{"id":3422,"date":"2026-08-01T14:31:52","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T11:31:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=3422"},"modified":"2026-08-01T14:31:55","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T11:31:55","slug":"osmanli-yukselme-donemi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/01\/osmanli-yukselme-donemi\/","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131 Y\u00fckselme D\u00f6nemi KPSS Tarih Ders Notlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 Y\u00fckselme D\u00f6nemi ders notunda Fatih Sultan Mehmet, \u0130stanbul\u2019un Fethi ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, II. Bayezid, Yavuz Sultan Selim, Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman ve d\u00f6nemin di\u011fer \u00f6nemli siyasi-asker\u00ee geli\u015fmeler yer almaktad\u0131r. KPSS tarih s\u0131nav\u0131na haz\u0131rlananlar i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenen bu KPSS tarih ders notlar\u0131, 1453-1579 aras\u0131ndaki fetihleri, padi\u015fahlar\u0131, sava\u015flar\u0131 ve antla\u015fmalar\u0131 kronolojik bi\u00e7imde tekrar etmeyi sa\u011flar. Online KPSS tarih notlar\u0131 KPSS, EKPSS, MEB AGS ve \u00d6ABT s\u0131navlar\u0131na sizi tam olarak haz\u0131rlayacakt\u0131r. KPSS \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131 arayan \u00f6\u011frenciler bu i\u00e7erikten yararlanabilirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.tk-ders-notu{--tk-lacivert:#12355b;--tk-turkuaz:#087f8c;--tk-bordo:#8b1e3f;--tk-altin:#d69e2e;--tk-acik-mavi:#eef6ff;--tk-acik-turkuaz:#ecfbfa;--tk-acik-sari:#fff8dc;--tk-metin:#243447;--tk-cizgi:#c8d7e6;position:relative;width:100%;max-width:1100px;min-width:0;margin:0 auto;padding:clamp(12px,2.4vw,28px);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--tk-metin);font:400 17px\/1.72 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,\"Segoe UI\",Arial,sans-serif;overflow-wrap:anywhere;word-wrap:break-word;hyphens:auto;background:#f7fafc;border-radius:18px}\n.tk-ders-notu *,.tk-ders-notu *::before,.tk-ders-notu *::after{box-sizing:border-box;min-width:0}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme{position:fixed;z-index:9998;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:5px;background:rgba(18,53,91,.12);pointer-events:none}\n.tk-ders-notu 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tr{padding:7px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--tk-cizgi);border-top:5px solid var(--tk-turkuaz);border-radius:11px;box-shadow:0 5px 16px rgba(18,53,91,.07)}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(92px,36%) minmax(0,1fr);gap:10px;padding:10px 8px;border:0;border-bottom:1px dashed var(--tk-cizgi);background:#fff;color:var(--tk-metin);font-weight:400}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td:last-child{border-bottom:0}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td::before{content:attr(data-label);color:var(--tk-bordo);font-weight:800;overflow-wrap:anywhere}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don{right:10px;bottom:10px;width:44px;height:44px;line-height:44px}\n}\n@media (max-width:375px){\n.tk-ders-notu{font-size:15.5px}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme{width:100%;text-align:center}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo th,.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo td{padding:9px 6px;font-size:15px}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td{grid-template-columns:minmax(82px,34%) minmax(0,1fr);gap:8px}\n}\n@media print{\n.tk-ders-notu{max-width:none;margin:0;padding:0;background:#fff;color:#000;font-size:11pt;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme,.tk-ders-notu .tk-kontroller,.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don{display:none!important}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ust{padding:0 0 14pt;background:#fff!important;color:#000;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik{color:#000;border-bottom:2pt solid #000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler{border:1pt solid #777;background:#fff;color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler-listesi a{color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart{break-inside:auto;margin:0 0 14pt;padding:0;border:0;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu h2,.tk-ders-notu h3{break-after:avoid;color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo{break-inside:auto}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo tr{break-inside:avoid}\n.tk-ders-notu a{text-decoration:none;color:#000}\n}\n<\/style>\n<article class=\"tk-ders-notu\" id=\"tk-ders-osmanli-devleti-yukselme-donemi-1453-1579\" lang=\"tr\" data-tk-ready=\"false\"><div class=\"tk-ilerleme\" role=\"progressbar\" aria-label=\"Okuma ilerlemesi\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"100\" aria-valuenow=\"0\"><span class=\"tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"><\/span><\/div><header class=\"tk-ust\" id=\"tk-ders-baslangici\"><p class=\"tk-ana-baslik\" data-tk-source=\"1\"><strong>OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130 Y\u00dcKSELME D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (1453-1579)<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"tk-kontroller\"><button class=\"tk-dugme tk-yazdir\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunu yazd\u0131r\">Yazd\u0131r<\/button><button class=\"tk-dugme tk-ice-git\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"\u0130\u00e7indekiler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne git\">\u0130\u00e7indekilere Git<\/button><\/div><nav class=\"tk-icindekiler\" id=\"tk-icindekiler-osmanli-devleti-yukselme-donemi-1453-1579\" aria-label=\"Ders notu i\u00e7indekiler\"><p class=\"tk-icindekiler-baslik\">\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/p><ul class=\"tk-icindekiler-listesi\"><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-yukselme-donemi-padisahlari\">Y\u00dcKSELME D\u00d6NEM\u0130 PAD\u0130\u015eAHLARI<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-fatih-sultan-mehmet-donemi-1451-1481\">FAT\u0130H SULTAN MEHMET D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (1451-1481)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-kisisel-ozellikleri-ve-egitimi\">Ki\u015fisel \u00d6zellikleri ve E\u011fitimi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-istanbul-un-fethi-29-mayis-1453\">\u0130stanbul\u2019un Fethi (29 May\u0131s 1453)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-fethi-gerektiren-sebepler\">Fethi Gerektiren Sebepler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-fetih-icin-yapilan-hazirliklar-osmanli-tarafi\">Fetih \u0130\u00e7in Yap\u0131lan Haz\u0131rl\u0131klar (Osmanl\u0131 Taraf\u0131)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-fetih-oncesi-bizans-in-durumu-ve-aldigi-onlemler\">Fetih \u00d6ncesi Bizans\u2019\u0131n Durumu ve Ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00d6nlemler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-fethin-gerceklesmesi\">Fethin Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-istanbul-un-fethinin-sonuclari\">\u0130stanbul\u2019un Fethinin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-turk-tarihi-acisindan-sonuclari\">Osmanl\u0131 (T\u00fcrk) Tarihi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-dunya-tarihi-acisindan-sonuclari\">D\u00fcnya Tarihi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-fatih-doneminde-diger-onemli-olaylar\">Fatih D\u00f6neminde Di\u011fer \u00d6nemli Olaylar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-balkanlardaki-fetihler\">Balkanlardaki Fetihler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-denizlerdeki-fetihler\">Denizlerdeki Fetihler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-anadolu-daki-fetihler-anadolu-turk-siyasi-birligi-calismalari\">Anadolu\u2019daki Fetihler (Anadolu T\u00fcrk Siyasi Birli\u011fi \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-fatih-donemi-devlet-teskilatindaki-gelismeler\">Fatih D\u00f6nemi Devlet Te\u015fkilat\u0131ndaki Geli\u015fmeler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-bayezid-donemi-1481-1512\">II. BAYEZ\u0130D D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (1481-1512)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-cem-sultan-olayi-ic-sorunken-dis-sorun-haline-gelen-olay\">Cem Sultan Olay\u0131 (\u0130\u00e7 Sorunken D\u0131\u015f Sorun H\u00e2line Gelen Olay)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-balkanlar-ve-dis-politika\">Balkanlar ve D\u0131\u015f Politika<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-anadolu-ve-dogu-politikasi\">Anadolu ve Do\u011fu Politikas\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-yavuz-sultan-selim-donemi-1512-1520\">YAVUZ SULTAN SEL\u0130M D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (1512-1520)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-dogu-ve-guney-seferleri\">Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcney Seferleri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-1-caldiran-savasi-1514-osmanli-vs-safevi-iran\">1) \u00c7ald\u0131ran Sava\u015f\u0131 (1514) &#8211; Osmanl\u0131 vs. Safevi (\u0130ran)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-2-turnadag-savasi-1515\">2) Turnada\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131 (1515)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-3-misir-seferi-1516-1517-osmanli-vs-memluk-devleti\">3) M\u0131s\u0131r Seferi (1516-1517) &#8211; Osmanl\u0131 vs. Meml\u00fck Devleti<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-misir-seferi-nin-ridaniye-nin-sonuclari\">M\u0131s\u0131r Seferi&#x27;nin (Ridaniye&#x27;nin) Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-kanuni-sultan-suleyman-donemi-1520-1566\">KANUN\u0130 SULTAN S\u00dcLEYMAN D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (1520-1566)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-avrupa-bati-ile-iliskiler\">Avrupa (Bat\u0131) \u0130le \u0130li\u015fkiler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-kapitulasyonlar-ticari-ayricaliklar-meselesi\">Kapit\u00fclasyonlar (Ticari Ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar) Meselesi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-denizlerdeki-gelismeler\">Denizlerdeki Geli\u015fmeler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-iran-safevi-iliskileri\">Osmanl\u0131 &#8211; \u0130ran (Safevi) \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sokullu-mehmet-pasa-donemi-1566-1579\">SOKULLU MEHMET PA\u015eA D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (1566-1579)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sokullu-nun-cilgin-kanal-projeleri\">Sokullu&#x27;nun \u00c7\u0131lg\u0131n Kanal Projeleri<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/header><div class=\"tk-icerik\"><section class=\"tk-kart tk-kart-ilk\"><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-yukselme-donemi-padisahlari\" data-tk-source=\"2\"><strong>Y\u00dcKSELME D\u00d6NEM\u0130 PAD\u0130\u015eAHLARI<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"3\"><strong>Fatih Sultan Mehmet<\/strong> (<strong>1451-1481<\/strong>)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"4\"><strong>II. Bayezid<\/strong> (<strong>1481-1512<\/strong>)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"5\"><strong>Yavuz Sultan Selim<\/strong> (<strong>1512-1520<\/strong>)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"6\"><strong>Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman<\/strong> (<strong>1520-1566<\/strong>)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"7\"><strong>II. Selim<\/strong> (<strong>1566-1574<\/strong>)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"8\"><strong>III. Murat<\/strong> (<strong>1574-1595<\/strong>)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-dikkat-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"9\"><strong>Not<\/strong>: <strong>Y\u00fckselme D\u00f6nemi<\/strong>, <strong>1579<\/strong>&#8216;da Sadrazam <strong>Sokullu Mehmet Pa\u015fa<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle resmen sona erer.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-fatih-sultan-mehmet-donemi-1451-1481\" data-tk-source=\"10\"><strong>FAT\u0130H SULTAN MEHMET D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (1451-1481)<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-kisisel-ozellikleri-ve-egitimi\" data-tk-source=\"11\"><strong>Ki\u015fisel \u00d6zellikleri ve E\u011fitimi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"12\"><strong>\u00c7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir e\u011fitim<\/strong>: Padi\u015fahl\u0131k d\u00f6neminde bile her g\u00fcn belli saatlerde hocalardan ilim tahsil etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"13\"><strong>Edebiyat<\/strong>: <strong>Avni<\/strong> mahlas\u0131yla (lakab\u0131yla) divan \u015fiirleri yazacak d\u00fczeyde edebiyat bilgisine sahiptir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"14\"><strong>M\u00fchendislik<\/strong>: \u0130stanbul surlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131kacak <strong>\u015eahi<\/strong> toplar\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapacak kadar matematik ve m\u00fchendislik bilgisine sahiptir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"15\"><strong>Bildi\u011fi Diller<\/strong>: Fars\u00e7a, Arap\u00e7a, Yunanca, S\u0131rp\u00e7a, Slavca ve \u0130talyanca.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"16\"><strong>Hocalar\u0131<\/strong>: D\u00f6nemin \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00e2limleri olan <strong>Ak\u015femsettin<\/strong>, <strong>Molla <\/strong><strong>G\u00fcrani<\/strong> ve <strong>Molla H\u00fcsrev<\/strong> padi\u015faha ders vermi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-istanbul-un-fethi-29-mayis-1453\" data-tk-source=\"17\"><strong>\u0130stanbul\u2019un Fethi (29 May\u0131s 1453)<\/strong><\/h3><h3 id=\"tk-fethi-gerektiren-sebepler\" data-tk-source=\"18\"><strong>Fethi Gerektiren Sebepler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"19\"><strong>Toprak B\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/strong>: Bizans&#8217;\u0131n, Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Asya (Anadolu) ve Avrupa (Rumeli) topraklar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015fi ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc engellemesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"20\"><strong>G\u00fcvenlik Tehdidi<\/strong>: Bizans&#8217;\u0131n s\u00fcrekli bir s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00fcvenli\u011fi zafiyeti yaratmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"21\"><strong>\u0130\u00e7 Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k \u00c7\u0131karmas\u0131<\/strong>: Bizans&#8217;\u0131n, saltanat iddias\u0131nda bulunan Osmanl\u0131 \u015fehzadelerini koruyup k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"22\"><strong>Dini Etken<\/strong>: <strong>Hz. Muhammed&#8217;in (S.A.V)<\/strong> \u0130stanbul&#8217;un fethini m\u00fcjdeleyen hadisi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"23\"><strong>Stratejik Hedef<\/strong>: Bo\u011fazlar \u00fczerindeki tam h\u00e2kimiyetin ele ge\u00e7irilmek istenmesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"24\"><strong>D\u0131\u015f K\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtma<\/strong>: Bizans&#8217;\u0131n, Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131 ve Anadolu T\u00fcrk beyliklerini Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrekli isyana te\u015fvik etmesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"25\"><strong>Ekonomik ve Jeopolitik Konum<\/strong>: \u0130stanbul\u2019un e\u015fsiz jeopolitik konumu ve \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli ticaret yollar\u0131 (\u0130pek Yolu&#8217;nun bir kolu) \u00fczerinde bulunmas\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-fetih-icin-yapilan-hazirliklar-osmanli-tarafi\" data-tk-source=\"26\"><strong>Fetih \u0130\u00e7in Yap\u0131lan Haz\u0131rl\u0131klar (Osmanl\u0131 Taraf\u0131)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"27\"><strong>Bo\u011faz\u0131n Kontrol\u00fc<\/strong>: Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid d\u00f6neminde yap\u0131lan <strong>Anadolu Hisar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (G\u00fczelce Hisar)<\/strong> tam kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na <strong>Rumeli Hisar\u0131 (Bo\u011fazkesen)<\/strong> yapt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"28\"><strong>\u00c7evre Temizli\u011fi<\/strong>: \u0130stanbul yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki <strong>Silivri<\/strong> ve <strong>Vize<\/strong> kaleleri ele ge\u00e7irilerek Bizans&#8217;\u0131n \u00e7evresi sar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"29\"><strong>Ku\u015fatma Ara\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong>: Surlar\u0131 a\u015fmak amac\u0131yla hareketli, b\u00fcy\u00fck tekerlekli kuleler in\u015fa edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"30\"><strong>Ate\u015f G\u00fcc\u00fc<\/strong>: Edirne\u2019de top d\u00f6k\u00fcmhaneleri kurularak surlar\u0131 y\u0131kabilecek g\u00fcce sahip <strong>\u015eahi<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilen devasa toplar d\u00f6kt\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"31\"><strong>Donanma<\/strong>: Gelibolu\u2019da donanma elden ge\u00e7irildi, yeni gemilerle birlikte <strong>350-400 gemilik<\/strong> b\u00fcy\u00fck bir donanma haz\u0131rland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"32\"><strong>Diplomatik \u00d6nlemler<\/strong>: Olas\u0131 bir Ha\u00e7l\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in <strong>Venedik<\/strong>, <strong>S\u0131rbistan<\/strong> ve <strong>Eflak<\/strong> ile sald\u0131rmazl\u0131k antla\u015fmalar\u0131 imzaland\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-fetih-oncesi-bizans-in-durumu-ve-aldigi-onlemler\" data-tk-source=\"33\"><strong>Fetih \u00d6ncesi Bizans\u2019\u0131n Durumu ve Ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00d6nlemler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"34\"><strong>Yard\u0131m \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131<\/strong>: Avrupa&#8217;dan askeri yard\u0131m istendi; Girit, Ceneviz, \u0130talyan