{"id":3430,"date":"2026-08-01T13:33:51","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T10:33:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=3430"},"modified":"2026-08-01T13:33:53","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T10:33:53","slug":"osmanli-dagilma-donemi-kpss-tarih-ders-notlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/01\/osmanli-dagilma-donemi-kpss-tarih-ders-notlari\/","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131lma D\u00f6nemi KPSS Tarih Ders Notlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131lma D\u00f6nemi ders notunda II. Mahmut, Abd\u00fclmecit ve sonraki padi\u015fahlar; Sened-i \u0130ttifak, S\u0131rp ve Yunan isyanlar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015flar\u0131, M\u0131s\u0131r Sorunu, Balta Liman\u0131 Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ve d\u00f6nemin di\u011fer siyasi geli\u015fmeler yer almaktad\u0131r. KPSS tarih s\u0131nav\u0131 i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan bu KPSS tarih ders notlar\u0131,  \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Online KPSS ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde MEB AGS, KPSS, EKPSS ve \u00d6ABT s\u0131navlar\u0131na tam olarak haz\u0131rlanacaks\u0131n\u0131z. Bu online tarih \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 KPSS \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131 arayan \u00f6\u011frenciler iyi bir tekrar kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.tk-ders-notu{--tk-lacivert:#12355b;--tk-turkuaz:#087f8c;--tk-bordo:#8b1e3f;--tk-altin:#d69e2e;--tk-acik-mavi:#eef6ff;--tk-acik-turkuaz:#ecfbfa;--tk-acik-sari:#fff8dc;--tk-metin:#243447;--tk-cizgi:#c8d7e6;position:relative;width:100%;max-width:1100px;min-width:0;margin:0 auto;padding:clamp(12px,2.4vw,28px);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--tk-metin);font:400 17px\/1.72 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,\"Segoe UI\",Arial,sans-serif;overflow-wrap:anywhere;word-wrap:break-word;hyphens:auto;background:#f7fafc;border-radius:18px}\n.tk-ders-notu *,.tk-ders-notu *::before,.tk-ders-notu *::after{box-sizing:border-box;min-width:0}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme{position:fixed;z-index:9998;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:5px;background:rgba(18,53,91,.12);pointer-events:none}\n.tk-ders-notu 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tr{padding:7px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--tk-cizgi);border-top:5px solid var(--tk-turkuaz);border-radius:11px;box-shadow:0 5px 16px rgba(18,53,91,.07)}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(92px,36%) minmax(0,1fr);gap:10px;padding:10px 8px;border:0;border-bottom:1px dashed var(--tk-cizgi);background:#fff;color:var(--tk-metin);font-weight:400}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td:last-child{border-bottom:0}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td::before{content:attr(data-label);color:var(--tk-bordo);font-weight:800;overflow-wrap:anywhere}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don{right:10px;bottom:10px;width:44px;height:44px;line-height:44px}\n}\n@media (max-width:375px){\n.tk-ders-notu{font-size:15.5px}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme{width:100%;text-align:center}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo th,.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo td{padding:9px 6px;font-size:15px}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td{grid-template-columns:minmax(82px,34%) minmax(0,1fr);gap:8px}\n}\n@media print{\n.tk-ders-notu{max-width:none;margin:0;padding:0;background:#fff;color:#000;font-size:11pt;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme,.tk-ders-notu .tk-kontroller,.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don{display:none!important}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ust{padding:0 0 14pt;background:#fff!important;color:#000;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik{color:#000;border-bottom:2pt solid #000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler{border:1pt solid #777;background:#fff;color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler-listesi a{color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart{break-inside:auto;margin:0 0 14pt;padding:0;border:0;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu h2,.tk-ders-notu h3{break-after:avoid;color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo{break-inside:auto}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo tr{break-inside:avoid}\n.tk-ders-notu a{text-decoration:none;color:#000}\n}\n<\/style>\n<article class=\"tk-ders-notu\" id=\"tk-ders-xix-ve-xx-yuzyilda-osmanli-devleti-dagilma-donemi\" lang=\"tr\" data-tk-ready=\"false\"><div class=\"tk-ilerleme\" role=\"progressbar\" aria-label=\"Okuma ilerlemesi\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"100\" aria-valuenow=\"0\"><span class=\"tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"><\/span><\/div><header class=\"tk-ust\" id=\"tk-ders-baslangici\"><p class=\"tk-ana-baslik\" data-tk-source=\"1\"><strong>XIX. VE XX. Y\u00dcZYILDA OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130 (DA\u011eILMA D\u00d6NEM\u0130)<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"tk-kontroller\"><button class=\"tk-dugme tk-yazdir\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunu yazd\u0131r\">Yazd\u0131r<\/button><button class=\"tk-dugme tk-ice-git\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"\u0130\u00e7indekiler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne git\">\u0130\u00e7indekilere Git<\/button><\/div><nav class=\"tk-icindekiler\" id=\"tk-icindekiler-xix-ve-xx-yuzyilda-osmanli-devleti-dagilma-donemi\" aria-label=\"Ders notu i\u00e7indekiler\"><p class=\"tk-icindekiler-baslik\">\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/p><ul class=\"tk-icindekiler-listesi\"><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-dagilma-donemi-padisahlari\">Da\u011f\u0131lma D\u00f6nemi Padi\u015fahlar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-mahmut-donemi-siyasal-olaylari\">II. MAHMUT D\u00d6NEM\u0130 S\u0130YASAL OLAYLARI<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-alemdar-mustafa-pasa-olayi\">Alemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa Olay\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sened-i-ittifak-1808\">Sened-i \u0130ttifak (1808)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sirp-isyani-1804-1817\">S\u0131rp \u0130syan\u0131 (1804-1817)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-1806-1812-osmanli-rus-savasi\">1806-1812 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-yunan-isyani-1820-1829\">Yunan \u0130syan\u0131 (1820-1829)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-tarihte-osmanli-donanmasinin-yakildigi-yerler-sinav-bilgisi\">Tarihte Osmanl\u0131 Donanmas\u0131n\u0131n Yak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yerler (S\u0131nav Bilgisi)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-tepedelenli-ali-pasa-isyani\">Tepedelenli Ali Pa\u015fa \u0130syan\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-misir-isyani-kavalali-mehmet-ali-pasa-sorunu\">M\u0131s\u0131r \u0130syan\u0131 (Kavalal\u0131 Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa Sorunu)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-balta-limani-ticaret-antlasmasi-1838\">Balta Liman\u0131 Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1838)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-abdulmecit-donemi-siyasal-olaylari\">ABD\u00dcLMEC\u0130T D\u00d6NEM\u0130 S\u0130YASAL OLAYLARI<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-londra-konferansi-1840\">Londra Konferans\u0131 (1840)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-1841-londra-bogazlar-antlasmasi\">1841 Londra Bo\u011fazlar Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-kirim-savasi-1853-1856-ve-paris-konferansi-1856\">K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 (1853-1856) ve Paris Konferans\u0131 (1856)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-abdulaziz-donemi-siyasal-olaylari\">ABD\u00dcLAZ\u0130Z D\u00d6NEM\u0130 S\u0130YASAL OLAYLARI<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-abdulhamit-donemi-siyasal-olaylari\">II. ABD\u00dcLHAM\u0130T D\u00d6NEM\u0130 S\u0130YASAL OLAYLARI<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-istanbul-tersane-konferansi-1876\">\u0130stanbul (Tersane) Konferans\u0131 (1876)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-1877-1878-osmanli-rus-savasi-93-harbi\">1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 (93 Harbi)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ayastefanos-ve-berlin-antlasmalari-1878\">Ayastefanos ve Berlin Antla\u015fmalar\u0131 (1878)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-18-ve-19-yuzyilda-osmanli-rus-savaslari-ve-antlasmalari\">18. ve 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve Antla\u015fmalar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-tunus-ve-misir-in-isgali\">Tunus ve