{"id":3424,"date":"2026-08-01T13:58:57","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T10:58:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=3424"},"modified":"2026-08-01T13:58:59","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T10:58:59","slug":"osmali-kultur-medeniyet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/01\/osmali-kultur-medeniyet\/","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyeti KPSS Tarih Ders Notlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyeti ders notu; y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u015fehzadelerin e\u011fitimi, veraset de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri, merkez ve ta\u015fra te\u015fkilat\u0131, Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131, Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcm\u00e2yun, hukuk, ordu, e\u011fitim, ekonomi ve toplum yap\u0131s\u0131 gibi konular\u0131 kapsar. KPSS tarih s\u0131nav\u0131nda kavram ve kurum bilgisini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan bu <strong>KPSS tarih ders notlar\u0131<\/strong>, g\u00f6revli-unvan e\u015fle\u015ftirmeleri ile te\u015fkilat yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 sistemli bi\u00e7imde tekrar etmeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Online KPSS tarih ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde <strong>KPSS, EKPSS, MEB AGS ve \u00d6ABT<\/strong> s\u0131navlar\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma <strong>\u00fccretsiz KPSS \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131<\/strong> arayan \u00f6\u011frenciler i\u00e7in temel bir kaynakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.tk-ders-notu{--tk-lacivert:#12355b;--tk-turkuaz:#087f8c;--tk-bordo:#8b1e3f;--tk-altin:#d69e2e;--tk-acik-mavi:#eef6ff;--tk-acik-turkuaz:#ecfbfa;--tk-acik-sari:#fff8dc;--tk-metin:#243447;--tk-cizgi:#c8d7e6;position:relative;width:100%;max-width:1100px;min-width:0;margin:0 auto;padding:clamp(12px,2.4vw,28px);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--tk-metin);font:400 17px\/1.72 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,\"Segoe UI\",Arial,sans-serif;overflow-wrap:anywhere;word-wrap:break-word;hyphens:auto;background:#f7fafc;border-radius:18px}\n.tk-ders-notu *,.tk-ders-notu *::before,.tk-ders-notu *::after{box-sizing:border-box;min-width:0}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme{position:fixed;z-index:9998;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:5px;background:rgba(18,53,91,.12);pointer-events:none}\n.tk-ders-notu 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minmax(0,1fr);gap:8px}\n}\n@media print{\n.tk-ders-notu{max-width:none;margin:0;padding:0;background:#fff;color:#000;font-size:11pt;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme,.tk-ders-notu .tk-kontroller,.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don{display:none!important}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ust{padding:0 0 14pt;background:#fff!important;color:#000;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik{color:#000;border-bottom:2pt solid #000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler{border:1pt solid #777;background:#fff;color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler-listesi a{color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart{break-inside:auto;margin:0 0 14pt;padding:0;border:0;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu h2,.tk-ders-notu h3{break-after:avoid;color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo{break-inside:auto}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo tr{break-inside:avoid}\n.tk-ders-notu a{text-decoration:none;color:#000}\n}\n<\/style>\n<article class=\"tk-ders-notu\" id=\"tk-ders-osmanli-kultur-ve-medeniyeti\" lang=\"tr\" data-tk-ready=\"false\"><div class=\"tk-ilerleme\" role=\"progressbar\" aria-label=\"Okuma ilerlemesi\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"100\" aria-valuenow=\"0\"><span class=\"tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"><\/span><\/div><header class=\"tk-ust\" id=\"tk-ders-baslangici\"><p class=\"tk-ana-baslik\" data-tk-source=\"1\"><strong>OSMANLI K\u00dcLT\u00dcR VE MEDEN\u0130YET\u0130<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"tk-kontroller\"><button class=\"tk-dugme tk-yazdir\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunu yazd\u0131r\">Yazd\u0131r<\/button><button class=\"tk-dugme tk-ice-git\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"\u0130\u00e7indekiler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne git\">\u0130\u00e7indekilere Git<\/button><\/div><nav class=\"tk-icindekiler\" id=\"tk-icindekiler-osmanli-kultur-ve-medeniyeti\" aria-label=\"Ders notu i\u00e7indekiler\"><p class=\"tk-icindekiler-baslik\">\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/p><ul class=\"tk-icindekiler-listesi\"><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-yonetim-anlayisi\">OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#x27;NDE Y\u00d6NET\u0130M ANLAYI\u015eI<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sehzadelerin-egitimi-ve-sancaga-cikma-usulu\">\u015eEHZADELER\u0130N E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M\u0130 VE SANCA\u011eA \u00c7IKMA USUL\u00dc<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-padisahin-yetki-kullanim-yollari\">PAD\u0130\u015eAHIN YETK\u0130 KULLANIM YOLLARI<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-padisahin-yetkilerinin-kisitlanmasi-demokratiklesme-adimlari\">PAD\u0130\u015eAHIN YETK\u0130LER\u0130N\u0130N KISITLANMASI (DEMOKRAT\u0130KLE\u015eME ADIMLARI)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-veraset-degisiklikleri\">VERASET DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130KL\u0130KLER\u0130<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-teskilat-yapisi\">OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NDE TE\u015eK\u0130LAT YAPISI<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-merkez-teskilati\">MERKEZ TE\u015eK\u0130LATI<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-topkapi-sarayi-nin-bolumleri\">Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131&#x27;n\u0131n B\u00f6l\u00fcmleri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-divan-i-humayun\">D\u0130VAN-I H\u00dcM\u00c2YUN<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-divan-i-humayun-da-siniflar-ve-temsilciler\">Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun&#x27;da S\u0131n\u0131flar ve Temsilciler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-asli-divan-uyeleri-ve-gorevleri\">Asli Divan \u00dcyeleri ve G\u00f6revleri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-divana-sonradan-uye-olanlar\">Divana Sonradan \u00dcye Olanlar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-divan-i-humayun-un-kaldirilmasi-ve-nezaretler-bakanliklar\">Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun&#x27;un Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Nezaretler (Bakanl\u0131klar)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-tasra-teskilati\">TA\u015eRA TE\u015eK\u0130LATI<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-1864-vilayet-nizamnamesi-tanzimat-donemi-tasra-reformu\">1864 Vilayet Nizamn\u00e2mesi (Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi Ta\u015fra Reformu)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-da-eyalet-sistemi-vergi-duzenine-gore\">Osmanl\u0131&#x27;da Eyalet Sistemi (Vergi D\u00fczenine G\u00f6re)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-hukuk-sistemi\">OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#x27;NDE HUKUK S\u0130STEM\u0130<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-kanun-koyma-yetkisi-ve-sureci\">Kanun Koyma Yetkisi ve S\u00fcreci<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-hukuki-belgeler-ve-emirler\">Hukuki Belgeler ve Emirler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-kadilarin-gorevleri-ve-yetkileri\">Kad\u0131lar\u0131n G\u00f6revleri ve Yetkileri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-mahkemeler\">OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#x27;NDE MAHKEMELER<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-1-tanzimat-donemi-oncesi-mahkemeler-klasik-donem\">1. Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi \u00d6ncesi Mahkemeler (Klasik D\u00f6nem)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-2-tanzimat-donemi-sonrasi-mahkemeler-19-yuzyil\">2. Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi Sonras\u0131 Mahkemeler (19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-da-anayasacilik-ve-medeni-hukuk-adimlari\">Osmanl\u0131&#x27;da Anayasac\u0131l\u0131k ve Medeni Hukuk Ad\u0131mlar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-ordu-yapisi\">OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#x27;NDE ORDU YAPISI<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-kara-kuvvetleri\">KARA KUVVETLER\u0130<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-a-kapikulu-askerleri-merkez-ordusu\">A. KAPIKULU ASKERLER\u0130 (Merkez Ordusu)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-kapikulu-piyadeleri-yaya-birlikler\">Kap\u0131kulu Piyadeleri (Yaya Birlikler)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-kapikulu-suvarileri-atli-birlikler-alti-boluk-halki\">Kap\u0131kulu S\u00fcvarileri (Atl\u0131 Birlikler \/ Alt\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fck Halk\u0131)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-b-eyalet-askerleri-tasra-ordusu\">B. EYALET ASKERLER\u0130 (Ta\u015fra Ordusu)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-c-yardimci-kuvvetler\">C. YARDIMCI KUVVETLER<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-deniz-kuvvetleri-donanma\">DEN\u0130Z KUVVETLER\u0130 (Donanma)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-sosyal-hayat\">OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#x27;NDE SOSYAL HAYAT<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-millet-sistemi\">Millet Sistemi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sosyal-kurumlar-vakiflar-ve-hayir-kurumlari\">Sosyal Kurumlar (Vak\u0131flar ve Hay\u0131r Kurumlar\u0131)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-toprak-sistemi\">OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#x27;NDE TOPRAK S\u0130STEM\u0130<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-timar-sistemi-ve-cifthane\">T\u0131mar Sistemi ve \u00c7ifthane<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-iltizam-ve-malikane-sistemi\">\u0130ltizam ve Malikane Sistemi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-ekonomi\">OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#x27;NDE EKONOM\u0130<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-hazine-yapisi\">Hazine Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-merkez-maliyesi-temel-gelir-kaynaklari\">Merkez Maliyesi Temel Gelir Kaynaklar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-para-birimleri\">Osmanl\u0131 Para Birimleri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-esnaf-teskilatlanmasi-ve-tuketiciyi-koruma\">Esnaf Te\u015fkilatlanmas\u0131 ve T\u00fcketiciyi Koruma<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ticaretin-gelistirilmesi-icin-kurulan-teskilatlar\">Ticaretin Geli\u015ftirilmesi \u0130\u00e7in Kurulan Te\u015fkilatlar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-vergiler\">OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#x27;NDE VERG\u0130LER<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-1-seri-vergiler\">1. \u015eER\u0130 VERG\u0130LER<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-2-orfi-vergiler\">2. \u00d6RF\u0130 VERG\u0130LER<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-ekonomisinin-bozulma-nedenleri\">OSMANLI EKONOM\u0130S\u0130N\u0130N BOZULMA NEDENLER\u0130<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-bankalar\">OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#x27;NDE BANKALAR<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-egitim\">OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#x27;NDE E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-bilim-insanlari\">OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#x27;NDE B\u0130L\u0130M \u0130NSANLARI<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-mimari-ve-sanat\">OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#x27;NDE M\u0130MAR\u0130 VE SANAT<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-cami-mimarisi\">Cami Mimarisi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sivil-mimari\">Sivil Mimari<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-minyatur-hat-ve-resim\">Minyat\u00fcr, Hat ve Resim<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-muzik-ve-edebiyat\">M\u00fczik ve Edebiyat<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/header><div class=\"tk-icerik\"><section class=\"tk-kart tk-kart-ilk\"><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-yonetim-anlayisi\" data-tk-source=\"2\"><strong>OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#8217;NDE Y\u00d6NET\u0130M ANLAYI\u015eI<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"3\"><strong>Mutlak Monar\u015fi:<\/strong> \u00dclkenin ve devletin tek sahibi <strong>padi\u015faht\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"4\"><strong>Teokratik Yap\u0131ya Ge\u00e7i\u015f:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netim sistemi, <strong>Yavuz Sultan Selim<\/strong>\u2019in <strong>M\u0131s\u0131r Seferi (1517)<\/strong> sonucuna kadar yaln\u0131zca monar\u015fik bir \u00f6zellik g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. <strong>1517<\/strong>\u2019den itibaren halifeli\u011fin Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya ge\u00e7mesiyle devlet y\u00f6netimi, monar\u015fik yap\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda <strong>teokratik (dine dayal\u0131)<\/strong> bir yap\u0131ya da b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"5\"><strong>H\u00fck\u00fcmdar Unvanlar\u0131:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar; <strong>bey, gazi, <\/strong><strong>h\u00fcdavendigar<\/strong><strong>, padi\u015fah, Kayser-i Rum, emir, sultan, han, hakan<\/strong> ve <strong>halife<\/strong> gibi unvanlar kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"6\"><strong>H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k Alametleri (Sembolleri):<\/strong> <strong>Sancak, tu\u011f, hutbe okutmak, para bast\u0131rmak, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 alay\u0131<\/strong> (Ey\u00fcp Sultan&#8217;da yap\u0131l\u0131r), <strong>c\u00fclus bah\u015fi\u015fi da\u011f\u0131tmak, taht, ota\u011f, hilat<\/strong> (giysi), <strong>\u00e7etr<\/strong> (\u015femsiye) ve <strong>nevbet<\/strong> (davul) h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k alametleridir. (YKS\/KPSS Ek Bilgisi: <strong>Tu\u011fra<\/strong> ve padi\u015fah\u0131n isminin yaz\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu <strong>T\u0131raz<\/strong> adl\u0131 \u015ferit de \u00f6nemli ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sembollerindendir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"7\"><strong>Otorite Birli\u011fi:<\/strong> Mutlak otorite olan padi\u015fah\u0131, kendi m\u00fchr\u00fcn\u00fc verdi\u011fi <strong>Veziriazam (Sadrazam)<\/strong> temsil etmi\u015ftir. <strong>Div\u00e2n-\u0131 <\/strong><strong>H\u00fcm\u00e2yun<\/strong>\u2019da bulunan di\u011fer vezirler ise yaln\u0131zca dan\u0131\u015fman konumundad\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131 sayesinde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde merkezi otorite birli\u011fi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"8\"><strong>Hanedan \u00dcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tek hanedan\u0131n, yani <strong>Osmano\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n<\/strong>, rol\u00fc \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Eski T\u00fcrk devlet gelene\u011fine g\u00f6re \u00fclke, hanedan\u0131n ortak mal\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"9\"><strong>Hukukun Yaz\u0131l\u0131 H\u00e2le Gelmesi:<\/strong> <strong>Fatih Sultan Mehmet D\u00f6nemi<\/strong>\u2019nde yay\u0131mlanan <strong>Fatih <\/strong><strong>Kanunn\u00e2mesi<\/strong><strong> (<\/strong><strong>Kanunn\u00e2me<\/strong><strong>-i \u00c2li Osman)<\/strong> ile \u00f6rfe dayal\u0131 hukuk sistemi yaz\u0131l\u0131 h\u00e2le getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-sehzadelerin-egitimi-ve-sancaga-cikma-usulu\" data-tk-source=\"10\"><strong>\u015eEHZADELER\u0130N E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M\u0130 VE SANCA\u011eA \u00c7IKMA USUL\u00dc<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"11\"><strong>Sanca\u011fa \u00c7\u0131kma Usul\u00fc:<\/strong> \u015eehzadelerin devlet tecr\u00fcbesi kazanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sanca\u011fa g\u00f6nderilmesi uygulamas\u0131, ilk kez <strong>I. Murat<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde sistemli hale getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"12\"><strong>Unvan ve Rehber:<\/strong> Sanca\u011fa g\u00f6nderilen \u015fehzade <strong>\u00c7elebi Sultan<\/strong> unvan\u0131n\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eehzadenin yan\u0131nda e\u011fitiminden sorumlu <strong>Lala<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilen tecr\u00fcbeli bir devlet adam\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur. (YKS\/KPSS Ek Bilgisi: \u0130lk T\u00fcrk devletlerindeki <em>Ataman\/\u0130nal<\/em>, Sel\u00e7uklulardaki <em>Atabey<\/em> kavram\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131&#8217;daki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"13\"><strong>\u015eehzade Sancaklar\u0131:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti i\u00e7in stratejik \u00f6neme sahip olan \u015fehzade sancaklar\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu ayn\u0131 zamanda eski beyliklerin merkezleridir. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca sancaklar; <strong>Bal\u0131kesir, K\u00fctahya, Manisa, Antalya, Konya, Kefe<\/strong> (Anadolu d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki tek \u015fehzade sanca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r), <strong>Amasya, Sivas, Karaman, Trabzon<\/strong> ve <strong>Bolu<\/strong>&#8216;dur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"14\"><strong>Usul\u00fcn Sonu:<\/strong> Sanca\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kma usul\u00fcyle yeti\u015ferek tahta \u00e7\u0131kan son padi\u015fah <strong>III. Mehmet<\/strong>\u2019tir. Bu usul <strong>I. Ahmet<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve yerine <strong>Kafes <\/strong><strong>Usul\u00fc<\/strong>\u2019ne ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-padisahin-yetki-kullanim-yollari\" data-tk-source=\"15\"><strong>PAD\u0130\u015eAHIN YETK\u0130 KULLANIM YOLLARI<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"16\"><strong>Kulluk Sistemi:<\/strong> Dev\u015firmeler h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n kuludur. H\u00fck\u00fcmdar dev\u015firmeler \u00fczerinde (ya\u015fatma veya \u00f6ld\u00fcrme dahil) her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hakka mutlak surette sahiptir. (YKS\/KPSS Ek Bilgisi: Bu sistem, T\u00fcrkmen beylerinin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131rmak ve merkezi otoriteyi padi\u015fah\u0131n elinde tutmak i\u00e7in uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"17\"><strong>M\u00fcsadere:<\/strong> Haks\u0131z kazan\u00e7 sa\u011flayan veya devlete isyan eden ki\u015finin mal\u0131na devlet (padi\u015fah) taraf\u0131ndan el konulmas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde <strong>II. Mahmut<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, <strong>Tanzimat Ferman\u0131<\/strong> ile \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131narak tamamen sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"18\"><strong>Ferman:<\/strong> Padi\u015fah taraf\u0131ndan verilen yaz\u0131l\u0131 kanun ve emirlerdir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"19\"><strong>Berat:<\/strong> Padi\u015fah\u0131n bir ki\u015fiyi g\u00f6reve atamas\u0131, g\u00f6revden almas\u0131 veya ona ayr\u0131cal\u0131k (ni\u015fan, madalya) vermesini g\u00f6steren belgedir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"20\"><strong>Hatt<\/strong><strong>-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun:<\/strong> (YKS\/KPSS Ek Bilgisi) Padi\u015fah\u0131n bizzat kendi el yaz\u0131s\u0131yla yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 emir ve fermanlard\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-padisahin-yetkilerinin-kisitlanmasi-demokratiklesme-adimlari\" data-tk-source=\"21\"><strong>PAD\u0130\u015eAHIN YETK\u0130LER\u0130N\u0130N KISITLANMASI (DEMOKRAT\u0130KLE\u015eME ADIMLARI)<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"22\"><strong>Sened<\/strong><strong>-i \u0130ttifak (1808):<\/strong> <strong>II. Mahmut<\/strong> ile toprak a\u011falar\u0131 olan <strong>Ayanlar<\/strong> aras\u0131nda imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Padi\u015fah\u0131n yetkileri ilk kez k\u0131s\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (YKS\/KPSS Ek Bilgisi: Padi\u015fah\u0131n kendi otoritesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir g\u00fcc\u00fc tan\u0131mas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcyle \u0130ngiltere&#8217;deki Magna Carta&#8217;ya benzetilir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"23\"><strong>Tanzimat Ferman\u0131 (1839):<\/strong> <strong>Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da ilk kez kanun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc padi\u015fah taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"24\"><strong>I. Me\u015frutiyet&#8217;in \u0130lan\u0131 (1876):<\/strong> <strong>II. Abd\u00fclhamit<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Halka se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131 verilerek halk ilk kez devlet y\u00f6netimine kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anayasal d\u00fczene ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-veraset-degisiklikleri\" data-tk-source=\"25\"><strong>VERASET DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130KL\u0130KLER\u0130<\/strong><\/h2><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"26\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde merkez\u00ee otoritenin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi ve taht kavgalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenerek istikrar\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in veraset (tahta ge\u00e7me) sisteminde \u015fu d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"27\"><strong>Eski T\u00fcrk Gelene\u011fi:<\/strong> <strong>Devletin topraklar\u0131 hanedan\u0131n erkek \u00fcyelerinin ortak mal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong> Bu anlay\u0131\u015f ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lamaz taht kavgalar\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"28\"><strong>I. Murat D\u00f6nemi:<\/strong> <strong>Devletin topraklar\u0131 padi\u015fah ve o\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131nd\u0131r<\/strong> anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 getirilerek taht kavgas\u0131na girecek ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 daralt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, merkezi otorite g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"29\"><strong>Fatih Sultan Mehmet D\u00f6nemi:<\/strong> <strong>Devletin topraklar\u0131 sadece padi\u015fah\u0131nd\u0131r<\/strong> anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 getirilmi\u015ftir. Bu kural, merkezi otoriteyi en \u00fcst seviyeye \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"30\"><strong>I. Ahmet D\u00f6nemi:<\/strong> Egemenlik haklar\u0131, hanedan\u0131n en ya\u015fl\u0131 (<strong>Ekber<\/strong>) ve akl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda\/olgun (<strong>Er\u015fed<\/strong>) erke\u011fine verilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"31\"><strong>Veraset De\u011fi\u015fikliklerinin Sonucu:<\/strong> <strong>Ekber ve <\/strong><strong>Er\u015fed<\/strong> usul\u00fc, karde\u015f katlini sona erdirmi\u015f ancak sarayda <strong>Kafes Usul\u00fc (\u015eim\u015firlik Odas\u0131)<\/strong> ile hapis hayat\u0131 ya\u015fayan \u015fehzadelerin tahta \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. Devlet tecr\u00fcbesi kazanamayan ve d\u00fcnyadan haberdar olmayan \u015fehzadeler, padi\u015fah olunca devleti y\u00f6netmekte yetersiz kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-teskilat-yapisi\" data-tk-source=\"32\"><strong>OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NDE TE\u015eK\u0130LAT YAPISI<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"33\"><strong>\u0130kili Yap\u0131:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 devlet te\u015fkilat\u0131, <strong>Merkez Te\u015fkilat\u0131<\/strong> ve <strong>Ta\u015fra Te\u015fkilat\u0131<\/strong> olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Saray\u0131n bulundu\u011fu \u0130stanbul merkez; di\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn yerler ise ta\u015fra olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"34\"><strong>Payitaht \u0130simleri:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netim merkezi olan ba\u015fkente (payitaht) verdikleri \u0130stanbul \u015fehri; tarih boyunca <strong>Konstantinopolis, Konstantiniyye, Dersaadet, <\/strong><strong>Asitane<\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><strong>\u0130slambol<\/strong> ve <strong>\u0130stanbol<\/strong> gibi bir\u00e7ok isimle an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"35\"><strong>Etkilenilen K\u00fclt\u00fcrler:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131, devlet te\u015fkilat yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendirirken <strong>\u0130lk T\u00fcrk Devletleri, \u0130lhanl\u0131lar, Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/strong> ve <strong>T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131<\/strong> gibi devletlerin y\u00f6netim sistemlerinden sentez yaparak etkilenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-merkez-teskilati\" data-tk-source=\"36\"><strong>MERKEZ TE\u015eK\u0130LATI<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"37\"><strong>Saray\u0131n \u0130\u015flevi:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde padi\u015fah, ba\u015fkentte (payitaht) bulunan saraydan devleti y\u00f6netmi\u015ftir. Saraylar ayn\u0131 zamanda padi\u015fah\u0131n ikametg\u00e2h\u0131 (evi) ve devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi en \u00f6nemli e\u011fitim merkezidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"38\"><strong>Tarihsel S\u00fcre\u00e7te Saraylar:<\/strong> Bilinen ilk Osmanl\u0131 saray\u0131n\u0131 <strong>Orhan Gazi, Bursa\u2019da<\/strong> yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (<strong>Bey Saray\u0131<\/strong>). <strong>I. Murat<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde ba\u015fkentin ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131yla <strong>Edirne Saray\u0131<\/strong> yapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <strong>Fatih Sultan Mehmet<\/strong>, \u0130stanbul\u2019u fethettikten sonra devletin en uzun s\u00fcreli y\u00f6netim merkezi olacak olan <strong>Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131 yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"39\"><strong>19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Saraylar\u0131:<\/strong> Avrupa\u2019daki mimari geli\u015fmelerin etkisiyle <strong>Dolmabah\u00e7e, Beylerbeyi, \u00c7\u0131ra\u011fan<\/strong> ve <strong>Y\u0131ld\u0131z Saraylar\u0131<\/strong> in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-topkapi-sarayi-nin-bolumleri\" data-tk-source=\"40\"><strong>Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n B\u00f6l\u00fcmleri<\/strong><\/h3><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"41\">Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131, bir idari merkez modeli olarak bi\u00e7imlendirilmi\u015f olup \u00fc\u00e7 ana b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur. Saraya giri\u015f <strong>Bab-\u0131 H\u00fcm\u00e2yun<\/strong> (Ayasofya taraf\u0131ndaki ilk kap\u0131) ile ba\u015flar; devlet erk\u00e2n\u0131 bu kap\u0131dan at ile girebilir ve burada daima n\u00f6bet tutulurdu.<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"42\"><strong>Birun<\/strong><strong> (D\u0131\u015f Saray):<\/strong> Saray\u0131n d\u0131\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ana giri\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131 olan <strong>Bab\u00fcsselam<\/strong>\u2019dan girildikten sonraki geni\u015f avludur. Devlet i\u015flerinin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc <strong>Div\u00e2n-\u0131 H\u00fcm\u00e2yun<\/strong> toplant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>Kubbealt\u0131<\/strong> ve \u00e7e\u015fitli devlet daireleri burada bulunur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"43\"><strong>Enderun (\u0130\u00e7 Saray):<\/strong> Fars\u00e7a &#8220;i\u00e7&#8221; anlam\u0131na gelir. Devlet adam\u0131 yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in ilk defa <strong>II. Murat<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan <strong>Edirne Saray\u0131<\/strong>\u2019nda kurulan bu mektep, <strong>Fatih<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan <strong>Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131<\/strong>\u2019nda m\u00fckemmelle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. En se\u00e7kin dev\u015firme \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n e\u011fitildi\u011fi ve sadrazaml\u0131\u011fa kadar y\u00fckselebilen \u00fcst d\u00fczey y\u00f6neticilerin yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi okuldur. (YKS\/KPSS Ek Bilgisi: Enderun&#8217;a giri\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131 <strong>Bab\u00fcssaade<\/strong>&#8216;dir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"44\"><strong>Harem:<\/strong> Padi\u015fah\u0131n \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi evidir. Padi\u015fah\u0131n ailesi ve cariyeler burada bulunur. Hanedan \u00fcyeleri ve <strong>D\u00e2russa\u00e2de<\/strong><strong> A\u011fas\u0131<\/strong> d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7 kimsenin buraya girme izni yoktur. Harem, ayn\u0131 zamanda cariyeler i\u00e7in Enderun&#8217;a benzer s\u0131k\u0131 bir e\u011fitim ve te\u015fkilat sistemine sahip bir okuldur.