Enterdi) ve mahkemeler (Engizisyon) kurdu\u011fu belirtilmektedir. Bu durum kilisenin sadece din\u00ee de\u011fil, ekonomik ve siyasi bir g\u00fc\u00e7 oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlar.\"\n },\n {\n id: 3,\n meta: \"Soru 3\",\n text: \"Feodalite, Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131\u2019nda siyasal birli\u011fin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcc\u00fcn yerel derebeylerin elinde topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00fczendi. Ancak XV. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren barutun ate\u015fli silahlarda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla bu sars\u0131lmaz kaleler y\u0131k\u0131lmaya, derebeyler g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybetmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n siyasi haritas\u0131n\u0131n yeniden \u00e7izilmesine zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.\",\n root: \"Feodalitenin zay\u0131flamas\u0131n\u0131n Avrupa\u2019da a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisine ortam haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 savunulabilir?\",\n options: { A: \"Skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesine\", B: \"Mutlak krall\u0131klar\u0131n merkezi otoritesinin artmas\u0131na\", C: \"Kapal\u0131 ekonomik modelin (otarki) kal\u0131c\u0131 hale gelmesine\", D: \"S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik faaliyetlerinin tamamen sona ermesine\", E: \"Aristokrat s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n y\u00f6netimdeki etkisinin mutlakla\u015fmas\u0131na\" },\n correct: \"B\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklarda feodalitenin (derebeylik) XV. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren yerini mutlak krall\u0131klara b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edilmektedir. Bu durum, yerel g\u00fc\u00e7lerin zay\u0131flayarak merkezi otoritenin (krallar\u0131n) g\u00fc\u00e7lendi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.\"\n },\n {\n id: 4,\n meta: \"Soru 4\",\n text: \"\u0130talyan siyaset bilimci Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u0130talya'n\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u015fehir devletlerine b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ve yabanc\u0131 i\u015fgallere a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131ndan derin \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc duymu\u015ftur. Ona g\u00f6re bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar, ne pahas\u0131na olursa olsun devletin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumal\u0131 ve birli\u011fini sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r. \\\"H\u00fck\u00fcmdar (Prens)\\\" adl\u0131 eserinde, devletin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda ahlaki kurallar\u0131n ikinci planda kalabilece\u011fini savunmu\u015ftur.\",\n root: \"Buna g\u00f6re Machiavelli\u2019nin devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile ilgili; I. Ulusal ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devlet yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 hedefledi\u011fi, II. Devlet \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc de\u011ferin \u00fcst\u00fcnde tuttu\u011fu, III. G\u00fc\u00e7ler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesini mutlak bir kural olarak benimsedi\u011fi yarg\u0131lar\u0131ndan hangilerine ula\u015f\u0131labilir?\",\n options: { A: \"Yaln\u0131z I\", B: \"Yaln\u0131z II\", C: \"I ve II\", D: \"I ve III\", E: \"II ve III\" },\n correct: \"C\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Machiavelli'nin ba\u015fl\u0131ca amac\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u0130talyan devleti kurmakt\u0131r ve devletin amac\u0131na ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in her yolu (hukuk d\u0131\u015f\u0131 dahil) denemesini savunur. Ancak g\u00fc\u00e7ler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bir bilgi notlarda onun i\u00e7in ge\u00e7mez (bu Rousseau ile ili\u015fkilendirilir veya Kant taraf\u0131ndan savunulur).\"\n },\n {\n id: 5,\n meta: \"Soru 5\",\n text: \"H\u00fcmanizm ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle XV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130talya'da ba\u015flayan R\u00f6nesans, insan\u0131n ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yeniden ke\u015ffi olarak nitelendirilir. Bu d\u00f6nemde sadece sanat ve edebiyatta de\u011fil, insan\u0131n hayata bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda da devrim niteli\u011finde de\u011fi\u015fimler ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zenginle\u015fen burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kan \\\"Mesen\\\" aileleri, sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 koruyarak bu zihinsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn maddi destek\u00e7isi olmu\u015flard\u0131r.\",\n root: \"A\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisi R\u00f6nesans hareketlerinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilemez?\",\n options: { A: \"\u00d6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin temelinin at\u0131lmas\u0131\", B: \"Skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin yerini pozitif d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye b\u0131rakmas\u0131\", C: \"Reform hareketlerine zemin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131\", D: \"Avrupa\u2019da ilk kez merkezi krall\u0131klar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131\", E: \"Bilim, sanat ve edebiyatta yeni bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011fmas\u0131\" },\n correct: \"D\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Merkezi krall\u0131klar, feodalitenin zay\u0131flamas\u0131yla XV. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren kurulmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. R\u00f6nesans'\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, pozitif bilimler ve Reform'a zemin haz\u0131rlama vard\u0131r ancak krall\u0131klar\u0131n \\\"ilk kez\\\" kurulmas\u0131 R\u00f6nesans'\u0131n bir sonucu de\u011fil, ona paralel bir siyasi s\u00fcre\u00e7tir.\"\n },\n {\n id: 6,\n meta: \"Soru 6\",\n text: \"Thomas More, \\\"\u00dctopya\\\" adl\u0131 eserinde \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, paran\u0131n kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve herkesin ihtiyac\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00fcretimden pay ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 hayali bir ada d\u00fczeni kurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. More\u2019un bu eseri, d\u00f6neminin toplumsal sorunlar\u0131na bir ele\u015ftiri niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.\",\n root: \"Thomas More\u2019un \\\"\u00dctopya\\\"da dile getirdi\u011fi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerden hangisi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \\\"sosyal devlet\\\" anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla daha \u00e7ok ba\u011fda\u015fmaktad\u0131r?\",\n options: { A: \"\u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyetin kutsal kabul edilmesi\", B: \"Sava\u015flar\u0131n sadece savunma ama\u00e7l\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131\", C: \"Y\u00f6neticilerin \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu g\u00f6revde kalmas\u0131\", D: \"Temel e\u011fitimin genel ve paras\u0131z olmas\u0131\", E: \"\u00dclke meselelerinin sadece halk kurultaylar\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi\" },\n correct: \"D\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklarda Thomas More'un; e\u011fitimin paras\u0131z olmas\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin devlet\u00e7e sunulmas\u0131 ve ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6zetilmesi gibi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmektedir. Bu hizmetler modern sosyal devletin temel ta\u015flar\u0131d\u0131r.\"\n },\n {\n id: 7,\n meta: \"Soru 7\",\n text: \"Jean Jacques Rousseau, \\\"Toplum S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\\\" adl\u0131 eserinde devletin, bireylerin kendi aralar\u0131nda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bir anla\u015fmaya dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunur. Ona g\u00f6re egemenlik halka aittir ve b\u00f6l\u00fcnemez. Rousseau\u2019nun bu fikirleri, 1789 Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019ni etkileyen en \u00f6nemli unsurlardan biri olmu\u015ftur.\",\n root: \"Rousseau\u2019nun egemenli\u011fin b\u00f6l\u00fcnemezli\u011fi fikrine dayanarak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir?\",\n options: { A: \"Ulusal egemenlik ilkesine\", B: \"Kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sistemine\", C: \"Toplumsal s\u00f6zle\u015fme mant\u0131\u011f\u0131na\", D: \"\u00c7o\u011funlu\u011fun iktidar\u0131na\", E: \"Devlet otoritesinin korunmas\u0131na\" },\n correct: \"B\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynakta Rousseau\u2019nun \\\"Egemenlik b\u00f6l\u00fcnemez. Bu nedenle de kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesi kabul edilemez.\\\" dedi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmi\u015ftir.\"\n },\n {\n id: 8,\n meta: \"Soru 8\",\n text: \"Reform, XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Martin Luther\u2019in Almanya\u2019da ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Katolik Kilisesi\u2019nin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc d\u00fczenine kar\u015f\u0131 bir ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan din\u00ee bir harekettir. \u0130ncil\u2019in milli dillere \u00e7evrilmesi ve matbaan\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, kilisenin halk \u00fczerindeki tekelini sarsm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\",\n root: \"A\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisi Reform'un Almanya'da ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n nedenlerinden biri de\u011fildir?\",\n options: { A: \"Alman halk\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik olarak daha fakir olmas\u0131\", B: \"Matbaan\u0131n Almanya\u2019da geli\u015ftirilmesi\", C: \"\u0130ncil\u2019in ilk kez Almancaya \u00e7evrilmesi\", D: \"Almanlar\u0131n Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer Avrupa halklar\u0131ndan daha ge\u00e7 kabul etmesi\", E: \"Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Almanya\u2019daki Protestanlara askeri destek vermesi\" },\n correct: \"E\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Reform hareketlerini izlemi\u015f ve Protestanlara destek vermi\u015ftir; ancak bu destek Reform'un Almanya'da \\\"ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n\\\" bir nedeni de\u011fil, s\u00fcrecin devam\u0131ndaki siyasi bir etkidir. Di\u011fer se\u00e7enekler (fakirlik, matbaa, \u00e7eviri) do\u011frudan ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 nedenleridir.