M\u0131s\u0131r&#x27;\u0131n \u0130\u015fgali<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-duyun-i-umumiye-idaresi-1881\">D\u00fcy\u00fbn-\u0131 Um\u00fbmiye \u0130daresi (1881)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-domeke-meydan-muharebesi-1897\">D\u00f6meke Meydan Muharebesi (1897)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-xix-yuzyil-islahatlari\">XIX. Y\u00dcZYIL ISLAHATLARI<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-mahmut-donemi-yenilikleri-devleti-en-cok-duzenleyen-padisah\">II. Mahmut D\u00f6nemi Yenilikleri (Devleti En \u00c7ok D\u00fczenleyen Padi\u015fah)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-1-yonetim-alanindaki-islahatlar\">1. Y\u00f6netim Alan\u0131ndaki Islahatlar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sultan-ii-mahmut-donemi-meclisleri-ve-gorevleri\">Sultan II. Mahmut D\u00f6nemi Meclisleri ve G\u00f6revleri:<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-2-askeri-alandaki-islahatlar\">2. Asker\u00ee Alandaki Islahatlar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-3-egitim-kultur-ve-ekonomi-alanindaki-islahatlar\">3. E\u011fitim, K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Ekonomi Alan\u0131ndaki Islahatlar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sultan-abdulmecit-donemi-islahatlari\">SULTAN ABD\u00dcLMEC\u0130T D\u00d6NEM\u0130 ISLAHATLARI<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-tanzimat-fermani-3-kasim-1839\">TANZ\u0130MAT FERMANI (3 KASIM 1839)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ilan-edilme-nedenleri\">\u0130lan Edilme Nedenleri:<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-onemi-yks-kpss-odakli\">\u00d6nemi (YKS\/KPSS Odakl\u0131):<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-onemli-maddeleri\">\u00d6nemli Maddeleri:<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-yeni-osmanlilar-genc-osmanlilar-jon-turkler\">Yeni Osmanl\u0131lar (Gen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar \/ J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler):<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-islahat-fermani-18-subat-1856\">ISLAHAT FERMANI (18 \u015eUBAT 1856)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-onemli-maddeleri-2\">\u00d6nemli Maddeleri:<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-onemi-ve-sonuclari-yks-kpss-odakli\">\u00d6nemi ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 (YKS\/KPSS Odakl\u0131):<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sultan-abdulmecit-donemi-diger-islahatlar-1839-1861\">SULTAN ABD\u00dcLMEC\u0130T D\u00d6NEM\u0130 D\u0130\u011eER ISLAHATLAR (1839 &#8211; 1861)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sultan-abdulmecit-donemi-acilan-meclisler\">SULTAN ABD\u00dcLMEC\u0130T D\u00d6NEM\u0130 A\u00c7ILAN MECL\u0130SLER<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sultan-abdulaziz-donemi-yapilan-islahatlar-1861-1876\">SULTAN ABD\u00dcLAZ\u0130Z D\u00d6NEM\u0130 YAPILAN ISLAHATLAR (1861 &#8211; 1876)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-abdulhamit-ve-mesrutiyet-donemi\">II. ABD\u00dcLHAM\u0130T VE ME\u015eRUT\u0130YET D\u00d6NEM\u0130<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-i-mesrutiyet-donemi-1876-1878\">I. ME\u015eRUT\u0130YET D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (1876 &#8211; 1878)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-parlamento-yapisi-meclis-i-umumi\">Parlamento Yap\u0131s\u0131 (Meclis-i Umumi)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-i-mesrutiyet-in-sona-ermesi\">I. Me\u015frutiyet&#x27;in Sona Ermesi:<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-abdulhamit-donemi-islahatlari-1878-1908-istibdat-mutlakiyet-donemi\">II. ABD\u00dcLHAM\u0130T D\u00d6NEM\u0130 ISLAHATLARI (1878 &#8211; 1908 \u0130stibdat\/Mutlakiyet D\u00f6nemi)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-mesrutiyet-in-ilani-ve-siyasi-gelismeler-1908\">II. ME\u015eRUT\u0130YET&#x27;\u0130N \u0130LANI VE S\u0130YAS\u0130 GEL\u0130\u015eMELER (1908)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-anayasal-degisiklikler-1909-degisiklikleri-yks-kpss-onemi\">Anayasal De\u011fi\u015fiklikler (1909 De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri &#8211; YKS\/KPSS \u00d6nemi):<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-mesrutiyet-donemi-nde-kurulan-siyasi-partiler-firkalar\">II. Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi&#x27;nde Kurulan Siyasi Partiler (F\u0131rkalar):<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-31-mart-olayi-13-nisan-1909\">31 MART OLAYI (13 N\u0130SAN 1909)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-devleti-ni-dagilmaktan-kurtarma-fikirleri-fikir-akimlari\">OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#x27;N\u0130 DA\u011eILMAKTAN KURTARMA F\u0130K\u0130RLER\u0130 (F\u0130K\u0130R AKIMLARI)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/header><div class=\"tk-icerik\"><section class=\"tk-kart tk-kart-ilk\"><h3 id=\"tk-dagilma-donemi-padisahlari\" data-tk-source=\"2\"><strong>Da\u011f\u0131lma D\u00f6nemi Padi\u015fahlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"3\"><strong>III. Selim<\/strong> (<strong>1789<\/strong> &#8211; <strong>1807<\/strong>)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"4\"><strong>IV. Mustafa<\/strong> (<strong>1807<\/strong> &#8211; <strong>1808<\/strong>)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"5\"><strong>II. Mahmut<\/strong> (<strong>1808<\/strong> &#8211; <strong>1839<\/strong>)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"6\"><strong>Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid<\/strong> (<strong>1839<\/strong> &#8211; <strong>1861<\/strong>)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"7\"><strong>Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz<\/strong> (<strong>1861<\/strong> &#8211; <strong>1876<\/strong>)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"8\"><strong>V. Murat<\/strong> (<strong>1876<\/strong>)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"9\"><strong>II. Abd\u00fclhamit<\/strong> (<strong>1876<\/strong> &#8211; <strong>1909<\/strong>)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"10\"><strong>V. Mehmet Re\u015fat<\/strong> (<strong>1909<\/strong> &#8211; <strong>1918<\/strong>)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"11\"><strong>VI. Mehmet Vahdettin<\/strong> (<strong>1918<\/strong> &#8211; <strong>1922<\/strong>)<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-ii-mahmut-donemi-siyasal-olaylari\" data-tk-source=\"12\"><strong>II. MAHMUT D\u00d6NEM\u0130 S\u0130YASAL OLAYLARI<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"13\"><strong>III. Selim<\/strong>&#8216;in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olan <strong>Kabak\u00e7\u0131 Mustafa <\/strong><strong>\u0130syan\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131 bast\u0131ran <strong>Alemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa<\/strong>, <strong>Sultan II. Mahmut<\/strong>&#8216;un tahta ge\u00e7mesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"14\"><strong>Alemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa<\/strong>, sadrazam olarak y\u00f6netimde padi\u015fahtan daha etkin bir konuma gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-alemdar-mustafa-pasa-olayi\" data-tk-source=\"15\"><strong>Alemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa Olay\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"16\"><strong>III. Selim D\u00f6nemi<\/strong>&#8216;nde yap\u0131lan <strong>Nizam-\u0131 Cedit<\/strong> yenilikleri, <strong>Kabak\u00e7\u0131 Mustafa \u0130syan\u0131<\/strong> ile sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"17\">Yenilik\u00e7i devlet adamlar\u0131, isyanc\u0131lardan kurtulmak i\u00e7in <strong>Rus\u00e7uk \u00c2yan\u0131 Alemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa<\/strong>&#8216;ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"18\"><strong>Alemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa<\/strong>, <strong>III. Selim<\/strong>&#8216;i tekrar tahta \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in <strong>\u0130stanbul<\/strong>&#8216;a y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve saray\u0131 ku\u015fatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"19\">Ku\u015fatma \u00fczerine d\u00f6nemin padi\u015fah\u0131 <strong>IV. Mustafa<\/strong>; amcas\u0131 <strong>III. Selim<\/strong> ve karde\u015fi <strong>\u015eehzade Mahmut<\/strong>&#8216;un \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesini emretmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"20\"><strong>III. Selim<\/strong> \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, ancak <strong>\u015eehzade Mahmut<\/strong>, <strong>Alemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"21\"><strong>IV. Mustafa<\/strong> tahttan indirilmi\u015f, <strong>II. Mahmut<\/strong> tahta ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f ve <strong>Alemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa<\/strong> sadrazam olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-sened-i-ittifak-1808\" data-tk-source=\"22\"><strong>Sened<\/strong><strong>-i \u0130ttifak (1808)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"23\"><strong>Alemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa<\/strong>, merkez\u00ee otoriteyi sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla devlet ile <strong>\u00e2yanlar<\/strong> (b\u00f6lgesel g\u00fc\u00e7 sahibi yerel beyler) aras\u0131nda uzla\u015fma aram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"24\"><strong>Rumeli<\/strong> ve <strong>Anadolu<\/strong> \u00e2yanlar\u0131 <strong>\u0130stanbul<\/strong>&#8216;a davet edilmi\u015f ve <strong>29 Eyl\u00fcl 1808<\/strong>&#8216;de <strong>Sened<\/strong><strong>-i \u0130ttifak<\/strong> imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"25\"><strong>II. Mahmut<\/strong>&#8216;un onaylad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile \u00e2yanlara \u00e7e\u015fitli hak ve imtiyazlar verilmi\u015f, belge resm\u00ee siyasi bir nitelik kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"26\"><strong>\u00d6nemli Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> <strong>Osmanl\u0131 tarihi<\/strong>nde <strong>ilk kez padi\u015fah\u0131n yetkileri k\u0131s\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>. Bu durum Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da <strong>ilk demokratikle\u015fme ad\u0131m\u0131<\/strong> kabul edilir (Anayasal bir belge de\u011fildir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"27\">Avrupa tarihindeki benzerli\u011fi: <strong>1215<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>&#8216;de kral ile soylular aras\u0131nda imzalanan <strong>Magna <\/strong><strong>Carta<\/strong>&#8216;ya benzetilir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-sirp-isyani-1804-1817\" data-tk-source=\"28\"><strong>S\u0131rp \u0130syan\u0131 (1804-1817)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"29\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/strong> ile <strong>Avusturya<\/strong> ve <strong>Rusya<\/strong> sava\u015flar\u0131nda <strong>S\u0131rbistan<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n sava\u015f alan\u0131 haline gelmesi b\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"30\"><strong>Avusturya<\/strong> ve <strong>Rusya<\/strong>, <strong>Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali<\/strong>&#8216;nin getirdi\u011fi <strong>milliyet\u00e7ilik<\/strong> ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak S\u0131rplar\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"31\">Merkez\u00ee otoritenin zay\u0131flamas\u0131, vergilerin artmas\u0131 ve yerel y\u00f6neticilerin (yeni\u00e7eriler ve \u00e2yanlar) bask\u0131lar\u0131 isyan\u0131 tetiklemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"32\">\u0130lk isyan: <strong>1804<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k amac\u0131yla <strong>Kara Yorgi<\/strong> \u00f6nderli\u011finde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"33\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131<\/strong> tarihinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in isyan eden <strong>ilk Hristiyan (az\u0131nl\u0131k) toplulu\u011fu<\/strong> S\u0131rplar olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"34\"><strong>S\u0131rplar\u0131n Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k A\u015famalar\u0131 (YKS\/KPSS Kritik Bilgi):<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"35\"><strong>1812 B\u00fckre\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> S\u0131rplara ilk kez <strong>imtiyaz (ayr\u0131cal\u0131k)<\/strong> verilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"36\"><strong>1816-1817 S\u00fcreci:<\/strong> Geni\u015f haklar verilmi\u015f ve <strong>\u0130stanbul<\/strong>&#8216;a ba\u011fl\u0131 <strong>S\u0131rbistan Prensli\u011fi<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"37\"><strong>1829 Edirne Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> S\u0131rbistan <strong>\u00f6zerk<\/strong> (i\u00e7i\u015flerinde serbest) hale gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"38\"><strong>1878 Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> S\u0131rbistan tam <strong>ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k<\/strong> kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-1806-1812-osmanli-rus-savasi\" data-tk-source=\"39\"><strong>1806-1812 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"40\"><strong>1807 <\/strong><strong>Tilsit<\/strong><strong> Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>Fransa<\/strong> ve <strong>Rusya<\/strong>, <strong>Osmanl\u0131<\/strong> topraklar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fmak i\u00e7in gizlice anla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"41\">Bu tehdit \u00fczerine <strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/strong>, <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>&#8216;ye yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve <strong>1809 \u00c7anakkale (Kale-i Sultaniye) Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131 imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"42\"><strong>Fransa<\/strong>, Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 f\u0131rsat bilerek <strong>Rusya<\/strong>&#8216;ya sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <strong>Napolyon<\/strong> kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda zorlanan <strong>Rusya<\/strong> bar\u0131\u015f istemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"43\"><strong>1812 B\u00fckre\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> Sava\u015f sona ermi\u015f, S\u0131rplara imtiyaz verilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-yunan-isyani-1820-1829\" data-tk-source=\"44\"><strong>Yunan \u0130syan\u0131 (1820-1829)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"45\"><strong>Rusya<\/strong> ve <strong>Fransa<\/strong>, Yunan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k fikrini yaym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"46\">Rumlar, <strong>Bizans<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131 yeniden kurmak (Megali \u0130dea) amac\u0131yla <strong>Filik<\/strong><strong>-i <\/strong><strong>Eterya<\/strong><strong> Cemiyeti<\/strong>&#8216;ni kurmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"47\"><strong>1815 Viyana Kongresi<\/strong>&#8216;nden g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00e7\u0131kan <strong>Rusya<\/strong>, Mora&#8217;daki milliyet\u00e7ilik hislerini k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtarak <strong>1821 Mora <\/strong><strong>\u0130syan\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131 ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"48\">\u0130syan\u0131 bast\u0131ramayan <strong>II. Mahmut<\/strong>, <strong>M\u0131s\u0131r Valisi Kavalal\u0131 Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa<\/strong>&#8216;dan yard\u0131m istemi\u015ftir. M\u0131s\u0131r ordusunun deste\u011fiyle isyan bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"49\">Bu ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 hazmedemeyen <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>, <strong>Rusya<\/strong> ve <strong>Fransa<\/strong> birle\u015fik donanmas\u0131, <strong>1827<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda <strong>Navarin<\/strong>&#8216;de <strong>Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131n\u0131 yakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"50\"><strong>1828 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> patlak vermi\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131 yenilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"51\"><strong>1829 Edirne Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/strong>, <strong>Yunanistan&#8217;\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> resmen kabul etmi\u015ftir. (Osmanl\u0131&#8217;dan ayr\u0131larak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olan ilk az\u0131nl\u0131k Yunanlar olmu\u015ftur).