ve \u0130spanyol kuvvetlerinden destek geldi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"35\"><strong>Savunma Hatt\u0131<\/strong>: Sur d\u0131\u015f\u0131 k\u00f6yler bo\u015falt\u0131ld\u0131, tahrip olmu\u015f surlar\u0131 tamir etmek i\u00e7in mezar ta\u015flar\u0131 dahi kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"36\"><strong>Hali\u00e7&#8217;in Kapat\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong>: Savunman\u0131n en zay\u0131f noktas\u0131 olan Hali\u00e7\u2019in giri\u015fine kal\u0131n zincirler \u00e7ekildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"37\"><strong>Grek Ate\u015fi<\/strong>: Suda bile yanma \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahip <strong>Grejuva (Grek ate\u015fi)<\/strong> adl\u0131 kimyasal\/etkili silah kullan\u0131ma haz\u0131rland\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-fethin-gerceklesmesi\" data-tk-source=\"38\"><strong>Fethin Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"39\"><strong>Harek\u00e2t\u0131n Ba\u015flamas\u0131<\/strong>: <strong>6 Nisan 1453<\/strong>&#8216;te Osmanl\u0131 ordusu Edirne&#8217;den hareket etti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"40\"><strong>Ku\u015fatma Stratejisi<\/strong>: \u015eehir hem karadan hem denizden ayn\u0131 anda ku\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"41\"><strong>Gemilerin Karadan Y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi<\/strong>: <strong>II. Mehmet<\/strong>, donanmay\u0131 bir gecede ya\u011fl\u0131 k\u0131zaklar yard\u0131m\u0131yla karadan y\u00fcr\u00fcterek zincirle kapal\u0131 olan Hali\u00e7\u2019e indirdi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"42\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong>: <strong>29 May\u0131s 1453<\/strong> tarihinde yap\u0131lan son genel h\u00fccumla \u0130stanbul fethedildi. Bizans ordusunun zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bekledi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck Avrupa yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 tam olarak alamamas\u0131 fethi kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran etkenler oldu.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-istanbul-un-fethinin-sonuclari\" data-tk-source=\"43\"><strong>\u0130stanbul\u2019un Fethinin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><h3 id=\"tk-osmanli-turk-tarihi-acisindan-sonuclari\" data-tk-source=\"44\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 (T\u00fcrk) Tarihi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"45\"><strong>D\u00f6nem De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi<\/strong>: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Kurulu\u015f D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nden resmen <strong>Y\u00fckselme D\u00f6nemi<\/strong>&#8216;ne ge\u00e7ti ve <strong>\u0130mparatorluk<\/strong> vasf\u0131 kazand\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"46\"><strong>Ba\u015fkent De\u011fi\u015fimi<\/strong>: Devletin ba\u015fkenti Edirne\u2019den <strong>\u0130stanbul<\/strong>\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"47\"><strong>Toprak B\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/strong>: Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Anadolu ve Rumeli topraklar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015f kolayla\u015ft\u0131, toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"48\"><strong>Ekonomik ve Stratejik G\u00fc\u00e7<\/strong>: Karadeniz ve Akdeniz aras\u0131ndaki su yollar\u0131n\u0131n (Bo\u011fazlar\u0131n) denetimi tamamen Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya ge\u00e7ti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"49\"><strong>Prestij<\/strong>: \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ve Avrupa&#8217;da Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve otoritesi artt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"50\"><strong>Yeni Unvanlar<\/strong>: II. Mehmet, fetheden anlam\u0131na gelen <strong>Fatih<\/strong> ve Roma \u0130mparatoru anlam\u0131na gelen <strong>Kayser-i Rum<\/strong> unvanlar\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-dunya-tarihi-acisindan-sonuclari\" data-tk-source=\"51\"><strong>D\u00fcnya Tarihi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"52\"><strong>Bir \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun Sonu<\/strong>: 1058 y\u0131ll\u0131k k\u00f6kl\u00fc <strong>Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu (Bizans)<\/strong> tarihe kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"53\"><strong>Mezhep Birli\u011finin Engellenmesi<\/strong>: Katolik-Ortodoks kiliselerinin birle\u015fmesi ger\u00e7ekle\u015femedi. Fatih, Ortodoks Kilisesi&#8217;ni Osmanl\u0131 korumas\u0131 alt\u0131na alarak Avrupa&#8217;daki Hristiyan birli\u011fini par\u00e7alamay\u0131 hedefledi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"54\"><strong>\u00c7a\u011f De\u011fi\u015fimi<\/strong>: D\u00fcnya tarihinde <strong>Orta \u00c7a\u011f<\/strong> kapand\u0131, <strong>Yeni \u00c7a\u011f<\/strong> ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"55\"><strong>Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fiflere Etkisi<\/strong>: \u00d6nemli ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n (\u0130pek Yolu vb.) Osmanl\u0131 kontrol\u00fcne ge\u00e7mesiyle, Avrupal\u0131 devletler Asya&#8217;ya ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in yeni yollar aramaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve bu durum <strong>Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler<\/strong>i ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"56\"><strong>R\u00f6nesans&#8217;a Etkisi<\/strong>: \u0130stanbul&#8217;un fethinden sonra \u0130talya&#8217;ya ka\u00e7an Bizansl\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131 ve ayd\u0131nlar, Avrupa&#8217;da Antik Yunan eserlerini \u00f6\u011freterek <strong>R\u00f6nesans<\/strong> hareketlerine zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"57\"><strong>Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n Siyasi Yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n De\u011fi\u015fmesi<\/strong>: \u015eahi toplar\u0131 sayesinde a\u015f\u0131lamaz san\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck surlar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131labilece\u011finin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131yla, Avrupa&#8217;daki <strong>Feodalite (Derebeylik)<\/strong> rejimi \u00e7\u00f6kmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Yerine merkeziyet\u00e7i <strong>mutlak krall\u0131klar<\/strong> g\u00fc\u00e7lendi.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"58\"><strong>S\u0131nav Bilgisi<\/strong>: Fatih Sultan Mehmet&#8217;ten \u00f6nce \u0130stanbul&#8217;u ku\u015fatan Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131 ve \u015fehzadeleri s\u0131ras\u0131yla: <strong>Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid<\/strong>, <strong>Musa \u00c7elebi<\/strong> ve <strong>II. Murat<\/strong>&#8216;t\u0131r.<\/p><h3 id=\"tk-fatih-doneminde-diger-onemli-olaylar\" data-tk-source=\"59\"><strong>Fatih D\u00f6neminde Di\u011fer \u00d6nemli Olaylar<\/strong><\/h3><h3 id=\"tk-balkanlardaki-fetihler\" data-tk-source=\"60\"><strong>Balkanlardaki Fetihler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"61\">\u0130lk sefer <strong>S\u0131rbistan<\/strong>&#8216;a yap\u0131ld\u0131. Belgrat hari\u00e7 t\u00fcm S\u0131rbistan topraklar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"62\"><strong>Arnavutluk<\/strong>, <strong>Bosna-Hersek<\/strong> ve <strong>Mora Yar\u0131madas\u0131<\/strong> fethedildi. (Mora&#8217;n\u0131n fethi, Bizans&#8217;\u0131n yeniden diriltilme umutlar\u0131n\u0131 bitirmi\u015ftir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"63\"><strong>Eflak<\/strong> ve <strong>Bo\u011fdan<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya ba\u011fl\u0131 birer beylik h\u00e2line getirildi.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-denizlerdeki-fetihler\" data-tk-source=\"64\"><strong>Denizlerdeki Fetihler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"65\"><strong>Ege Adalar\u0131<\/strong>: Enez, Ta\u015foz, E\u011friboz, Midilli, Semadirek, \u0130mroz ve Limni al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"66\"><strong>Rodos Ku\u015fatmas\u0131<\/strong>: Ku\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131 ancak al\u0131namad\u0131 (Kanuni d\u00f6neminde al\u0131nacakt\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"67\"><strong>K\u0131r\u0131m&#8217;\u0131n Fethi (1475)<\/strong>: <strong>Gedik Ahmet Pa\u015fa<\/strong> komutas\u0131ndaki donanma K\u0131r\u0131m&#8217;\u0131 fethetti. K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya ba\u011fland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"68\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong>: Karadeniz kesin olarak bir <strong>T\u00fcrk g\u00f6l\u00fc<\/strong> h\u00e2line geldi ve kuzey ticaret yollar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 kontrol\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"69\"><strong>\u0130talya Seferi (1480)<\/strong>: \u0130talya yar\u0131madas\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak <strong>Otranto<\/strong> kalesi al\u0131nd\u0131 (Fatih&#8217;in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle bu kale elden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"70\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131-Venedik Sava\u015flar\u0131 (1463-1479)<\/strong>: Denizlerde tam 16 y\u0131l s\u00fcren sava\u015flarda iki taraf da birbirine tam \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck kuramad\u0131 ve bar\u0131\u015f yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"71\"><strong>Kritik S\u0131nav Sonucu<\/strong>: Venedik, Osmanl\u0131&#8217;dan ticari ayr\u0131cal\u0131k (<strong>imtiyaz<\/strong>) ve \u0130stanbul&#8217;da el\u00e7i (<strong>balyos<\/strong>) bulundurma hakk\u0131 elde eden ilk devlet oldu.