{"id":3428,"date":"2026-08-01T13:44:47","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T10:44:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=3428"},"modified":"2026-08-01T13:45:24","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T10:45:24","slug":"osmanli-gerileme-donemi-kpss-tarih-ders-notlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/01\/osmanli-gerileme-donemi-kpss-tarih-ders-notlari\/","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131 Gerileme D\u00f6nemi KPSS Tarih Ders Notlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 Gerileme D\u00f6nemi ders notu; XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Avrupa ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin genel durumu, d\u00f6nemin padi\u015fahlar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131, Rusya, Avusturya, Venedik ve \u0130ran ile ili\u015fkiler ve ya\u015fanan siyasi olaylar gibi konular\u0131 i\u00e7erir. KPSS tarih s\u0131nav\u0131na haz\u0131rlanan adaylara y\u00f6nelik bu KPSS tarih ders notlar\u0131, konular\u0131 d\u00fczenli bi\u00e7imde tekrar etmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Online KPSS tarih ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde KPSS, EKPSS, MEB AGS ve \u00d6ABT s\u0131navlar\u0131na tam olarak haz\u0131rlanacaks\u0131n\u0131z. KPSS \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131 arayan memur adaylar\u0131 buraya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.tk-ders-notu{--tk-lacivert:#12355b;--tk-turkuaz:#087f8c;--tk-bordo:#8b1e3f;--tk-altin:#d69e2e;--tk-acik-mavi:#eef6ff;--tk-acik-turkuaz:#ecfbfa;--tk-acik-sari:#fff8dc;--tk-metin:#243447;--tk-cizgi:#c8d7e6;position:relative;width:100%;max-width:1100px;min-width:0;margin:0 auto;padding:clamp(12px,2.4vw,28px);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--tk-metin);font:400 17px\/1.72 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,\"Segoe UI\",Arial,sans-serif;overflow-wrap:anywhere;word-wrap:break-word;hyphens:auto;background:#f7fafc;border-radius:18px}\n.tk-ders-notu *,.tk-ders-notu *::before,.tk-ders-notu *::after{box-sizing:border-box;min-width:0}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme{position:fixed;z-index:9998;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:5px;background:rgba(18,53,91,.12);pointer-events:none}\n.tk-ders-notu 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tr{padding:7px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--tk-cizgi);border-top:5px solid var(--tk-turkuaz);border-radius:11px;box-shadow:0 5px 16px rgba(18,53,91,.07)}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(92px,36%) minmax(0,1fr);gap:10px;padding:10px 8px;border:0;border-bottom:1px dashed var(--tk-cizgi);background:#fff;color:var(--tk-metin);font-weight:400}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td:last-child{border-bottom:0}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td::before{content:attr(data-label);color:var(--tk-bordo);font-weight:800;overflow-wrap:anywhere}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don{right:10px;bottom:10px;width:44px;height:44px;line-height:44px}\n}\n@media (max-width:375px){\n.tk-ders-notu{font-size:15.5px}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme{width:100%;text-align:center}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo th,.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo td{padding:9px 6px;font-size:15px}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td{grid-template-columns:minmax(82px,34%) minmax(0,1fr);gap:8px}\n}\n@media print{\n.tk-ders-notu{max-width:none;margin:0;padding:0;background:#fff;color:#000;font-size:11pt;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme,.tk-ders-notu .tk-kontroller,.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don{display:none!important}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ust{padding:0 0 14pt;background:#fff!important;color:#000;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik{color:#000;border-bottom:2pt solid #000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler{border:1pt solid #777;background:#fff;color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler-listesi a{color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart{break-inside:auto;margin:0 0 14pt;padding:0;border:0;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu h2,.tk-ders-notu h3{break-after:avoid;color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo{break-inside:auto}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo tr{break-inside:avoid}\n.tk-ders-notu a{text-decoration:none;color:#000}\n}\n<\/style>\n<article class=\"tk-ders-notu\" id=\"tk-ders-xviii-yuzyilda-osmanli-devleti-gerileme-donemi\" lang=\"tr\" data-tk-ready=\"false\"><div class=\"tk-ilerleme\" role=\"progressbar\" aria-label=\"Okuma ilerlemesi\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"100\" aria-valuenow=\"0\"><span class=\"tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"><\/span><\/div><header class=\"tk-ust\" id=\"tk-ders-baslangici\"><p class=\"tk-ana-baslik\" data-tk-source=\"1\"><strong>XVIII. Y\u00dcZYILDA OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130<\/strong><strong> (GER\u0130LEME D\u00d6NEM\u0130) <\/strong><\/p><div class=\"tk-kontroller\"><button class=\"tk-dugme tk-yazdir\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunu yazd\u0131r\">Yazd\u0131r<\/button><button class=\"tk-dugme tk-ice-git\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"\u0130\u00e7indekiler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne git\">\u0130\u00e7indekilere Git<\/button><\/div><nav class=\"tk-icindekiler\" id=\"tk-icindekiler-xviii-yuzyilda-osmanli-devleti-gerileme-donemi\" aria-label=\"Ders notu i\u00e7indekiler\"><p class=\"tk-icindekiler-baslik\">\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/p><ul class=\"tk-icindekiler-listesi\"><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-gerileme-donemi-padisahlari\">Gerileme D\u00f6nemi Padi\u015fahlar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-xviii-yuzyilda-avrupa-ve-osmanli-devleti-nin-genel-durumu\">XVIII. Y\u00dcZYILDA AVRUPA VE OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019N\u0130N GENEL DURUMU<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-avrupa-nin-genel-durumu\">Avrupa&#x27;n\u0131n Genel Durumu:<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-fransa\">Fransa:<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ingiltere\">\u0130ngiltere:<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-avusturya\">Avusturya:<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-rusya-car-i-petro\">Rusya (\u00c7ar