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-tarihte-osmanli-donanmasinin-yakildigi-yerler-sinav-bilgisi\" data-tk-source=\"52\"><strong>Tarihte Osmanl\u0131 Donanmas\u0131n\u0131n Yak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yerler (S\u0131nav Bilgisi)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"53\"><strong>1571 \u0130nebaht\u0131<\/strong> (Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar yakt\u0131)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"54\"><strong>1770 \u00c7e\u015fme<\/strong> (Ruslar yakt\u0131)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"55\"><strong>1827 Navarin<\/strong> (\u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Rusya yakt\u0131)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"56\"><strong>1853 Sinop<\/strong> (Ruslar yakt\u0131)<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-tepedelenli-ali-pasa-isyani\" data-tk-source=\"57\"><strong>Tepedelenli Ali Pa\u015fa \u0130syan\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"58\"><strong>XVIII. (18.) y\u00fczy\u0131l<\/strong> sonu ve <strong>XIX. (19.) y\u00fczy\u0131l<\/strong> ba\u015flar\u0131nda Yunanistan co\u011frafyas\u0131nda da \u00e2yanlar g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015ftir. En bilineni <strong>Tepedelenli Ali Pa\u015fa<\/strong>&#8216;d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"59\"><strong>Yanya Valisi<\/strong> olan Pa\u015fa, rakiplerini eleyerek Yunanistan&#8217;\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ve g\u00fcney Arnavutluk&#8217;ta yar\u0131 \u00f6zerk bir yap\u0131 kurmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"60\"><strong>1820<\/strong>&#8216;de <strong>II. Mahmut<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6revden al\u0131n\u0131nca Rumlarla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yaparak isyan etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"61\"><strong>1822<\/strong>&#8216;de isyan bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da, bu i\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k <strong>Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun<\/strong> <strong>Mora <\/strong><strong>\u0130syan\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;na (Yunan \u0130syan\u0131) zaman\u0131nda m\u00fcdahale etmesini engellemi\u015f ve Yunan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-misir-isyani-kavalali-mehmet-ali-pasa-sorunu\" data-tk-source=\"62\"><strong>M\u0131s\u0131r \u0130syan\u0131 (Kavalal\u0131 Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa Sorunu)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"63\"><strong>Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa<\/strong>, <strong>1799<\/strong>&#8216;da M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;\u0131 <strong>Frans\u0131z<\/strong> i\u015fgalinden kurtaran askerler aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015f, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131yla sivrilib <strong>1805<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>M\u0131s\u0131r Valisi<\/strong> olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"64\"><strong>Yunan <\/strong><strong>\u0130syan\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131 bast\u0131rmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kendisine vaat edilen Mora Valili\u011fi, Yunanistan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olunca elinden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun \u00fczerine zarar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k <strong>Suriye Valili\u011fi<\/strong>&#8216;ni istemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"65\"><strong>II. Mahmut<\/strong> reddedince, <strong>Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n o\u011flu <strong>\u0130brahim Pa\u015fa<\/strong> komutas\u0131ndaki M\u0131s\u0131r ordusu Suriye&#8217;yi alm\u0131\u015f ve <strong>K\u00fctahya<\/strong>&#8216;ya kadar ilerlemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"66\">Zor durumda kalan <strong>II. Mahmut<\/strong>, &#8220;Denize d\u00fc\u015fen y\u0131lana sar\u0131l\u0131r&#8221; politikas\u0131yla <strong>Rusya<\/strong>&#8216;dan yard\u0131m istemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"67\"><strong>1833 K\u00fctahya Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> Padi\u015fah ile isyanc\u0131 valisi aras\u0131nda imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"68\"><strong>1833 H\u00fcnk\u00e2r \u0130skelesi Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>II. Mahmut<\/strong>, vali isyan\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong> ve <strong>Fransa<\/strong>&#8216;ya g\u00fcvenmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in <strong>Rusya<\/strong> ile 8 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir savunma ve ittifak antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"69\"><strong>H\u00fcnk\u00e2r \u0130skelesi&#8217;nin Sonucu:<\/strong> <strong>Bo\u011fazlar Sorunu<\/strong> ilk kez uluslararas\u0131 bir krize d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. <strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/strong>, Bo\u011fazlar \u00fczerindeki mutlak egemenlik hakk\u0131n\u0131 <strong>son kez tek ba\u015f\u0131na kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-balta-limani-ticaret-antlasmasi-1838\" data-tk-source=\"70\"><strong>Balta Liman\u0131 Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1838)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"71\"><strong>Sanayi Devrimi<\/strong>&#8216;ni tamamlayan <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>, Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ham madde kayna\u011f\u0131 ve a\u00e7\u0131k pazar olarak g\u00f6rmekteydi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"72\"><strong>Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n Akdeniz&#8217;de g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi <strong>\u0130ngiliz<\/strong> \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 tehdit etmi\u015ftir. \u0130ngiltere, valiye kar\u015f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131&#8217;y\u0131 destekleme karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"73\">Siyasi destek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda <strong>1838<\/strong>&#8216;de <strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/strong> ile <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong> aras\u0131nda <strong>Balta Liman\u0131 Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"74\"><strong>Antla\u015fman\u0131n Maddeleri ve Ekonomik Y\u0131k\u0131m:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"75\">Mevcut kapit\u00fclasyonlar s\u00fcrecek ve \u0130ngiltere&#8217;ye yeni imtiyazlar verilecektir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"76\">\u0130ngilizler, Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesinde tar\u0131m ve sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini serbest\u00e7e al\u0131p satabilecektir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"77\"><strong>Yed-i Vahit (Tekel) sistemi kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f<\/strong>, \u0130ngilizler diledikleri miktarda ham madde sat\u0131n alma hakk\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"78\">Vergi oranlar\u0131 \u0130ngilizlerin lehine de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir: \u0130hracat vergisi <strong>%12<\/strong>, ithalat vergisi <strong>%5<\/strong> yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Yerli \u00fcretici korunmam\u0131\u015f, yabanc\u0131 mal\u0131 te\u015fvik edilmi\u015ftir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"79\">\u0130ngiliz t\u00fcccarlar, i\u00e7 ticarette yerli t\u00fcccarlarla ayn\u0131 haklara sahip olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"80\"><strong>\u00d6nemli Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n <strong>a\u00e7\u0131k pazar\u0131<\/strong> (yar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi) haline gelmi\u015f, yerli sanayi (loncalar) \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-abdulmecit-donemi-siyasal-olaylari\" data-tk-source=\"81\"><strong>ABD\u00dcLMEC\u0130T D\u00d6NEM\u0130 S\u0130YASAL OLAYLARI<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-londra-konferansi-1840\" data-tk-source=\"82\"><strong>Londra Konferans\u0131 (1840)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"83\"><strong>1839 Nizip Sava\u015f\u0131:<\/strong> M\u0131s\u0131r Meselesi yeniden alevlenmi\u015f, Osmanl\u0131 ordusu <strong>M\u0131s\u0131r kuvvetlerine<\/strong> bir kez daha yenilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"84\"><strong>\u0130stanbul<\/strong> yolunun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ve <strong>H\u00fcnk\u00e2r \u0130skelesi Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> gere\u011fi <strong>Rusya<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n Bo\u011fazlara inme ihtimali <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>&#8216;yi pani\u011fe sevk etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"85\"><strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong> \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde; <strong>Osmanl\u0131, Avusturya, Fransa, Rusya ve Prusya<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla Londra&#8217;da konferans toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"86\"><strong>1840 Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>M\u0131s\u0131r Valili\u011fi<\/strong> babadan o\u011fula ge\u00e7mek \u015fart\u0131yla <strong>Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa<\/strong>&#8216;ya b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ancak M\u0131s\u0131r hukuken Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya ba\u011fl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"87\"><strong>\u00d6nemli Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> M\u0131s\u0131r Sorunu bir <strong>i\u00e7 sorun<\/strong> iken <strong>d\u0131\u015f