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-divan-i-humayun\" data-tk-source=\"45\"><strong>D\u0130VAN-I H\u00dcM\u00c2YUN<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"46\"><strong>Tarih\u00e7e:<\/strong> <strong>Orhan Bey<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde kurulmu\u015f, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda <strong>II. Mahmut<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde kald\u0131r\u0131larak yerine <strong>Naz\u0131rl\u0131klar (Bakanl\u0131klar)<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"47\"><strong>Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k:<\/strong> Fatih Sultan Mehmet&#8217;e kadar divana padi\u015fahlar ba\u015fkanl\u0131k etmi\u015ftir. Fatih\u2019ten itibaren divan toplant\u0131lar\u0131na padi\u015fah ad\u0131na <strong>Veziriazamlar (Sadrazamlar)<\/strong> ba\u015fkanl\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Padi\u015fahlar toplant\u0131lar\u0131 kafes arkas\u0131ndan (<strong>Kasr<\/strong><strong>-\u0131 <\/strong><strong>Adl<\/strong>) izlemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"48\"><strong>Mek\u00e2n:<\/strong> Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131\u2019nda <strong>Kubbealt\u0131<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilen yerde toplan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"49\"><strong>\u0130\u015flev:<\/strong> Siyaset, hukuk, sosyal, ordu ve ekonomi ile ilgili her t\u00fcrl\u00fc konu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcp tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, son s\u00f6z padi\u015faha ait olmak \u00fczere karara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum Divan&#8217;\u0131n bir karar organ\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7ok <strong>dan\u0131\u015fma organ\u0131<\/strong> oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"50\"><strong>Kay\u0131tlar:<\/strong> Divanda al\u0131nan kararlara <strong>H\u00fck\u00fcm<\/strong>, bu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin kaydedildi\u011fi defterlere ise <strong>M\u00fchimme<\/strong><strong> Defteri<\/strong> denir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-divan-i-humayun-da-siniflar-ve-temsilciler\" data-tk-source=\"51\"><strong>Divan-\u0131 <\/strong><strong>H\u00fcmayun&#8217;da<\/strong><strong> S\u0131n\u0131flar ve Temsilciler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"52\"><strong>\u0130lmiye (<\/strong><strong>Ehl<\/strong><strong>-i <\/strong><strong>\u015eer&#8217;iye<\/strong><strong>):<\/strong> Din, adalet ve e\u011fitim i\u015flerinden sorumlu yetkililerdir. Medrese \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131rlar ve T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman k\u00f6kenli olmak zorundad\u0131rlar. Temsilcileri; <strong>Kazasker<\/strong> ve <strong>\u015eeyh\u00fclislam<\/strong>&#8216;d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"53\"><strong>Kalemiye (<\/strong><strong>Ehl<\/strong><strong>-i Kalem):<\/strong> Devletin yaz\u0131 i\u015fleri, i\u00e7\/d\u0131\u015f b\u00fcrokrasi ve ekonomi (maliye) i\u015flerinden sorumlu yetkililerdir. Temsilcileri; <strong>Defterdar, Ni\u015fanc\u0131<\/strong> ve <strong>Reis\u00fclk\u00fcttap<\/strong>&#8216;t\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"54\"><strong>Seyfiye (<\/strong><strong>Ehl<\/strong><strong>-i K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7):<\/strong> Y\u00f6netim ve askerlik i\u015flerinden sorumlu k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 ehli asker k\u00f6kenli s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131r. Temsilcileri; <strong>Veziriazam (Sadrazam), Vezirler, Yeni\u00e7eri A\u011fas\u0131<\/strong> ve <strong>Kaptan-\u0131 Derya<\/strong>&#8216;d\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-asli-divan-uyeleri-ve-gorevleri\" data-tk-source=\"55\"><strong>Asli Divan \u00dcyeleri ve G\u00f6revleri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"56\"><strong>Vezir-i Azam (Sadrazam):<\/strong> Padi\u015fahtan sonraki en yetkili ki\u015fidir. Padi\u015fah\u0131n m\u00fchr\u00fcn\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131, onun mutlak vekili oldu\u011funun kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Padi\u015fah sefere \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda orduyu <strong>Serdar-\u0131 Ekrem<\/strong> unvan\u0131yla komuta eder. \u0130stanbul\u2019un genel d\u00fczeninden sorumludur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"57\"><strong>Vezirler (Kubbealt\u0131 Vezirleri):<\/strong> \u0130lk kez <strong>Orhan Bey<\/strong> zaman\u0131nda atanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Sadrazama devlet i\u015flerinde yard\u0131mc\u0131 olurlar. Y\u00fckselme D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n geni\u015flemesiyle say\u0131lar\u0131 7\u2019ye kadar \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"58\"><strong>Kazasker (<\/strong><strong>Kad\u0131asker<\/strong><strong>):<\/strong> <strong>I. Murat<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde kurulmu\u015ftur. Divandaki b\u00fcy\u00fck davalara bakar, medrese hocalar\u0131n\u0131n (<strong>m\u00fcderris<\/strong>) ve h\u00e2kimlerin (<strong>kad\u0131<\/strong>) atamalar\u0131n\u0131 yapar. Fatih d\u00f6neminde s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesiyle <strong>Anadolu<\/strong> ve <strong>Rumeli Kazaskerli\u011fi<\/strong> olarak ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hiyerar\u015fide Rumeli Kazaskeri daha \u00fcst\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"59\"><strong>Ni\u015fanc\u0131:<\/strong> Padi\u015fah ad\u0131na ferman ve beratlar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne padi\u015fah\u0131n imzas\u0131 olan <strong>tu\u011fray\u0131 \u00e7eker<\/strong>. Feth edilen yeni topraklar\u0131 tapu-kadastro kay\u0131tlar\u0131 olan <strong>Tahrir Defterlerine<\/strong> kaydeder ve <strong>dirlik da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> yapar. Devletin i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"60\"><strong>Defterdar:<\/strong> Devletin b\u00fct\u00e7esinden ve maliyesinden sorumludur. S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n geni\u015flemesiyle say\u0131s\u0131 ikiye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (<strong>Rumeli<\/strong> ve <strong>Anadolu Defterdar\u0131<\/strong>).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-divana-sonradan-uye-olanlar\" data-tk-source=\"61\"><strong>Divana Sonradan \u00dcye Olanlar<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"62\"><strong>\u015eeyh\u00fclislam (M\u00fcft\u00fc):<\/strong> \u0130lmiye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Divanda al\u0131nan kararlar\u0131n \u0130slam dinine uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 denetler. Verdi\u011fi dini onay belgesine <strong>Fetva<\/strong> denir. Siyasi bir karar merci olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in divan\u0131n s\u00fcrekli (oy veren) \u00fcyesi de\u011fil, dan\u0131\u015f\u0131lan ki\u015fisidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"63\"><strong>Reis\u00fclk\u00fcttap:<\/strong> Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Ni\u015fanc\u0131&#8217;ya ba\u011fl\u0131 divan k\u00e2tiplerinin \u015fefiyken, 17. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren devletin diplomatik ili\u015fkilerinin artmas\u0131yla Ni\u015fanc\u0131&#8217;dan ayr\u0131larak <strong>d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakan\u0131<\/strong> konumuna gelmi\u015f ve divan\u0131n asil \u00fcyesi olmu\u015ftur. Yabanc\u0131 devlet mektuplar\u0131n\u0131 terc\u00fcme etmek ve cevaplamak g\u00f6revidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"64\"><strong>Kaptan-\u0131 Derya:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkomutan\u0131d\u0131r. <strong>Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde (<strong>Barbaros Hayreddin Pa\u015fa<\/strong> ile) divan\u0131n as\u0131l \u00fcyesi olmu\u015ftur. Sadece \u0130stanbul&#8217;da bulundu\u011fu zamanlarda toplant\u0131lara kat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-divan-i-humayun-un-kaldirilmasi-ve-nezaretler-bakanliklar\" data-tk-source=\"65\"><strong>Divan-\u0131 <\/strong><strong>H\u00fcmayun&#8217;un<\/strong><strong> Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Nezaretler (Bakanl\u0131klar)<\/strong><\/h3><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"66\"><strong>II. Mahmut<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde modernle\u015fme ad\u0131mlar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda Divan kald\u0131r\u0131larak yerine <strong>Heyet-i V\u00fckela (Nezaretler \/ Bakanl\u0131klar)<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur:<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"67\">Sadrazam -&gt; <strong>Ba\u015fvekalet (Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k)<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"68\">Kazasker -&gt; <strong>Adliye Nezareti<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"69\">Reis\u00fclk\u00fcttap -&gt; <strong>Hariciye Nezareti (D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri)<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"70\">Sadaret Keth\u00fcdas\u0131 -&gt; <strong>Dahiliye Nezareti (\u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri)<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"71\">Kaptan-\u0131 Derya -&gt; <strong>Bahriye Nezareti (Denizcilik)<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"72\">Defterdar -&gt; <strong>Maliye Nezareti<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"73\">\u015eeyh\u00fclislam -&gt; <strong>Bab-\u0131 Me\u015fihat Dairesi (Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri)<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-tasra-teskilati\" data-tk-source=\"74\"><strong>TA\u015eRA TE\u015eK\u0130LATI<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"75\"><strong>Ta\u015fra Kavram\u0131:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde payitaht \u0130stanbul d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclke topraklar\u0131na Ta\u015fra denir. Ama\u00e7, merkezden uzak b\u00f6lgelerde otoriteyi sa\u011flamak, vergileri d\u00fczenli toplamak ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi tesis etmektir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"76\"><strong>Eyalet (En b\u00fcy\u00fck birim):<\/strong> Y\u00f6neticisi <strong>Beylerbeyi<\/strong>, G\u00fcvenlik Sorumlusu <strong>Suba\u015f\u0131<\/strong>, Adalet Sorumlusu <strong>Kad\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;d\u0131r. Eyaleti padi\u015fah ad\u0131na y\u00f6neten <strong>Beylerbeyi<\/strong> t\u0131mar i\u015flerini y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr, g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flar ve sava\u015f zaman\u0131 askerleriyle (<strong>T\u0131marl\u0131 Sipahiler<\/strong>) orduya kat\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130lk kez <strong>I. Murat<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde Manast\u0131r merkezli <strong>Rumeli Beylerbeyli\u011fi<\/strong>, <strong>Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde ise K\u00fctahya merkezli <strong>Anadolu Beylerbeyli\u011fi<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"77\"><strong>Sancak:<\/strong> Y\u00f6neticisi <strong>Sancakbeyi<\/strong>, G\u00fcvenlik Sorumlusu <strong>Suba\u015f\u0131<\/strong>, Adalet Sorumlusu <strong>Kad\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;d\u0131r. Sancakbeyi sanca\u011f\u0131n asayi\u015finden ve vergilerin toplanmas\u0131ndan sorumludur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"78\"><strong>Kaza:<\/strong> Y\u00f6neticisi <strong>Kad\u0131<\/strong>, G\u00fcvenlik Sorumlusu <strong>Suba\u015f\u0131<\/strong>, Adalet Sorumlusu <strong>Kad\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;d\u0131r. Kad\u0131, hem adalet i\u015flerine bakar (yarg\u0131\u00e7) hem de bulundu\u011fu kazan\u0131n idari y\u00f6neticisidir (belediye ba\u015fkan\u0131 gibi). Merkezden gelen fermanlar\u0131 uygular.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"79\"><strong>K\u00f6y (En k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birim):<\/strong> Y\u00f6neticisi <strong>K\u00f6y Keth\u00fcdas\u0131<\/strong>, G\u00fcvenlik Sorumlusu <strong>Yi\u011fitba\u015f\u0131<\/strong>, Adalet Sorumlusu <strong>Kad\u0131 Naibi (Vekili)<\/strong>&#8216;dir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-1864-vilayet-nizamnamesi-tanzimat-donemi-tasra-reformu\" data-tk-source=\"80\"><strong>1864 Vilayet Nizamn\u00e2mesi (Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi Ta\u015fra Reformu)<\/strong><\/h3><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"81\">Modernle\u015fme \u00e7abalar\u0131yla klasik ta\u015fra yap\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve yeni bir idari hiyerar\u015fi olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur:<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"82\"><strong>Vilayet:<\/strong> Y\u00f6neticisi <strong>Vali<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"83\"><strong>Sancak:<\/strong> Y\u00f6neticisi <strong>Mutasarr\u0131f<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"84\"><strong>Kaza:<\/strong> Y\u00f6neticisi <strong>Kaymakam<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"85\"><strong>Nahiye (Yeni eklendi):<\/strong> Y\u00f6neticisi <strong>Nahiye M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"86\"><strong>K\u00f6y:<\/strong> Y\u00f6neticisi <strong>Muhtar<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-osmanli-da-eyalet-sistemi-vergi-duzenine-gore\" data-tk-source=\"87\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da Eyalet Sistemi (Vergi D\u00fczenine G\u00f6re)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"88\"><strong>1. <\/strong><strong>Saly\u00e2nesiz<\/strong><strong> (<\/strong><strong>Y\u0131ll\u0131ks\u0131z<\/strong><strong> \/ T\u0131marl\u0131) Eyaletler:<\/strong> Merkeze yak\u0131n eyaletlerdir. <strong>T\u0131mar sistemi<\/strong> uygulan\u0131r. Vergiler memur ve asker maa\u015f\u0131 olarak b\u00f6lgede kal\u0131r, hazineye nakit gitmez. <strong>\u00d6rnekler:<\/strong> Rumeli, Anadolu, Karaman, Sivas, Erzurum, Diyarbak\u0131r, Halep, \u015eam, Trabzon, Kars, Urfa, K\u0131br\u0131s.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"89\"><strong>2. <\/strong><strong>Saly\u00e2neli<\/strong><strong> (Y\u0131ll\u0131kl\u0131 \/ <\/strong><strong>\u0130ltizaml\u0131<\/strong><strong>) Eyaletler:<\/strong> Merkezden uzak (genellikle Kuzey Afrika ve Ortado\u011fu) eyaletlerdir. T\u0131mar uygulanmaz. Vergiler <strong>\u0130ltizam<\/strong> sistemi ile pe\u015fin (nakit) olarak toplan\u0131p do\u011frudan devlet hazinesine g\u00f6nderilir (Saly\u00e2ne = Y\u0131ll\u0131k vergi). \u0130haleyi alan ki\u015fiye <strong>M\u00fcltezim<\/strong> denir. (YKS\/KPSS Ek Bilgisi: M\u00fcltezimin devlete \u00f6dedi\u011fi pe\u015fin paraya <strong>Muaccele<\/strong>, bu arazilerin \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu kiralanmas\u0131na ise <strong>Malikane Sistemi<\/strong> denir). <strong>\u00d6rnekler:<\/strong> M\u0131s\u0131r, Ba\u011fdat, Tunus, Cezayir, Trablusgarp, Yemen, Habe\u015fistan.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"90\"><strong>3. \u0130mtiyazl\u0131 (Ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131) Eyaletler:<\/strong> \u0130\u00e7i\u015flerinde serbest, d\u0131\u015fi\u015flerinde Osmanl\u0131 merkezi otoritesine ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6zel stat\u00fcl\u00fc b\u00f6lgelerdir. Y\u00f6neticileri padi\u015fah taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"91\"><strong>Eflak, Bo\u011fdan, Erdel:<\/strong> Hem y\u0131ll\u0131k vergi verirler hem de sava\u015f zaman\u0131 asker g\u00f6nderirler.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"92\"><strong>K\u0131r\u0131m:<\/strong> Vergi vermez, sadece sava\u015f zaman\u0131 asker g\u00f6nderir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"93\"><strong>Hicaz (Mekke-Medine):<\/strong> Kutsal topraklar oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131 en geni\u015f eyalettir. Ne vergi verir ne de asker g\u00f6nderir.