I. Petro):<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-xviii-yuzyilda-osmanli-devleti-nin-dis-politikasi\">XVIII. Y\u00dcZYILDA OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019N\u0130N DI\u015e POL\u0130T\u0130KASI<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-yks-kpss-ek-bilgisi\">YKS\/KPSS Ek Bilgisi:<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-xviii-yuzyilda-yasanan-siyasi-olaylar\">XVIII. Y\u00dcZYILDA YA\u015eANAN S\u0130YAS\u0130 OLAYLAR<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-venedik-iliskileri\">Osmanl\u0131 &#8211; Venedik \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-iran-safevi-iliskileri\">Osmanl\u0131 &#8211; \u0130ran (Safevi) \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-rus-iliskileri\">Osmanl\u0131 &#8211; Rus \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-avusturya-iliskileri\">Osmanl\u0131 &#8211; Avusturya \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-fransiz-iliskileri\">Osmanl\u0131 &#8211; Frans\u0131z \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ek-kavramlar\">EK KAVRAMLAR<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-xviii-yuzyilda-osmanli-devleti-ndeki-degisim-ve-islahatlar\">XVIII. Y\u00dcZYILDA OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NDEK\u0130 DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130M VE ISLAHATLAR<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-genel-ozellikler\">Genel \u00d6zellikler:<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-iii-ahmet-donemi-islahatlari-lale-devri-1718-1730\">III. Ahmet D\u00f6nemi Islahatlar\u0131 (Lale Devri 1718-1730)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-i-mahmut-donemi-islahatlari\">I. Mahmut D\u00f6nemi Islahatlar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-iii-mustafa-donemi-islahatlari\">III. Mustafa D\u00f6nemi Islahatlar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-i-abdulhamit-donemi-islahatlari\">I. Abd\u00fclhamit D\u00f6nemi Islahatlar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-iii-selim-donemi-islahatlari\">III. Selim D\u00f6nemi Islahatlar\u0131<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/header><div class=\"tk-icerik\"><section class=\"tk-kart tk-kart-ilk\"><h3 id=\"tk-gerileme-donemi-padisahlari\" data-tk-source=\"2\"><strong>Gerileme D\u00f6nemi Padi\u015fahlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"3\"><strong>II. Mustafa<\/strong> (1695-1703)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"4\"><strong>III. Ahmet<\/strong> (1703-1730)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"5\"><strong>I. Mahmut<\/strong> (1730-1754)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"6\"><strong>III. Osman<\/strong> (1754-1757)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"7\"><strong>III. Mustafa<\/strong> (1757-1774)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"8\"><strong>I. Abd\u00fclhamit<\/strong> (1774-1789)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"9\"><strong>III. Selim<\/strong> (1789-1807)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"10\"><strong>IV. Mustafa<\/strong> (1807-1808)<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-xviii-yuzyilda-avrupa-ve-osmanli-devleti-nin-genel-durumu\" data-tk-source=\"11\"><strong>XVIII. Y\u00dcZYILDA AVRUPA VE OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019N\u0130N GENEL DURUMU<\/strong><\/h3><h3 id=\"tk-avrupa-nin-genel-durumu\" data-tk-source=\"12\"><strong>Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n Genel Durumu:<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"13\">Devletler aras\u0131 politika ve \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda <strong>diplomasi<\/strong> ve <strong>ittifaklar<\/strong> \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"14\">Avrupa devletleri, amaca ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc araca ba\u015fvurulabilece\u011fi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden <strong>Makyavelizm<\/strong> do\u011frultusunda hareket etmi\u015f ve s\u0131k s\u0131k birbirleriyle sava\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-fransa\" data-tk-source=\"15\"><strong>Fransa:<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"16\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015f politikada genellikle Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n yan\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"17\">Ancak <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong> ile rekabet halinde oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, Akdeniz&#8217;de \u0130ngiliz \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na zarar vermek amac\u0131yla <strong>M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal etmekten<\/strong> geri durmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-ingiltere\" data-tk-source=\"18\"><strong>\u0130ngiltere:<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"19\">D\u00f6nemin \u00f6nde gelen ve en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletlerindendir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"20\">Akdeniz\u2019de ve Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesinde \u00f6nemli ekonomik ve siyasi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in, <strong>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na kadar Osmanl\u0131 toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc koruma politikas\u0131<\/strong> izlemi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-avusturya\" data-tk-source=\"21\"><strong>Avusturya:<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"22\">S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 <strong>Balkanlara<\/strong> do\u011fru geni\u015fletmek istedi\u011fi i\u00e7in <strong>XVII. ve XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile s\u0131k s\u0131k sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te <strong>Rusya ile i\u015f birli\u011fi<\/strong> yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"23\">Ancak <strong>1789 Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali&#8217;nden<\/strong> sonra yay\u0131lan <strong>milliyet\u00e7ilik<\/strong> fikirlerinin kendi \u00e7ok uluslu yap\u0131s\u0131na zarar vermesini engellemek amac\u0131yla, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonundan itibaren Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 <strong>bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir d\u0131\u015f politika<\/strong> izlemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-rusya-car-i-petro\" data-tk-source=\"24\"><strong>Rusya (\u00c7ar I. Petro):<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"25\">Temel amac\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn Slav milletlerini ve Ortodokslar\u0131 Rusya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nderli\u011fi alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirmektir (<strong>Panslavizm<\/strong> temelinin at\u0131lmas\u0131).