sorun<\/strong> haline gelmi\u015f ve uluslararas\u0131 bir konferansta \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-1841-londra-bogazlar-antlasmasi\" data-tk-source=\"88\"><strong>1841 Londra Bo\u011fazlar Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"89\"><strong>H\u00fcnk\u00e2r \u0130skelesi Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n 8 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcresi dolunca <strong>\u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Rusya, Avusturya ve Prusya<\/strong> bir araya gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"90\"><strong>Antla\u015fma Karar\u0131:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;nin bar\u0131\u015f zaman\u0131nda Bo\u011fazlar\u0131 t\u00fcm yabanc\u0131 sava\u015f gemilerine kapal\u0131 tutmas\u0131 karara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"91\"><strong>\u00d6nemli Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Bo\u011fazlar, ilk kez <strong>uluslararas\u0131 bir stat\u00fc<\/strong> kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Bo\u011fazlar \u00fczerindeki mutlak egemenli\u011fi sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-kirim-savasi-1853-1856-ve-paris-konferansi-1856\" data-tk-source=\"92\"><strong>K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 (1853-1856) ve Paris Konferans\u0131 (1856)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"93\"><strong>Nedeni:<\/strong> <strong>Rusya<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n g\u00fcneye inme politikas\u0131, Bo\u011fazlar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irme hayali ve <strong>Kutsal Yerler <\/strong><strong>Sorunu<\/strong>&#8216;nu bahane ederek Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"94\">Avrupal\u0131 devletler (<strong>\u0130ngiltere, Fransa, <\/strong><strong>Piyemonte<\/strong>), \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;nin yan\u0131nda yer alarak <strong>Rusya<\/strong>&#8216;ya kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sava\u015f uluslararas\u0131 boyut kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"95\">Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda <strong>1854<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda <strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ilk kez d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong> (Bor\u00e7 <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong> ve Fransa\u2019dan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"96\">Sava\u015f\u0131 kaybeden Rusya bar\u0131\u015f istemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"97\"><strong>1856 Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"98\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ilk kez bir Avrupa devleti say\u0131lm\u0131\u015f<\/strong> ve <strong>Avrupa devletler hukukundan<\/strong> yararlanma hakk\u0131 elde etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"99\">Osmanl\u0131 toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, <strong>Avrupal\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerin garantisi alt\u0131na<\/strong> al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n kendi topraklar\u0131n\u0131 koruyamayacak kadar zay\u0131f oldu\u011funun kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r).<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-abdulaziz-donemi-siyasal-olaylari\" data-tk-source=\"100\"><strong>ABD\u00dcLAZ\u0130Z D\u00d6NEM\u0130 S\u0130YASAL OLAYLARI<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"101\"><strong>Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz<\/strong>, diplomatik ama\u00e7larla <strong>Avrupa&#8217;ya seyahat eden ilk Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"102\">Kendi d\u00f6neminde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 bir sava\u015f ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"103\"><strong>Yavuz Sultan Selim<\/strong>&#8216;den sonra M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;\u0131 ziyaret eden tek Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"104\"><strong>Girit \u0130syan\u0131 ve <\/strong><strong>Halepa<\/strong><strong> Ferman\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>1866<\/strong>&#8216;da <strong>\u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya<\/strong> destekli Girit Rumlar\u0131 ayaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131yla <strong>1868 <\/strong><strong>Halepa<\/strong><strong> Ferman\u0131<\/strong> yay\u0131mlanarak Girit adas\u0131na \u00f6zerklik verilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-ii-abdulhamit-donemi-siyasal-olaylari\" data-tk-source=\"105\"><strong>II. ABD\u00dcLHAM\u0130T D\u00d6NEM\u0130 S\u0130YASAL OLAYLARI<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"106\"><strong>V. Murat<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bozulmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, <strong>Me\u015frutiyet&#8217;i ilan edece\u011fi<\/strong> s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc vererek tahta \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"107\">Me\u015frutiyet fikrinin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olan <strong>Mithat Pa\u015fa<\/strong>&#8216;y\u0131 sadrazam yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"108\">D\u00f6neminin temel d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131: B\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerin \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan yararlanarak <strong>Denge Politikas\u0131<\/strong> izlemek ve devleti ayakta tutmak.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-istanbul-tersane-konferansi-1876\" data-tk-source=\"109\"><strong>\u0130stanbul (Tersane) Konferans\u0131 (1876)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"110\">Balkanlardaki isyanlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek amac\u0131yla <strong>\u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Rusya, Almanya, Avusturya ve \u0130talya<\/strong>, \u0130stanbul&#8217;da Hali\u00e7 Tersanesi&#8217;nde toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"111\"><strong>Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n Talepleri (Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fine ayk\u0131r\u0131 istekler):<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"112\">Osmanl\u0131, <strong>S\u0131rbistan<\/strong> ve <strong>Karada\u011f<\/strong>&#8216;a toprak verecek.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"113\"><strong>Bulgaristan<\/strong> iki eyalete ayr\u0131lacak, ba\u015f\u0131na Hristiyan valiler atanacak ve \u00f6zerklik verilecek.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"114\">Bulgarca resmi dil olacak, T\u00fcrk askeri sadece merkezlerde duracak, milis g\u00fc\u00e7ler kurulacak.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"115\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Hamlesi:<\/strong> Konferans\u0131n kararlar\u0131n\u0131 engellemek ve i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in konferans s\u00fcrerken <strong>I. Me\u015frutiyet (Kanun-i Esasi)<\/strong> ilan edilmi\u015ftir, ancak Avrupal\u0131lar kararlar\u0131nda \u0131srar etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-1877-1878-osmanli-rus-savasi-93-harbi\" data-tk-source=\"116\"><strong>1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 (93 Harbi)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"117\"><strong>Nedeni:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;nin, egemenlik haklar\u0131n\u0131 ihlal eden <strong>Tersane<\/strong> ve <strong>Londra Konferans\u0131<\/strong> kararlar\u0131n\u0131 reddetmesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"118\"><strong>Rusya<\/strong>, Ortodokslar\u0131n koruyucusu s\u0131fat\u0131 ve <strong>Panslavizm<\/strong> (Slavlar\u0131 birle\u015ftirme) politikas\u0131yla iki cepheden (Kafkasya ve Tuna) sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"119\">\u0130slami (Hicri) takvim yerine devlet i\u015flerinde kullan\u0131lan <strong>Rumi takvime g\u00f6re 1293 y\u0131l\u0131na<\/strong> denk geldi\u011fi i\u00e7in bu sava\u015fa <strong>93 Harbi<\/strong> denir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"120\"><strong>Yunanistan, Romanya, S\u0131rbistan ve Karada\u011f<\/strong> sava\u015fa kat\u0131larak Rusya&#8217;y\u0131 desteklemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"121\">Rus ordular\u0131 do\u011fuda <strong>Erzurum<\/strong>&#8216;a, bat\u0131da ise Edirne&#8217;yi ge\u00e7erek \u0130stanbul <strong>Ayastefanos&#8217;a (Ye\u015filk\u00f6y)<\/strong> kadar ilerlemi\u015f, Osmanl\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f istemek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-ayastefanos-ve-berlin-antlasmalari-1878\" data-tk-source=\"122\"><strong>Ayastefanos ve Berlin Antla\u015fmalar\u0131 (1878)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"123\"><strong>3 Mart 1878 Ayastefanos Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> Rusya&#8217;ya Balkanlar&#8217;da \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 veren (B\u00fcy\u00fck Bulgaristan&#8217;\u0131n kuruldu\u011fu) bir antla\u015fmad\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"124\"><strong>\u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Avusturya ve Almanya<\/strong>, Rusya&#8217;n\u0131n bu kadar g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesini kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 bulmu\u015f ve antla\u015fman\u0131n iptali i\u00e7in diplomatik bask\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"125\"><strong>Ayastefanos<\/strong>, \u015fartlar\u0131 uygulanmayan ve <strong>k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde kalan \u00f6l\u00fc do\u011fmu\u015f bir antla\u015fmad\u0131r<\/strong> (I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131ndaki <strong>Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> gibi).