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-anadolu-daki-fetihler-anadolu-turk-siyasi-birligi-calismalari\" data-tk-source=\"72\"><strong>Anadolu\u2019daki Fetihler (Anadolu T\u00fcrk Siyasi Birli\u011fi \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"73\">Cenevizlilerden <strong>Amasra<\/strong> al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"74\">Candaro\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi&#8217;nden <strong>Sinop<\/strong> al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"75\"><strong>Trabzon Rum \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/strong>&#8216;na son verildi (<strong>1461<\/strong>). B\u00f6ylece Bizans&#8217;\u0131n diriltilme umutlar\u0131 bir kez daha yok edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"76\">Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 \u00fczerine sefer yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve topraklar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131 (<strong>1466<\/strong>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"77\"><strong>Otlukbeli Sava\u015f\u0131 (1473)<\/strong>: Do\u011fu Anadolu&#8217;da g\u00fc\u00e7lenen Akkoyunlu h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 <strong>Uzun Hasan<\/strong> ma\u011flup edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"78\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong>: F\u0131rat Nehri&#8217;nin bat\u0131s\u0131nda kalan Anadolu topraklar\u0131nda tam Osmanl\u0131 kontrol\u00fc sa\u011fland\u0131. Do\u011fu g\u00fcvenli\u011fi g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"79\"><strong>Meml\u00fck<\/strong><strong> \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/strong>: Hicaz su yollar\u0131n\u0131n tamiri meselesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, M\u0131s\u0131r merkezli Meml\u00fck Devleti ile diplomatik ili\u015fkiler bu d\u00f6nemde ilk kez bozulmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-fatih-donemi-devlet-teskilatindaki-gelismeler\" data-tk-source=\"80\"><strong>Fatih D\u00f6nemi Devlet Te\u015fkilat\u0131ndaki Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"81\"><strong>Ekonomi<\/strong>: \u0130lk alt\u0131n para (Sikke-i Hasene) bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bu i\u015flem i\u00e7in devletin resm\u00ee darphanesi olan <strong>Simke\u015fhane<\/strong> kuruldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"82\"><strong>Mimari ve Y\u00f6netim<\/strong>: Devletin y\u00fczlerce y\u0131l y\u00f6netim merkezi olacak olan <strong>Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131<\/strong> in\u015fa edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"83\"><strong>E\u011fitim<\/strong>: D\u00f6nemin \u00fcniversitesi kabul edilen e\u011fitimde zirve kurumu <strong>Sahn-\u0131 Seman Medreseleri<\/strong> ve bu kuruma \u00f6\u011frenci yeti\u015ftiren <strong>Tetimme<\/strong><strong> (haz\u0131rl\u0131k) Medreseleri<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"84\"><strong>Hukuk<\/strong>: Devletin i\u015fleyi\u015fini d\u00fczenleyen \u00f6rfi hukuk kurallar\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131 ve sistemli hale getirildi: <strong>Kanunname-i \u00c2li Osman<\/strong>. (Karde\u015f katli yasalla\u015ft\u0131).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"85\"><strong>B\u00fcrokrasi ve Otorite<\/strong>:<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"86\"><strong>Divan-\u0131 <\/strong><strong>H\u00fcmayun<\/strong>&#8216;a i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f yaz\u0131\u015fmalardan sorumlu <strong>Ni\u015fanc\u0131<\/strong> atand\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"87\">Divan toplant\u0131lar\u0131na padi\u015fah yerine <strong>Sadrazam<\/strong> (Veziriazam) ba\u015fkanl\u0131k etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Padi\u015fahlar toplant\u0131lar\u0131 Kasr-\u0131 Adl denilen pencereden izledi. (Bu hamle Sadrazam\u0131n \u00f6nemini art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, padi\u015fah\u0131n mutlak otoritesini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"88\"><strong>M\u00fcsadere Sistemi<\/strong>: Devletin, haks\u0131z kazan\u00e7 elde eden veya isyan eden ki\u015filerin mallar\u0131na el koyabilmesini sa\u011flayan <strong>M\u00fcsadere sistemi<\/strong> ilk defa uyguland\u0131 (\u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyeti k\u0131s\u0131tlar, merkezi otoriteyi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"89\"><strong>C\u00fclus Bah\u015fi\u015fi<\/strong>: Padi\u015fah de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinde (tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flarda) kap\u0131kulu askerlerine da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan <strong>C\u00fclus bah\u015fi\u015fi<\/strong> kanunla yasalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-ii-bayezid-donemi-1481-1512\" data-tk-source=\"90\"><strong>II. BAYEZ\u0130D D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (1481-1512)<\/strong> <\/h2><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"91\">Y\u00fckselme D\u00f6nemi i\u00e7inde i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f sorunlar nedeniyle fetihlerin yava\u015flamas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc bu d\u00f6nem &#8220;<strong>Duraklama y\u0131llar\u0131<\/strong>&#8221; olarak da bilinir.<\/p><h3 id=\"tk-cem-sultan-olayi-ic-sorunken-dis-sorun-haline-gelen-olay\" data-tk-source=\"92\"><strong>Cem Sultan Olay\u0131 (\u0130\u00e7 Sorunken D\u0131\u015f Sorun H\u00e2line Gelen Olay)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"93\"><strong>Taht Kavgas\u0131<\/strong>: Fatih&#8217;in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine II. Bayezid ile karde\u015fi <strong>Cem Sultan<\/strong> aras\u0131nda \u015fiddetli bir taht kavgas\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"94\"><strong>S\u00fcrg\u00fcn S\u00fcreci<\/strong>: Sava\u015f\u0131 kaybeden Cem Sultan s\u0131ras\u0131yla; Karaman beylerine, Meml\u00fck Devleti&#8217;ne, Rodos \u015e\u00f6valyelerine, Fransa&#8217;ya ve nihayet Papa&#8217;n\u0131n (Roma) eline ge\u00e7erek rehin tutuldu. 1495&#8217;te Napoli&#8217;de zehirlenerek \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"95\"><strong>Devlete Etkileri<\/strong>:<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"96\">Papa&#8217;n\u0131n elinde koz oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bat\u0131daki fetihler durma noktas\u0131na geldi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"97\">Cem Sultan&#8217;\u0131 destekledikleri i\u00e7in Meml\u00fcklerle ili\u015fkiler koptu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"98\">D\u0131\u015f politikada mecburen pasif kal\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-balkanlar-ve-dis-politika\" data-tk-source=\"99\"><strong>Balkanlar ve D\u0131\u015f Politika<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"100\"><strong>1484 Fetihleri<\/strong>: <strong>Kili<\/strong> ve <strong>Akkerman<\/strong> kaleleri ile <strong>Bo\u011fdan<\/strong> fethedildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"101\"><strong>S\u0131nav Sonucu<\/strong>: Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131 ile K\u0131r\u0131m aras\u0131ndaki kara ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Lehistan (Polonya) ile do\u011frudan kom\u015fu oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"102\"><strong>1492 \u0130spanya (<\/strong><strong>\u0130ber<\/strong><strong>) S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc<\/strong>: \u0130spanya&#8217;daki Engizisyon mahkemelerinden ve katliamdan ka\u00e7an Yahudilere ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara, II. Bayezid taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nd\u0131. \u00dcnl\u00fc T\u00fcrk denizcisi <strong>Kemal Reis<\/strong> donanmayla \u0130spanya&#8217;ya g\u00f6nderilerek bu sivilleri kurtard\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na (\u00f6zellikle Selanik ve \u0130zmir&#8217;e) yerle\u015ftirdi.