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"26\">Rusya\u2019y\u0131 denizlerde de etkili bir g\u00fc\u00e7 haline getirmek i\u00e7in <strong>K\u0131r\u0131m, Karadeniz ve \u0130stanbul&#8217;u<\/strong> ele ge\u00e7irmeyi planlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (<strong>S\u0131cak denizlere inme politikas\u0131<\/strong>). Bu hedefler do\u011frultusunda XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 ile en \u00e7ok sava\u015fan devlet olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-xviii-yuzyilda-osmanli-devleti-nin-dis-politikasi\" data-tk-source=\"27\"><strong>XVIII. Y\u00dcZYILDA OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019N\u0130N DI\u015e POL\u0130T\u0130KASI<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"28\"><strong>Karlof\u00e7a (1699)<\/strong> ve <strong>\u0130stanbul (1700)<\/strong> antla\u015fmalar\u0131yla ilk defa b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 toprak kayb\u0131na u\u011frayan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda <strong>kaybetti\u011fi topraklar\u0131 geri alma politikas\u0131<\/strong> izlemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"29\">Bu ama\u00e7la <strong>Rusya, Avusturya ve Venedik<\/strong> ile sava\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"30\">Ge\u00e7ici ba\u015far\u0131lar elde edilse de as\u0131l amaca ula\u015f\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f, \u00fcstelik yeni topraklar da kaybedilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-yks-kpss-ek-bilgisi\" data-tk-source=\"31\"><strong>YKS\/KPSS Ek Bilgisi:<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"32\">Kaybedilen topraklar\u0131 geri alma \u00fcmidi <strong>1718 Pasarof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> ile tamamen sona ermi\u015f, bu tarihten sonra eldeki <strong>mevcut topraklar\u0131 koruma (savunma) politikas\u0131na<\/strong> ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-xviii-yuzyilda-yasanan-siyasi-olaylar\" data-tk-source=\"33\"><strong>XVIII. Y\u00dcZYILDA YA\u015eANAN S\u0130YAS\u0130 OLAYLAR<\/strong><\/h3><h3 id=\"tk-osmanli-venedik-iliskileri\" data-tk-source=\"34\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> Venedik \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"35\"><strong>III. Ahmet<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde (1715), Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Karlof\u00e7a&#8217;da kaybetti\u011fi <strong>Mora\u2019y\u0131<\/strong> geri almak i\u00e7in Venedik\u2019e sava\u015f a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"36\">Sava\u015f sonucunda <strong>Mora Yar\u0131madas\u0131<\/strong> Venediklilerin elinden geri al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Bu ba\u015far\u0131, kaybedilen di\u011fer yerlerin de al\u0131nabilece\u011fi inanc\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-osmanli-iran-safevi-iliskileri\" data-tk-source=\"37\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> \u0130ran (<\/strong><strong>Safevi<\/strong><strong>) \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"38\">Afganl\u0131lar\u0131n \u0130ran\u2019a ait <strong>\u0130sfahan\u2019\u0131<\/strong> almas\u0131 ve Safevi y\u00f6netiminin S\u00fcnnilere bask\u0131 uygulamas\u0131 \u00fczerine \u0130ran\u2019da mezhep \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve iktidar kavgas\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"39\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve Rusya bu otorite bo\u015flu\u011fundan yararlanmak istemi\u015ftir. <strong>1723&#8217;te<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 \u0130ran&#8217;a sava\u015f a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, Ruslar ise <strong>Derbent ve Bak\u00fc\u2019y\u00fc<\/strong> alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"40\"><strong>1724 \u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Rusya aras\u0131nda imzalanan bu antla\u015fma ile \u0130ran topraklar\u0131 k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu antla\u015fma, <strong>Osmanl\u0131 ile Rusya aras\u0131nda imzalanan ilk dostluk antla\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"41\">\u0130ran\u2019da ba\u015fa ge\u00e7en <strong>II. <\/strong><strong>Tahmasb<\/strong>, \u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131&#8217;n\u0131 tan\u0131mayarak <strong>Tebriz\u2019i<\/strong> geri alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"42\"><strong>Patrona Halil \u0130syan\u0131<\/strong> sonras\u0131nda \u0130ran \u00fczerine yeniden sefer d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f, Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetleri Tebriz\u2019i geri alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonucunda iki devlet aras\u0131nda <strong>1732 Ahmet Pa\u015fa Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"43\">Antla\u015fma iki taraf\u0131 da memnun etmemi\u015f, <strong>1743<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda sava\u015f yeniden ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"44\"><strong>1746 Kerden (II. <\/strong><strong>Kasr<\/strong><strong>-\u0131 \u015eirin) Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> Kesin sonucun al\u0131namad\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzun sava\u015flar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu antla\u015fma ile <strong>1639 <\/strong><strong>Kasr<\/strong><strong>-\u0131 \u015eirin Antla\u015fmas\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n<\/strong> s\u0131n\u0131r maddeleri aynen kabul edilmi\u015f ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrkiye-\u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n temeli korunmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-osmanli-rus-iliskileri\" data-tk-source=\"45\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> Rus \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"46\"><strong>1711 <\/strong><strong>Prut<\/strong><strong> Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> * Rusya, s\u0131cak denizlere inmek ve Balt\u0131k k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek amac\u0131yla \u0130sve\u00e7&#8217;e sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"47\">Ka\u00e7an \u0130sve\u00e7 Kral\u0131 <strong>XII. \u015earl (Demirba\u015f \u015earl)<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, onu takip eden Rus birlikleri Osmanl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7ince Osmanl\u0131 Rusya&#8217;ya sava\u015f a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"48\"><strong>Baltac\u0131 Mehmet Pa\u015fa<\/strong> komutas\u0131ndaki Osmanl\u0131 ordusu, Rus ordusunu Prut batakl\u0131klar\u0131nda ku\u015fatm\u0131\u015f, ancak yeni\u00e7erilere g\u00fcvenilememesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kesin bir imha harek\u00e2t\u0131 yap\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"49\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7 (1711 <\/strong><strong>Prut<\/strong><strong> Antla\u015fmas\u0131):<\/strong> Azak Kalesi Ruslardan geri al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1700) ile Ruslara verilen haklar iptal edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"50\"><strong>\u00d6nemi:<\/strong> Karlof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131 kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n geri al\u0131nabilece\u011fi inanc\u0131 en y\u00fcksek seviyeye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"51\"><strong>1736-1739 Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve Belgrad Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"52\">Ruslar\u0131n <strong>1736&#8217;da K\u0131r\u0131m&#8217;\u0131 i\u015fgal etmesi<\/strong> \u00fczerine sava\u015f ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Avusturya da Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya kar\u015f\u0131 Rusya ile ittifak yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"53\"><strong>Geli\u015fme:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 ordusu iki cephede birden sava\u015fmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, yap\u0131lan askeri \u0131slahatlar\u0131n (Humbarac\u0131 Ahmet Pa\u015fa) etkisiyle ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Fransa&#8217;n\u0131n arabuluculu\u011fu ile <strong>1739 Belgrad Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"54\"><strong>Maddeler:<\/strong> Avusturya, Pasarof\u00e7a&#8217;da ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>Belgrad&#8217;\u0131 Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya geri vermi\u015ftir.<\/strong> Rusya, Karadeniz&#8217;de hi\u00e7bir sava\u015f ve ticaret gemisi bulundurmamay\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"55\"><strong>\u00d6nemi:<\/strong> Belgrad Antla\u015fmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;nin Bat\u0131&#8217;da imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>son kazan\u00e7l\u0131 antla\u015fmad\u0131r.<\/strong> Karadeniz&#8217;in T\u00fcrk g\u00f6l\u00fc oldu\u011fu son kez onaylanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Arabuluculuk yapan Fransa&#8217;ya daha \u00f6nce verilmi\u015f olan ge\u00e7ici kapit\u00fclasyonlar, <strong>1740&#8217;ta (I. Mahmut d\u00f6nemi) s\u00fcrekli hale getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"56\"><strong>1768-1774 Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"57\">Rusya&#8217;n\u0131n Lehistan kraliyet se\u00e7imine m\u00fcdahale etmesi \u00fczerine Leh halk\u0131 ayaklanm\u0131\u015f, Rus bask\u0131s\u0131ndan ka\u00e7an Leh m\u00fclteciler Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"58\">Onlar\u0131 takip bahanesiyle Osmanl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7en Ruslar katliam yap\u0131nca <strong>1768&#8217;de<\/strong> sava\u015f ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"59\"><strong>Geli\u015fme:<\/strong> Alt\u0131 y\u0131l s\u00fcren sava\u015f\u0131 Ruslar kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rus donanmas\u0131 Cebelitar\u0131k&#8217;tan ge\u00e7erek <strong>1770 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7e\u015fme Liman\u0131&#8217;nda<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131n\u0131 yakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u0130nebaht\u0131&#8217;dan sonra Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131n\u0131n tarihteki ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck yang\u0131n\u0131d\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"60\"><strong>1774 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (\u00c7ok \u00d6nemli):<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"61\"><strong>K\u0131r\u0131m ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmu\u015ftur<\/strong> (Halk\u0131 tamamen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan bir toprak ilk defa kaybedilmi\u015ftir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"62\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, K\u0131r\u0131m halk\u0131 ile k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ba\u011flar\u0131 koparmamak i\u00e7in dini y\u00f6nden halifeye ba\u011fl\u0131 kalmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fart ko\u015fmu\u015ftur (Osmanl\u0131 tarihinde <strong>halifelik makam\u0131 ilk kez siyasi bir antla\u015fmada<\/strong> kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"63\">Rusya, Karadeniz&#8217;de donanma bulundurma, serbest ticaret yapma ve Bo\u011fazlardan ticari ge\u00e7i\u015f hakk\u0131 elde etmi\u015ftir (<strong>Karadeniz &#8220;T\u00fcrk G\u00f6l\u00fc&#8221; olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini kesin olarak kaybetmi\u015ftir<\/strong>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"64\">Rusya, Ortodoks Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 koruma yetkisini elde etmi\u015ftir (<strong>Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7 i\u015flerine m\u00fcdahale hakk\u0131<\/strong>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"65\">Rusya, \u0130stanbul&#8217;da daimi el\u00e7i bulundurma ve istedi\u011fi yerde konsolosluk a\u00e7ma hakk\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"66\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti tarihinde <strong>ilk defa sava\u015f tazminat\u0131<\/strong> \u00f6demi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"67\"><strong>Aynal\u0131kavak <\/strong><strong>Tenkihnamesi<\/strong><strong> (1779):<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"68\">K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca ile K\u0131r\u0131m&#8217;\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmas\u0131n\u0131 f\u0131rsat bilen Rus \u00c7ari\u00e7esi <strong>II. Katerina<\/strong>, Osmanl\u0131&#8217;y\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131p Bizans&#8217;\u0131 canland\u0131rmay\u0131 hedefleyen <strong>Grek Projesi&#8217;ni<\/strong> hayata ge\u00e7irmek istemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"69\">Rusya, kendi