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-hukuk-sistemi\" data-tk-source=\"94\"><strong>OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#8217;NDE HUKUK S\u0130STEM\u0130<\/strong><\/h2><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"95\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;nin hukuk sisteminin olu\u015fmas\u0131nda; \u00f6nceki T\u00fcrk devletlerinin ortaya koydu\u011fu kurallar, \u0130slam dininin emirleri ve fethetti\u011fi b\u00f6lgelerde daha \u00f6nceden uygulanan kanunlar etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"96\"><strong>\u0130slam Hukuku (\u015eer&#8217;i Hukuk):<\/strong> Kur&#8217;an ve hadislere dayanan hukuki kurallard\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"97\"><strong>\u00d6rfi Hukuk:<\/strong> Eski T\u00fcrk geleneklerinden gelen ve padi\u015fah\u0131n emirleriyle \u015fekillenen kurallard\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"98\"><strong>Fethedilen B\u00f6lgelerdeki Eski Kanunlar:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n fethetti\u011fi yerlerdeki halk\u0131n al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u0130slam&#8217;a ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmayan eski yerel kurallard\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-kanun-koyma-yetkisi-ve-sureci\" data-tk-source=\"99\"><strong>Kanun Koyma Yetkisi ve S\u00fcreci<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"100\"><strong>Padi\u015fah\u0131n Otoritesi:<\/strong> Hukuku d\u00fczenleme yetkisi mutlak olarak padi\u015faha aittir. Padi\u015fah; \u0130slam hukukunun (\u015eer&#8217;i hukukun) temel prensiplerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmamak \u015fart\u0131yla idari, asker\u00ee ve mali konularda kanun koyabilir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"101\"><strong>Dan\u0131\u015fmanlar:<\/strong> Kanun koyma s\u00fcrecinde <strong>\u015eeyh\u00fclislam, Kazasker, Ulema (din bilginleri)<\/strong> ve <strong>Ni\u015fanc\u0131<\/strong>, padi\u015faha yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan temel g\u00f6revlilerdir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"102\"><strong>Kanunname:<\/strong> \u00c7e\u015fitli konularda haz\u0131rlanan devlet kanunlar\u0131na ve nizamlar\u0131na verilen genel add\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"103\"><strong>\u0130lk Kanunname:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 tarihindeki ilk kapsaml\u0131 kanunnameyi <strong>Fatih Sultan Mehmet<\/strong> haz\u0131rlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <strong>Fatih Kanunnamesi (Kanunname-i \u00c2li Osman)<\/strong> ad\u0131yla bilinen bu metinde vergi sistemi, devlet te\u015fkilat\u0131, karde\u015f katli ve m\u00fcsadere gibi konularda d\u00fczenlemeler yer al\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"104\"><strong>Di\u011fer Kanunnameler:<\/strong> <strong>Yavuz Sultan Selim<\/strong> ve <strong>Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman<\/strong> d\u00f6nemlerinde de ihtiya\u00e7lara g\u00f6re padi\u015fahlar\u0131n kendi isimleriyle an\u0131lan kanunnameler \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"105\"><strong>Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe Girme A\u015famas\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>Divan-\u0131 <\/strong><strong>H\u00fcmayun<\/strong>\u2019da son \u015fekli verilen kanunname padi\u015faha arz edilir. Padi\u015fah\u0131n onay\u0131ndan sonra <strong>Ni\u015fanc\u0131<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan <strong>M\u00fchimme<\/strong><strong> Defterlerine<\/strong> kaydedilerek resmiyet kazan\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te <strong>\u015eeyh\u00fclislam\u0131n<\/strong> da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc (<strong>fetva<\/strong>) al\u0131narak kanunun \u015fer&#8217;i h\u00fck\u00fcmlere uygun olmas\u0131na kesinlikle dikkat edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-hukuki-belgeler-ve-emirler\" data-tk-source=\"106\"><strong>Hukuki Belgeler ve Emirler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"107\"><strong>Ferman:<\/strong> Padi\u015fah\u0131n bizzat yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131 emirlerdir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"108\"><strong>Berat:<\/strong> Padi\u015fah\u0131n bir ki\u015fiyi belirli bir g\u00f6reve atad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya ona bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131k verdi\u011fini g\u00f6steren, \u00fczerinde tu\u011fra bulunan belgelerdir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"109\"><strong>Yasakname<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> \u0130dari, asker\u00ee ve mali konulardaki kanunlar\u0131n \u00e7i\u011fnenmesi halinde uygulanacak cezai h\u00fck\u00fcmleri i\u00e7eren belgelerdir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-kadilarin-gorevleri-ve-yetkileri\" data-tk-source=\"110\"><strong>Kad\u0131lar\u0131n G\u00f6revleri ve Yetkileri<\/strong><\/h3><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"111\">Kad\u0131lar, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;nde hem adli, hem idari, hem de belediye i\u015flerine bakan en \u00f6nemli ta\u015fra g\u00f6revlileridir.<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"112\"><strong>Adli G\u00f6revleri:<\/strong> Mahkemelere ba\u015fkanl\u0131k ederek anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zerler. Nik\u00e2h, miras, bo\u015fanma, noterlik i\u015flemleri ve vak\u0131flar\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015fini denetleyerek h\u00fckme ba\u011flarlar. Merkezden gelen emirleri halka duyururlar.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"113\"><strong>\u0130dari G\u00f6revleri:<\/strong> Bulunduklar\u0131 kazalar\u0131n genel y\u00f6netiminden ve asayi\u015finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131ndan sorumludurlar.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"114\"><strong>Belediye ve Denetim G\u00f6revleri:<\/strong> Kazalar\u0131n imar i\u015flerini d\u00fczenlemek, \u00e7evre temizli\u011fini sa\u011flamak, esnaf ve loncalar\u0131 denetlemek g\u00f6revleri aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00c7ar\u015f\u0131 ve pazarda sat\u0131lan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin fiyat (<strong>narh<\/strong>) kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc yapmak en temel vazifelerindendir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"115\"><strong>Tarihsel Not:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin kurucusu <strong>Osman Gazi<\/strong>, <strong>Kad\u0131 Dursun <\/strong><strong>Fakih<\/strong>\u2019i fethetti\u011fi Karacahisar\u2019a kad\u0131 olarak tayin etmi\u015f ve ad\u0131na hutbe okutarak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (egemenlik alameti) ilan etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-mahkemeler\" data-tk-source=\"116\"><strong>OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#8217;NDE MAHKEMELER<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-1-tanzimat-donemi-oncesi-mahkemeler-klasik-donem\" data-tk-source=\"117\"><strong>1. Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi \u00d6ncesi Mahkemeler (Klasik D\u00f6nem)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"118\"><strong>\u015eer&#8217;i Mahkemeler:<\/strong> Kad\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131k etti\u011fi mahkemelerdir. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk aras\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm davalar ile M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ve gayrim\u00fcslimler aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan anla\u015fmazl\u0131klara bakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"119\"><strong>Cemaat Mahkemeleri:<\/strong> Gayrim\u00fcslimlerin din ve mezhep kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re yarg\u0131land\u0131klar\u0131 kendi mahkemeleridir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"120\"><strong>Konsolosluk Mahkemeleri:<\/strong> Kapit\u00fclasyonlar do\u011frultusunda yabanc\u0131 devlet t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n\u0131n kendi aralar\u0131ndaki ticari davalara bakan mahkemelerdir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-2-tanzimat-donemi-sonrasi-mahkemeler-19-yuzyil\" data-tk-source=\"121\"><strong>2. Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi Sonras\u0131 Mahkemeler (19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"122\"><strong>\u015eer&#8217;i Mahkemeler:<\/strong> Yetki alanlar\u0131 daralt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; g\u00f6revleri yaln\u0131zca M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ki\u015fi, aile, k\u0131sas (ceza) ve miras gibi konular\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"123\"><strong>Cemaat Mahkemeleri:<\/strong> 1875&#8217;te \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan fermanlarla yetkileri k\u0131s\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f, baz\u0131 davalar\u0131 Nizamiye Mahkemelerine havale edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"124\"><strong>Konsolosluk Mahkemeleri:<\/strong> Yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n davalar\u0131na bakmaya aynen devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"125\"><strong>Ticaret Mahkemeleri:<\/strong> Yerli ve yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcccarlar aras\u0131ndaki ticari davalar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yeni mahkemelerdir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"126\"><strong>Nizamiye Mahkemeleri:<\/strong> Avrupa hukuku \u00f6rnek al\u0131narak kurulan mahkemelerdir. Di\u011fer mahkemelerin g\u00f6rev alan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan t\u00fcm genel hukuk ve cinayet davalar\u0131na bakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-osmanli-da-anayasacilik-ve-medeni-hukuk-adimlari\" data-tk-source=\"127\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da Anayasac\u0131l\u0131k ve Medeni Hukuk Ad\u0131mlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"128\"><strong>Kanun-i Esasi (1876):<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde anayasal d\u00fczene <strong>23 Aral\u0131k 1876<\/strong> tarihinde ilan edilen ilk T\u00fcrk anayasas\u0131 olan Kanun-i Esasi ile ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. <strong>Mithat Pa\u015fa<\/strong> ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki bir komisyon taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan bu anayasa, <strong>Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamit<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan onaylanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti mutlak monar\u015fiden <strong>Me\u015fruti Monar\u015fi<\/strong> (h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n yetkilerinin anayasa ve meclis ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6netim) sistemine ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"129\"><strong>Mecelle:<\/strong> Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nin sonlar\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan <strong>\u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n ilk medeni kanunudur<\/strong>. <strong>Ahmet Cevdet Pa\u015fa<\/strong> ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki bir heyet taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f; bor\u00e7lar, e\u015fya ve yarg\u0131lama hukukunu \u0130slam f\u0131kh\u0131na (Hanefi mezhebi) g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir. Evlenme ve bo\u015fanma gibi aile hukuku konular\u0131 Mecelle&#8217;de <strong>yer almaz<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-ordu-yapisi\" data-tk-source=\"130\"><strong>OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#8217;NDE ORDU YAPISI<\/strong><\/h2><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"131\">Osmanl\u0131 ordusu temel olarak <strong>Kara Kuvvetleri<\/strong> ve <strong>Deniz Kuvvetleri<\/strong> olmak \u00fczere iki ana b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur. \u0130lk d\u00fczenli birlikler <strong>Orhan Bey<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde kurulan <strong>Yaya ve M\u00fcsellem<\/strong> (atl\u0131) ordusudur.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-kara-kuvvetleri\" data-tk-source=\"132\"><strong>KARA KUVVETLER\u0130<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-a-kapikulu-askerleri-merkez-ordusu\" data-tk-source=\"133\"><strong>A. KAPIKULU ASKERLER\u0130 (Merkez Ordusu)<\/strong> <\/h3><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"134\">Ba\u015fkentte bulunan, padi\u015fah\u0131 koruyan ve devletten maa\u015f alan profesyonel askerlerdir.<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"135\"><strong>Pen\u00e7ik Sistemi:<\/strong> <strong>I. Murat<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde sava\u015f esirlerinin be\u015fte birinin al\u0131n\u0131p asker\u00ee e\u011fitime tabi tutulmas\u0131yla olu\u015fturulmu\u015f, ilk \u0130slam devletlerindeki &#8220;<strong>Gulam<\/strong>&#8221; sistemine benzeyen yap\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"136\"><strong>Dev\u015firme Sistemi:<\/strong> \u0130lk olarak <strong>I. Mehmet (\u00c7elebi)<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde fikren ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve <strong>II. Murat<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde kanunla\u015fan sistemdir. Rumeli&#8217;deki Hristiyan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 al\u0131narak T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam terbiyesiyle yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015f, zeki olanlar b\u00fcrokrasiye (<strong>Enderun<\/strong>), g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olanlar ise <strong>Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"137\"><strong>Ulufe ve C\u00fclus:<\/strong> Kap\u0131kulu askerleri devlet hazinesinden \u00fc\u00e7 ayda bir <strong>Ulufe<\/strong> ad\u0131yla nakit maa\u015f alan s\u00fcrekli askerlerdir. H\u00fck\u00fcmdar de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinde (tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flarda) ise <strong>C\u00fclus Bah\u015fi\u015fi<\/strong> alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"138\"><strong>Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Kap\u0131kulu ordusunun temel sava\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr. <strong>I. Murat<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde kurulan bu ocak, <strong>1826<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda <strong>II. Mahmut<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu olaya tarihte <strong>Vaka-i Hayriye (Hay\u0131rl\u0131 Olay)<\/strong> denir. Yerine modern usullere g\u00f6re <strong>Asakir<\/strong><strong>-i <\/strong><strong>Mansure<\/strong><strong>-i Muhammediye<\/strong> ordusu kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-kapikulu-piyadeleri-yaya-birlikler\" data-tk-source=\"139\"><strong>Kap\u0131kulu Piyadeleri (Yaya Birlikler)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"140\"><strong>Acemi O\u011flanlar Oca\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Dev\u015firilen \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n temel asker\u00ee ve \u0130slami e\u011fitim ald\u0131klar\u0131 ilk ocakt\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"141\"><strong>Yeni\u00e7eriler:<\/strong> Ba\u015fkenti ve bizzat padi\u015fah\u0131 koruyan, ordunun en vurucu yaya kuvvetleridir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"142\"><strong>Cebeciler:<\/strong> Ordunun silah yap\u0131m, bak\u0131m ve onar\u0131m\u0131ndan sorumlu teknik asker\u00ee s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"143\"><strong>Top Arabac\u0131lar\u0131:<\/strong> D\u00f6k\u00fclen a\u011f\u0131r toplar\u0131 sava\u015f cephesine ta\u015f\u0131yan asker\u00ee s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"144\"><strong>La\u011f\u0131mc\u0131lar:<\/strong> Kale ku\u015fatmalar\u0131nda yeralt\u0131ndan t\u00fcnel (la\u011f\u0131m) a\u00e7\u0131p patlay\u0131c\u0131 yerle\u015ftirerek surlar\u0131 y\u0131kan s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"145\"><strong>Humbarac\u0131lar:<\/strong> El bombas\u0131 ve havan topu (humbara) d\u00f6k\u00fcp kullanan s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"146\"><strong>Bostanc\u0131lar:<\/strong> Saray\u0131n bah\u00e7elerinin ve k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flayan s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-kapikulu-suvarileri-atli-birlikler-alti-boluk-halki\" data-tk-source=\"147\"><strong>Kap\u0131kulu S\u00fcvarileri (Atl\u0131 Birlikler \/ Alt\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fck Halk\u0131)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"148\"><strong>Silahtarlar ve Sipahiler:<\/strong> Sava\u015f esnas\u0131nda bizzat padi\u015fah\u0131n \u00e7ad\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 (ota\u011f\u0131n\u0131) koruyan atl\u0131 elit askerlerdir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"149\"><strong>Sa\u011f ve Sol <\/strong><strong>Ulufeciler<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Sava\u015fta ve bar\u0131\u015fta devletin saltanat sancaklar\u0131n\u0131 koruyan askerlerdir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"150\"><strong>Sa\u011f ve Sol Garipler:<\/strong> Ordunun m\u00fchimmat\u0131n\u0131, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve devlet hazinesini muhafaza eden askerlerdir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-b-eyalet-askerleri-tasra-ordusu\" data-tk-source=\"151\"><strong>B. EYALET ASKERLER\u0130 (Ta\u015fra Ordusu)<\/strong> <\/h3><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"152\">Ordunun en kalabal\u0131k k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r. Merkezden maa\u015f almazlar, bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin dirlik (<strong>t\u0131mar<\/strong>) gelirleriyle ge\u00e7inirler.