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-anadolu-ve-dogu-politikasi\" data-tk-source=\"103\"><strong>Anadolu ve Do\u011fu Politikas\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"104\"><strong>Karamano\u011fullar\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Sonu<\/strong>: Osmanl\u0131&#8217;y\u0131 Anadolu&#8217;da en \u00e7ok u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131ran Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi&#8217;ne kesin olarak son verildi (<strong>1487<\/strong>). B\u00f6ylece Anadolu T\u00fcrk siyasi birli\u011fini sa\u011flama yolundaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck engellerden biri kalkt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"105\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131-<\/strong><strong>Meml\u00fck<\/strong><strong> Sava\u015flar\u0131 (1485-1491)<\/strong>: Hicaz su yollar\u0131n\u0131n tamiri meselesi, Meml\u00fcklerin Cem Sultan&#8217;a destek vermeleri ve Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya ba\u011fl\u0131 Dulkadir\/Ramazano\u011fullar\u0131 beyliklerini k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar\u0131 sebebiyle sava\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130ki taraf da kesin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck kuramad\u0131, bar\u0131\u015f yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"106\"><strong>\u015eahkulu \u0130syan\u0131 (1511)<\/strong>: \u0130ran (Tebriz) merkezli \u015eii <strong>Safevi<\/strong><strong> Devleti<\/strong> h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 <strong>\u015eah \u0130smail<\/strong>, Do\u011fu Anadolu&#8217;ya yay\u0131lmak i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda yo\u011fun bir \u015eiilik propagandas\u0131 yapt\u0131. Antalya \u00e7evresinde \u00e7\u0131kan bu b\u00fcy\u00fck dini ve siyasi nitelikli isyan zorlukla bast\u0131r\u0131labildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"107\"><strong>Taht De\u011fi\u015fimi<\/strong>: \u015eahkulu \u0130syan\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde devletin zafiyet g\u00f6stermesi \u00fczerine, Trabzon sancakbeyi olan <strong>I. Selim (Yavuz)<\/strong>, yeni\u00e7erilerin de deste\u011fini alarak babas\u0131 II. Bayezid&#8217;e kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc (<strong>Kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>). Babas\u0131n\u0131 tahttan indirerek padi\u015fah oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"108\"><strong>Kritik Bilgi<\/strong>: Bu olay, Yeni\u00e7erilerin taht de\u011fi\u015fimine yapt\u0131klar\u0131 <em>ilk do\u011frudan siyasi m\u00fcdahaledir<\/em>.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-yavuz-sultan-selim-donemi-1512-1520\" data-tk-source=\"109\"><strong>YAVUZ SULTAN SEL\u0130M D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (1512-1520)<\/strong><\/h2><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"110\">Sadece 8 y\u0131l tahtta kalmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen devleti 80 y\u0131ll\u0131k g\u00fcce ula\u015ft\u0131ran, hazineyi a\u011fz\u0131na kadar dolduran ve fetih y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc tamamen Do\u011fu&#8217;ya (\u0130slam co\u011frafyas\u0131na) \u00e7eviren padi\u015faht\u0131r.<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"111\"><strong>\u015eehzadeler Sorunu<\/strong>: Tahta ge\u00e7er ge\u00e7mez, ileride i\u00e7 sava\u015f \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla karde\u015fleri <strong>Ahmet<\/strong> ve <strong>Korkut<\/strong>\u2019u bertaraf ederek iktidar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-dogu-ve-guney-seferleri\" data-tk-source=\"112\"><strong>Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcney Seferleri<\/strong><\/h3><h3 id=\"tk-1-caldiran-savasi-1514-osmanli-vs-safevi-iran\" data-tk-source=\"113\"><strong>1) \u00c7ald\u0131ran Sava\u015f\u0131 (1514<\/strong><strong>) &#8211;<\/strong><strong> Osmanl\u0131 vs. <\/strong><strong>Safevi<\/strong><strong> (\u0130ran)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"114\"><strong>Sebep<\/strong>: Safevi destekli isyanlar\u0131n (\u015eahkulu gibi) Anadolu&#8217;nun demografik ve siyasi dengesini bozmas\u0131, \u015eah \u0130smail&#8217;in d\u00fc\u015fmanca tav\u0131rlar\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"115\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong>: Yavuz Sultan Selim&#8217;in ate\u015fli silahlar \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sayesinde Osmanl\u0131 ordusu kesin bir zafer kazand\u0131. \u015eah \u0130smail sava\u015f meydan\u0131ndan ka\u00e7t\u0131. Safevilerin Do\u011fu Anadolu&#8217;daki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve tehdidi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"116\"><strong>\u00d6nemi<\/strong>: Do\u011fu Anadolu topraklar\u0131 tamamen Osmanl\u0131 kontrol\u00fcne girdi. Do\u011fu&#8217;daki K\u00fcrt a\u015firetleri (\u00fcnl\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 devlet adam\u0131 ve dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 <strong>\u0130dris-i <\/strong><strong>Bitlisi<\/strong>&#8216;nin yo\u011fun diplomatik \u00e7abalar\u0131yla) Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya ba\u011fland\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-2-turnadag-savasi-1515\" data-tk-source=\"117\"><strong>2) <\/strong><strong>Turnada\u011f<\/strong><strong> Sava\u015f\u0131 (1515)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"118\"><strong>Geli\u015fim<\/strong>: \u00c7ald\u0131ran Seferi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde, Osmanl\u0131 ordusuna destek vermeyen ve Meml\u00fcklerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapan <strong>Dulkadiro\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi<\/strong> ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"119\"><strong>\u00d6nemi ve S\u0131nav Bilgisi<\/strong>: Anadolu T\u00fcrk Siyasi Birli\u011fi <strong>kesin olarak (tamamen)<\/strong> sa\u011fland\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Dulkadiro\u011fullar\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya ge\u00e7mesi, bu beyli\u011fi kendi korumas\u0131nda g\u00f6ren Meml\u00fcklerle ili\u015fkileri tamamen kopard\u0131 ve M\u0131s\u0131r Seferi&#8217;ne zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-3-misir-seferi-1516-1517-osmanli-vs-memluk-devleti\" data-tk-source=\"120\"><strong>3) M\u0131s\u0131r Seferi (1516-1517<\/strong><strong>) &#8211;<\/strong><strong> Osmanl\u0131 vs. <\/strong><strong>Meml\u00fck<\/strong><strong> Devleti<\/strong><\/h3><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"121\"><strong>Sebepler<\/strong>:<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"122\">Hicaz su yollar\u0131 meselesinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclememesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"123\">Meml\u00fcklerin ge\u00e7mi\u015fte Cem Sultan&#8217;\u0131 desteklemesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"124\">Meml\u00fcklerin, Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya kar\u015f\u0131 Safevilerle gizli ittifak kurmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"125\">\u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n liderli\u011fi (Halifelik) meselesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"126\">Ekonomik neden: D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ticaret yollar\u0131ndan biri olan <strong>Baharat Yolu<\/strong>&#8216;nu ele ge\u00e7irme iste\u011fi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"127\"><strong>Mercidab\u0131k Sava\u015f\u0131 (1516)<\/strong>: Meml\u00fck ordusu Halep yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda ma\u011flup edildi. Suriye, L\u00fcbnan ve Filistin Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r yolu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"128\"><strong>Ridaniye<\/strong><strong> (<\/strong><strong>Reydaniye<\/strong><strong>) Sava\u015f\u0131 (1517)<\/strong>: Kahire yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda Meml\u00fck ordusu ikinci kez ezici bir \u015fekilde ma\u011flup edildi. Meml\u00fck Devleti resmen y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-misir-seferi-nin-ridaniye-nin-sonuclari\" data-tk-source=\"129\"><strong>M\u0131s\u0131r Seferi&#8217;nin (<\/strong><strong>Ridaniye&#8217;nin<\/strong><strong>) Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"130\"><strong>S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n Geni\u015flemesi<\/strong>: Suriye, Filistin, Hicaz (Mekke-Medine b\u00f6lgesi) ve M\u0131s\u0131r Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131. Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131nda fetihler ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"131\"><strong>Ekonomik Sonu\u00e7<\/strong>: <strong>Baharat Yolu<\/strong>&#8216;nun denetimi tamamen Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya ge\u00e7ti. <em>(Not: Ancak tam bu d\u00f6nemde Avrupa&#8217;da Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler sonucunda \u00dcmit Burnu&#8217;nun bulunmas\u0131 nedeniyle, bu yoldan beklenen ekonomik kazan\u00e7 tam olarak sa\u011flanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/em><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"132\"><strong>Dini ve Siyasi Sonu\u00e7 (\u00c7ok \u00d6nemli)<\/strong>: Halifelik makam\u0131 ve <strong>Kutsal Emanetler<\/strong> (Mekke ve Medine&#8217;deki dini e\u015fyalar) Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya ge\u00e7ti. Yavuz Sultan Selim <strong>ilk Osmanl\u0131 Halifesi<\/strong> oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"133\"><strong>Etkisi<\/strong>: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti mutlak <strong>Teokratik<\/strong> (Dine dayal\u0131) bir y\u00f6netim yap\u0131s\u0131 kazand\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"134\"><strong>\u0130slam D\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n Liderli\u011fi<\/strong>: Osmanl\u0131, \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki tek, en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck lider (s\u00f6z sahibi) devlet oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"135\"><strong>Hazine<\/strong>: M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;\u0131n zengin hazinesi \u0130stanbul&#8217;a ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Yavuz d\u00f6neminde devlet hazinesi alt\u0131nla dolup ta\u015ft\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"136\"><strong>Vergi Geliri<\/strong>: Venediklilerin K\u0131br\u0131s Adas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nceden Meml\u00fcklere \u00f6dedi\u011fi y\u0131ll\u0131k vergi, art\u0131k Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya \u00f6denmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-kanuni-sultan-suleyman-donemi-1520-1566\" data-tk-source=\"137\"><strong>KANUN\u0130 SULTAN S\u00dcLEYMAN D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (1520-1566)<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"138\"><strong>Genel \u00d6zellikleri<\/strong>: Devleti tam <strong>46 y\u0131l<\/strong> y\u00f6neterek en uzun s\u00fcre tahtta kalan Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00f6nemi, Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n siyasi, askeri ve ekonomik olarak <strong>en parlak d\u00f6nemi<\/strong> kabul edilir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"139\"><strong>Sanat ve Hukuk<\/strong>: Edebiyatta <strong>Muhibbi<\/strong> mahlas\u0131yla (takma ad\u0131yla) \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u015fiir yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 detayl\u0131 hukuki d\u00fczenlemelerden (kanunnamelerden) \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc tarihe <strong>Kanuni<\/strong> unvan\u0131yla ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Avrupa&#8217;da ise &#8220;Muhte\u015fem S\u00fcleyman&#8221; olarak bilinir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"140\"><strong>B\u00fcrokratik Geli\u015fme<\/strong>: Donanman\u0131n ba\u015fkomutan\u0131 olan <strong>Kaptan-\u0131 Derya<\/strong>, bu d\u00f6nemde \u00f6neminin artmas\u0131yla Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun&#8217;un asil \u00fcyesi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"141\"><strong>\u0130\u00e7 \u0130syanlar (Tahta \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f S\u00fcreci)<\/strong> Kanuni tahta ge\u00e7ti\u011finde otoritesini test etmek isteyen baz\u0131 kesimler isyan etmi\u015ftir:<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"142\"><strong>M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;da \u00c7\u0131kan \u0130syanlar<\/strong>: Meml\u00fck devletini yeniden kurmak isteyen <strong>Canberdi<\/strong><strong> Gazali<\/strong> isyan\u0131 ve sadrazam olamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;a vali atan\u0131p devlete ba\u015fkald\u0131ran <strong>Ahmet Pa\u015fa<\/strong> isyan\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"143\"><strong>Anadolu&#8217;da \u00c7\u0131kan \u0130syanlar<\/strong>: Ekonomik ve dini sebeplerle \u00e7\u0131kan <strong>Baba <\/strong><strong>Z\u00fcnnun<\/strong> ve <strong>Kalendero\u011flu<\/strong> isyanlar\u0131. (T\u00fcm\u00fc ba\u015far\u0131yla bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-avrupa-bati-ile-iliskiler\" data-tk-source=\"144\"><strong>Avrupa (Bat\u0131) <\/strong><strong>\u0130le<\/strong><strong> \u0130li\u015fkiler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"145\"><strong>1521 Belgrad&#8217;\u0131n Fethi<\/strong>: Fatih&#8217;in ku\u015fat\u0131p alamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Belgrad fethedildi. Orta Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131 ve askeri \u00fcs yollar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya sonuna kadar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"146\"><strong>1526 Moha\u00e7 Meydan Muharebesi<\/strong>: Macaristan ile yap\u0131lan sava\u015fta, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Macar ordusu top\u00e7u \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sayesinde sadece 2 saatte yok edildi. Macar Kral\u0131 II. Layo\u015f sava\u015fta \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"147\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong>: Macar \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131, Macaristan Osmanl\u0131 korumas\u0131na girdi. Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Orta Avrupa&#8217;daki g\u00fcc\u00fc peki\u015fti. Bu fetih sonras\u0131 Osmanl\u0131-Avusturya s\u0131n\u0131r kom\u015fusu oldu ve uzun y\u0131llar s\u00fcrecek <strong>Osmanl\u0131-Avusturya m\u00fccadeleleri<\/strong> ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"148\"><strong>1529 I. Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131<\/strong>: Avusturya&#8217;n\u0131n Macaristan i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Viyana ku\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak k\u0131\u015f mevsiminin yakla\u015fmas\u0131, ordunun erzak s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ekmesi ve surlar\u0131 y\u0131kacak b\u00fcy\u00fck ku\u015fatma toplar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130stanbul&#8217;dan getirilmemesi sebebiyle Viyana al\u0131namad\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"149\"><strong>1532 Alman Seferi ve 1533 \u0130stanbul (\u0130brahim Pa\u015fa) Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>: Kanuni, Avrupa i\u00e7lerine kadar ilerlemesine ra\u011fmen kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na hi\u00e7bir Avusturya veya Alman ordusu \u00e7\u0131kamad\u0131. Avusturya bar\u0131\u015f istemek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"150\"><strong>Antla\u015fman\u0131n \u00d6nemi (S\u0131navlar\u0131n Favorisi)<\/strong>: Antla\u015fman\u0131n bir maddesine g\u00f6re <strong>Avusturya Ar\u015fid\u00fck\u00fc (Kral\u0131), protokol bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 Sadrazam\u0131na (Veziriazam) denk say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong> * <strong>Yorum<\/strong>: Bu durum, Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Avusturya&#8217;ya (ve Avrupa&#8217;ya) kar\u015f\u0131 kurdu\u011fu <strong>siyasi ve diplomatik \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn<\/strong> kesin kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. (Bu \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck tam 73 y\u0131l sonra, 1606 Zitvatorok Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile sona erecektir).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-kapitulasyonlar-ticari-ayricaliklar-meselesi\" data-tk-source=\"151\"><strong>Kapit\u00fclasyonlar (Ticari Ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar) Meselesi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"152\"><strong>Ama\u00e7<\/strong>: Avrupa&#8217;daki Hristiyan Ha\u00e7l\u0131 birli\u011fini par\u00e7alamak (Fransa&#8217;y\u0131 yan\u0131na \u00e7ekmek) ve Akdeniz ticaretini yeniden canland\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla Fransa&#8217;ya ticari ve hukuki ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar i\u00e7eren <strong>Kapit\u00fclasyonlar<\/strong> verilmesi planland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"153\"><strong>S\u0131nav N\u00fcans\u0131<\/strong>: 1535&#8217;te Kanuni d\u00f6neminde Fransa ile bir kapit\u00fclasyon tasla\u011f\u0131 (Ahidname) haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ve fiili olarak uygulanm\u0131\u015f olsa da, iki h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fc vefa etmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in bu taslak resm\u00ee bir antla\u015fmaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmemi\u015ftir. Fransa&#8217;ya verilen <strong>ilk resm\u00ee ve kapsaml\u0131 kapit\u00fclasyon antla\u015fmas\u0131 1569 y\u0131l\u0131nda II. Selim d\u00f6neminde<\/strong> imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (S\u0131navlarda genellikle ilk ad\u0131m\u0131n Kanuni d\u00f6neminde siyasi manevra olarak at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilir). Kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n s\u00fcrekli (kal\u0131c\u0131) hale gelmesi ise \u00e7ok sonralar\u0131 <strong>1740&#8217;ta I. Mahmut<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde olacakt\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-denizlerdeki-gelismeler\" data-tk-source=\"154\"><strong>Denizlerdeki Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"155\"><strong>1522 