yanda\u015f\u0131 <strong>\u015eahin Giray&#8217;\u0131<\/strong> K\u0131r\u0131m han\u0131 ilan ettirmi\u015f, K\u0131r\u0131m halk\u0131 Osmanl\u0131&#8217;dan yard\u0131m isteyince Rus ordusu K\u0131r\u0131m&#8217;a girmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"70\">Fransa&#8217;n\u0131n arabuluculu\u011fuyla <strong>1779 Aynal\u0131kavak <\/strong><strong>Tenkihnamesi<\/strong> (D\u00fczenlemesi) imzalanm\u0131\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131, \u015eahin Giray&#8217;\u0131n hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 resmen kabul etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"71\"><strong>1787-1792 Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve Ya\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"72\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, K\u0131r\u0131m&#8217;\u0131 geri almak i\u00e7in Avusturya ve Rusya ile tekrar sava\u015fa girmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"73\"><strong>1792 Ya\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> Sava\u015f\u0131n sonunda imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, <strong>K\u0131r\u0131m&#8217;\u0131n Rusya&#8217;ya ait oldu\u011funu kesin olarak kabul etmi\u015ftir.<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"74\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> K\u0131r\u0131m&#8217;\u0131 almak i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lan yolda yeni topraklar kaybedilmi\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti resmen <strong>Da\u011f\u0131lma D\u00f6nemi&#8217;ne<\/strong> girmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-osmanli-avusturya-iliskileri\" data-tk-source=\"75\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> Avusturya \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"76\"><strong>1716-1718 Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve Pasarof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"77\">Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Prut&#8217;ta Azak&#8217;\u0131 ve Venedik&#8217;ten Mora&#8217;y\u0131 geri almas\u0131 Avusturya&#8217;y\u0131 kayg\u0131land\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"78\">Avusturya, Karlof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n \u00e7i\u011fnendi\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerek sava\u015f a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (<strong>1716 <\/strong><strong>Petrovaradin<\/strong><strong> Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"79\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Sava\u015f\u0131 Avusturya kazanm\u0131\u015f, \u0130ngiltere ve Hollanda&#8217;n\u0131n arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla <strong>1718 Pasarof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"80\"><strong>\u00d6nemi:<\/strong> Belgrad Avusturya&#8217;ya kaybedilmi\u015ftir. Bu antla\u015fma ile Osmanl\u0131, kaybetti\u011fi topraklar\u0131 geri alma umudunu tamamen yitirmi\u015f ve <strong>Lale Devri<\/strong> ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, <strong>Bat\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ilk kez kabul etmi\u015ftir.<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"81\"><strong>Zi\u015ftovi Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1791):<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"82\">Avusturya, 1736-1739 ve 1787 sava\u015flar\u0131nda Rusya ile m\u00fcttefikti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"83\">Ancak <strong>1789 Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali&#8217;nin<\/strong> getirdi\u011fi milliyet\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131ndan etkilenmemek ve kendi b\u00fcnyesindeki i\u00e7 isyanlar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, sava\u015fta \u00fcst\u00fcn olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Osmanl\u0131 ile <strong>1791 Zi\u015ftovi Antla\u015fmas\u0131&#8217;n\u0131<\/strong> imzalayarak sava\u015ftan \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"84\">Bu tarihten sonra Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Avusturya aras\u0131nda bir daha sava\u015f ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-osmanli-fransiz-iliskileri\" data-tk-source=\"85\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> Frans\u0131z \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"86\"><strong>M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;\u0131n \u0130\u015fgali (1798):<\/strong> <strong>Napolyon<\/strong>, Orta Do\u011fu&#8217;ya egemen olmak ve \u0130ngiltere&#8217;nin s\u00f6m\u00fcrge yollar\u0131n\u0131 (Hindistan) kesmek amac\u0131yla 1798&#8217;de Osmanl\u0131 topra\u011f\u0131 olan M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;\u0131 i\u015fgal etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"87\"><strong>Denge Politikas\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>III. Selim<\/strong>, Fransa&#8217;n\u0131n i\u015fgaline kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130ngiltere ve Rusya ile ittifak yaparak topraklar\u0131n\u0131 savunmu\u015ftur. (Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;nin askeri yetersizli\u011fi nedeniyle resmen <strong>denge politikas\u0131 izledi\u011fi ilk olayd\u0131r<\/strong>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"88\"><strong>Sava\u015f ve Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> <strong>Cezzar<\/strong><strong> Ahmet Pa\u015fa<\/strong> komutas\u0131ndaki yeni kurulan <strong>Nizam-\u0131 Cedit ordusu<\/strong>, Akka Kalesi \u00f6nlerinde Napolyon&#8217;u ma\u011flup etmi\u015ftir (Bu zafer, Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 kurulan Nizam-\u0131 Cedit&#8217;in ilk ve en \u00f6nemli ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"89\"><strong>Antla\u015fmalar:<\/strong> Fransa ile \u00f6nce <strong>1801 El <\/strong><strong>Ari\u015f<\/strong><strong> Ate\u015fkes Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>, ard\u0131ndan <strong>1802 Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> imzalanm\u0131\u015f ve M\u0131s\u0131r yeniden Osmanl\u0131 himayesine girmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-ek-kavramlar\" data-tk-source=\"90\"><strong>EK KAVRAMLAR<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"91\"><strong>D\u00fcvel-i Muazzama:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;nin XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;na kadar Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerine verdi\u011fi isimdir. Bunlar: <strong>\u0130ngiltere, Rusya, Prusya, Avusturya ve Fransa&#8217;d\u0131r.