\"\n },\n {\n id: 9,\n meta: \"Soru 9\",\n text: \"Otuz Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131 (1618-1648), ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta mezhep temelli bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de zamanla hanedan m\u00fccadelelerine ve siyasi bir hesapla\u015fmaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Sava\u015f\u0131n sonunda imzalanan Westphalia Antla\u015fmas\u0131, modern Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n temellerini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\",\n root: \"Westphalia Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan hangisi \\\"sek\u00fclerle\u015fme\\\" (d\u00fcnyevile\u015fme) s\u00fcreciyle do\u011frudan ili\u015fkilidir?\",\n options: { A: \"Hollanda ve \u0130svi\u00e7re'nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmas\u0131\", B: \"Habsburg Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n itibar kaybetmesi\", C: \"Avrupa halk\u0131na mezhep se\u00e7me \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tan\u0131nmas\u0131\", D: \"Devletlerin kendi topraklar\u0131nda \\\"mutlak egemen\\\" konuma gelmesi\", E: \"Diplomasinin ve devletler aras\u0131 hukukun dinden ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131\" },\n correct: \"E\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklarda Westphalia ile devletlerin daha sek\u00fcler bir hale geldi\u011fi, dinin devletin tekeline al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve modern devletler hukukunun temelinin at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir. Sek\u00fclerle\u015fme, dinin kamu hayat\u0131ndan ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p d\u00fcnyevi otoritenin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131d\u0131r.\"\n },\n {\n id: 10,\n meta: \"Soru 10\",\n text: \"Yeni \u00c7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131\u2019nda ekonomi politikalar\u0131na \\\"Merkantilizm\\\" damga vurmu\u015ftur. Bu doktrine g\u00f6re bir millet ne kadar \u00e7ok de\u011ferli madene (alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f) sahipse o kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr. Merkantilist anlay\u0131\u015f, Avrupal\u0131 devletleri yeni pazarlar ve hammadde kaynaklar\u0131 aramaya itmi\u015ftir.\",\n root: \"Bu durumun Avrupa\u2019da a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisini h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez?\",\n options: { A: \"S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131n\u0131\", B: \"Burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n zenginle\u015fmesini\", C: \"K\u0131rdan kente g\u00f6\u00e7lerin ya\u015fanmas\u0131n\u0131\", D: \"Feodal ekonomik d\u00fczenin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesini\", E: \"Ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc i\u00e7in sava\u015flar yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131\" },\n correct: \"D\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Merkantilizm ticaret ve de\u011ferli maden \u00fczerine kuruludur ve burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir. Feodalite ise toprak m\u00fclkiyetine dayal\u0131 bir Orta \u00c7a\u011f d\u00fczenidir ve Yeni \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da merkantilizmin y\u00fckseli\u015fiyle zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\"\n },\n {\n id: 11,\n meta: \"Soru 11\",\n text: \"Isaac Newton, XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim yasas\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffederek evrenin i\u015fleyi\u015fini matematiksel bir temele oturtmu\u015ftur. Bilim Devrimi\u2019nin zirvesi kabul edilen bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, evrenin Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrekli m\u00fcdahale edilen bir yer oldu\u011fu inanc\u0131n\u0131 sarsm\u0131\u015f, rasyonel bir evren modelini getirmi\u015ftir.\",\n root: \"Bilim Devrimi s\u00fcrecinde; I. Copernicus, II. Galileo, III. Pascal bilim insanlar\u0131ndan hangileri astronomi alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?\",\n options: { A: \"Yaln\u0131z I\", B: \"Yaln\u0131z II\", C: \"I ve II\", D: \"I ve III\", E: \"II ve III\" },\n correct: \"C\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklara g\u00f6re Copernicus \\\"G\u00fcne\u015f merkezli evren modeli\\\", Galileo ise \\\"teleskopla gezegenleri inceleme\\\" \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla astronomi (g\u00f6k bilimi) alan\u0131ndad\u0131r. Pascal ise daha \u00e7ok matematik (\u00fc\u00e7gen) ve fizik (bas\u0131n\u00e7) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla bilinir.\"\n },\n {\n id: 12,\n meta: \"Soru 12\",\n text: \"Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren Avrupa'daki ekonomik de\u011fi\u015fimlerin etkisini hissetmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler sonras\u0131 Avrupa'ya akan bol miktardaki g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na girdi\u011finde paran\u0131n de\u011fer kaybetmesine ve fiyatlar\u0131n h\u0131zla artmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\",\n root: \"Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisinde ya\u015fanan bu durum a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisiyle adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r?\",\n options: { A: \"Merkantilizm\", B: \"Enflasyon\", C: \"Narh Sistemi\", D: \"Ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f\", E: \"\u0130ltizam\" },\n correct: \"B\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklarda g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn bollu\u011funun fiyatlar\u0131n y\u00fckselmesine ve gelirin d\u00fc\u015fmesine neden oldu\u011fu, bu durumun Osmanl\u0131'da enflasyon ya\u015fanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmi\u015ftir.\"\n },\n {\n id: 13,\n meta: \"Soru 13\",\n text: \"Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda T\u0131mar sisteminin bozulmas\u0131yla eyaletlerde asker yeti\u015ftirilmesi zorla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, devlet hazinesine nakit para giri\u015fi ihtiyac\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun \u00fczerine devlet, vergi toplama hakk\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k art\u0131rma usul\u00fcyle \u015fah\u0131slara devretmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\",\n root: \"Bu vergi toplama sistemine ne ad verilir?\",\n options: { A: \"Malik\u00e2ne\", B: \"M\u00fcsadere\", C: \"\u0130ltizam\", D: \"Mukataa\", E: \"Narh\" },\n correct: \"C\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Bir b\u00f6lgenin vergi toplama hakk\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k art\u0131rma usul\u00fcyle sat\u0131lmas\u0131na \\\"iltizam sistemi\\\" denir. Bu hakk\u0131 alan ki\u015fiye m\u00fcltezim, topra\u011fa ise mukataa denir.\"\n },\n {\n id: 14,\n meta: \"Soru 14\",\n text: \"XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Anadolu\u2019da sosyal ve ekonomik d\u00fczenin bozulmas\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 terk etmesine ve \\\"Cel\u00e2li \u0130syanlar\u0131\\\" olarak bilinen b\u00fcy\u00fck kalk\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ya\u015fanmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu isyanlar sonucunda tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, k\u00f6yler bo\u015falm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\",\n root: \"Cel\u00e2li \u0130syanlar\u0131'n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ile ilgili a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisi s\u00f6ylenemez?\",\n options: { A: \"K\u0131rsal n\u00fcfusun \u015fehirlere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesi\", B: \"Can ve mal g\u00fcvenli\u011finin tehlikeye girmesi\", C: \"Vergilerin d\u00fczenli toplanamamas\u0131\", D: \"Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131'n\u0131n tamamen kapat\u0131lmas\u0131\", E: \"Anadolu'da huzur ve asayi\u015fin bozulmas\u0131\" },\n correct: \"D\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklara g\u00f6re Cel\u00e2li \u0130syanlar\u0131 Anadolu'da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir y\u0131k\u0131ma ve g\u00f6\u00e7e neden olmu\u015ftur. Ancak Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131'n\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 (Vaka-i Hayriye, 1826) bu s\u00fcre\u00e7le ilgili de\u011fildir; kaynaklarda sadece Yeni\u00e7erilerin Gen\u00e7 Osman'\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc veya \u0130stanbul isyanlar\u0131na kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7er.\"\n },\n {\n id: 15,\n meta: \"Soru 15\",\n text: \"Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131, kurulu\u015funda \\\"Ocak devlet i\u00e7indir\\\" anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla hareket ederken, zamanla disiplinini kaybetmi\u015f ve \\\"Devlet ocak i\u00e7indir\\\" anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bu durum, saray i\u00e7indeki iktidar m\u00fccadeleleriyle birle\u015fince b\u00fcy\u00fck isyanlara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\",\n root: \"A\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisi Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131\u2019nda ya\u015fanan bozulman\u0131n kan\u0131tlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilemez?\",\n options: { A: \"Askerlerin ticaret ve esnafl\u0131kla u\u011fra\u015fmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131\", B: \"Padi\u015fah de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finde etkili olmalar\u0131\", C: \"Dev\u015firme sisteminin terk edilmeye ba\u015flanmas\u0131\", D: \"Islahat hareketlerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131\", E: \"Sanca\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kma usul\u00fcn\u00fcn sona erdirilmesi\" },\n correct: \"E\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Sanca\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kma usul\u00fcn\u00fcn sona erdirilmesi ve Ekber-Er\u015fed sistemine ge\u00e7ilmesi bizzat padi\u015fah (I. Ahmet) taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan bir veraset d\u00fczenlemesidir. Di\u011fer se\u00e7enekler oca\u011f\u0131n askeri yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki yozla\u015fmay\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.