Rodos&#8217;un Fethi<\/strong>: Fatih&#8217;in alamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rodos Adas\u0131, Saint Jean \u015e\u00f6valyeleri&#8217;nden al\u0131nd\u0131. Suriye ve M\u0131s\u0131r deniz yolunun g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"156\"><strong>1533 Barbaros&#8217;un Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya Kat\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong>: Akdeniz&#8217;de korsanl\u0131k yapan efsanevi T\u00fcrk denizcisi <strong>Barbaros Hayrettin Pa\u015fa (H\u0131z\u0131r Reis)<\/strong> Kanuni taraf\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul&#8217;a \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131. Kendisi <strong>Kaptan-\u0131 Derya<\/strong> (Donanma Komutan\u0131) yap\u0131larak ayn\u0131 zamanda <strong>Cezayir Beylerbeyi<\/strong> ilan edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"157\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong>: Kuzey Afrika&#8217;daki devasa <strong>Cezayir<\/strong> topraklar\u0131 hi\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131lmadan Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"158\"><strong>1538 <\/strong><strong>Preveze<\/strong><strong> Deniz Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>: Ha\u00e7l\u0131 donanmas\u0131 (Andrea Doria komutas\u0131ndaki) ile Barbaros Hayrettin Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131ndaki Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bozguna u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"159\"><strong>\u00d6nemi<\/strong>: Akdeniz kesin olarak bir <strong>T\u00fcrk G\u00f6l\u00fc<\/strong> h\u00e2line geldi. Denizlerdeki Osmanl\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tescillendi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"160\"><strong>1551 Trablusgarp&#8217;\u0131n Fethi<\/strong>: Sinan Pa\u015fa ve <strong>Turgut Reis<\/strong>, Kuzey Afrika&#8217;daki Trablusgarp&#8217;\u0131 (Libya) Sen Jan \u015e\u00f6valyelerinden ald\u0131. Turgut Reis Trablusgarp Beylerbeyi yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"161\"><strong>1560 <\/strong><strong>Cerbe<\/strong><strong> Deniz Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>: Ha\u00e7l\u0131 donanmas\u0131 bir kez daha bozguna u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131. Preveze&#8217;den sonra kazan\u0131lan bu en b\u00fcy\u00fck ikinci deniz zaferi ile Akdeniz egemenli\u011fi iyice peki\u015ftirildi. Kuzey Afrika&#8217;daki Osmanl\u0131 varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"162\"><strong>1565 Malta Ku\u015fatmas\u0131<\/strong>: Malta adas\u0131 ku\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131 ancak \u015fiddetli k\u0131\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc savunma nedeniyle kald\u0131r\u0131lamad\u0131. Ku\u015fatma s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00fcnl\u00fc denizci <strong>Turgut Reis<\/strong> \u015fehit oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"163\"><strong>1566 Sak\u0131z Adas\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Fethi<\/strong>: Cenevizlilerden Sak\u0131z Adas\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131, Ege Denizi&#8217;nin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi tam olarak sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"164\"><strong>Hint Deniz Seferleri<\/strong>: Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler sonras\u0131 Portekizlilerin Hint Okyanusu&#8217;na yerle\u015fmesi ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman t\u00fcccarlara zarar vermesi \u00fczerine; <strong>Had\u0131m S\u00fcleyman Pa\u015fa<\/strong>, <strong>Piri Reis<\/strong>, <strong>Murat Reis<\/strong> ve <strong>Seydi Ali Reis<\/strong> komutas\u0131nda 4 ayr\u0131 deniz seferi yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"165\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7 ve Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k Nedenleri<\/strong>: K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz, Yemen ve Basra K\u00f6rfezi&#8217;nde k\u0131smi ba\u015far\u0131lar sa\u011flansa da, genel anlamda hedefe ula\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131. <strong>Nedenleri:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 kad\u0131rgalar\u0131n\u0131n (k\u00fcrekli gemilerinin) okyanus \u015fartlar\u0131na uygun olmamas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n okyanuslar\u0131n \u00f6nemini hen\u00fcz kavrayamamas\u0131 ve yard\u0131m istenen yerel M\u00fcsl\u00fcman y\u00f6neticilerden (G\u00fccerat vb.) yeterli lojistik deste\u011fin al\u0131namamas\u0131d\u0131r. Portekizliler b\u00f6lgeden tamamen uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamad\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-osmanli-iran-safevi-iliskileri\" data-tk-source=\"166\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> \u0130ran (<\/strong><strong>Safevi<\/strong><strong>) \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/strong> <\/h3><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"167\">Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman, Bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na ald\u0131ktan sonra, s\u0131n\u0131r ihlalleri yapan Do\u011fu&#8217;daki Safevi Devleti \u00fczerine 3 b\u00fcy\u00fck sefer d\u00fczenledi:<\/p><ol class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"168\"><strong>Irakeyn<\/strong><strong> Seferi (1534)<\/strong> (Ba\u011fdat ve Karbala al\u0131nd\u0131)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"169\"><strong>\u0130kinci \u0130ran Seferi (1548)<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"170\"><strong>Nahc\u0131van<\/strong><strong> Seferi (1554)<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"171\"><strong>1555 Amasya Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>: Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun g\u00fcc\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda direnemeyen \u0130ran (Safevi) bar\u0131\u015f istedi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"172\"><strong>\u00d6nemi<\/strong>: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile \u0130ran aras\u0131nda imzalanan <strong>ilk resm\u00ee bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong> Tebriz, Ba\u011fdat ve Do\u011fu Anadolu&#8217;nun tamam\u0131 Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"173\"><strong>Kanuni&#8217;nin Son Seferi (1566)<\/strong>: Ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ra\u011fmen ordunun ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 son sefer <strong>Zigetvar<\/strong><strong> Seferi<\/strong>&#8216;dir. Kanuni bu kale ku\u015fatmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ad\u0131r\u0131nda vefat etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-sokullu-mehmet-pasa-donemi-1566-1579\" data-tk-source=\"174\"><strong>SOKULLU MEHMET PA\u015eA D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (1566-1579)<\/strong> <\/h2><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"175\">Sokullu Mehmet Pa\u015fa s\u0131ras\u0131yla; <strong>Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman (son y\u0131llar\u0131)<\/strong>, <strong>II. Selim<\/strong> ve <strong>III. Murat<\/strong> d\u00f6nemlerinde sadrazaml\u0131k (ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k) yaparak devlete yetene\u011fiyle damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurmu\u015f bir devlet adam\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle bu d\u00f6neme padi\u015fah\u0131n de\u011fil, onun ad\u0131 verilir.<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"176\"><strong>Hint Seferleri&#8217;nin Devam\u0131<\/strong>: Sokullu d\u00f6neminde Hint Okyanusu&#8217;na <strong>Kurto\u011flu H\u0131z\u0131r Reis<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan bir sefer daha d\u00fczenlendi ancak yine okyanus \u015fartlar\u0131 nedeniyle kesin ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flanamad\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"177\"><strong>K\u0131br\u0131s&#8217;\u0131n Fethi (1570-1571)<\/strong>: <strong>Lala Mustafa Pa\u015fa<\/strong> komutas\u0131nda 11 ay s\u00fcren zorlu bir ku\u015fatma ile Venediklilerden al\u0131nd\u0131 (II. Selim d\u00f6nemi).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"178\"><strong>Sonucu<\/strong>: Do\u011fu Akdeniz h\u00e2kimiyeti kesinle\u015fti. Ancak bu fetih Avrupa&#8217;y\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irdi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"179\"><strong>1571 \u0130nebaht\u0131 (<\/strong><strong>Lepanto<\/strong><strong>) Deniz Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>: K\u0131br\u0131s&#8217;\u0131n intikam\u0131n\u0131 almak isteyen Ha\u00e7l\u0131 donanmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u0130nebaht\u0131 k\u00f6rfezinde pusuya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek yakt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"180\"><strong>\u00d6nemi<\/strong>: Bu olay, Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131n\u0131n tarihteki <strong>ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck felaketidir<\/strong> (yak\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"181\">Sava\u015ftan gemilerini kurtar\u0131p sa\u011f salim merkeze getiren tek kaptan olan <strong>Ulu\u00e7 Ali Pa\u015fa<\/strong>&#8216;ya, bu \u00fcst\u00fcn hizmetinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc padi\u015fah taraf\u0131ndan <strong>K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7<\/strong> unvan\u0131 verilmi\u015f ve kendisi Kaptan-\u0131 Derya yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"182\"><strong>1574 Tunus&#8217;un Fethi<\/strong>: Tunus, \u0130spanyollar\u0131n elinden <strong>K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Ali Pa\u015fa<\/strong> ve Kara Kuvvetleri Komutan\u0131 Sinan Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nd\u0131 (II. Selim D\u00f6nemi).