<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"92\"><strong>\u015eark Meselesi (Do\u011fu Sorunu):<\/strong> Temelde T\u00fcrklerin Avrupa&#8217;dan at\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 kavgas\u0131d\u0131r. (Bu kavram tarihte ilk kez <strong>1815 Viyana Kongresi&#8217;nde<\/strong> kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"93\"><strong>I. A\u015fama:<\/strong> 1071 Malazgirt Sava\u015f\u0131 ile ba\u015flar. T\u00fcrkleri Anadolu&#8217;ya sokmamak ve Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri ile durdurmak hedeflenmi\u015ftir. 1683 II. Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131&#8217;na (Bat\u0131&#8217;daki T\u00fcrk ilerleyi\u015finin durdu\u011fu tarih) kadar s\u00fcrer.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"94\"><strong>II. A\u015fama:<\/strong> Avrupa devletlerinin sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ti\u011fi a\u015famad\u0131r. Balkanlardaki gayrim\u00fcslimlerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 desteklemi\u015flerdir. Nihai hedefleri olan T\u00fcrk varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Anadolu&#8217;dan silme plan\u0131n\u0131 Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek istemi\u015fler, ancak T\u00fcrk milleti (<strong>Milli<\/strong><strong> M\u00fccadele<\/strong>) buna kesin olarak izin vermemi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-xviii-yuzyilda-osmanli-devleti-ndeki-degisim-ve-islahatlar\" data-tk-source=\"95\"><strong>XVIII.<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Y\u00dcZYILDA OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019NDEK\u0130 DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130M VE ISLAHATLAR<\/strong><\/h3><h3 id=\"tk-genel-ozellikler\" data-tk-source=\"96\"><strong>Genel \u00d6zellikler:<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"97\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r yenilgiler sonucunda Avrupa&#8217;dan geri kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve <strong>Bat\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n (Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n) \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc<\/strong> kabul etmi\u015ftir. Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n bilgi ve birikiminden yararlanma ihtiyac\u0131 do\u011fmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"98\">Yenilgiler ve toprak kay\u0131plar\u0131 nedeniyle \u0131slahatlar a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak <strong>askeri alanda<\/strong> yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"99\">Islahatlar bir <strong>devlet politikas\u0131 haline gelememi\u015f, ki\u015filere (padi\u015fah ve sadrazamlara) ba\u011fl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"100\">Yenilikler; \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7evreleri, <strong>ulema<\/strong> ve <strong>yeni\u00e7eriler<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan \u015fiddetle engellendi\u011fi i\u00e7in tam anlam\u0131yla kal\u0131c\u0131 bir ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-iii-ahmet-donemi-islahatlari-lale-devri-1718-1730\" data-tk-source=\"101\"><strong>III. Ahmet D\u00f6nemi Islahatlar\u0131 (Lale Devri 1718-1730)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"102\"><strong>Kapsam:<\/strong> <strong>1718 Pasarof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> ile ba\u015flay\u0131p, <strong>1730 Patrona Halil \u0130syan\u0131<\/strong> ile biten d\u00f6neme Lale Devri denir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"103\">D\u00f6nemin Padi\u015fah\u0131 <strong>III. Ahmet<\/strong>, Sadrazam\u0131 <strong>Nev\u015fehirli Damat \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa<\/strong>, \u015fairi <strong>Nedim<\/strong>, en \u00f6nemli minyat\u00fcrc\u00fcs\u00fc <strong>Levn\u00ee&#8217;dir<\/strong>. (Lale Devri tabirini tarihte ilk kez Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemi yazarlar\u0131ndan <strong>Yahya Kemal Beyatl\u0131<\/strong> kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"104\"><strong>El\u00e7ilikler:<\/strong> Avrupa&#8217;daki geli\u015fmeleri yak\u0131ndan takip etmek i\u00e7in <strong>Viyana, Paris, Var\u015fova, Moskova&#8217;ya<\/strong> ilk defa <strong>ge\u00e7ici el\u00e7iler<\/strong> g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. \u0130lk ge\u00e7ici el\u00e7i Paris&#8217;e giden <strong>Yirmisekiz<\/strong><strong> Mehmet \u00c7elebi&#8217;dir<\/strong>. Yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 rapora <strong>Sefaretname (Paris Sefaretnamesi)<\/strong> denir. Bu eser, Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Bat\u0131&#8217;ya a\u00e7\u0131lan ilk penceresi kabul edilir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"105\"><strong>Matbaa:<\/strong> Yirmisekiz Mehmet \u00c7elebi\u2019nin o\u011flu <strong>Sait Efendi<\/strong> ve <strong>\u0130brahim M\u00fcteferrika<\/strong>, \u0130stanbul\u2019da ilk <strong>T\u00fcrk (\u00d6zel) matbaas\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> (1727) kurmu\u015ftur. Bas\u0131lan ilk eser <strong>Vankulu<\/strong><strong> L\u00fcgati<\/strong> adl\u0131 s\u00f6zl\u00fckt\u00fcr. Hattatlar\u0131n (el yazmas\u0131 ustalar\u0131) i\u015fsiz kalmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek ve tepkilerini \u00e7ekmemek i\u00e7in <strong>matbaada dini eserlerin bas\u0131m\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong> (Not: Matbaay\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na ilk getirenler ise 1493&#8217;te Musevi haham\u0131 Gerson \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde az\u0131nl\u0131klard\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"106\"><strong>K\u00fclt\u00fcr, Sanat ve Di\u011fer Geli\u015fmeler:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"107\">Yalova&#8217;da k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t, \u0130stanbul&#8217;da \u00e7ini ve kuma\u015f fabrikalar\u0131 imalathaneleri kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"108\">Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 uygarl\u0131klar\u0131ndan eserler terc\u00fcme edilmi\u015ftir (<strong>Terc\u00fcme Odalar\u0131<\/strong> kurularak bilimsel hayat canland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"109\">Yeni\u00e7erilerden olu\u015fan ilk modern itfaiye \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olan <strong>Tulumbac\u0131lar Oca\u011f\u0131<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"110\">Sa\u011fl\u0131k alan\u0131nda ilk kez koruyucu hekimlik ad\u0131na <strong>\u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131<\/strong> uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Do\u011fu\/\u0130ran k\u00f6kenlidir, Bat\u0131 etkisi yoktur).