<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"153\"><strong>T\u0131marl\u0131 Sipahiler:<\/strong> T\u0131mar sahiplerinin devletten ald\u0131klar\u0131 vergi gelirleri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda beslemek zorunda olduklar\u0131 <strong>Cebel\u00fc<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilen tam te\u00e7hizatl\u0131 atl\u0131 askerlerdir. Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun as\u0131l g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015ftururlar.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"154\"><strong>Ak\u0131nc\u0131lar:<\/strong> Ordunun en \u00f6n\u00fcnde giden, d\u00fc\u015fman topraklar\u0131na s\u0131zarak ke\u015fif ve y\u0131pratma yapan hafif s\u00fcvari birlikleridir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"155\"><strong>Azaplar:<\/strong> Bek\u00e2r ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc T\u00fcrk gen\u00e7lerinden olu\u015fan, sava\u015fta d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n ilk h\u00fccumunu g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcsleyen \u00f6nc\u00fc piyadelerdir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"156\"><strong>Yaya ve M\u00fcsellemler:<\/strong> Sava\u015f zaman\u0131 ordunun ge\u00e7ece\u011fi yollar\u0131 a\u00e7an ve k\u00f6pr\u00fcleri tamir eden geri hizmet askerleridir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"157\"><strong>Y\u00f6r\u00fckler:<\/strong> G\u00f6\u00e7ebe T\u00fcrkmenlerden olu\u015fan, siper kazma ve yol a\u00e7mada g\u00f6revli askerlerdir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"158\"><strong>Deliler:<\/strong> S\u0131n\u0131r boylar\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yapan, g\u00f6steri\u015fli k\u0131yafetleri olan ve d\u00fc\u015fmana korku salan cesur s\u00fcvari birlikleridir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"159\"><strong>Sakalar:<\/strong> Ordunun su ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan hizmet s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"160\"><strong>Be\u015fliler:<\/strong> S\u0131n\u0131rlardaki kaleleri koruyan ve her be\u015f haneden bir ki\u015fi al\u0131narak olu\u015fturulan askerlerdir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"161\"><strong>G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcler:<\/strong> S\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgelerindeki kasaba ve \u015fehirlerin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flayan yerel milis g\u00fc\u00e7lerdir.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-c-yardimci-kuvvetler\" data-tk-source=\"162\"><strong>C. YARDIMCI KUVVETLER<\/strong> <\/h2><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"163\">Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya ba\u011fl\u0131 beylik ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 eyaletlerin (<strong>K\u0131r\u0131m, Eflak, Bo\u011fdan<\/strong> vb.) sava\u015f zaman\u0131 devlete g\u00f6ndermekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olduklar\u0131 asker\u00ee birliklerdir.<\/p><h3 id=\"tk-deniz-kuvvetleri-donanma\" data-tk-source=\"164\"><strong>DEN\u0130Z KUVVETLER\u0130 (Donanma)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"165\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;nde donanman\u0131n temelleri <strong>Orhan Bey<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde <strong>Karesio\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi<\/strong>&#8216;nin al\u0131nmas\u0131yla <strong>Karam\u00fcrsel<\/strong>&#8216;de at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"166\">Donanma ba\u015fkomutan\u0131na <strong>Kaptan-\u0131 Derya<\/strong>, donanma askerlerine (denizcilere) ise <strong>Levent<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"167\">Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131 en parlak (alt\u0131n) \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 16. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda (<strong>Kanuni D\u00f6nemi<\/strong>) ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"168\"><strong>\u00d6nemli Denizciler:<\/strong> <strong>Barbaros Hayrettin Pa\u015fa<\/strong> (Preveze Deniz Zaferi), <strong>Piri Reis<\/strong> (Kitab-\u0131 Bahriye) ve <strong>Seydi Ali Reis<\/strong> (Mirat&#8217;\u00fcl Memalik) d\u00fcnya tarihine ge\u00e7mi\u015f \u00f6nemli donanma komutanlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-sosyal-hayat\" data-tk-source=\"169\"><strong>OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#8217;NDE SOSYAL HAYAT<\/strong><\/h2><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"170\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131<\/strong> toplumu, idari yap\u0131ya ve vergi verme durumuna g\u00f6re kesin hatlarla iki ana gruba ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"171\"><strong>1. Y\u00f6netenler (Asker\u00ee S\u0131n\u0131f \/ <\/strong><strong>Beraya<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> <strong>Padi\u015fah\u0131n<\/strong> kendilerine dini ya da idari yetki verdi\u011fi, vergi \u00f6demeyen ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 gruptur.<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"172\"><strong>Padi\u015fah ve Saray Halk\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>Hanedan \u00fcyeleri<\/strong> ve saray\u0131n ileri gelenleri.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"173\"><strong>Seyfiye (K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Ehli):<\/strong> Y\u00f6netim ve askerlik i\u015flerine bakan idareci asker s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131d\u0131r. (<strong>Sadrazam<\/strong>, <strong>vezirler<\/strong>, <strong>beylerbeyi<\/strong>, <strong>sancakbeyi<\/strong>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"174\"><strong>Kalemiye (Kalem Ehli):<\/strong> Devletin i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f b\u00fcrokrasisini, maliyesini ve yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 idare eden memur kesimdir. (<strong>Defterdar<\/strong>, <strong>ni\u015fanc\u0131<\/strong>, <strong>reis\u00fclk\u00fcttap<\/strong>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"175\"><strong>\u0130lmiye (\u0130lim Ehli):<\/strong> E\u011fitim, din, hukuk ve adalet i\u015flerinden sorumlu ulema s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131d\u0131r. (<strong>\u015eeyh\u00fclislam<\/strong>, <strong>kazasker<\/strong>, <strong>kad\u0131<\/strong>, <strong>m\u00fcderris<\/strong>).<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"176\"><strong>2. Y\u00f6netilenler (Reaya \/ Halk)<\/strong> Devletin y\u00f6netiminde s\u00f6z sahibi olmayan, tar\u0131m, ticaret ve zanaatla u\u011fra\u015farak vergi veren geni\u015f halk kitlesidir.<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"177\"><strong>\u015eehirliler:<\/strong> \u015eehirlerde ya\u015fay\u0131p zanaat, esnafl\u0131k ve ticaretle u\u011fra\u015fanlard\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"178\"><strong>K\u00f6yl\u00fcler:<\/strong> N\u00fcfusun en b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla ge\u00e7inen kitledir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"179\"><strong>Konarg\u00f6\u00e7erler:<\/strong> Yaylak ve k\u0131\u015flak hayat\u0131 ya\u015fayan, temel ge\u00e7imi hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k olan g\u00f6\u00e7men <strong>T\u00fcrkmenlerdir<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-millet-sistemi\" data-tk-source=\"180\"><strong>Millet Sistemi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"181\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/strong>, \u00fclkesinde ya\u015fayan farkl\u0131 topluluklar\u0131 \u0131rklar\u0131na veya dillerine g\u00f6re de\u011fil, kesinlikle din ve mezhep esas\u0131na g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna <strong>Millet Sistemi<\/strong> denir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"182\">Ama\u00e7 asimilasyon de\u011fil entegrasyondur. Bu sistem sayesinde y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca <strong>M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar<\/strong>, <strong>Hristiyanlar<\/strong> ve <strong>Yahudiler<\/strong> bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kimlikleriyle varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 koruyabilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-sosyal-kurumlar-vakiflar-ve-hayir-kurumlari\" data-tk-source=\"183\"><strong>Sosyal Kurumlar (Vak\u0131flar ve Hay\u0131r Kurumlar\u0131)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"184\"><strong>Vak\u0131f:<\/strong> \u015eah\u0131slar\u0131n veya devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n mallar\u0131n\u0131, toplumun dini ve sosyal ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n (e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k vb.) kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak ba\u011f\u0131\u015flamas\u0131d\u0131r. S\u0131navlarda s\u0131k\u00e7a vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, vak\u0131flar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla devletin kasas\u0131ndan para \u00e7\u0131kmadan pek \u00e7ok bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k ve sosyal hizmet ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"185\"><strong>Vakfiye:<\/strong> Vakf\u0131n gelirlerinin nereye ve nas\u0131l harcanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirten kurallar belgesidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"186\"><strong>M\u00fctevelli (Naz\u0131r):<\/strong> Vak\u0131f i\u015flerini y\u00f6neten ve \u015fartlara uyulup uyulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 denetleyen y\u00f6neticidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"187\"><strong>K\u00fclliye:<\/strong> Merkezinde bir cami bulunan ve etraf\u0131nda medrese, \u015fifahane, a\u015fevi (<strong>imaret<\/strong>) gibi vak\u0131f yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu geni\u015f hizmet kompleksleridir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"188\"><strong>Evkaf-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun Nezareti:<\/strong> <strong>II. Mahmut<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k haldeki t\u00fcm vak\u0131flar\u0131n tek bir devlet \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla kurulan Vak\u0131flar Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"189\"><strong>Dar\u00fclaceze:<\/strong> <strong>1895<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>II. Abd\u00fclhamit<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde kimsesiz \u00e7ocuklar\u0131, ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131 ve engellileri bar\u0131nd\u0131rmak i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fefkat kurumudur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"190\"><strong>Dar\u00fcleytam:<\/strong> <strong>Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131<\/strong> ve <strong>I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n etkisiyle yetim kalan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 meslek sahibi yapmak i\u00e7in <strong>1914<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan yetimhanelerdir.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-toprak-sistemi\" data-tk-source=\"191\"><strong>OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#8217;NDE TOPRAK S\u0130STEM\u0130<\/strong><\/h2><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"192\">Topraklar temel olarak <strong>Miri<\/strong>, <strong>M\u00fclk<\/strong> ve <strong>Vak\u0131f<\/strong> olarak \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"193\"><strong>1. M\u00fclk Arazi<\/strong> M\u00fclkiyeti tamamen \u015fah\u0131slara ait olan topraklard\u0131r. Ki\u015fi topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 satabilir, miras b\u0131rakabilir veya vakfedebilir.<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"194\"><strong>\u00d6\u015fri<\/strong><strong> Topraklar:<\/strong> M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halka ait m\u00fclk arazilerdir. Sahipleri devlete her y\u0131l gelirinin onda biri oran\u0131nda <strong>\u00d6\u015f\u00fcr<\/strong> vergisi \u00f6derler.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"195\"><strong>Haraci<\/strong><strong> Topraklar:<\/strong> Gayrim\u00fcslim (<strong>Hristiyan<\/strong>\/<strong>Yahudi<\/strong>) halka ait m\u00fclk arazilerdir. Sahipleri devlete nakdi veya ayni olarak daha y\u00fcksek oranda <strong>Hara\u00e7<\/strong> vergisi \u00f6derler.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"196\"><strong>2. Vak\u0131f Arazi<\/strong> Hay\u0131rsever ki\u015filerin gelirlerini cami, medrese, hastane, kervansaray gibi toplumsal hizmet veren kurumlar\u0131n giderlerine ay\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 topraklard\u0131r. Bu arazilerden devlet vergi almaz, t\u00fcm gelir vakf\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131na harcan\u0131r.<\/p><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"197\"><strong>3. Miri Arazi<\/strong> M\u00fclkiyeti mutlak olarak devlete (<strong>padi\u015faha<\/strong>) ait olan topraklard\u0131r. En geni\u015f arazi t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Devlet topra\u011f\u0131 halka i\u015fletmesi i\u00e7in verir. Sat\u0131lamaz ve miras b\u0131rak\u0131lamaz.<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"198\"><strong>Dirlik:<\/strong> Gelirleri devlet memurlar\u0131na ve askerlere r\u00fctbelerine g\u00f6re maa\u015f kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tahsis edilen topraklard\u0131r. (<strong>Has<\/strong>, <strong>Zeamet<\/strong>, <strong>T\u0131mar<\/strong> olarak kendi i\u00e7inde ayr\u0131l\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"199\"><strong>Mukataa:<\/strong> Gelirleri dirlik olarak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmay\u0131p do\u011frudan hazineye aktar\u0131lan, genellikle <strong>\u0130ltizam<\/strong> usul\u00fcyle y\u00f6netilen topraklard\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"200\"><strong>Pa\u015fmakl\u0131k:<\/strong> Gelirleri padi\u015fah\u0131n annesine (valide sultan), k\u0131zlar\u0131na ve e\u015flerine ayr\u0131lan topraklard\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"201\"><strong>Malik\u00e2ne:<\/strong> \u00dcst\u00fcn hizmet g\u00f6steren devlet adamlar\u0131na \u00f6d\u00fcl olarak verilen topraklard\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"202\"><strong>Yurtluk:<\/strong> Gelirleri s\u0131n\u0131r boylar\u0131ndaki ak\u0131nc\u0131lara ve kale muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131na ayr\u0131lan arazilerdir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"203\"><strong>Ocakl\u0131k:<\/strong> Gelirleri tersane giderlerine ve kale muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n masraflar\u0131na ayr\u0131lan topraklard\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-timar-sistemi-ve-cifthane\" data-tk-source=\"204\"><strong>T\u0131mar Sistemi ve <\/strong><strong>\u00c7ifthane<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"205\"><strong>\u00c7ifthane<\/strong><strong> Sistemi:<\/strong> Devlete ait tar\u0131m arazilerinin, bir \u00e7ift \u00f6k\u00fczle s\u00fcr\u00fclebilecek b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte (\u00e7iftlik) parsellere ayr\u0131larak bir k\u00f6yl\u00fc ailesine (hane) tahsis edilmesidir. Ama\u00e7 tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimi aileler \u00fczerinden kontrol etmektir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"206\"><strong>\u00c7ift Resmi:<\/strong> K\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleme hakk\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda devlete (veya sipahiye) \u00f6dedi\u011fi temel kullan\u0131m vergisidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"207\"><strong>\u00c7iftbozan<\/strong><strong> Vergisi:<\/strong> \u00dcretimde s\u00fcreklili\u011fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 mazeretsiz olarak \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00fcst \u00fcste bo\u015f b\u0131rakan k\u00f6yl\u00fcden al\u0131nan a\u011f\u0131r ceza vergisidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"208\"><strong>T\u0131mar Sisteminin \u0130\u015fleyi\u015fi:<\/strong> Miri arazilerin gelirinin tahsilat hakk\u0131 bir askere (<strong>T\u0131marl\u0131 Sipahi<\/strong>) b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r. Sipahi b\u00f6lgede ya\u015far, k\u00f6yl\u00fcden vergiyi toplar. Bu vergiyle kendi ge\u00e7imini sa\u011flar ve devlete atl\u0131 asker (<strong>Cebel\u00fc<\/strong>) yeti\u015ftirir. Ayr\u0131ca b\u00f6lgenin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flar. Bu sayede devlet, kasas\u0131ndan para \u00e7\u0131kmadan muazzam bir ordu kurmu\u015f ve ta\u015fra g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"209\"><strong>Sistemin Sonu:<\/strong> Zamanla merkezi otoritenin zay\u0131flamas\u0131, uzun s\u00fcren sava\u015flar ve <strong>Avrupa<\/strong>&#8216;daki ekonomik de\u011fi\u015fimler <strong>T\u0131mar<\/strong> sistemini bozmu\u015ftur. Sistemin hukuki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi<\/strong>&#8216;nde tamamen bitmi\u015f, <strong>1858 Arazi Kanunnamesi<\/strong> ile miri topraklar \u015fah\u0131slara ge\u00e7erek \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-iltizam-ve-malikane-sistemi\" data-tk-source=\"210\"><strong>\u0130ltizam ve Malikane Sistemi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"211\"><strong>\u0130ltizam Sistemi:<\/strong> <strong>T\u0131mar<\/strong> sisteminin bozulmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, devletin nakit para ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in vergi kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n (<strong>mukataalar\u0131n<\/strong>) gelir toplama hakk\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k art\u0131rmayla \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na pe\u015fin parayla \u015fah\u0131slara sat\u0131lmas\u0131 usul\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"212\"><strong>M\u00fcltezim:<\/strong> <strong>\u0130ltizam<\/strong> ihalesini kazanan, vergiyi toplayan g\u00f6revlidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"213\"><strong>Malikane Sistemi:<\/strong> M\u00fcltezimlerin topra\u011f\u0131 ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcy\u00fc s\u00f6m\u00fcrmesini engellemek i\u00e7in, iltizam ihalelerinin \u015fah\u0131slara \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu (kayd-\u0131 hayat \u015fart\u0131yla) verilmesi sistemidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"214\"><strong>Ayanlar\u0131n Do\u011fu\u015fu:<\/strong> <strong>Malikane<\/strong> sistemi, topraklar\u0131 elinde tutan m\u00fcltezimlerin zamanla zenginle\u015ferek bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde devlet otoritesine alternatif yerel g\u00fc\u00e7ler (toprak a\u011falar\u0131 \/ <strong>Ayanlar<\/strong>) haline gelmesine sebep olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-ekonomi\" data-tk-source=\"215\"><strong>OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#8217;NDE EKONOM\u0130<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"216\"><strong>Maliye Te\u015fkilat\u0131:<\/strong> Devletin maliyesinin ba\u015f\u0131nda <strong>Defterdar<\/strong> bulunur. Bu makam ilk kez <strong>I. Murat<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"217\"><strong>B\u00fct\u00e7e:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 tarihindeki ilk modern ve denk b\u00fct\u00e7e planlamas\u0131, <strong>IV. Mehmet<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde <strong>Tarhuncu<\/strong><strong> Ahmet Pa\u015fa<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-hazine-yapisi\" data-tk-source=\"218\"><strong>Hazine Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"219\"><strong>D\u0131\u015f Hazine (Miri Hazine):<\/strong> Vergi ve ganimetlerin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131, devlet harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n ve asker maa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6dendi\u011fi as\u0131l devlet hazinesidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"220\"><strong>\u0130\u00e7 Hazine (Hazine-i Hassa):<\/strong> Do\u011frudan padi\u015faha ait olan kefen paras\u0131 (ihtiyat) hazinesidir. Devlet hazinesi zor duruma d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde buradan d\u0131\u015f hazineye bor\u00e7 aktar\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-merkez-maliyesi-temel-gelir-kaynaklari\" data-tk-source=\"221\"><strong>Merkez Maliyesi Temel Gelir Kaynaklar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ol class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"222\"><strong>Mukataa Gelirleri:<\/strong> <strong>\u0130ltizam<\/strong> yoluyla i\u015fletilen ve nakit olarak do\u011frudan hazineye giren tuzla, darphane, maden ve g\u00fcmr\u00fck gelirleridir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"223\"><strong>Cizye Vergisi:<\/strong> \u0130slam devletlerinde ya\u015fayan <strong>Hristiyan<\/strong> ve <strong>Yahudi<\/strong> erkeklerden, askerlik yapmamalar\u0131 ve can g\u00fcvenliklerinin devlet taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda y\u0131lda bir kez al\u0131nan ba\u015f vergisidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"224\"><strong>Avar\u0131z Vergisi:<\/strong> Normalde sadece sava\u015f, deprem, sel gibi ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc durumlarda padi\u015fah ferman\u0131yla al\u0131nan, ancak devletin ekonomisi bozulduk\u00e7a s\u00fcrekli hale gelen acil durum vergisidir.<\/li><\/ol><h3 id=\"tk-osmanli-para-birimleri\" data-tk-source=\"225\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 Para Birimleri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"226\">\u0130lk Bak\u0131r para (<strong>Mang\u0131r<\/strong>): <strong>Osman Bey<\/strong> d\u00f6nemi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"227\">\u0130lk G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f para (<strong>Ak\u00e7e<\/strong>): <strong>Orhan Bey<\/strong> d\u00f6nemi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"228\">\u0130lk Alt\u0131n para (<strong>Sultani<\/strong>\/<strong>Sikke-i <\/strong><strong>Hasene<\/strong>): <strong>Fatih Sultan Mehmet<\/strong> d\u00f6nemi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"229\">\u0130lk K\u00e2\u011f\u0131t para (<strong>Kaime<\/strong>): <strong>Sultan Abd\u00fclmecit<\/strong> d\u00f6nemi.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-esnaf-teskilatlanmasi-ve-tuketiciyi-koruma\" data-tk-source=\"230\"><strong>Esnaf Te\u015fkilatlanmas\u0131 ve T\u00fcketiciyi Koruma<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"231\"><strong>Lonca Te\u015fkilat\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>Ahilik<\/strong> te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131&#8217;daki devam\u0131 niteli\u011finde olan, esnaf\u0131n kendi aras\u0131ndaki yard\u0131mla\u015fmay\u0131, kalite kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ve fiyat denetimini sa\u011flayan mesleki dayan\u0131\u015fma \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ahilikten farkl\u0131 olarak Loncalara gayrim\u00fcslimler de \u00fcye olabilirdi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"232\"><strong>Ehl<\/strong><strong>-i <\/strong><strong>Hibre<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Lonca te\u015fkilat\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00fcretilen mallar\u0131n kalitesini kontrol eden ve fiyat\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen uzman bilirki\u015fi heyetidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"233\"><strong>Gedik Hakk\u0131:<\/strong> \u015eehirlerde ekonomik dengeyi korumak i\u00e7in uygulanan i\u015f yeri a\u00e7ma ruhsat\u0131d\u0131r. Belgesi olmayan ki\u015fi d\u00fckk\u00e2n a\u00e7amazd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"234\"><strong>Narh Kesmek:<\/strong> Devletin ve loncalar\u0131n piyasadaki \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin sat\u0131labilece\u011fi tavan ve taban fiyatlar\u0131 \u00f6nceden belirlemesidir. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u00e2r ve karaborsac\u0131l\u0131k yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"235\"><strong>Kapan:<\/strong> \u015eehre gelen tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin toptan pazarland\u0131\u011f\u0131, vergilendirildi\u011fi ve adaletli bir \u015fekilde esnafa da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 toptanc\u0131 halleridir (Un kapan\u0131, Ya\u011f kapan\u0131 vb.).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"236\"><strong>Muhtesip:<\/strong> <strong>Kad\u0131ya<\/strong> ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131 ve pazar\u0131 denetleyen, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc-tart\u0131 aletlerini kontrol eden, narh kurallar\u0131na uyulup uyulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bakan bug\u00fcnk\u00fc zab\u0131ta g\u00f6revlisidir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-ticaretin-gelistirilmesi-icin-kurulan-teskilatlar\" data-tk-source=\"237\"><strong>Ticaretin Geli\u015ftirilmesi \u0130\u00e7in Kurulan Te\u015fkilatlar<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"238\"><strong>Menzil Te\u015fkilat\u0131:<\/strong> Kervan yollar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki haberle\u015fmeyi, posta hizmetlerini ve ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan kurumdur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"239\"><strong>Mekkari<\/strong><strong> Taifesi:<\/strong> T\u00fcccarlar\u0131n ve devlet g\u00f6revlilerinin ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 parayla \u00fcstlenen profesyonel nakliyat\u00e7\u0131lard\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"240\"><strong>Derbent Te\u015fkilat\u0131:<\/strong> Ticaret yollar\u0131, ge\u00e7itler ve k\u00f6pr\u00fcler \u00fczerinde kervanlar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flayan, devletin kurdu\u011fu karakol te\u015fkilat\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-vergiler\" data-tk-source=\"241\"><strong>OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#8217;NDE VERG\u0130LER<\/strong><\/h2><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"242\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;nde vergiler, kayna\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re <strong>\u015eeri<\/strong> (dini kurallara dayal\u0131) ve <strong>\u00d6rfi<\/strong> (geleneklere ve padi\u015fah fermanlar\u0131na dayal\u0131) olmak \u00fczere iki temel kategoriye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-1-seri-vergiler\" data-tk-source=\"243\"><strong>1. \u015eER\u0130 VERG\u0130LER<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"244\"><strong>\u00d6\u015f\u00fcr (A\u015far):<\/strong> M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halktan elde ettikleri tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fczerinden al\u0131nan be\u015fte bir veya onda bir oran\u0131ndaki \u00fcr\u00fcn vergisidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"245\"><strong>Hara\u00e7:<\/strong> Gayrim\u00fcslim halktan elde ettikleri tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fczerinden al\u0131nan \u00fcr\u00fcn vergisidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"246\"><strong>Cizye:<\/strong> Gayrim\u00fcslim erkeklerden, askerlik yapmamalar\u0131 (can ve mal g\u00fcvenliklerinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131) kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda al\u0131nan ba\u015f vergisidir. (Din adamlar\u0131, kad\u0131nlar, \u00e7ocuklar ve ya\u015fl\u0131lardan al\u0131nmaz).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"247\"><strong>Zek\u00e2t:<\/strong> M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan deniz \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, madenler, zirai \u00fcr\u00fcnler ve ticari faaliyetlerden elde edilen gelirler \u00fczerinden al\u0131nan dini vergidir.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-2-orfi-vergiler\" data-tk-source=\"248\"><strong>2. \u00d6RF\u0130 VERG\u0130LER<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"249\"><strong>A\u011fnam:<\/strong> K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckba\u015f hayvan (koyun, ke\u00e7i vb.) yeti\u015ftiricilerinden al\u0131nan vergidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"250\"><strong>\u00c7ifthane<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Bir \u00f6k\u00fcz ile i\u015fletilebilen (bir \u00e7iftlik) araziden al\u0131nan vergidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"251\"><strong>\u00c7iftbozan<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 izinsiz olarak mazeretsiz terk eden veya \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00fcst \u00fcste ekmeyenden al\u0131nan cezai vergidir. (Amac\u0131: \u00dcretimde s\u00fcreklili\u011fi sa\u011flamak).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"252\"><strong>\u0130spen\u00e7:<\/strong> Gayrim\u00fcslimlerden arazileri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda al\u0131nan toprak vergisidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"253\"><strong>Bac<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> \u00c7ar\u015f\u0131 ve pazarda ticaret yapan esnaftan al\u0131nan pazar vergisidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"254\"><strong>A\u011f\u0131l:<\/strong> S\u00fcr\u00fc sahiplerinden hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 yerler i\u00e7in al\u0131nan vergidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"255\"><strong>\u0130mdadiye<\/strong><strong>-i Seferiye:<\/strong> Sefer (sava\u015f) s\u0131ras\u0131nda artan masraflar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in al\u0131nan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc vergidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"256\"><strong>\u0130mdadiye<\/strong><strong>-i Hazariye:<\/strong> Bar\u0131\u015f zaman\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kapatmak i\u00e7in al\u0131nan vergidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"257\"><strong>Derbent:<\/strong> K\u00f6pr\u00fc veya ge\u00e7itleri kullananlardan, buralar\u0131n bak\u0131m ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in al\u0131nan vergidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"258\"><strong>Avar\u0131z:<\/strong> Deprem, sel, sava\u015f gibi ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc hallerde halktan al\u0131nan vergidir. Devletin ekonomisi bozulduk\u00e7a zamanla kal\u0131c\u0131 hale gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-osmanli-ekonomisinin-bozulma-nedenleri\" data-tk-source=\"259\"><strong>OSMANLI EKONOM\u0130S\u0130N\u0130N BOZULMA NEDENLER\u0130<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"260\"><strong>Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler<\/strong> ile Ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n (<strong>\u0130pek<\/strong> ve <strong>Baharat<\/strong>) de\u011fi\u015fmesi (G\u00fcmr\u00fck gelirlerinin azalmas\u0131).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"261\"><strong>T\u0131mar<\/strong> sisteminin bozulmas\u0131 (Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin d\u00fc\u015fmesi ve ta\u015fra g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sars\u0131lmas\u0131).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"262\"><strong>Kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n<\/strong> yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak <strong>Avrupa<\/strong> devletlerine ekonomik tavizler verilmesi (Yerli \u00fcreticinin \u00e7\u00f6kmesi).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"263\">Sava\u015f masraflar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 ve sava\u015flar\u0131n uzun s\u00fcrmesi (Ganimet gelirlerinin azalmas\u0131).