\"\n },\n {\n id: 16,\n meta: \"Soru 16\",\n text: \"Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde \u015fehzadeler tecr\u00fcbe kazans\u0131n diye sancaklara g\u00f6nderilirken, XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren \\\"Ekber ve Er\u015fed\\\" sistemi getirilmi\u015ftir. Bu sistemle hanedan\u0131n en ya\u015fl\u0131 ve olgun \u00fcyesinin tahta ge\u00e7mesi kural\u0131 benimsenmi\u015ftir.\",\n root: \"Bu de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin temel amac\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisidir?\",\n options: { A: \"\u015eehzadelerin daha iyi e\u011fitim almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak\", B: \"Taht kavgalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyerek merkezi otoriteyi korumak\", C: \"Avrupa tarz\u0131 y\u00f6netim birimlerini kurmak\", D: \"Halk\u0131n y\u00f6netime kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak\", E: \"Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun\u2019un yetkilerini geni\u015fletmek\" },\n correct: \"B\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklarda bu uygulama ile \u015fehzadeler aras\u0131nda taht kavgalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlendi\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.\"\n },\n {\n id: 17,\n meta: \"Soru 17\",\n text: \"XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti'nde g\u00f6r\u00fclen isyanlardan biri de \\\"Suhte \u0130syanlar\u0131\\\"d\u0131r. Medrese \u00f6\u011frencilerinin (suhteler) i\u015fsizlik, liyakatsizlik ve ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar nedeniyle \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu isyanlar, e\u011fitim sistemindeki \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc de g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermi\u015ftir.\",\n root: \"Buna g\u00f6re Suhte \u0130syanlar\u0131 ile ilgili; I. Medreselerde e\u011fitim kalitesinin d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, II. Talebelerin hak etmeden mevki alma pe\u015finde ko\u015ftu\u011fu, III. Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 askeri okullar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na tepki g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi yarg\u0131lar\u0131ndan hangilerine ula\u015f\u0131labilir?\",\n options: { A: \"Yaln\u0131z I\", B: \"Yaln\u0131z II\", C: \"I ve II\", D: \"I ve III\", E: \"II ve III\" },\n correct: \"C\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklarda suhtelerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan icazet ald\u0131klar\u0131, iyi \u00e2lim yeti\u015fmedi\u011fi ve bu durumun medrese e\u011fitimini geriletti\u011fi yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 askeri okul veya yeniliklere tepki bu ba\u011flamda notlarda ge\u00e7mez (bu durum daha \u00e7ok Yeni\u00e7erilerle ilgilidir).\"\n },\n {\n id: 18,\n meta: \"Soru 18\",\n text: \"1718 Pasarof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile ba\u015flayan ve 1730 Patrona Halil \u0130syan\u0131 ile sona eren \\\"Lale Devri\\\", Osmanl\u0131'n\u0131n Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kabul ederek yenile\u015fme hareketlerine h\u0131z verdi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemdir. Bu d\u00f6nemde zevk ve e\u011flencenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra teknik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel alanlarda da ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\",\n root: \"A\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisi Lale Devri\u2019nde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen yeniliklerden biri de\u011fildir?\",\n options: { A: \"\u0130lk T\u00fcrk matbaas\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131\", B: \"Tulumbac\u0131 Oca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131\", C: \"Yalova\u2019da k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t fabrikas\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131\", D: \"\u0130lk kez daimi el\u00e7iliklerin Londra\u2019ya a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131\", E: \"\u00c7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131\" },\n correct: \"D\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Lale Devri\u2019nde el\u00e7iler Paris, Viyana gibi \u015fehirlere g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir ancak \\\"daimi\\\" el\u00e7ilikleri kuran III. Selim\u2019dir. Lale Devri'ndeki el\u00e7ilikler daha \u00e7ok ge\u00e7ici ve tan\u0131ma ama\u00e7l\u0131d\u0131r.\"\n },\n {\n id: 19,\n meta: \"Soru 19\",\n text: \"\u0130brahim M\u00fcteferrika ve Sait Efendi\u2019nin gayretleriyle 1727\u2019de kurulan ilk T\u00fcrk matbaas\u0131nda dini eserlerin bas\u0131m\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015f, daha \u00e7ok l\u00fcgat, tarih ve co\u011frafya kitaplar\u0131 bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk bas\u0131lan eser ise \\\"Vankulu Lugat\u0131\\\" olmu\u015ftur.\",\n root: \"Matbaan\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 toplumuna gelmesinin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki alanlardan hangisinde do\u011frudan bir de\u011fi\u015fim yaratmas\u0131 beklenmez?\",\n options: { A: \"Bilgi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda\", B: \"Kitap fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n ucuzlamas\u0131nda\", C: \"Okuryazarl\u0131k oran\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131nda\", D: \"Veraset sisteminin d\u00fczenlenmesinde\", E: \"Fikri uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131nda\" },\n correct: \"D\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Matbaa k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, bilimsel ve teknik bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Veraset sistemi (tahta ge\u00e7i\u015f usul\u00fc) tamamen siyasi ve hukuki bir konu olup matbaa ile do\u011frudan bir ilgisi yoktur.\"\n },\n {\n id: 20,\n meta: \"Soru 20\",\n text: \"XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi, \\\"Cihann\u00fcma\\\" ve \\\"D\u00fcst\u00fbr\u00fc'l Amel\\\" gibi eserleriyle tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, Osmanl\u0131 bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda pozitif ve h\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi savunmu\u015ftur. O, Avrupa'daki bilimsel geli\u015fmeleri fark ederek Osmanl\u0131'n\u0131n i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc dura\u011fanl\u0131ktan kurtulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerileri sunmu\u015ftur.\",\n root: \"K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi\u2019nin bilimsel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ile ilgili a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisi s\u00f6ylenebilir?\",\n options: { A: \"Sadece dini ilimlerin \u00f6\u011fretilmesini savundu\u011fu\", B: \"Taklit\u00e7i bir bilim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 benimsedi\u011fi\", C: \"Ele\u015ftirel ve ak\u0131lc\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu\", D: \"Avrupa\u2019daki geli\u015fmeleri tamamen reddetti\u011fi\", E: \"Tarih yaz\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sadece kronolojiye \u00f6nem verdi\u011fi\" },\n correct: \"C\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklarda K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi'nin pozitif ve h\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi savundu\u011fu, kaynaktan tahlil (analiz) yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Avrupa'daki bilimsel canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n fark\u0131nda oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir.\"\n }\n ];\n\n let currentQuestionIndex = 0;\n let userAnswers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); \/\/ Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n verdi\u011fi cevaplar\u0131 tutar\n\n const container = document.getElementById(\"tk-question-container\");\n const progressEl = document.getElementById(\"tk-progress\");\n const solutionArea = document.getElementById(\"tk-solution-area\");\n const solutionText = document.getElementById(\"tk-solution-text\");\n const prevBtn = document.getElementById(\"tk-btn-prev\");\n const nextBtn = document.getElementById(\"tk-btn-next\");\n const quizScreen = document.getElementById(\"tk-quiz-screen\");\n const resultScreen = document.getElementById(\"tk-result-screen\");\n\n function loadQuestion(index) {\n const q = questions[index];\n \n \/\/ Progress g\u00fcncelle\n progressEl.innerText = `Soru ${index + 1} \/ ${questions.length}`;\n\n \/\/ Soru HTML'ini olu\u015ftur\n let optionsHtml = '<div class=\"tk-options\">';\n for (const [key, val] of Object.entries(q.options)) {\n \/\/ Daha \u00f6nce cevaplanm\u0131\u015f m\u0131 kontrol et\n let className = 'tk-option-btn';\n let disabledAttr = '';\n \n if (userAnswers[index]) {\n disabledAttr = 'disabled';\n if (key === q.correct) {\n className += ' correct';\n } else if (key === userAnswers[index] && key !== q.correct) {\n className += ' wrong';\n }\n }\n\n optionsHtml += `\n <button class=\"${className}\" onclick=\"selectOption('${key}')\" ${disabledAttr}>\n <span class=\"tk-option-letter\">${key})<\/span> ${val}\n <\/button>\n `;\n }\n optionsHtml += '<\/div>';\n\n container.innerHTML = `\n <div class=\"tk-meta-info\">${q.meta}<\/div>\n <div class=\"tk-question-text\"><strong>Bilgi:<\/strong> ${q.text}<\/div>\n <div class=\"tk-question-root\">${q.root}<\/div>\n ${optionsHtml}\n `;\n\n \/\/ Navigasyon butonlar\u0131\n prevBtn.disabled = index === 0;\n \n if (index === questions.length - 1) {\n nextBtn.innerText = \"Testi Bitir\";\n nextBtn.classList.add(\"finish\");\n } else {\n nextBtn.innerText = \"\u0130leri\";\n nextBtn.classList.remove(\"finish\");\n }\n\n \/\/ \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm alan\u0131 y\u00f6netimi\n solutionText.innerHTML = `<strong>Do\u011fru Cevap: ${q.correct}<\/strong><br><br>${q.solution}`;\n \n \/\/ Cevap verilmi\u015fse \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm butonunu g\u00f6ster\n if (userAnswers[index]) {\n solutionArea.style.display = \"block\";\n \/\/ Yeni soruya ge\u00e7ince \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm i\u00e7eri\u011fi kapal\u0131 olsun\n solutionText.style.display = \"none\"; \n } else {\n solutionArea.style.display = \"none\";\n solutionText.style.display = \"none\";\n }\n }\n\n function selectOption(key) {\n if (userAnswers[currentQuestionIndex]) return; \/\/ Zaten cevaplanm\u0131\u015fsa \u00e7\u0131k\n\n userAnswers[currentQuestionIndex] = key;\n const q = questions[currentQuestionIndex];\n const buttons = container.querySelectorAll('.tk-option-btn');\n \n \/\/ Butonlar\u0131 boya\n buttons.forEach(btn => {\n btn.disabled = true;\n const btnKey = btn.querySelector('.tk-option-letter').innerText.replace(')', '');\n \n if (btnKey === q.correct) {\n btn.classList.add('correct');\n }\n if (btnKey === key && key !