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"111\"><strong>Mimari:<\/strong> <strong>III. Ahmed \u00c7e\u015fmesi<\/strong> (T\u00fcrk \u00e7ini i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi \u015faheseri). <strong>Nur-u Osmaniye Camisi<\/strong> (1748-1755 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yap\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcren, Avrupa mimarisindeki Barok ve Rokoko tarz\u0131 etkilerle yap\u0131lan ilk camidir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"112\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Lale Devri, <strong>1730 Patrona Halil \u0130syan\u0131<\/strong> ile kanl\u0131 \u015fekilde sona ermi\u015ftir. Sadrazam katledilmi\u015f, padi\u015fah tahttan indirilmi\u015f, Sad\u00e2bad Saray\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak <strong>matbaaya dokunulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong> (Bu durum isyan\u0131n do\u011frudan yeniliklere de\u011fil, d\u00f6nemin l\u00fcks, \u015fatafat ve israf\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funun kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-dikkat-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"113\"><strong>\u00d6nemli Not:<\/strong> Lale devrinde <strong>askeri alanda hi\u00e7bir \u0131slahat yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-i-mahmut-donemi-islahatlari\" data-tk-source=\"114\"><strong>I. Mahmut D\u00f6nemi Islahatlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"115\">Osmanl\u0131 tarihinde <strong>ilk kez Avrupa&#8217;dan yabanc\u0131 uzmanlar getirilerek<\/strong> askeri \u0131slahatlar ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"116\">Frans\u0131z askeri uzman <strong>Comte de <\/strong><strong>Bonneval<\/strong>, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olup <strong>Humbarac\u0131 Ahmet Pa\u015fa<\/strong> ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f ve top\u00e7u\/havan s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olan <strong>Humbarac\u0131 Oca\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131<\/strong> Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131nda \u0131slah etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"117\"><strong>Hendesehane<\/strong><strong> (1734):<\/strong> \u00dcsk\u00fcdar&#8217;da subay yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lan modern askeri okuldur. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fma hareketinin ve <strong>Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 e\u011fitimin ilk kurumudur.<\/strong> Orduda modern matematik e\u011fitimini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Ancak yeni\u00e7eri tepkisiyle 1750&#8217;de kapat\u0131lmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-iii-mustafa-donemi-islahatlari\" data-tk-source=\"118\"><strong>III. Mustafa D\u00f6nemi Islahatlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"119\">D\u00f6nemin sadrazam\u0131 <strong>Koca Rag\u0131p Pa\u015fa<\/strong> yenilik hareketlerine \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"120\">Fransa&#8217;dan getirilen <strong>Baron de <\/strong><strong>Tott<\/strong>, Top\u00e7u Oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 modernle\u015ftirmi\u015f, hafif ve h\u0131zl\u0131 toplar d\u00f6k\u00fclmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak <strong>S\u00fcrat Top\u00e7ular\u0131 Oca\u011f\u0131<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"121\">Maliyeyi d\u00fczeltmek amac\u0131yla <strong>\u0130lk \u0130\u00e7 Bor\u00e7lanma (Esham)<\/strong> sistemi bu d\u00f6nemde planlanm\u0131\u015f ve hukuki altyap\u0131s\u0131 haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"122\">Deniz subay\u0131 yeti\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla <strong>1773&#8217;te M\u00fchendishane-i Bahr-i <\/strong><strong>H\u00fcmayun&#8217;un<\/strong><strong> temelleri<\/strong> at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-i-abdulhamit-donemi-islahatlari\" data-tk-source=\"123\"><strong>I. Abd\u00fclhamit D\u00f6nemi Islahatlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"124\">Orduya subay yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in <strong>\u0130stihkam Okulu<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Humbarac\u0131 ve la\u011f\u0131mc\u0131 ocaklar\u0131 yenilenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"125\">Avrupa&#8217;dan orduyu e\u011fitmek i\u00e7in gelen yabanc\u0131 uzmanlar\u0131n <strong>M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olma ve Osmanl\u0131 k\u0131yafeti giyme zorunlulu\u011fu kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong> (Bu sayede Bat\u0131l\u0131 uzman ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"126\"><strong>Mali disiplin sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f:<\/strong> \u0130lk kez yeni\u00e7eri say\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, asker olmayanlar\u0131n haks\u0131z maa\u015f al\u0131m\u0131 engellenmi\u015f ve <strong>ulufe (maa\u015f) al\u0131m-sat\u0131m\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong> Padi\u015fah de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinde yeni\u00e7erilere verilen <strong>c\u00fclus bah\u015fi\u015fi<\/strong> tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"127\"><strong>Esham Uygulamas\u0131:<\/strong> III. Mustafa d\u00f6neminde planlanan i\u00e7 bor\u00e7lanma sistemi (Esham) ilk kez bu d\u00f6nemde fiilen uygulanarak devlet senetleri sat\u0131\u015fa sunulmu\u015f ve i\u00e7 bor\u00e7 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"128\"><strong>M\u00fchendishane-i Bahr-i H\u00fcmayun (1775):<\/strong> 1770 \u00c7e\u015fme donanma yang\u0131n\u0131ndan sonra Kaptan\u0131derya Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pa\u015fa&#8217;n\u0131n \u00f6nerisiyle resmi olarak modern bir Deniz M\u00fchendishanesi kurulmu\u015ftur (G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Deniz Harp Okulu&#8217;nun temelidir).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-iii-selim-donemi-islahatlari\" data-tk-source=\"129\"><strong>III. Selim D\u00f6nemi Islahatlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"130\">Avrupa&#8217;daki geli\u015fmeleri yak\u0131ndan izleyerek Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da <strong>k\u00f6kl\u00fc, planl\u0131 ve radikal \u0131slahatlar yapan ilk padi\u015faht\u0131r.