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"126\"><strong>K\u0131br\u0131s&#8217;\u0131n Verilmesi:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131, yeni bir antla\u015fma i\u00e7in \u0130ngiltere&#8217;nin deste\u011fini almak ad\u0131na <strong>K\u0131br\u0131s&#8217;\u0131n idaresini ge\u00e7ici olarak \u0130ngiltere&#8217;ye b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"127\"><strong>13 Temmuz 1878 Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> Uluslararas\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131mla yeni bir antla\u015fma imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"128\"><strong>S\u0131rbistan, Karada\u011f ve Romanya ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmu\u015ftur.<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"129\">B\u00fcy\u00fck Bulgaristan Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7e b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f; bir k\u0131sm\u0131 do\u011frudan Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00f6zerk eyalet olarak Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Makedonya ise \u0131slahat \u015fart\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"130\"><strong>Bosna-Hersek<\/strong> hukuken Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n, y\u00f6netimi ge\u00e7ici olarak <strong>Avusturya<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"131\"><strong>Kars, Ardahan ve Batum (<\/strong><strong>Elviye<\/strong><strong>-i <\/strong><strong>Selase<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> sava\u015f tazminat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>Rusya&#8217;ya<\/strong> b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"132\"><strong>Ermeni Sorununun Do\u011fu\u015fu:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131, Ermenilerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde \u0131slahat yapmay\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir. <strong>Ermeni Meselesi ilk kez Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile uluslararas\u0131 bir sorun haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-18-ve-19-yuzyilda-osmanli-rus-savaslari-ve-antlasmalari\" data-tk-source=\"133\"><strong>18. ve 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve Antla\u015fmalar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"134\"><strong>1768-1774 Sava\u015f\u0131:<\/strong> K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"135\"><strong>1779 Krizi:<\/strong> Aynal\u0131kavak Tenkihnamesi<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"136\"><strong>1787-1792 Sava\u015f\u0131:<\/strong> Ya\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (K\u0131r\u0131m Rusya&#8217;n\u0131n oldu)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"137\"><strong>1807-1812 Sava\u015f\u0131:<\/strong> B\u00fckre\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"138\"><strong>1828-1829 Sava\u015f\u0131:<\/strong> Edirne Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (Yunanistan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z oldu)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"139\"><strong>1853-1856 Sava\u015f\u0131 (K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi):<\/strong> Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"140\"><strong>1877-1878 Sava\u015f\u0131 (93 Harbi):<\/strong> Ayastefanos (\u0130ptal edildi) -&gt; Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-tunus-ve-misir-in-isgali\" data-tk-source=\"141\"><strong>Tunus ve M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;\u0131n \u0130\u015fgali<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"142\"><strong>Tunus&#8217;un \u0130\u015fgali (1881):<\/strong> 1830&#8217;da Cezayir&#8217;i alan <strong>Fransa<\/strong>, Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Berlin sonras\u0131 zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yararlanarak Tunus&#8217;u i\u015fgal etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"143\"><strong>M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;\u0131n \u0130\u015fgali (1882):<\/strong> 1869&#8217;da <strong>S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;\u0131n stratejik \u00f6nemini art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, bu b\u00f6lgeyi Fransa&#8217;ya b\u0131rakmak istemeyen <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong> 1882&#8217;de M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;\u0131 i\u015fgal etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-duyun-i-umumiye-idaresi-1881\" data-tk-source=\"144\"><strong>D\u00fcy\u00fbn<\/strong><strong>-\u0131 <\/strong><strong>Um\u00fbmiye<\/strong><strong> \u0130daresi (1881)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"145\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;ndan beri ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6deyemez duruma gelmi\u015f ve iflas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"146\"><strong>Muharrem Kararnamesi (1881):<\/strong> Alacakl\u0131 Avrupal\u0131 devletler, bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 tahsil etmek i\u00e7in do\u011frudan Osmanl\u0131 vergi kaynaklar\u0131na el koyan <strong>D\u00fcy\u00fbn<\/strong><strong>-\u0131 <\/strong><strong>Um\u00fbmiye<\/strong><strong> \u0130daresi<\/strong>&#8216;ni (Genel Bor\u00e7lar \u0130daresi) kurmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"147\"><strong>\u00d6nemli Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti <strong>ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tamamen kaybetmi\u015ftir<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-domeke-meydan-muharebesi-1897\" data-tk-source=\"148\"><strong>D\u00f6meke<\/strong><strong> Meydan Muharebesi (1897)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"149\"><strong>Girit Sorunu:<\/strong> Yunanistan destekli Girit Rumlar\u0131 ayaklanarak aday\u0131 Yunanistan&#8217;a ba\u011flamak istemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"150\">S\u0131n\u0131r ihlalleri \u00fczerine <strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti sava\u015f ilan etmi\u015ftir<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"151\"><strong>D\u00f6meke<\/strong><strong> Meydan Muharebesi<\/strong>&#8216;nde Osmanl\u0131 ordusu kesin bir zafer kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Mustafa Kemal bu s\u0131rada lise \u00f6\u011frencisidir ve bu sava\u015fa kat\u0131lmay\u0131 \u00e7ok istemi\u015ftir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"152\"><strong>Masa Ba\u015f\u0131 Kayb\u0131:<\/strong> Sahada kazan\u0131lan zafere ra\u011fmen, antla\u015fma masas\u0131nda Avrupa bask\u0131s\u0131yla Girit&#8217;e Yunanistan&#8217;\u0131n onaylayaca\u011f\u0131 bir Hristiyan vali atanmas\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015f, ada fiilen Osmanl\u0131 elinden \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-xix-yuzyil-islahatlari\" data-tk-source=\"153\"><strong>XIX. Y\u00dcZYIL ISLAHATLARI<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"154\">19. y\u00fczy\u0131l, merkez ve ta\u015fra te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6nlemek ve devleti kurtarmak i\u00e7in <strong>zorunlu k\u00f6kl\u00fc ve yap\u0131sal de\u011fi\u015fimlerin<\/strong> yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131ld\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"155\">Y\u00f6netimde g\u00fcc\u00fc artan sadrazamlar\u0131n kona\u011f\u0131 olan <strong>B\u00e2b\u0131\u00e2li<\/strong> (Y\u00fcksek Kap\u0131), devletin y\u00f6netim merkezi olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"156\">D\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkilerin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131yla eski d\u00f6nemdeki <strong>Reis\u00fclk\u00fcttapl\u0131k<\/strong> makam\u0131, <strong>Hariciye <\/strong><strong>Naz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;na (D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-ii-mahmut-donemi-yenilikleri-devleti-en-cok-duzenleyen-padisah\" data-tk-source=\"157\"><strong>II. Mahmut D\u00f6nemi Yenilikleri (Devleti En \u00c7ok D\u00fczenleyen Padi\u015fah)<\/strong><\/h3><h3 id=\"tk-1-yonetim-alanindaki-islahatlar\" data-tk-source=\"158\"><strong>1. Y\u00f6netim