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"183\"><strong>1575 Lehistan&#8217;\u0131n Himayesi<\/strong>: Lehistan (Polonya), Osmanl\u0131 himayesine girdi (III. Murat D\u00f6nemi). Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Balt\u0131k Denizi&#8217;ne kadar etkisi ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"184\"><strong>1578 Vadi-\u00fcs <\/strong><strong>Seyl<\/strong><strong> (Sebil) Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>: Kuzey Afrika&#8217;da Portekizliler ma\u011flup edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"185\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong>: <strong>Fas<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 himayesine girdi. B\u00f6ylece Osmanl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 bat\u0131da <strong>Atlas Okyanusu&#8217;na<\/strong> ula\u015ft\u0131 (III. Murat D\u00f6nemi). Kuzey Afrika fethi tamamland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"186\"><strong>1580 \u0130ngiltere Kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131<\/strong>: Avrupa diplomasisinde denge kurmak amac\u0131yla \u0130ngiltere&#8217;ye de ticari kapit\u00fclasyonlar verildi (III. Murat d\u00f6nemi ba\u015f\u0131).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-sokullu-nun-cilgin-kanal-projeleri\" data-tk-source=\"187\"><strong>Sokullu&#8217;nun \u00c7\u0131lg\u0131n Kanal Projeleri<\/strong><\/h3><aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" data-tk-source=\"188\"><p><strong>\u00d6nemli Not<\/strong>: Bu projeler Sokullu taraf\u0131ndan jeopolitik ve ekonomik hedeflerle tasarlanm\u0131\u015f ancak o d\u00f6nemin teknolojik yetersizlikleri ve i\u00e7\/d\u0131\u015f engeller nedeniyle hayata ge\u00e7irilememi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/aside><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"189\"><strong>Don &#8211;<\/strong><strong> Volga Kanal\u0131 Projesi<\/strong>: Karadeniz&#8217;e d\u00f6k\u00fclen Don nehri ile Hazar&#8217;a d\u00f6k\u00fclen Volga nehrini bir kanalla birle\u015ftirme projesidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"190\"><strong>Ama\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong>: Rusya&#8217;n\u0131n g\u00fcneye (Kafkaslar ve Karadeniz&#8217;e) inmesini ve g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesini engellemek, Orta Asya T\u00fcrkleri ile irtibat kurmak, \u0130ran&#8217;\u0131 kuzeyden s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak ve eski <strong>\u0130pek Yolu&#8217;nu<\/strong> yeniden canland\u0131rmak. (Ancak k\u0131\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131 ve Rus sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle yar\u0131m kald\u0131).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"191\"><strong>S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 Projesi<\/strong>: Akdeniz ile K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz&#8217;i birle\u015ftirme projesidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"192\"><strong>Ama\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong>: Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler ile \u00f6nemini kaybeden <strong>Baharat Yolu&#8217;nu<\/strong> tekrar canland\u0131rmak ve Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131n\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz \u00fczerinden Hint Okyanusu&#8217;na ge\u00e7irerek Portekizlileri b\u00f6lgeden atmak. (Bu proje y\u00fczy\u0131llar sonra 1869&#8217;da Frans\u0131z\/\u0130ngiliz ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yap\u0131labilecektir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"193\"><strong>Sakarya &#8211;<\/strong><strong> Marmara Projesi<\/strong>: Marmara Denizi, Sapanca G\u00f6l\u00fc ve Sakarya Nehri&#8217;ni birbirine ba\u011flama projesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"194\"><strong>Ama\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong>: \u0130stanbul&#8217;un artan odun ve kereste ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131, Anadolu ormanlar\u0131ndan su yoluyla daha ucuz ve h\u0131zl\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mak.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"195\"><strong>S\u0131nav Bilgisi<\/strong>: Sokullu D\u00f6nemi padi\u015fahlar\u0131ndan <strong>II. Selim (Sar\u0131 Selim)<\/strong>, Osmanl\u0131 tarihinde ordunun ba\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir sefere \u00e7\u0131kmayan ilk Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durum saray b\u00fcrokrasisinin (Sadrazam\u0131n) y\u00f6netimde ne kadar g\u00fc\u00e7lendi\u011finin bir g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"196\">&#8220;Bu ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n her hakk\u0131 sakl\u0131d\u0131r. Hangi ama\u00e7la olursa olsun, ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n veya bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n <strong>www.tarihkursu.com<\/strong><strong> <\/strong>sitesinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 izni olmadan sosyal medyada ve internet ortam\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, kopya edilmesi, foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesi, herhangi bir yolla \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131, yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ya da kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yasakt\u0131r. Bu yasa\u011fa uymayanlar gerekli cezai sorumlulu\u011fu pe\u015finen kabullenmi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.&#8221;<\/p><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"197\">Duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederiz. \u0130yi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/p><\/section><\/div><button class=\"tk-basa-don\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunun ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\" title=\"Ba\u015fa d\u00f6n\">\u2191<\/button><\/article>\n<script>\n(()=>{\"use strict\";document.querySelectorAll(\".tk-ders-notu\").forEach((root)=>{if(root.dataset.tkReady===\"true\")return;root.dataset.tkReady=\"true\";const toc=root.querySelector(\".tk-icindekiler\"),bar=root.querySelector(\".tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"),topButton=root.querySelector(\".tk-basa-don\"),headings=[...root.querySelectorAll(\"h2[id],h3[id]\")],links=[...root.querySelectorAll('.tk-icindekiler a[href^=\"#\"]')];const go=(target)=>{if(target)target.scrollIntoView({behavior:\"smooth\",block:\"start\"});};root.querySelector(\".tk-yazdir\")?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>window.print());root.querySelector(\".tk-ice-git\")?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>go(toc));topButton?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>go(root));links.forEach((link)=>link.addEventListener(\"click\",(event)=>{const id=link.getAttribute(\"href\").slice(1),target=root.querySelector(`#${CSS.escape(id)}`);if(target){event.preventDefault();go(target);history.replaceState(null,\"\",`#${id}`);}}));let ticking=false;const update=()=>{const rect=root.getBoundingClientRect(),view=window.innerHeight||document.documentElement.clientHeight,total=Math.max(root.scrollHeight-view,1),passed=Math.min(Math.max(-rect.top,0),total),percent=Math.round(passed\/total*100);if(bar){bar.style.width=`${percent}%`;bar.parentElement?.setAttribute(\"aria-valuenow\",String(percent));}topButton?.classList.toggle(\"tk-gorunur\",window.scrollY>420);let active=headings[0]?.id||\"\";headings.forEach((heading)=>{if(heading.getBoundingClientRect().top<=Math.max(130,view*.28))active=heading.id;});links.forEach((link)=>{const current=link.getAttribute(\"href\")===`#${active}`;link.classList.toggle(\"tk-etkin\",current);if(current)link.setAttribute(\"aria-current\",\"location\");else link.removeAttribute(\"aria-current\");});ticking=false;};const requestUpdate=()=>{if(!ticking){ticking=true;requestAnimationFrame(update);}};window.addEventListener(\"scroll\",requestUpdate,{passive:true});window.addEventListener(\"resize\",requestUpdate,{passive:true});update();});})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Osmanl\u0131 Y\u00fckselme D\u00f6nemi ders notunda Fatih Sultan Mehmet, \u0130stanbul\u2019un Fethi ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, II. 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