<\/strong> D\u00f6neminde yap\u0131lan t\u00fcm yeniliklere genel olarak <strong>Nizam-\u0131 Cedit (Yeni D\u00fczen)<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"131\">Devlet adamlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan <strong>Me\u015fveret Meclisi (Dan\u0131\u015fma Meclisi)<\/strong> olu\u015fturmu\u015f ve onlara sorunlar\u0131n tespiti ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in <strong>Layihalar (Raporlar)<\/strong> haz\u0131rlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Planl\u0131 hareket etti\u011finin kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"132\">Avrupa tarz\u0131nda e\u011fitim alan, modern <strong>Nizam-\u0131 Cedit Ordusu<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur. Bu ordunun k\u0131yafet ve te\u00e7hizat masraflar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in mevcut hazineden ayr\u0131 olarak yeni vergilerle <strong>\u0130rad<\/strong><strong>-\u0131 Cedit (Yeni Hazine)<\/strong> olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"133\">Yeni\u00e7erilere ise haftada belirli g\u00fcnler <strong>e\u011fitim (talim) zorunlulu\u011fu<\/strong> getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"134\"><strong>M\u00fchendishane-i <\/strong><strong>Berr<\/strong><strong>-i H\u00fcmayun (1795):<\/strong> Kara ordusuna subay ve m\u00fchendis yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in modern Kara M\u00fchendishanesi kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"135\">Okullara ba\u011fl\u0131 devlet matbaas\u0131 (<strong>Matbaa-i Amire<\/strong>) a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve askeri okullarda <strong>Frans\u0131zca ilk yabanc\u0131 zorunlu resmi dil<\/strong> kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"136\"><strong>S\u00fcrekli El\u00e7ilikler:<\/strong> Avrupa diplomasisini ve siyasetini yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131mak i\u00e7in <strong>Paris, Londra, Berlin ve Viyana&#8217;da ilk <\/strong><strong>daimi<\/strong><strong> (s\u00fcrekli) el\u00e7ilikler<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk daimi el\u00e7imiz Londra&#8217;ya g\u00f6nderilen <strong>Yusuf Ag\u00e2h Efendi&#8217;dir.<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"137\">Ekonomide d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in <strong>yerli mal\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/strong> te\u015fvik edilmi\u015f ve eyaletler (Anadolu ve Rumeli 28 vilayet) yeniden d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"138\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> \u0130rad-\u0131 Cedit vergilerinden rahats\u0131z olan halk ve askeri\/ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n zedelendi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen yeni\u00e7erilerin k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden isyan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <strong>1807 Kabak\u00e7\u0131 Mustafa \u0130syan\u0131<\/strong> ile III. Selim tahttan indirilerek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece Nizam-\u0131 Cedit d\u00f6nemi sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"139\">&#8220;Bu ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n her hakk\u0131 sakl\u0131d\u0131r. Hangi ama\u00e7la olursa olsun, ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n veya bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n <strong>www.tarihkursu.com<\/strong><strong> <\/strong>sitesinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 izni olmadan sosyal medyada ve internet ortam\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, kopya edilmesi, foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesi, herhangi bir yolla \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131, yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ya da kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yasakt\u0131r. Bu yasa\u011fa uymayanlar gerekli cezai sorumlulu\u011fu pe\u015finen kabullenmi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.&#8221;<\/p><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"140\">Duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederiz. \u0130yi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/p><\/section><\/div><button class=\"tk-basa-don\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunun ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\" title=\"Ba\u015fa d\u00f6n\">\u2191<\/button><\/article>\n<script>\n(()=>{\"use strict\";document.querySelectorAll(\".tk-ders-notu\").forEach((root)=>{if(root.dataset.tkReady===\"true\")return;root.dataset.tkReady=\"true\";const toc=root.querySelector(\".tk-icindekiler\"),bar=root.querySelector(\".tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"),topButton=root.querySelector(\".tk-basa-don\"),headings=[...root.querySelectorAll(\"h2[id],h3[id]\")],links=[...root.querySelectorAll('.tk-icindekiler a[href^=\"#\"]')];const go=(target)=>{if(target)target.scrollIntoView({behavior:\"smooth\",block:\"start\"});};root.querySelector(\".tk-yazdir\")?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>window.print());root.querySelector(\".tk-ice-git\")?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>go(toc));topButton?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>go(root));links.forEach((link)=>link.addEventListener(\"click\",(event)=>{const id=link.getAttribute(\"href\").slice(1),target=root.querySelector(`#${CSS.escape(id)}`);if(target){event.preventDefault();go(target);history.replaceState(null,\"\",`#${id}`);}}));let ticking=false;const update=()=>{const rect=root.getBoundingClientRect(),view=window.innerHeight||document.documentElement.clientHeight,total=Math.max(root.scrollHeight-view,1),passed=Math.min(Math.max(-rect.top,0),total),percent=Math.round(passed\/total*100);if(bar){bar.style.width=`${percent}%`;bar.parentElement?.setAttribute(\"aria-valuenow\",String(percent));}topButton?.classList.toggle(\"tk-gorunur\",window.scrollY>420);let active=headings[0]?.id||\"\";headings.forEach((heading)=>{if(heading.getBoundingClientRect().top<=Math.max(130,view*.28))active=heading.id;});links.forEach((link)=>{const current=link.getAttribute(\"href\")===`#${active}`;link.classList.toggle(\"tk-etkin\",current);if(current)link.setAttribute(\"aria-current\",\"location\");else link.removeAttribute(\"aria-current\");});ticking=false;};const requestUpdate=()=>{if(!ticking){ticking=true;requestAnimationFrame(update);}};window.addEventListener(\"scroll\",requestUpdate,{passive:true});window.addEventListener(\"resize\",requestUpdate,{passive:true});update();});})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Osmanl\u0131 Gerileme D\u00f6nemi ders notu; 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