Alan\u0131ndaki Islahatlar<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"159\">Klasik <strong>Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun<\/strong> te\u015fkilat\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131larak yerine <strong>Heyet-i V\u00fckela<\/strong> (Vekiller Heyeti \/ Bakanlar Kurulu) kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"160\"><strong>Naz\u0131rl\u0131klar (Bakanl\u0131klar)<\/strong> olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"161\">Sadrazaml\u0131k makam\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 <strong>Ba\u015fvek\u00e2let<\/strong> (Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k) olmu\u015f ve bakanl\u0131klar aras\u0131 koordinasyonla g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"162\">Kanun tasar\u0131lar\u0131 haz\u0131rlamak, davalara bakmak ve memurlar\u0131 yarg\u0131lamak i\u00e7in mahkeme niteli\u011finde <strong>Meclis-i <\/strong><strong>V\u00e2l\u00e2-y\u0131<\/strong><strong> Ahk\u00e2m-\u0131 Adliye<\/strong> (1838) kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"163\">Memurlara <strong>d\u00fczenli maa\u015f<\/strong> ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"164\">Devlet memurlar\u0131na fes, ceket ve pantolon gibi <strong>resm\u00ee k\u0131yafet zorunlulu\u011fu<\/strong> getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"165\"><strong>M\u00fcsadere Sistemi Kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/strong> (Devletin \u00f6len memurun mal\u0131na el koymas\u0131 uygulamas\u0131). <strong>\u00d6nemli Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> \u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyet kavram\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f ve memurlar\u0131n devlete g\u00fcveni artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"166\"><strong>T\u0131mar Sistemi Kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/strong> Merkeze ba\u011fl\u0131, maa\u015fl\u0131 idari bir sisteme ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. Eyaletlere vali (m\u00fc\u015fir), k\u00f6ylere muhtar atanarak <strong>merkez\u00ee otorite<\/strong> g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"167\">Haberle\u015fmeyi ve kontrol\u00fc sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in ilk <strong>Posta Te\u015fkilat\u0131<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"168\">Seyahat ve i\u00e7 g\u00fcvenlik i\u00e7in <strong>Pasaport (M\u00fcrur Tezkeresi)<\/strong> uygulamas\u0131na ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"169\">Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ilk <strong>karantina<\/strong> te\u015fkilat\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"170\">Padi\u015fah\u0131n resmi (tasviri) devlet dairelerine as\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-sultan-ii-mahmut-donemi-meclisleri-ve-gorevleri\" data-tk-source=\"171\"><strong>Sultan II. Mahmut D\u00f6nemi Meclisleri ve G\u00f6revleri:<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"172\"><strong>Dar-\u0131 \u015e\u00fbra-<\/strong><strong>y\u0131<\/strong><strong> Bab-\u0131 \u00c2li:<\/strong> \u0130dari (Y\u00f6netim) reformlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlamak.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"173\"><strong>Meclis-i <\/strong><strong>V\u00e2l\u00e2-y\u0131<\/strong><strong> Ahk\u00e2m-\u0131 Adliye:<\/strong> Adalet (Kanun yapma ve memur yarg\u0131lama).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"174\"><strong>Dar-\u0131 <\/strong><strong>\u015e\u00fbray<\/strong><strong>-\u0131 Asker\u00ee:<\/strong> Askerlik i\u015flerini d\u00fczenlemek.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-2-askeri-alandaki-islahatlar\" data-tk-source=\"175\"><strong>2. Asker\u00ee Alandaki Islahatlar<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"176\">Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131&#8217;na alternatif olarak <strong>Sekban-\u0131 Cedit<\/strong> ve <strong>E\u015fkinci Ocaklar\u0131<\/strong> kurulmu\u015f, ancak yeni\u00e7erilerin tepkisiyle kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"177\"><strong>Vakay<\/strong><strong>-\u0131 Hayriye (Hay\u0131rl\u0131 <\/strong><strong>Olay &#8211;<\/strong><strong> 1826):<\/strong> S\u00fcrekli isyan eden ve yeniliklerin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck engel olan <strong>Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131 tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>. Padi\u015fah\u0131n otoritesi yeniden sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"178\">Yeni\u00e7erilerin yerine modern tarzda e\u011fitim alan <strong>As\u00e2kir<\/strong><strong>-i <\/strong><strong>Mansure<\/strong><strong>-i Muhammediye<\/strong> (Muhammed&#8217;in Zafer Kazanm\u0131\u015f Ordusu) kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"179\">Ta\u015fra g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in <strong>Redif birlikleri<\/strong> olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur (Kald\u0131r\u0131lan T\u0131marl\u0131 Sipahilerin yerini doldurmak i\u00e7in).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"180\">Modern subay ve askeri doktor ihtiyac\u0131 i\u00e7in <strong>Mekteb<\/strong><strong>-i Harbiye<\/strong> (Harp Okulu) ve <strong>Mekteb<\/strong><strong>-i T\u0131bbiye<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"181\">Modern ordunun komutas\u0131 i\u00e7in <strong>Seraskerlik<\/strong> makam\u0131 (Kara Kuvvetleri Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \/ Milli Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 benzeri) kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-3-egitim-kultur-ve-ekonomi-alanindaki-islahatlar\" data-tk-source=\"182\"><strong>3. E\u011fitim, K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Ekonomi Alan\u0131ndaki Islahatlar<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"183\">Bilgi ve teknoloji transferi i\u00e7in <strong>Avrupa&#8217;ya ilk kez \u00f6\u011frenci g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"184\"><strong>\u0130lk\u00f6\u011fretim<\/strong>, \u0130stanbul&#8217;da <strong>zorunlu<\/strong> hale getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"185\">Ortaokul seviyesinde e\u011fitim veren <strong>R\u00fc\u015ftiyeler<\/strong> ile devlet memuru yeti\u015ftiren <strong>Mekteb<\/strong><strong>-i Ulum-u Edebiye<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"186\">T\u0131p e\u011fitimini geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in <strong>T\u0131bhane<\/strong><strong>-i Amire<\/strong> ve <strong>Cerrahhane<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"187\">Eski ordu bandosu Mehterh\u00e2ne kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, yerine \u0130talyan Donizetti Pa\u015fa \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde <strong>M\u0131z\u0131ka-i H\u00fcmayun<\/strong> (Bando Okulu) kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"188\"><strong>Takvim-i <\/strong><strong>Vekayi<\/strong><strong> (1831):<\/strong> Devletin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleri halka duyurmak amac\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan <strong>ilk resm\u00ee gazetedir<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"189\"><strong>\u0130lk N\u00fcfus Say\u0131m\u0131 Yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1831):<\/strong> Sadece erkekler ve hayvanlar say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <strong>Amac\u0131;<\/strong> ordunun asker kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (erkekler) ve devletin vergi gelirlerini (hayvanlar\/araziler) tespit etmektir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"190\">Ekonomide ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in <strong>yerli mal\u0131 te\u015fvik edilmi\u015f<\/strong>, askeri ve sivil elbiselerin yerli kuma\u015ftan yap\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunlu tutulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><blockquote class=\"tk-alinti\" data-tk-source=\"191\"><em>Not: Padi\u015fah II. Mahmut&#8217;a, kanunlar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve adalete verdi\u011fi \u00f6nemden dolay\u0131 &#8220;Adl\u00ee&#8221; unvan\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/em><\/blockquote><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-sultan-abdulmecit-donemi-islahatlari\" data-tk-source=\"192\"><strong>SULTAN ABD\u00dcLMEC\u0130T D\u00d6NEM\u0130 ISLAHATLARI<\/strong><\/h2><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-tanzimat-fermani-3-kasim-1839\" data-tk-source=\"193\"><strong>TANZ\u0130MAT FERMANI (3 KASIM 1839)<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"194\"><strong>Genel Durum:<\/strong> <strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/strong>&#8216;nin i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f sorunlarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde; i\u00e7eride b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sa\u011flamak, devletin