== q.correct) {\n btn.classList.add('wrong');\n }\n });\n\n \/\/ \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm butonunu aktif et\n solutionArea.style.display = \"block\";\n }\n\n function toggleSolution() {\n if (solutionText.style.display === \"none\" || solutionText.style.display === \"\") {\n solutionText.style.display = \"block\";\n } else {\n solutionText.style.display = \"none\";\n }\n }\n\n function nextQuestion() {\n if (currentQuestionIndex < questions.length - 1) {\n currentQuestionIndex++;\n loadQuestion(currentQuestionIndex);\n } else {\n showResults();\n }\n }\n\n function prevQuestion() {\n if (currentQuestionIndex > 0) {\n currentQuestionIndex--;\n loadQuestion(currentQuestionIndex);\n }\n }\n\n function showResults() {\n let correctCount = 0;\n let wrongCount = 0;\n\n questions.forEach((q, i) => {\n if (userAnswers[i] === q.correct) {\n correctCount++;\n } else if (userAnswers[i] !== null) {\n wrongCount++;\n }\n });\n\n const percent = Math.round((correctCount \/ questions.length) * 100);\n\n document.getElementById('tk-final-correct').innerText = correctCount;\n document.getElementById('tk-final-wrong').innerText = wrongCount;\n document.getElementById('tk-final-percent').innerText = `%${percent}`;\n\n quizScreen.style.display = \"none\";\n resultScreen.style.display = \"block\";\n }\n\n function restartQuiz() {\n currentQuestionIndex = 0;\n userAnswers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null);\n quizScreen.style.display = \"block\";\n resultScreen.style.display = \"none\";\n loadQuestion(0);\n }\n\n \/\/ Ba\u015flat\n loadQuestion(0);\n\n<\/script>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/20\/kazandiran-yks-msu-tarih-ders-notlari\/\"><strong>KAZANDIRAN YKS & MS\u00dc TAR\u0130H DERS NOTLARINA ULA\u015eMAK \u0130\u00c7\u0130N TIKLA<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>YKS haz\u0131rl\u0131k s\u00fcrecinde De\u011fi\u015fim \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda Avrupa ve Osmanl\u0131 konusu, hem TYT\u2019nin yorum g\u00fcc\u00fc hem de AYT\u2019nin bilgi derinli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. tarihkursu.com olarak, bu <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/01\/degisim-caginda-avrupa-ve-osmanli-online-test-tyt-ayt-soru-cozumu\/\" title=\"De\u011fi\u015fim \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda Avrupa ve Osmanl\u0131 Online Test: TYT & AYT Soru 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{"id":3275,"date":"2026-02-01T18:22:18","date_gmt":"2026-02-01T15:22:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=3275"},"modified":"2026-02-01T18:22:19","modified_gmt":"2026-02-01T15:22:19","slug":"degisim-caginda-avrupa-ve-osmanli-online-test-tyt-ayt-soru-cozumu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/01\/degisim-caginda-avrupa-ve-osmanli-online-test-tyt-ayt-soru-cozumu\/","title":{"rendered":"De\u011fi\u015fim \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda Avrupa ve Osmanl\u0131 Online Test: TYT & AYT Soru \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

YKS haz\u0131rl\u0131k s\u00fcrecinde De\u011fi\u015fim \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda Avrupa ve Osmanl\u0131 <\/strong>konusu, hem TYT\u2019nin yorum g\u00fcc\u00fc hem de AYT\u2019nin bilgi derinli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. tarihkursu.com<\/strong> olarak, bu \u00fcniteyi en iyi \u015fekilde peki\u015ftirmeniz i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z De\u011fi\u015fim \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda Avrupa ve Osmanl\u0131 <\/strong>online test<\/strong> sorular\u0131 ile YKS s\u0131nav format\u0131na tam uyumlu bir deneyim sunuyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sayfada yer alan De\u011fi\u015fim \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda Avrupa ve Osmanl\u0131 <\/strong>test sorular\u0131<\/strong>, Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (MEB) m\u00fcfredat\u0131 ve \u00d6SYM\u2019nin son y\u0131llardaki soru y\u00f6nelimleri dikkate al\u0131narak haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Testimiz sayesinde hem kronolojik bilgilerinizi kontrol edebilir hem de tarihsel analiz yetene\u011finizi \u00f6l\u00e7ebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu Tarih Testi Size Ne Kazand\u0131racak?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
Kazan\u0131m Odakl\u0131 Sorular:<\/strong> De\u011fi\u015fim \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda Avrupa ve Osmanl\u0131 <\/strong>\u00fcnitesine dair bilmeniz gereken t\u00fcm temel kavramlar\u0131 ve kritik bilgileri kapsar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
\u0130nteraktif \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong> Yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 an\u0131nda g\u00f6rerek eksiklerinizi vakit kaybetmeden tamamlayabilirsiniz.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
S\u0131nav Prati\u011fi:<\/strong> TYT Tarih\u2019in yorum, AYT Tarih\u2019in bilgi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131na uygun hibrit bir soru yap\u0131s\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
H\u0131z ve Odaklanma:<\/strong> Online ortamda s\u00fcre y\u00f6netimi yaparak ger\u00e7ek s\u0131nav atmosferine haz\u0131rlan\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
De\u011fi\u015fim \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda Avrupa ve Osmanl\u0131 online test sorular\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmeye ba\u015fla<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTarih Kursu Online Test – De\u011fi\u015fim \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 ve Diplomasi<\/title>\n<style>\n \/* WordPress \u00c7ak\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00d6nlemek \u0130\u00e7in Scoped CSS (tk-quiz-) \/\n #tk-quiz-wrapper {\n font-family: 'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif;\n max-width: 800px;\n margin: 20px auto;\n \/ A\u00e7\u0131k mavi arka plan \/\n background: #f0f8ff; \n border: 1px solid #d1d9e6;\n border-radius: 12px;\n box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);\n padding: 25px;\n color: #333;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n }\n\n #tk-quiz-wrapper {\n box-sizing: border-box;\n }\n\n \/* Header & Progress \/\n .tk-header {\n display: flex;\n justify-content: space-between;\n align-items: center;\n margin-bottom: 20px;\n padding-bottom: 15px;\n border-bottom: 2px solid #e1e8f0;\n }\n\n .tk-brand {\n font-weight: 700;\n color: #4a5568;\n font-size: 15px;\n letter-spacing: 0.5px;\n }\n\n .tk-progress {\n font-size: 14px;\n font-weight: 600;\n color: #3182ce;\n background: #e6f0ff;\n padding: 4px 10px;\n border-radius: 15px;\n }\n\n \/ Soru Alan\u0131 \/\n .tk-meta-info {\n font-size: 12px;\n font-weight: 600;\n color: #718096;\n background: #ffffff;\n padding: 8px 12px;\n border-radius: 6px;\n margin-bottom: 15px;\n display: inline-block;\n border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;\n }\n\n .tk-question-text {\n font-size: 16px;\n line-height: 1.6;\n margin-bottom: 20px;\n padding: 15px;\n background-color: #ffffff;\n border-left: 5px solid #3498db;\n border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;\n box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\n }\n\n .tk-question-root {\n font-size: 17px;\n font-weight: 700;\n margin-bottom: 25px;\n color: #2d3748;\n }\n\n \/ \u015e\u0131klar \/\n .tk-options {\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n gap: 12px;\n }\n\n .tk-option-btn {\n background: #ffffff;\n border: 2px solid #cbd5e0;\n padding: 14px 16px;\n border-radius: 8px;\n cursor: pointer;\n text-align: left;\n font-size: 15px;\n transition: all 0.2s ease;\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n width: 100%;\n color: #2d3748;\n font-weight: 500;\n }\n\n .tk-option-btn:hover:not(:disabled) {\n background-color: #ebf8ff;\n border-color: #63b3ed;\n transform: translateY(-1px);\n }\n\n \/ Do\u011fru\/Yanl\u0131\u015f Renkleri \/\n .tk-option-btn.correct {\n background-color: #c6f6d5 !important;\n border-color: #38a169 !important;\n color: #22543d !important;\n }\n\n .tk-option-btn.wrong {\n background-color: #fed7d7 !important;\n border-color: #e53e3e !important;\n color: #742a2a !important;\n }\n\n .tk-option-letter {\n font-weight: 800;\n margin-right: 12px;\n min-width: 25px;\n color: #4a5568;\n }\n \n .tk-option-btn.correct .tk-option-letter,\n .tk-option-btn.wrong .tk-option-letter {\n color: inherit;\n }\n\n \/ Navigasyon \/\n .tk-navigation {\n display: flex;\n justify-content: space-between;\n margin-top: 30px;\n gap: 15px;\n }\n\n .tk-nav-btn {\n padding: 12px 24px;\n background-color: #4a5568;\n color: white;\n border: none;\n border-radius: 6px;\n cursor: pointer;\n font-size: 15px;\n min-width: 110px;\n transition: background-color 0.2s;\n font-weight: 600;\n }\n\n .tk-nav-btn:hover {\n background-color: #2d3748;\n }\n\n .tk-nav-btn:disabled {\n background-color: #cbd5e0;\n cursor: not-allowed;\n }\n\n .tk-nav-btn.finish {\n background-color: #38a169;\n }\n \n .tk-nav-btn.finish:hover {\n background-color: #2f855a;\n }\n\n \/ \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm Alan\u0131 \/\n .tk-solution-area {\n margin-top: 20px;\n display: none; \/ JS ile a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r \/\n }\n\n .tk-solution-toggle {\n background: none;\n border: none;\n color: #3182ce;\n text-decoration: underline;\n cursor: pointer;\n font-size: 14px;\n padding: 5px 0;\n font-weight: 600;\n }\n \n .tk-solution-toggle:hover {\n color: #2b6cb0;\n }\n\n .tk-solution-content {\n margin-top: 10px;\n padding: 15px;\n background-color: #fffff0;\n border: 1px solid #f6e05e;\n border-left: 4px solid #ecc94b;\n color: #744210;\n border-radius: 4px;\n font-size: 14px;\n line-height: 1.5;\n display: none;\n }\n\n \/ Sonu\u00e7 Ekran\u0131 \/\n #tk-result-screen {\n display: none;\n text-align: center;\n padding: 30px 20px;\n }\n\n #tk-result-screen h2 {\n color: #2d3748;\n margin-top: 0;\n }\n\n .tk-score-circle {\n width: 160px;\n height: 