<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-bankalar\" data-tk-source=\"264\"><strong>OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#8217;NDE BANKALAR<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"265\"><strong>Bank-\u0131 Dersaadet (1847):<\/strong> \u0130lk Osmanl\u0131 bankas\u0131d\u0131r. <strong>Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi<\/strong>&#8216;nde <strong>Galata sarraflar\u0131<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"266\"><strong>Bank-\u0131 Osmani-i \u015eahane (1856):<\/strong> <strong>\u0130ngiliz-Frans\u0131z<\/strong> sermayesi ile kurulan ve para basma yetkisine sahip olan bankad\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"267\"><strong>Memleket Sand\u0131klar\u0131 (1863\/1867):<\/strong> <strong>Mithat Pa\u015fa<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ift\u00e7iye kredi sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla kurulmu\u015ftur. <strong>Ziraat Bankas\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n temeli say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"268\"><strong>Ziraat Bankas\u0131 (1888):<\/strong> Memleket Sand\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kurumsalla\u015fmas\u0131 ile <strong>II. Abd\u00fclhamit<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-egitim\" data-tk-source=\"269\"><strong>OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#8217;NDE E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M<\/strong><\/h2><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"270\"><strong>KLAS\u0130K D\u00d6NEM OSMANLI E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M S\u0130STEM\u0130<\/strong> E\u011fitim sistemi <strong>\u00d6rg\u00fcn<\/strong> ve <strong>Yayg\u0131n<\/strong> olmak \u00fczere iki koldan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"271\"><strong>1. \u00d6RG\u00dcN E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M KURUMLARI<\/strong> Planl\u0131, programl\u0131 ve belirli bir mekanda yap\u0131lan e\u011fitimdir.<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"272\"><strong>S\u0131byan<\/strong><strong> Mektebi (Mahalle Mektebi):<\/strong> Genellikle cami etraf\u0131nda kurulan ilk seviye e\u011fitim kurumudur. 5-6 ya\u015flar\u0131ndaki \u00e7ocuklara okuma-yazma, Kur&#8217;an-\u0131 Kerim, ilmihal bilgisi ve d\u00f6rt i\u015flem (basit hesap) \u00f6\u011fretilmi\u015ftir. <strong>Amin<\/strong><strong> Alay\u0131<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilen t\u00f6renle okula ba\u015flan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"273\"><strong>Medreseler:<\/strong> Orta ve y\u00fcksek seviyelerdeki e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dclkenin ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu bilim insan\u0131, din adam\u0131 ve hukuk\u00e7ular\u0131 yeti\u015ftirir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"274\"><strong>M\u00fcderris:<\/strong> Medrese hocas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"275\"><strong>Muid<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> M\u00fcderris yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"276\"><strong>Dani\u015fmend<\/strong><strong> (Talebe \/ <\/strong><strong>Suhte<\/strong><strong>):<\/strong> Medrese \u00f6\u011frencisi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"277\">\u0130lk Osmanl\u0131 medresesi <strong>Orhan Bey<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan <strong>\u0130znik<\/strong>&#8216;te (<strong>\u0130znik <\/strong><strong>Orhaniyesi<\/strong>) kurulmu\u015f, ilk m\u00fcderris <strong>D\u00e2v\u00fbd-i <\/strong><strong>Kayser\u00ee<\/strong> olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"278\"><strong>Sahn-\u0131 Seman Medresesi:<\/strong> <strong>Fatih Sultan Mehmet<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, akl\u00ee (pozitif) ve nakl\u00ee (dini) ilimler bir arada okutulmu\u015ftur. Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretimi zirveye ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6\u011frencileri haz\u0131rlamak i\u00e7in de <strong>Tetimme<\/strong><strong> Medreseleri<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"279\"><strong>S\u00fcleymaniye Medresesi:<\/strong> <strong>Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde ihtisas (uzmanl\u0131k) medresesi olarak t\u0131p, matematik gibi alanlarda hizmet vermi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"280\"><strong>Saray E\u011fitimi:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"281\"><strong>Enderun:<\/strong> M\u00fclki ve asker\u00ee alanda y\u00fcksek dereceli devlet memuru (<strong>sadrazam<\/strong>, <strong>vezir<\/strong>, komutan) yeti\u015ftiren saray okuludur. \u0130lk olarak <strong>II. Murat<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde <strong>Edirne Saray\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;nda kurulmu\u015f, <strong>Fatih<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde <strong>Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;nda te\u015fkilatland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta dev\u015firme gayrim\u00fcslim \u00e7ocuklar al\u0131n\u0131rken, zamanla T\u00fcrk \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 da al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <strong>XIX. (19.) y\u00fczy\u0131la<\/strong> kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"282\"><strong>Harem:<\/strong> Padi\u015fah ve ailesinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, saray kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fczik, diki\u015f, edebiyat, nezaket kurallar\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi bir e\u011fitim kurumudur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"283\"><strong>\u015eehzadeg\u00e2n<\/strong><strong> Mektebi:<\/strong> \u015eehzadelerin (padi\u015fah \u00e7ocuklar\u0131) e\u011fitim g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc okuldur. \u015eehzadeler 5-6 ya\u015f\u0131na geldiklerinde <strong>Bed<\/strong><strong>-i Besmele<\/strong> t\u00f6reniyle, <strong>\u015eeyh\u00fclislam<\/strong> g\u00f6zetiminde ilk dersi <strong>Muallim-i <\/strong><strong>Sultani<\/strong>&#8216;den (padi\u015fah hocas\u0131) al\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"284\"><strong>Asker\u00ee E\u011fitim:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"285\"><strong>Acemi O\u011flanlar Oca\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Kap\u0131kulu ordusunun asker ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan ilk e\u011fitim yeridir. Buradan <strong>Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;na ge\u00e7i\u015f (kay\u0131t ve kabul) i\u015flemine <strong>\u00c7\u0131kma (<\/strong><strong>Bederg\u00e2h<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> denir. Genellikle 8 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir e\u011fitim sonras\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"286\">Di\u011fer askeri e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda <strong>Mehterhane<\/strong> (askeri m\u00fczik) ve <strong>Cambazhane<\/strong> bulunur.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"287\"><strong>2. YAYGIN E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M KURUMLARI<\/strong> Halk\u0131n genelini kapsayan, ya\u015f ve zaman s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olmayan e\u011fitimdir.<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"288\">Camiler, <strong>Tekke<\/strong> ve <strong>Zaviyeler<\/strong>, Derg\u00e2hlar (Dini ve ahlaki e\u011fitim).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"289\">K\u00fct\u00fcphaneler, <strong>Sahaflar<\/strong> (Kitap\u00e7\u0131lar), <strong>K\u0131raathaneler<\/strong> (Okuma evleri).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"290\"><strong>Muvakkithaneler<\/strong> (Namaz vakitlerinin hesapland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer) ve <strong>Rasathaneler<\/strong> (G\u00f6zlemevleri).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"291\"><strong>Lonca Te\u015fkilat\u0131<\/strong> (Esnaflara mesleki e\u011fitim, usta-\u00e7\u0131rak ili\u015fkisi).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"292\">Konaklar (Sohbet ve edebi toplant\u0131lar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler).<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"293\"><strong>TANZ\u0130MAT SONRASI (XIX. Y\u00dcZYIL) OSMANLI E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M S\u0130STEM\u0130<\/strong> Bu d\u00f6nemde <strong>Avrupa<\/strong> tarz\u0131 modern e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"294\"><strong>\u0130lk\u00f6\u011fretimin Zorunlu Olmas\u0131:<\/strong> Sultan <strong>II. Mahmut<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde sadece <strong>\u0130stanbul<\/strong>&#8216;da ilk\u00f6\u011fretim zorunlu hale getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"295\"><strong>1869 Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamn\u00e2mesi:<\/strong> E\u011fitim sistemine k\u00f6kl\u00fc \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler getiren, e\u011fitimi kademelendiren belgedir. Buna g\u00f6re e\u011fitim \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131sma ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"296\">\u0130lk\u00f6\u011fretim: <strong>Mekteb<\/strong><strong>-i \u0130ptida\u00ee<\/strong> ve <strong>Mekteb<\/strong><strong>-i R\u00fc\u015ftiye<\/strong> (Ortaokul).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"297\">Orta\u00f6\u011fretim: <strong>Mekteb<\/strong><strong>-i \u0130dad\u00ee<\/strong> (Lise) ve <strong>Mekteb<\/strong><strong>-i Sultani<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"298\">Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim: <strong>Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun<\/strong> (\u00dcniversite).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"299\"><strong>\u00d6\u011fretmen Okullar\u0131:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"300\"><strong>Dar\u00fclmuallimin (1848):<\/strong> Erkek \u00f6\u011fretmen okulu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"301\"><strong>Dar\u00fclmuallimat (1870):<\/strong> K\u0131z ilkokullar\u0131 ve r\u00fc\u015ftiyelerine kad\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretmen yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"302\"><strong>Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi (1882):<\/strong> <strong>Osman Hamdi Bey<\/strong>&#8216;in m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, Sultan <strong>II. Abd\u00fclhamit<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde a\u00e7\u0131lan ilk g\u00fczel sanatlar okuludur (Resm\u00ee ad\u0131: <strong>Mekteb<\/strong><strong>-i Sanayi-i Nefise-i \u015eahane<\/strong>).<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"303\"><strong>OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#8217;NDE E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M\u0130N (MEDRESELER\u0130N) BOZULMA NEDENLER\u0130<\/strong> <strong>XVI. (16.) y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n<\/strong> sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren e\u011fitim bozulmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nedenleri:<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"304\">R\u00fc\u015fvet ve iltimas\u0131n (adam kay\u0131rma) yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"305\"><strong>Be\u015fik <\/strong><strong>Ulemal\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> &#8220;Alimin o\u011flu alimdir&#8221; anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla \u00e7ocuk ya\u015ftaki ki\u015filere ulema payesi (<strong>m\u00fcderrislik<\/strong>) verilmesi. (\u0130lmiye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6kmesindeki en \u00f6nemli nedendir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"306\">Akl\u00ee (pozitif) ilimlerin (felsefe, matematik, mant\u0131k) m\u00fcfredattan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak sadece dini ilimlere a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verilmesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"307\"><strong>Bat\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;da (<strong>Avrupa<\/strong>&#8216;da) <strong>R\u00f6nesans<\/strong> ile ba\u015flayan bilimsel geli\u015fmelerin takip edilmemesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"308\"><strong>Celali \u0130syanlar\u0131<\/strong> ve g\u00f6\u00e7ler sonucu kentlere gelen i\u015fsiz n\u00fcfusun (<strong>suhte<\/strong>) medreselere s\u0131\u011f\u0131narak buray\u0131 bir hay\u0131r kurumu veya bar\u0131nak gibi kullanmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"309\">Y\u00f6neticilerin bilime ve bilim insan\u0131na deste\u011finin azalmas\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-bilim-insanlari\" data-tk-source=\"310\"><strong>OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#8217;NDE B\u0130L\u0130M \u0130NSANLARI<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"311\"><strong>D\u00e2v\u00fbd-i <\/strong><strong>Kayser\u00ee<\/strong><strong> (1260-1350):<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n ilk m\u00fcderrisidir. <strong>Orhan Gazi<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde <strong>\u0130znik Medresesi<\/strong>&#8216;ne atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Akl\u00ee ve nakl\u00ee ilimlerde uzmand\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"312\"><strong>Kad\u0131z\u00e2de-i R\u00fbm\u00ee (1337-1421):<\/strong> Matematik ve astronomi bilginidir. <strong>Semerkant Medresesi<\/strong> ba\u015f m\u00fcderrisli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6k cisimlerinin hareketlerini incelemi\u015f, matematik ve fizik kurallar\u0131n\u0131 astronomide ilk defa uygulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"313\"><strong>Sabuncuo\u011flu <\/strong><strong>\u015eerafeddin<\/strong><strong> (1386-1470):<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc cerrah\u0131d\u0131r. T\u0131pta deneye \u00f6nem vermi\u015ftir. <strong>M\u00fccerrebn\u00e2me<\/strong> adl\u0131 eserinde y\u0131lan zehrine kar\u015f\u0131 buldu\u011fu ilac\u0131 \u00f6nce horozlarda sonra kendi \u00fczerinde denemi\u015ftir. <strong>Cerrahn\u00e2me<\/strong> adl\u0131 resimli ameliyat kitab\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"314\"><strong>Altuncuz\u00e2de<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> <strong>Fatih<\/strong> D\u00f6nemi hekimidir. \u0130drar yollar\u0131 ve mesane rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, kendi imal etti\u011fi kalaydan sondalarla tedavi etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"315\"><strong>Ak\u015femseddin (1390-1459):<\/strong> <strong>Fatih Sultan Mehmet<\/strong>&#8216;in hocas\u0131d\u0131r. Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak mikrop teorisini ilk ortaya atanlardan ve ilk kanser ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131ndand\u0131r. <strong>Ris\u00e2let\u00fc&#8217;n-N\u00fbriyye<\/strong> ve <strong>M\u00e2ddet\u00fc&#8217;l<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Hay\u00e2t<\/strong> adl\u0131 eserleri vard\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"316\"><strong>Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u:<\/strong> <strong>Akkoyunlu Devleti<\/strong>&#8216;nden <strong>Fatih Sultan Mehmet<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde <strong>\u0130stanbul<\/strong>&#8216;a getirilmi\u015ftir. <strong>Sahn-\u0131 Seman<\/strong> medresesinde m\u00fcderrislik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <strong>\u0130stanbul<\/strong>&#8216;da rasat kuyusu ve g\u00fcne\u015f saati yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ay&#8217;\u0131n haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmi\u015ftir. En \u00f6nemli eseri astronomi konulu <strong>Er-<\/strong><strong>Ris\u00e2let\u00fc&#8217;l<\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><strong>Fethiyye<\/strong>&#8216;dir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"317\"><strong>Piri Reis (1475-1555):<\/strong> D\u00fcnyaca \u00fcnl\u00fc denizci ve co\u011frafyac\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lk D\u00fcnya haritas\u0131n\u0131 <strong>1511<\/strong>&#8216;de \u00e7izmi\u015ftir. En \u00fcnl\u00fc eseri <strong>Kitab<\/strong><strong>-\u0131 Bahriye<\/strong>&#8216;dir (<strong>1521<\/strong>). Eserini ve <strong>1528<\/strong>&#8216;de \u00e7izdi\u011fi ikinci haritas\u0131n\u0131 <strong>Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman<\/strong>&#8216;a sunmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"318\"><strong>Takiy\u00fcddin<\/strong><strong> el-Ra\u015fid (1526-1585):<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 bilim tarihinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck astronomudur. Sultan <strong>III. Murat<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde <strong>\u0130stanbul<\/strong>&#8216;da Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n ilk rasathanesini (g\u00f6zlemevi) kurmu\u015ftur. Mekanik, matematik ve astronomi alan\u0131nda eserler vermi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"319\"><strong>K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi (1609-1657):<\/strong> <strong>Avrupa<\/strong>&#8216;da <strong>Hac\u0131 Halife<\/strong> ad\u0131yla bilinir. En \u00fcnl\u00fc eseri <strong>Ke\u015ff\u00fc&#8217;z<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Zun\u00fbn<\/strong> (bibliyografik ansiklopedi), <strong>Fezleke<\/strong> (tarih) ve <strong>Cihann\u00fcma<\/strong>&#8216;d\u0131r (co\u011frafya kitab\u0131).