160px;\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #4299e1 0%, #3182ce 100%);\n color: white;\n border-radius: 50%;\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n justify-content: center;\n align-items: center;\n margin: 20px auto 30px auto;\n box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.4);\n }\n\n .tk-score-percent {\n font-size: 36px;\n font-weight: bold;\n }\n\n .tk-score-text {\n font-size: 15px;\n opacity: 0.9;\n }\n\n .tk-stats {\n display: flex;\n justify-content: center;\n gap: 20px;\n margin-bottom: 30px;\n }\n\n .tk-stat-box {\n background: #ffffff;\n padding: 15px 25px;\n border-radius: 8px;\n min-width: 100px;\n box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\n }\n\n .tk-stat-val {\n font-size: 24px;\n font-weight: bold;\n display: block;\n margin-bottom: 5px;\n }\n \n .tk-stat-label {\n font-size: 13px;\n color: #718096;\n font-weight: 600;\n }\n\n .tk-restart-btn {\n background-color: #3182ce;\n color: white;\n border: none;\n padding: 14px 35px;\n border-radius: 30px;\n font-size: 16px;\n font-weight: 600;\n cursor: pointer;\n transition: transform 0.2s, background-color 0.2s;\n box-shadow: 0 4px 6px rgba(49, 130, 206, 0.3);\n }\n\n .tk-restart-btn:hover {\n transform: scale(1.05);\n background-color: #2b6cb0;\n }\n\n \/ Mobil D\u00fczenlemeler \/\n @media (max-width: 600px) {\n #tk-quiz-wrapper {\n padding: 15px;\n margin: 10px 5px;\n border-radius: 8px;\n }\n .tk-question-text {\n font-size: 15px;\n padding: 12px;\n }\n .tk-question-root {\n font-size: 16px;\n }\n .tk-nav-btn {\n flex: 1; \/ Butonlar t\u00fcm geni\u015fli\u011fi kaplas\u0131n \/\n }\n .tk-option-btn {\n padding: 12px;\n }\n }\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<div id=\"tk-quiz-wrapper\">\n \n <div id=\"tk-quiz-screen\">\n <div class=\"tk-header\">\n <span class=\"tk-brand\">tarihkursu.com<\/span>\n <span class=\"tk-progress\" id=\"tk-progress\">Soru 1 \/ 20<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div id=\"tk-question-container\">\n \n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tk-solution-area\" id=\"tk-solution-area\">\n <button class=\"tk-solution-toggle\" onclick=\"toggleSolution()\">\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc G\u00f6r \u25bc<\/button>\n <div class=\"tk-solution-content\" id=\"tk-solution-text\">\n \n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tk-navigation\">\n <button class=\"tk-nav-btn\" id=\"tk-btn-prev\" onclick=\"prevQuestion()\">Geri<\/button>\n <button class=\"tk-nav-btn\" id=\"tk-btn-next\" onclick=\"nextQuestion()\">\u0130leri<\/button>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div id=\"tk-result-screen\">\n <h2>Test Sonucu<\/h2>\n <p style=\"color:#718096; margin-bottom:20px; font-weight:600;\">tarihkursu.com<\/p>\n \n <div class=\"tk-score-circle\">\n <span class=\"tk-score-percent\" id=\"tk-final-percent\">%0<\/span>\n <span class=\"tk-score-text\">Ba\u015far\u0131<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"tk-stats\">\n <div class=\"tk-stat-box\" style=\"border-bottom: 4px solid #48bb78;\">\n <span class=\"tk-stat-val\" id=\"tk-final-correct\" style=\"color:#2f855a\">0<\/span>\n <span class=\"tk-stat-label\">Do\u011fru<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tk-stat-box\" style=\"border-bottom: 4px solid #f56565;\">\n <span class=\"tk-stat-val\" id=\"tk-final-wrong\" style=\"color:#c53030\">0<\/span>\n <span class=\"tk-stat-label\">Yanl\u0131\u015f<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <button class=\"tk-restart-btn\" onclick=\"restartQuiz()\">Testi Tekrarla<\/button>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\n \/\/ Soru Verileri - DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130M \u00c7A\u011eI VE D\u0130PLOMAS\u0130 (G\u00dcNCEL)\n const questions = [\n {\n id: 1,\n meta: \"Soru 1\",\n text: \"Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131\u2019nda Kilise, sadece din\u00ee hayat\u0131 de\u011fil, e\u011fitimden sanata, siyasetten bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara kadar hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131 bir denetim alt\u0131nda tutmu\u015ftur. Antik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019dan kalan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras\u0131n yaln\u0131zca Kilise \u00f6\u011fretilerine uygun olan k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verilmi\u015f, ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc fikir reddedilmi\u015ftir. Bu durum, ele\u015ftiriye kapal\u0131, dogmatik bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kle\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\",\n root: \"Bu bilgilere dayanarak Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131\u2019ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisi s\u00f6ylenemez?\",\n options: { A: \"\u00d6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ortam\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tland\u0131\u011f\u0131\", B: \"K\u00fclt\u00fcrel birikimin Kilise filtresinden ge\u00e7ti\u011fi\", C: \"Ak\u0131lc\u0131 ve bilimsel y\u00f6ntemin \u00f6n planda oldu\u011fu\", D: \"Skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin topluma egemen oldu\u011fu\", E: \"Antik k\u00fclt\u00fcr de\u011ferlerinin se\u00e7ilerek korundu\u011fu\" },\n correct: \"C\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklara g\u00f6re Orta \u00c7a\u011f'da kilise sadece uygun buldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere m\u00fcsaade etmi\u015f ve bu durum skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce dogmatiktir; ak\u0131lc\u0131 ve bilimsel y\u00f6ntemi (pozitif d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi) reddeder.\"\n },\n {\n id: 2,\n meta: \"Soru 2\",\n text: \"Avrupa\u2019da toplum y\u00fczy\u0131llarca keskin s\u0131n\u0131flara ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; bir tarafta geni\u015f imtiyazlara sahip ruhban ve aristokratlar, di\u011fer tarafta ise her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sosyal ve ekonomik haktan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131lan yoksul halk yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kilise, halk\u0131n manevi duygular\u0131n\u0131 istismar ederek onlara \\\"End\u00fcljans\\\" ad\u0131 verilen g\u00fcnah \u00e7\u0131karma belgeleri satarken, toplumsal hiyerar\u015finin bozulmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in \\\"Aforoz\\\" ve \\\"Enterdi\\\" gibi yetkilerini birer bask\u0131 arac\u0131 olarak kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\",\n root: \"Bu bilgiler do\u011frultusunda Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrupa toplumu ile ilgili a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisine ula\u015f\u0131labilir?\",\n options: { A: \"S\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131 dikey hareketlili\u011fin yayg\u0131n oldu\u011funa\", B: \"Kilisenin ekonomik ve siyasi bir g\u00fc\u00e7 oda\u011f\u0131 haline geldi\u011fine\", C: \"Burjuvazinin y\u00f6netimde en etkili s\u0131n\u0131f kabul edildi\u011fine\", D: \"Halk\u0131n e\u011fitim yoluyla sosyal stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc h\u0131zla de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fine\", E: \"Laik hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n toplumsal yap\u0131y\u0131 \u015fekillendirdi\u011fine\" },\n correct: \"B\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklarda kilisenin para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnah \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 (End\u00fcljans), kral\u0131 ve halk\u0131 dinden atabildi\u011fi (Enterdi) ve mahkemeler (Engizisyon) kurdu\u011fu belirtilmektedir. Bu durum kilisenin sadece din\u00ee de\u011fil, ekonomik ve siyasi bir g\u00fc\u00e7 oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlar.\"\n },\n {\n id: 3,\n meta: \"Soru 3\",\n text: \"Feodalite, Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131\u2019nda siyasal birli\u011fin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcc\u00fcn yerel derebeylerin elinde topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00fczendi. Ancak XV. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren barutun ate\u015fli silahlarda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla bu sars\u0131lmaz kaleler y\u0131k\u0131lmaya, derebeyler g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybetmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n siyasi haritas\u0131n\u0131n yeniden \u00e7izilmesine zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.\",\n root: \"Feodalitenin zay\u0131flamas\u0131n\u0131n Avrupa\u2019da a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisine ortam haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 savunulabilir?\",\n options: { A: \"Skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesine\", B: \"Mutlak krall\u0131klar\u0131n merkezi otoritesinin artmas\u0131na\", C: \"Kapal\u0131 ekonomik modelin (otarki) kal\u0131c\u0131 hale gelmesine\", D: \"S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik faaliyetlerinin tamamen sona ermesine\", E: \"Aristokrat s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n y\u00f6netimdeki etkisinin mutlakla\u015fmas\u0131na\" },\n correct: \"B\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklarda feodalitenin (derebeylik) XV. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren yerini mutlak krall\u0131klara b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edilmektedir. Bu durum, yerel g\u00fc\u00e7lerin zay\u0131flayarak merkezi otoritenin (krallar\u0131n) g\u00fc\u00e7lendi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.\"\n },\n {\n id: 4,\n meta: \"Soru 4\",\n text: \"\u0130talyan siyaset bilimci Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u0130talya'n\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u015fehir devletlerine b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ve yabanc\u0131 i\u015fgallere a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131ndan derin \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc duymu\u015ftur. Ona g\u00f6re bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar, ne pahas\u0131na olursa olsun devletin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumal\u0131 ve birli\u011fini sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r. \\\"H\u00fck\u00fcmdar (Prens)\\\" adl\u0131 eserinde, devletin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda ahlaki kurallar\u0131n ikinci planda kalabilece\u011fini savunmu\u015ftur.\",\n root: \"Buna g\u00f6re Machiavelli\u2019nin devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile ilgili; I. Ulusal ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devlet yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 hedefledi\u011fi, II. Devlet \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc de\u011ferin \u00fcst\u00fcnde tuttu\u011fu, III. G\u00fc\u00e7ler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesini mutlak bir kural olarak benimsedi\u011fi yarg\u0131lar\u0131ndan hangilerine ula\u015f\u0131labilir?\",\n options: { A: \"Yaln\u0131z I\", B: \"Yaln\u0131z II\", C: \"I ve II\", D: \"I ve III\", E: \"II ve III\" },\n correct: \"C\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Machiavelli'nin ba\u015fl\u0131ca amac\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u0130talyan devleti kurmakt\u0131r ve devletin amac\u0131na ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in her yolu (hukuk d\u0131\u015f\u0131 dahil) denemesini savunur. Ancak g\u00fc\u00e7ler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bir bilgi notlarda onun i\u00e7in ge\u00e7mez (bu Rousseau ile ili\u015fkilendirilir veya Kant taraf\u0131ndan savunulur).\"\n },\n {\n id: 5,\n meta: \"Soru 5\",\n text: \"H\u00fcmanizm ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle XV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130talya'da ba\u015flayan R\u00f6nesans, insan\u0131n ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yeniden ke\u015ffi olarak nitelendirilir. Bu d\u00f6nemde sadece sanat ve edebiyatta de\u011fil, insan\u0131n hayata bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda da devrim niteli\u011finde de\u011fi\u015fimler ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zenginle\u015fen burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kan \\\"Mesen\\\" aileleri, sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 koruyarak bu zihinsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn maddi destek\u00e7isi olmu\u015flard\u0131r.\",\n root: \"A\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisi R\u00f6nesans hareketlerinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilemez?\",\n options: { A: \"\u00d6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin temelinin at\u0131lmas\u0131\", B: \"Skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin yerini pozitif d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye b\u0131rakmas\u0131\", C: \"Reform hareketlerine zemin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131\", D: \"Avrupa\u2019da ilk kez merkezi krall\u0131klar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131\", E: \"Bilim, sanat ve edebiyatta yeni bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011fmas\u0131\" },\n correct: \"D\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Merkezi krall\u0131klar, feodalitenin zay\u0131flamas\u0131yla XV. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren kurulmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. R\u00f6nesans'\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, pozitif bilimler ve Reform'a zemin haz\u0131rlama vard\u0131r ancak krall\u0131klar\u0131n \\\"ilk kez\\\" kurulmas\u0131 R\u00f6nesans'\u0131n bir sonucu de\u011fil, ona paralel bir siyasi s\u00fcre\u00e7tir.\"\n },\n {\n id: 6,\n meta: \"Soru 6\",\n text: \"Thomas More, \\\"\u00dctopya\\\" adl\u0131 eserinde \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, paran\u0131n kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve herkesin ihtiyac\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00fcretimden pay ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 hayali bir ada d\u00fczeni kurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. More\u2019un bu eseri, d\u00f6neminin toplumsal sorunlar\u0131na bir ele\u015ftiri niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.\",\n root: \"Thomas More\u2019un \\\"\u00dctopya\\\"da dile getirdi\u011fi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerden hangisi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \\\"sosyal devlet\\\" anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla daha \u00e7ok ba\u011fda\u015fmaktad\u0131r?\",\n options: { A: \"\u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyetin kutsal kabul edilmesi\", B: \"Sava\u015flar\u0131n sadece savunma ama\u00e7l\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131\", C: \"Y\u00f6neticilerin \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu g\u00f6revde kalmas\u0131\", D: \"Temel e\u011fitimin genel ve paras\u0131z olmas\u0131\", E: \"\u00dclke meselelerinin sadece halk kurultaylar\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi\" },\n correct: \"D\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklarda Thomas More'un; e\u011fitimin paras\u0131z olmas\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin devlet\u00e7e sunulmas\u0131 ve ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6zetilmesi gibi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmektedir. Bu hizmetler modern sosyal devletin temel ta\u015flar\u0131d\u0131r.\"\n },\n {\n id: 7,\n meta: \"Soru 7\",\n text: \"Jean Jacques Rousseau, \\\"Toplum S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\\\" adl\u0131 eserinde devletin, bireylerin kendi aralar\u0131nda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bir anla\u015fmaya dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunur. Ona g\u00f6re egemenlik halka aittir ve b\u00f6l\u00fcnemez. Rousseau\u2019nun bu fikirleri, 1789 Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019ni etkileyen en \u00f6nemli unsurlardan biri olmu\u015ftur.\",\n root: \"Rousseau\u2019nun egemenli\u011fin b\u00f6l\u00fcnemezli\u011fi fikrine dayanarak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir?\",\n options: { A: \"Ulusal egemenlik ilkesine\", B: \"Kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sistemine\", C: \"Toplumsal s\u00f6zle\u015fme mant\u0131\u011f\u0131na\", D: \"\u00c7o\u011funlu\u011fun iktidar\u0131na\", E: \"Devlet otoritesinin korunmas\u0131na\" },\n correct: \"B\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynakta Rousseau\u2019nun \\\"Egemenlik b\u00f6l\u00fcnemez. Bu nedenle de kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesi kabul edilemez.\\\" dedi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmi\u015ftir.\"\n },\n {\n id: 8,\n meta: \"Soru 8\",\n text: \"Reform, XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Martin Luther\u2019in Almanya\u2019da ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Katolik Kilisesi\u2019nin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc d\u00fczenine kar\u015f\u0131 bir ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan din\u00ee bir harekettir. \u0130ncil\u2019in milli dillere \u00e7evrilmesi ve matbaan\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, kilisenin halk \u00fczerindeki tekelini sarsm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\",\n root: \"A\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisi Reform'un Almanya'da ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n nedenlerinden biri de\u011fildir?\",\n options: { A: \"Alman halk\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik olarak daha fakir olmas\u0131\", B: \"Matbaan\u0131n Almanya\u2019da geli\u015ftirilmesi\", C: \"\u0130ncil\u2019in ilk kez Almancaya \u00e7evrilmesi\", D: \"Almanlar\u0131n Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer Avrupa halklar\u0131ndan daha ge\u00e7 kabul etmesi\", E: \"Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Almanya\u2019daki Protestanlara askeri destek vermesi\" },\n correct: \"E\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Reform hareketlerini izlemi\u015f ve Protestanlara destek vermi\u015ftir; ancak bu destek Reform'un Almanya'da \\\"ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n\\\" bir nedeni de\u011fil, s\u00fcrecin devam\u0131ndaki siyasi bir etkidir. Di\u011fer se\u00e7enekler (fakirlik, matbaa, \u00e7eviri) do\u011frudan ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 nedenleridir.\"\n },\n {\n id: 9,\n meta: \"Soru 9\",\n text: \"Otuz Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131 (1618-1648), ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta mezhep temelli bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de zamanla hanedan m\u00fccadelelerine ve siyasi bir hesapla\u015fmaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Sava\u015f\u0131n sonunda imzalanan Westphalia Antla\u015fmas\u0131, modern Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n temellerini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\",\n root: \"Westphalia Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan hangisi \\\"sek\u00fclerle\u015fme\\\" (d\u00fcnyevile\u015fme) s\u00fcreciyle do\u011frudan ili\u015fkilidir?\",\n options: { A: \"Hollanda ve \u0130svi\u00e7re'nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmas\u0131\", B: \"Habsburg Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n itibar kaybetmesi\", C: \"Avrupa halk\u0131na mezhep se\u00e7me \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tan\u0131nmas\u0131\", D: \"Devletlerin kendi topraklar\u0131nda \\\"mutlak egemen\\\" konuma gelmesi\", E: \"Diplomasinin ve devletler aras\u0131 hukukun dinden ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131\" },\n correct: \"E\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklarda Westphalia ile devletlerin daha sek\u00fcler bir hale geldi\u011fi, dinin devletin tekeline al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve modern devletler hukukunun temelinin at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir. Sek\u00fclerle\u015fme, dinin kamu hayat\u0131ndan ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p d\u00fcnyevi otoritenin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131d\u0131r.\"\n },\n {\n id: 10,\n meta: \"Soru 10\",\n text: \"Yeni \u00c7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131\u2019nda ekonomi politikalar\u0131na \\\"Merkantilizm\\\" damga vurmu\u015ftur. Bu doktrine g\u00f6re bir millet ne kadar \u00e7ok de\u011ferli madene (alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f) sahipse o kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr. Merkantilist anlay\u0131\u015f, Avrupal\u0131 devletleri yeni pazarlar ve hammadde kaynaklar\u0131 aramaya itmi\u015ftir.\",\n root: \"Bu durumun Avrupa\u2019da a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisini h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez?\",\n options: { A: \"S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131n\u0131\", B: \"Burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n zenginle\u015fmesini\", C: \"K\u0131rdan kente g\u00f6\u00e7lerin ya\u015fanmas\u0131n\u0131\", D: \"Feodal ekonomik d\u00fczenin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesini\", E: \"Ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc i\u00e7in sava\u015flar yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131\" },\n correct: \"D\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Merkantilizm ticaret ve de\u011ferli maden \u00fczerine kuruludur ve burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir. Feodalite ise toprak m\u00fclkiyetine dayal\u0131 bir Orta \u00c7a\u011f d\u00fczenidir ve Yeni \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da merkantilizmin y\u00fckseli\u015fiyle zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\"\n },\n {\n id: 11,\n meta: \"Soru 11\",\n text: \"Isaac Newton, XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim yasas\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffederek evrenin i\u015fleyi\u015fini matematiksel bir temele oturtmu\u015ftur. Bilim Devrimi\u2019nin zirvesi kabul edilen bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, evrenin Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrekli m\u00fcdahale edilen bir yer oldu\u011fu inanc\u0131n\u0131 sarsm\u0131\u015f, rasyonel bir evren modelini getirmi\u015ftir.\",\n root: \"Bilim Devrimi s\u00fcrecinde; I. Copernicus, II. Galileo, III. Pascal bilim insanlar\u0131ndan hangileri astronomi alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?\",\n options: { A: \"Yaln\u0131z I\", B: \"Yaln\u0131z II\", C: \"I ve II\", D: \"I ve III\", E: \"II ve III\" },\n correct: \"C\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklara g\u00f6re Copernicus \\\"G\u00fcne\u015f merkezli evren modeli\\\", Galileo ise \\\"teleskopla gezegenleri inceleme\\\" \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla astronomi (g\u00f6k bilimi) alan\u0131ndad\u0131r. Pascal ise daha \u00e7ok matematik (\u00fc\u00e7gen) ve fizik (bas\u0131n\u00e7) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla bilinir.\"\n },\n {\n id: 12,\n meta: \"Soru 12\",\n text: \"Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren Avrupa'daki ekonomik de\u011fi\u015fimlerin etkisini hissetmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler sonras\u0131 Avrupa'ya akan bol miktardaki g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na girdi\u011finde paran\u0131n de\u011fer kaybetmesine ve fiyatlar\u0131n h\u0131zla artmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\",\n root: \"Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisinde ya\u015fanan bu durum a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisiyle adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r?\",\n options: { A: \"Merkantilizm\", B: \"Enflasyon\", C: \"Narh Sistemi\", D: \"Ta\u011f\u015fi\u015f\", E: \"\u0130ltizam\" },\n correct: \"B\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklarda g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn bollu\u011funun fiyatlar\u0131n y\u00fckselmesine ve gelirin d\u00fc\u015fmesine neden oldu\u011fu, bu durumun Osmanl\u0131'da enflasyon ya\u015fanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmi\u015ftir.\"\n },\n {\n id: 13,\n meta: \"Soru 13\",\n text: \"Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda T\u0131mar sisteminin bozulmas\u0131yla eyaletlerde asker yeti\u015ftirilmesi zorla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, devlet hazinesine nakit para giri\u015fi ihtiyac\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun \u00fczerine devlet, vergi toplama hakk\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k art\u0131rma usul\u00fcyle \u015fah\u0131slara devretmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\",\n root: \"Bu vergi toplama sistemine ne ad verilir?\",\n options: { A: \"Malik\u00e2ne\", B: \"M\u00fcsadere\", C: \"\u0130ltizam\", D: \"Mukataa\", E: \"Narh\" },\n correct: \"C\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Bir b\u00f6lgenin vergi toplama hakk\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k art\u0131rma usul\u00fcyle sat\u0131lmas\u0131na \\\"iltizam sistemi\\\" denir. Bu hakk\u0131 alan ki\u015fiye m\u00fcltezim, topra\u011fa ise mukataa denir.\"\n },\n {\n id: 14,\n meta: \"Soru 14\",\n text: \"XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Anadolu\u2019da sosyal ve ekonomik d\u00fczenin bozulmas\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 terk etmesine ve \\\"Cel\u00e2li \u0130syanlar\u0131\\\" olarak bilinen b\u00fcy\u00fck kalk\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ya\u015fanmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu isyanlar sonucunda tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, k\u00f6yler bo\u015falm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\",\n root: \"Cel\u00e2li \u0130syanlar\u0131'n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ile ilgili a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisi s\u00f6ylenemez?\",\n options: { A: \"K\u0131rsal n\u00fcfusun \u015fehirlere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesi\", B: \"Can ve mal g\u00fcvenli\u011finin tehlikeye girmesi\", C: \"Vergilerin d\u00fczenli toplanamamas\u0131\", D: \"Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131'n\u0131n tamamen kapat\u0131lmas\u0131\", E: \"Anadolu'da huzur ve asayi\u015fin bozulmas\u0131\" },\n correct: \"D\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklara g\u00f6re Cel\u00e2li \u0130syanlar\u0131 Anadolu'da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir y\u0131k\u0131ma ve g\u00f6\u00e7e neden olmu\u015ftur. Ancak Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131'n\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 (Vaka-i Hayriye, 1826) bu s\u00fcre\u00e7le ilgili de\u011fildir; kaynaklarda sadece Yeni\u00e7erilerin Gen\u00e7 Osman'\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc veya \u0130stanbul isyanlar\u0131na kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7er.\"\n },\n {\n id: 15,\n meta: \"Soru 15\",\n text: \"Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131, kurulu\u015funda \\\"Ocak devlet i\u00e7indir\\\" anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla hareket ederken, zamanla disiplinini kaybetmi\u015f ve \\\"Devlet ocak i\u00e7indir\\\" anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bu durum, saray i\u00e7indeki iktidar m\u00fccadeleleriyle birle\u015fince b\u00fcy\u00fck isyanlara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\",\n root: \"A\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisi Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131\u2019nda ya\u015fanan bozulman\u0131n kan\u0131tlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilemez?\",\n options: { A: \"Askerlerin ticaret ve esnafl\u0131kla u\u011fra\u015fmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131\", B: \"Padi\u015fah de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finde etkili olmalar\u0131\", C: \"Dev\u015firme sisteminin terk edilmeye ba\u015flanmas\u0131\", D: \"Islahat hareketlerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131\", E: \"Sanca\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kma usul\u00fcn\u00fcn sona erdirilmesi\" },\n correct: \"E\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Sanca\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kma usul\u00fcn\u00fcn sona erdirilmesi ve Ekber-Er\u015fed sistemine ge\u00e7ilmesi bizzat padi\u015fah (I. Ahmet) taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan bir veraset d\u00fczenlemesidir. Di\u011fer se\u00e7enekler oca\u011f\u0131n askeri yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki yozla\u015fmay\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.\"\n },\n {\n id: 16,\n meta: \"Soru 16\",\n text: \"Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde \u015fehzadeler tecr\u00fcbe kazans\u0131n diye sancaklara g\u00f6nderilirken, XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren \\\"Ekber ve Er\u015fed\\\" sistemi getirilmi\u015ftir. Bu sistemle hanedan\u0131n en ya\u015fl\u0131 ve olgun \u00fcyesinin tahta ge\u00e7mesi kural\u0131 benimsenmi\u015ftir.\",\n root: \"Bu de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin temel amac\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisidir?\",\n options: { A: \"\u015eehzadelerin daha iyi e\u011fitim almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak\", B: \"Taht kavgalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyerek merkezi otoriteyi korumak\", C: \"Avrupa tarz\u0131 y\u00f6netim birimlerini kurmak\", D: \"Halk\u0131n y\u00f6netime kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak\", E: \"Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun\u2019un yetkilerini geni\u015fletmek\" },\n correct: \"B\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklarda bu uygulama ile \u015fehzadeler aras\u0131nda taht kavgalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlendi\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.\"\n },\n {\n id: 17,\n meta: \"Soru 17\",\n text: \"XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti'nde g\u00f6r\u00fclen isyanlardan biri de \\\"Suhte \u0130syanlar\u0131\\\"d\u0131r. Medrese \u00f6\u011frencilerinin (suhteler) i\u015fsizlik, liyakatsizlik ve ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar nedeniyle \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu isyanlar, e\u011fitim sistemindeki \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc de g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermi\u015ftir.\",\n root: \"Buna g\u00f6re Suhte \u0130syanlar\u0131 ile ilgili; I. Medreselerde e\u011fitim kalitesinin d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, II. Talebelerin hak etmeden mevki alma pe\u015finde ko\u015ftu\u011fu, III. Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 askeri okullar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na tepki g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi yarg\u0131lar\u0131ndan hangilerine ula\u015f\u0131labilir?\",\n options: { A: \"Yaln\u0131z I\", B: \"Yaln\u0131z II\", C: \"I ve II\", D: \"I ve III\", E: \"II ve III\" },\n correct: \"C\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklarda suhtelerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan icazet ald\u0131klar\u0131, iyi \u00e2lim yeti\u015fmedi\u011fi ve bu durumun medrese e\u011fitimini geriletti\u011fi yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 askeri okul veya yeniliklere tepki bu ba\u011flamda notlarda ge\u00e7mez (bu durum daha \u00e7ok Yeni\u00e7erilerle ilgilidir).