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"320\"><strong>Evliya \u00c7elebi:<\/strong> XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan \u00fcnl\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 seyyah\u0131d\u0131r. Gezip g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerlerin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, tarihi ve co\u011frafi \u00f6zelliklerini anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 devasa eseri <strong>Seyahatname<\/strong>, d\u00f6nemin sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in e\u015fsiz bir kaynakt\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"321\"><strong>Halepli Mustafa Naima Efendi:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;nin ilk resmi tarih yaz\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r (\u0130lk <strong>Vakan\u00fcvis<\/strong>). Eseri <strong>Naima Tarihi<\/strong>&#8216;dir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"322\"><strong>Hezarfen Ahmet \u00c7elebi (1609-1640):<\/strong> <strong>IV. Murat<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde, kendi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kanatlarla <strong>Galata Kulesi<\/strong>&#8216;nden <strong>\u00dcsk\u00fcdar<\/strong>&#8216;a u\u00e7may\u0131 ba\u015faran bilgindir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"323\"><strong>Lagari<\/strong><strong> Hasan \u00c7elebi:<\/strong> <strong>1633<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda <strong>IV. Murat<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde, kendi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 f\u00fczeyle (roketle) yerden 300 metre havaya y\u00fckselip denize inen, insanl\u0131k tarihinin ilk roketle u\u00e7an ki\u015fisidir.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-osmanli-devleti-nde-mimari-ve-sanat\" data-tk-source=\"324\"><strong>OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#8217;NDE M\u0130MAR\u0130 VE SANAT<\/strong><\/h2><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"325\">Osmanl\u0131 sanat\u0131 Erken D\u00f6nem, Klasik D\u00f6nem ve Ge\u00e7 D\u00f6nem (Bat\u0131 Etkisi) olarak \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bat\u0131 mimarisinin Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya giri\u015fi ilk olarak <strong>Lale Devri<\/strong> ile (\u00d6rn: <strong>III. Ahmet \u00c7e\u015fmesi<\/strong>) ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><h3 id=\"tk-cami-mimarisi\" data-tk-source=\"326\"><strong>Cami Mimarisi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"327\"><strong>Hac\u0131 \u00d6zbek Camii:<\/strong> <strong>Orhan Bey<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde <strong>\u0130znik<\/strong>&#8216;te in\u015fa edilen ilk Osmanl\u0131 camisidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"328\"><strong>Mimar Sinan&#8217;\u0131n Eserleri:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"329\"><strong>\u015eehzade Camii:<\/strong> \u00c7\u0131rakl\u0131k eseri.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"330\"><strong>S\u00fcleymaniye Camii:<\/strong> Kalfal\u0131k eseri.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"331\"><strong>Selimiye Camii:<\/strong> Ustal\u0131k eseri (<strong>Edirne<\/strong>&#8216;de).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"332\"><strong>Sultan Ahmet Camii (Mavi Cami \/ Blue <\/strong><strong>Mosque<\/strong><strong>):<\/strong> <strong>Sedefk\u00e2r Mehmet A\u011fa<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan <strong>1609-1616<\/strong> y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, alt\u0131 minareli olarak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7 s\u00fcslemesindeki mavi \u00e7inilerden dolay\u0131 Avrupal\u0131larca Blue Mosque olarak bilinir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"333\"><strong>Nuruosmaniye Camii:<\/strong> <strong>Avrupa<\/strong> (Bat\u0131) tarz\u0131 mimarinin (<strong>Barok<\/strong> ve <strong>Rokoko<\/strong>) etkisiyle yap\u0131lan ilk camidir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-sivil-mimari\" data-tk-source=\"334\"><strong>Sivil Mimari<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"335\">Evler, k\u00f6pr\u00fcler, k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler, hamamlar, \u00e7e\u015fmeler, hastaneler (<strong>dar\u00fc\u015f\u015fifa<\/strong>), k\u00fclliyeler (cami merkezli yap\u0131 toplulu\u011fu) ve imaretler (a\u015fevi) sivil mimaridir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"336\">Osmanl\u0131 evleri <strong>Haremlik<\/strong> (aile b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc) ve <strong>Selaml\u0131k<\/strong> (erkek misafir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc) olarak ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Odalar\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flayan ortak alana <strong>Sofa<\/strong> denir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"337\"><strong>Balyan Ailesi (Garabet <\/strong><strong>Amira<\/strong><strong> Balyan):<\/strong> <strong>19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l<\/strong> son d\u00f6nem saray mimarlar\u0131d\u0131r. Sultan <strong>Abd\u00fclmecit<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde Avrupa tarz\u0131yla yap\u0131lan <strong>Dolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n mimarlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-minyatur-hat-ve-resim\" data-tk-source=\"338\"><strong>Minyat\u00fcr, Hat ve Resim<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"339\"><strong>Minyat\u00fcr:<\/strong> Derinlik, \u0131\u015f\u0131k ve g\u00f6lge perspektifinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ki\u015filerin stat\u00fcs\u00fcne g\u00f6re boyutland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 resim sanat\u0131d\u0131r. Bu sanatla u\u011fra\u015fanlara <strong>Nakka\u015f<\/strong> denir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"340\">En \u00f6nemli temsilcileri (Klasik D\u00f6nem): <strong>Matrak\u00e7\u0131 Nasuh<\/strong> ve <strong>Nakka\u015f Osman<\/strong> (<strong>Surn\u00e2me<\/strong> adl\u0131 eseri \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"341\">Ge\u00e7 D\u00f6nem (<strong>Lale Devri<\/strong>): <strong>Levni<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"342\"><strong>Kanuni<\/strong> d\u00f6nemi denizcilik minyat\u00fcrleriyle \u00fcnl\u00fc nakka\u015f: <strong>Nigar\u00ee<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"343\"><strong>Hat:<\/strong> Arap harfleriyle g\u00fczel yaz\u0131 yazma sanat\u0131d\u0131r. Bu sanatla u\u011fra\u015fanlara <strong>Hattat<\/strong> denir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"344\"><strong>Amasyal\u0131 \u015eeyh Hamdullah:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Klasik D\u00f6nem hat sanat\u0131n\u0131n kurucusudur (<strong>Hattatlar\u0131n K\u0131blesi<\/strong>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"345\"><strong>Ahmed \u015eemseddin <\/strong><strong>Karahisar\u00ee<\/strong> ve <strong>Haf\u0131z Osman<\/strong> (kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan ak\u0131c\u0131 bir hat stili geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir) di\u011fer \u00f6nemli ustalard\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"346\"><strong>Resim Sanat\u0131 (Bat\u0131 Tarz\u0131):<\/strong> <strong>XIX. (19.) y\u00fczy\u0131ldan<\/strong> itibaren geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"347\"><strong>\u015eeker Ahmet Pa\u015fa:<\/strong> T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de ilk resim sergisini (<strong>1874<\/strong>) a\u00e7an ressamd\u0131r. Do\u011fa ve nat\u00fcrmort \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Bursa Manzaralar\u0131, Narlar ve Ayvalar).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"348\"><strong>Osman Hamdi Bey:<\/strong> <strong>Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi<\/strong> ve <strong>\u0130stanbul Arkeoloji M\u00fczesi<\/strong> kurucusudur. M\u00fczecili\u011fin babas\u0131d\u0131r. <strong>Kaplumba\u011fa Terbiyecisi<\/strong>, <strong>Silah Taciri<\/strong>, <strong>Kur&#8217;an Okuyan Adam<\/strong> en \u00f6nemli eserleridir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"349\"><strong>\u0130brahim \u00c7all\u0131:<\/strong> D\u00f6nemin di\u011fer \u00fcnl\u00fc ressam\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-muzik-ve-edebiyat\" data-tk-source=\"350\"><strong>M\u00fczik ve Edebiyat<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"351\"><strong>M\u00fczik:<\/strong> Klasik, Halk ve Tasavvuf olarak ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"352\">Klasik D\u00f6nem musiki alimleri: <strong>Hoca Abd\u00fclkadir <\/strong><strong>Meragi<\/strong>, <strong>Dr. <\/strong><strong>Subhi<\/strong><strong> Ezgi<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"353\">En \u00f6nemli bestekarlar: <strong>Buhurizade<\/strong><strong> Mustafa Itri Efendi<\/strong> (Nevakar makam\u0131), Sultan <strong>III. Selim<\/strong> (Suzidilara makam\u0131), <strong>Tambur\u00ee Osman Bey<\/strong>, <strong>Hac\u0131 Arif Bey<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"354\"><strong>Edebiyat:<\/strong> \u00dc\u00e7e ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"355\"><strong>Divan Edebiyat\u0131 (Y\u00fcksek Z\u00fcmre):<\/strong> Aruz \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcyle yaz\u0131l\u0131r. \u015eiirler &#8220;Divan&#8221; adl\u0131 kitapta toplan\u0131r. \u0130lk temsilcisi <strong>Hoca <\/strong><strong>Dehh\u00e2ni<\/strong>&#8216;dir. (<strong>Fuzuli<\/strong>, <strong>Baki<\/strong>, <strong>Nedim<\/strong> di\u011fer \u00f6nemli isimlerdir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"356\"><strong>Halk Edebiyat\u0131:<\/strong> Saz e\u015fli\u011finde s\u00f6ylenir. Temsilcileri <strong>Pir Sultan Abdal<\/strong>, <strong>Karacao\u011flan<\/strong> ve <strong>Dadalo\u011flu<\/strong>&#8216;dur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"357\"><strong>Tasavvuf (Tekke) Edebiyat\u0131:<\/strong> Din ve tasavvuf a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r. <strong>Yunus Emre<\/strong> ve <strong>Mevlana<\/strong> gelene\u011fine dayan\u0131r. <strong>Hac\u0131 Bayram Veli<\/strong> ve <strong>E\u015frefo\u011flu Rum\u00ee<\/strong> \u00f6nemli temsilcileridir.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"358\">&#8220;Bu ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n her hakk\u0131 sakl\u0131d\u0131r. Hangi ama\u00e7la olursa olsun, ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n veya bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n <strong>www.tarihkursu.com<\/strong><strong> <\/strong>sitesinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 izni olmadan sosyal medyada ve internet ortam\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, kopya edilmesi, foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesi, herhangi bir yolla \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131, yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ya da kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yasakt\u0131r. Bu yasa\u011fa uymayanlar gerekli cezai sorumlulu\u011fu pe\u015finen kabullenmi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.&#8221;<\/p><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"359\">Duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederiz. \u0130yi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/p><\/section><\/div><button class=\"tk-basa-don\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunun ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\" title=\"Ba\u015fa d\u00f6n\">\u2191<\/button><\/article>\n<script>\n(()=>{\"use strict\";document.querySelectorAll(\".tk-ders-notu\").forEach((root)=>{if(root.dataset.tkReady===\"true\")return;root.dataset.tkReady=\"true\";const toc=root.querySelector(\".tk-icindekiler\"),bar=root.querySelector(\".tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"),topButton=root.querySelector(\".tk-basa-don\"),headings=[...root.querySelectorAll(\"h2[id],h3[id]\")],links=[...root.querySelectorAll('.tk-icindekiler a[href^=\"#\"]')];const go=(target)=>{if(target)target.scrollIntoView({behavior:\"smooth\",block:\"start\"});};root.querySelector(\".tk-yazdir\")?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>window.print());root.querySelector(\".tk-ice-git\")?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>go(toc));topButton?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>go(root));links.forEach((link)=>link.addEventListener(\"click\",(event)=>{const id=link.getAttribute(\"href\").slice(1),target=root.querySelector(`#${CSS.escape(id)}`);if(target){event.preventDefault();go(target);history.replaceState(null,\"\",`#${id}`);}}));let ticking=false;const update=()=>{const rect=root.getBoundingClientRect(),view=window.innerHeight||document.documentElement.clientHeight,total=Math.max(root.scrollHeight-view,1),passed=Math.min(Math.max(-rect.top,0),total),percent=Math.round(passed\/total*100);if(bar){bar.style.width=`${percent}%`;bar.parentElement?.setAttribute(\"aria-valuenow\",String(percent));}topButton?.classList.toggle(\"tk-gorunur\",window.scrollY>420);let active=headings[0]?.id||\"\";headings.forEach((heading)=>{if(heading.getBoundingClientRect().top<=Math.max(130,view*.28))active=heading.id;});links.forEach((link)=>{const current=link.getAttribute(\"href\")===`#${active}`;link.classList.toggle(\"tk-etkin\",current);if(current)link.setAttribute(\"aria-current\",\"location\");else link.removeAttribute(\"aria-current\");});ticking=false;};const requestUpdate=()=>{if(!ticking){ticking=true;requestAnimationFrame(update);}};window.addEventListener(\"scroll\",requestUpdate,{passive:true});window.addEventListener(\"resize\",requestUpdate,{passive:true});update();});})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Osmanl\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyeti ders notu; y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u015fehzadelerin e\u011fitimi, veraset de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri, merkez ve ta\u015fra te\u015fkilat\u0131, Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131, Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcm\u00e2yun, hukuk, ordu, e\u011fitim, ekonomi ve <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/01\/osmali-kultur-medeniyet\/\" title=\"Osmanl\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyeti KPSS Tarih Ders Notlar\u0131\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3459,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[349],"tags":[345],"class_list":["post-3424","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kpss-tarih","tag-kpss-tarih"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/SITE-KAPAK-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/SITE-KAPAK-1200x800.png",1200,800,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/SITE-KAPAK-1200x810.png",1200,810,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/SITE-KAPAK-1200x810.png",1200,810,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/SITE-KAPAK-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/SITE-KAPAK-600x810.png",600,810,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/SITE-KAPAK-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/SITE-KAPAK.png",1440,810,false]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - 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