\"\n },\n {\n id: 18,\n meta: \"Soru 18\",\n text: \"1718 Pasarof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile ba\u015flayan ve 1730 Patrona Halil \u0130syan\u0131 ile sona eren \\\"Lale Devri\\\", Osmanl\u0131'n\u0131n Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kabul ederek yenile\u015fme hareketlerine h\u0131z verdi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemdir. Bu d\u00f6nemde zevk ve e\u011flencenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra teknik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel alanlarda da ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\",\n root: \"A\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisi Lale Devri\u2019nde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen yeniliklerden biri de\u011fildir?\",\n options: { A: \"\u0130lk T\u00fcrk matbaas\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131\", B: \"Tulumbac\u0131 Oca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131\", C: \"Yalova\u2019da k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t fabrikas\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131\", D: \"\u0130lk kez daimi el\u00e7iliklerin Londra\u2019ya a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131\", E: \"\u00c7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131\" },\n correct: \"D\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Lale Devri\u2019nde el\u00e7iler Paris, Viyana gibi \u015fehirlere g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir ancak \\\"daimi\\\" el\u00e7ilikleri kuran III. Selim\u2019dir. Lale Devri'ndeki el\u00e7ilikler daha \u00e7ok ge\u00e7ici ve tan\u0131ma ama\u00e7l\u0131d\u0131r.\"\n },\n {\n id: 19,\n meta: \"Soru 19\",\n text: \"\u0130brahim M\u00fcteferrika ve Sait Efendi\u2019nin gayretleriyle 1727\u2019de kurulan ilk T\u00fcrk matbaas\u0131nda dini eserlerin bas\u0131m\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015f, daha \u00e7ok l\u00fcgat, tarih ve co\u011frafya kitaplar\u0131 bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk bas\u0131lan eser ise \\\"Vankulu Lugat\u0131\\\" olmu\u015ftur.\",\n root: \"Matbaan\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 toplumuna gelmesinin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki alanlardan hangisinde do\u011frudan bir de\u011fi\u015fim yaratmas\u0131 beklenmez?\",\n options: { A: \"Bilgi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda\", B: \"Kitap fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n ucuzlamas\u0131nda\", C: \"Okuryazarl\u0131k oran\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131nda\", D: \"Veraset sisteminin d\u00fczenlenmesinde\", E: \"Fikri uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131nda\" },\n correct: \"D\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Matbaa k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, bilimsel ve teknik bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Veraset sistemi (tahta ge\u00e7i\u015f usul\u00fc) tamamen siyasi ve hukuki bir konu olup matbaa ile do\u011frudan bir ilgisi yoktur.\"\n },\n {\n id: 20,\n meta: \"Soru 20\",\n text: \"XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi, \\\"Cihann\u00fcma\\\" ve \\\"D\u00fcst\u00fbr\u00fc'l Amel\\\" gibi eserleriyle tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, Osmanl\u0131 bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda pozitif ve h\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi savunmu\u015ftur. O, Avrupa'daki bilimsel geli\u015fmeleri fark ederek Osmanl\u0131'n\u0131n i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc dura\u011fanl\u0131ktan kurtulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerileri sunmu\u015ftur.\",\n root: \"K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi\u2019nin bilimsel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ile ilgili a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden hangisi s\u00f6ylenebilir?\",\n options: { A: \"Sadece dini ilimlerin \u00f6\u011fretilmesini savundu\u011fu\", B: \"Taklit\u00e7i bir bilim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 benimsedi\u011fi\", C: \"Ele\u015ftirel ve ak\u0131lc\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu\", D: \"Avrupa\u2019daki geli\u015fmeleri tamamen reddetti\u011fi\", E: \"Tarih yaz\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sadece kronolojiye \u00f6nem verdi\u011fi\" },\n correct: \"C\",\n solution: \"K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama: Kaynaklarda K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi'nin pozitif ve h\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi savundu\u011fu, kaynaktan tahlil (analiz) yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Avrupa'daki bilimsel canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n fark\u0131nda oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir.\"\n }\n ];\n\n let currentQuestionIndex = 0;\n let userAnswers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); \/\/ Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n verdi\u011fi cevaplar\u0131 tutar\n\n const container = document.getElementById(\"tk-question-container\");\n const progressEl = document.getElementById(\"tk-progress\");\n const solutionArea = document.getElementById(\"tk-solution-area\");\n const solutionText = document.getElementById(\"tk-solution-text\");\n const prevBtn = document.getElementById(\"tk-btn-prev\");\n const nextBtn = document.getElementById(\"tk-btn-next\");\n const quizScreen = document.getElementById(\"tk-quiz-screen\");\n const resultScreen = document.getElementById(\"tk-result-screen\");\n\n function loadQuestion(index) {\n const q = questions[index];\n \n \/\/ Progress g\u00fcncelle\n progressEl.innerText = `Soru ${index + 1} \/ ${questions.length}`;\n\n \/\/ Soru HTML'ini olu\u015ftur\n let optionsHtml = '<div class=\"tk-options\">';\n for (const [key, val] of Object.entries(q.options)) {\n \/\/ Daha \u00f6nce cevaplanm\u0131\u015f m\u0131 kontrol et\n let className = 'tk-option-btn';\n let disabledAttr = '';\n \n if (userAnswers[index]) {\n disabledAttr = 'disabled';\n if (key === q.correct) {\n className += ' correct';\n } else if (key === userAnswers[index] && key !== q.correct) {\n className += ' wrong';\n }\n }\n\n optionsHtml += `\n <button class=\"${className}\" onclick=\"selectOption('${key}')\" ${disabledAttr}>\n <span class=\"tk-option-letter\">${key})<\/span> ${val}\n <\/button>\n `;\n }\n optionsHtml += '<\/div>';\n\n container.innerHTML = `\n <div class=\"tk-meta-info\">${q.meta}<\/div>\n <div class=\"tk-question-text\"><strong>Bilgi:<\/strong> ${q.text}<\/div>\n <div class=\"tk-question-root\">${q.root}<\/div>\n ${optionsHtml}\n `;\n\n \/\/ Navigasyon butonlar\u0131\n prevBtn.disabled = index === 0;\n \n if (index === questions.length - 1) {\n nextBtn.innerText = \"Testi Bitir\";\n nextBtn.classList.add(\"finish\");\n } else {\n nextBtn.innerText = \"\u0130leri\";\n nextBtn.classList.remove(\"finish\");\n }\n\n \/\/ \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm alan\u0131 y\u00f6netimi\n solutionText.innerHTML = `<strong>Do\u011fru Cevap: ${q.correct}<\/strong><br><br>${q.solution}`;\n \n \/\/ Cevap verilmi\u015fse \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm butonunu g\u00f6ster\n if (userAnswers[index]) {\n solutionArea.style.display = \"block\";\n \/\/ Yeni soruya ge\u00e7ince \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm i\u00e7eri\u011fi kapal\u0131 olsun\n solutionText.style.display = \"none\"; \n } else {\n solutionArea.style.display = \"none\";\n solutionText.style.display = \"none\";\n }\n }\n\n function selectOption(key) {\n if (userAnswers[currentQuestionIndex]) return; \/\/ Zaten cevaplanm\u0131\u015fsa \u00e7\u0131k\n\n userAnswers[currentQuestionIndex] = key;\n const q = questions[currentQuestionIndex];\n const buttons = container.querySelectorAll('.tk-option-btn');\n \n \/\/ Butonlar\u0131 boya\n buttons.forEach(btn => {\n btn.disabled = true;\n const btnKey = btn.querySelector('.tk-option-letter').innerText.replace(')', '');\n \n if (btnKey === q.correct) {\n btn.classList.add('correct');\n }\n if (btnKey === key && key !== q.correct) {\n btn.classList.add('wrong');\n }\n });\n\n \/\/ \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm butonunu aktif et\n solutionArea.style.display = \"block\";\n }\n\n function toggleSolution() {\n if (solutionText.style.display === \"none\" || solutionText.style.display === \"\") {\n solutionText.style.display = \"block\";\n } else {\n solutionText.style.display = \"none\";\n }\n }\n\n function nextQuestion() {\n if (currentQuestionIndex < questions.length - 1) {\n currentQuestionIndex++;\n loadQuestion(currentQuestionIndex);\n } else {\n showResults();\n }\n }\n\n function prevQuestion() {\n if (currentQuestionIndex > 0) {\n currentQuestionIndex--;\n loadQuestion(currentQuestionIndex);\n }\n }\n\n function showResults() {\n let correctCount = 0;\n let wrongCount = 0;\n\n questions.forEach((q, i) => {\n if (userAnswers[i] === q.correct) {\n correctCount++;\n } else if (userAnswers[i] !== null) {\n wrongCount++;\n }\n });\n\n const percent = Math.round((correctCount \/ questions.length) 100);\n\n document.getElementById('tk-final-correct').innerText = correctCount;\n document.getElementById('tk-final-wrong').innerText = wrongCount;\n document.getElementById('tk-final-percent').innerText = `%${percent}`;\n\n quizScreen.style.display = \"none\";\n resultScreen.style.display = \"block\";\n }\n\n function restartQuiz() {\n currentQuestionIndex = 0;\n userAnswers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null);\n quizScreen.style.display = \"block\";\n resultScreen.style.display = \"none\";\n loadQuestion(0);\n }\n\n \/\/ Ba\u015flat\n loadQuestion(0);\n\n<\/script>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/20\/kazandiran-yks-msu-tarih-ders-notlari\/\"><strong>KAZANDIRAN YKS & MS\u00dc TAR\u0130H DERS NOTLARINA ULA\u015eMAK \u0130\u00c7\u0130N TIKLA<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>YKS haz\u0131rl\u0131k s\u00fcrecinde De\u011fi\u015fim \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda Avrupa ve Osmanl\u0131 konusu, hem TYT\u2019nin yorum g\u00fcc\u00fc hem de AYT\u2019nin bilgi derinli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. tarihkursu.com olarak, bu <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/01\/degisim-caginda-avrupa-ve-osmanli-online-test-tyt-ayt-soru-cozumu\/\" title=\"De\u011fi\u015fim \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda Avrupa ve Osmanl\u0131 Online Test: TYT & AYT Soru 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