zay\u0131flamas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek ve <strong>Avrupa<\/strong> kamuoyunun deste\u011fini kazanmak i\u00e7in kapsaml\u0131 yeniliklere ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"195\"><strong>\u0130lan Edili\u015fi:<\/strong> <strong>Hariciye Naz\u0131r\u0131 (D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131) Mustafa Re\u015fit Pa\u015fa<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan, <strong>3 Kas\u0131m 1839<\/strong> tarihinde <strong>G\u00fclhane Meydan\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;nda halk huzurunda okunmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"196\"><strong>Padi\u015fah\u0131n Yemini:<\/strong> T\u00f6reni <strong>G\u00fclhane Kasr\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;ndan izleyen <strong>Sultan Abd\u00fclmecit<\/strong>, ilan edilen hususlara uyaca\u011f\u0131na dair <strong>H\u0131rka-i \u015eerif Dairesi<\/strong>&#8216;nde yemin etmi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle fermana <strong>G\u00fclhane <\/strong><strong>Hatt<\/strong><strong>-\u0131 H\u00fcmayunu<\/strong> da denir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-ilan-edilme-nedenleri\" data-tk-source=\"197\"><strong>\u0130lan Edilme Nedenleri:<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"198\"><strong>Avrupa devletlerinin<\/strong>, <strong>az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> bahane ederek <strong>Osmanl\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"199\"><strong>Milliyet\u00e7ilik<\/strong> ak\u0131m\u0131ndan etkilenen <strong>gayrim\u00fcslimlerin<\/strong> devletten ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 (par\u00e7alanmay\u0131) engellemek.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"200\">Halk\u0131n devlete ve y\u00f6neticilere olan g\u00fcvenini tazelemek.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"201\"><strong>M\u0131s\u0131r <\/strong><strong>Meselesi<\/strong>&#8216;nin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclece\u011fi <strong>Londra Konferans\u0131<\/strong> \u00f6ncesi <strong>Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin<\/strong> deste\u011fini kazanmak. (&#8220;Eski idare usul\u00fcn\u00fc tamamen de\u011fi\u015ftiren bu iradenin dost devletlere duyurulmas\u0131&#8221; ifadesi bu amac\u0131 kan\u0131tlar.)<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-onemi-yks-kpss-odakli\" data-tk-source=\"202\"><strong>\u00d6nemi (YKS\/KPSS Odakl\u0131):<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"203\"><strong>Sultan Abd\u00fclmecit<\/strong>, bu fermanla kanun g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn kendi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcst\u00fcnde oldu\u011funu (<strong>hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc<\/strong>) kabul etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"204\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/strong>&#8216;nde anayasal rejim (hukuk devleti) yolunda at\u0131lan <strong>ilk ad\u0131md\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"205\">Modernle\u015fmeyi devlet siyaseti h\u00e2line getiren <strong>resm\u00ee bir belgedir<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-onemli-maddeleri\" data-tk-source=\"206\"><strong>\u00d6nemli Maddeleri:<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"207\">M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve Hristiyan <strong>b\u00fct\u00fcn tebaan\u0131n (halk\u0131n) can g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, mal, \u0131rz ve namusu<\/strong> devlet g\u00fcvencesine al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"208\"><strong>Vergi<\/strong>, herkesin gelirine ve g\u00fcc\u00fcne oran\u0131nda, adaletli bir \u015fekilde tahsil edilecektir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"209\"><strong>Askerlik<\/strong>, t\u00fcm <strong>Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131<\/strong> (M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve gayrim\u00fcslim) i\u00e7in zorunlu (vatan g\u00f6revi) olacak ve s\u00fcresi <strong>d\u00f6rt veya be\u015f y\u0131l<\/strong> olarak s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"210\">Hi\u00e7 kimseye <strong>yarg\u0131lanmadan \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131 verilmeyecek<\/strong> (a\u00e7\u0131k mahkemeler), herkes mal\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fc istedi\u011fi gibi tasarruf edebilecek, miras b\u0131rakabilecektir (<strong>M\u00fcsadere usul\u00fc tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"211\">\u00dclkenin harap olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an <strong>r\u00fc\u015fvet ve iltimas\u0131 (adam kay\u0131rmay\u0131) \u00f6nlemek<\/strong> amac\u0131yla etkili bir ceza kanunu haz\u0131rlanacakt\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-yeni-osmanlilar-genc-osmanlilar-jon-turkler\" data-tk-source=\"212\"><strong>Yeni Osmanl\u0131lar (Gen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar \/ J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler):<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"213\"><strong>Tanzimat<\/strong> ile birlikte e\u011fitim faaliyetlerinin artmas\u0131 ve bas\u0131n-yay\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesiyle yeti\u015fen ayd\u0131n b\u00fcrokrat ve gazeteci s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"214\"><strong>1860<\/strong>&#8216;lardan sonra \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc h\u00e2le gelmi\u015flerdir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"215\"><strong>Temel Ama\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/strong> Devleti da\u011f\u0131lmaktan kurtarmak i\u00e7in <strong>anayasan\u0131n (Kanun-i Esasi)<\/strong> kabul edilmesini ve <strong>Me\u015frutiyet<\/strong> y\u00f6netimine ge\u00e7ilmesini savunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-islahat-fermani-18-subat-1856\" data-tk-source=\"216\"><strong>ISLAHAT FERMANI (18 \u015eUBAT 1856)<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"217\"><strong>Haz\u0131rlan\u0131\u015f Nedeni:<\/strong> <strong>Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin<\/strong>, <strong>Tanzimat Ferman\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131 az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yeterli bulmamas\u0131 ve daha k\u00f6kl\u00fc reformlar talep etmesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"218\"><strong>D\u0131\u015f Etken:<\/strong> <strong>K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> sonras\u0131 d\u00fczenlenen <strong>Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;nda (1856) <strong>Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin<\/strong> deste\u011fini sa\u011flamak ve i\u00e7 i\u015flerimize kar\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 engellemek.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"219\"><strong>\u0130lan\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>Paris Kongresi<\/strong> ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra <strong>\u0130stanbul<\/strong>&#8216;da, yabanc\u0131 devlet temsilcilerinin de kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir t\u00f6renle <strong>18 \u015eubat 1856<\/strong>&#8216;da ilan edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-onemli-maddeleri-2\" data-tk-source=\"220\"><strong>\u00d6nemli Maddeleri:<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"221\"><strong>Tanzimat Ferman\u0131<\/strong> kararlar\u0131 yenilenecek ve uygulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"222\">M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ile gayrim\u00fcslimler <strong>kanun \u00f6n\u00fcnde tam e\u015fit<\/strong> olacakt\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"223\"><strong>Patrikhanelerde<\/strong> yeni meclisler kurulacak, al\u0131nan kararlar <strong>B\u00e2b\u0131\u00e2li (Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fbmeti)<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan onayland\u0131ktan sonra y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girecektir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"224\">Gayrim\u00fcslimler; h\u00fck\u00fbmetten izin almak \u015fart\u0131yla kilise, manast\u0131r, mezarl\u0131k, okul, hastane gibi kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 tamir ettirebilecek veya yeniden yapt\u0131rabilecektir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"225\">Irk, din, dil fark\u0131 g\u00f6zetilmeden <strong>hi\u00e7bir mezhep di\u011ferine \u00fcst\u00fcn say\u0131lmayacakt\u0131r<\/strong>. Hi\u00e7 kimse din de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye zorlanmayacakt\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"226\"><strong>Devlet memurluklar\u0131na<\/strong>, askerli\u011fe ve okullara ayr\u0131m g\u00f6zetmeksizin <strong>t\u00fcm Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131 kabul edilecektir<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"227\">B\u00fct\u00fcn milletler kendi <strong>okullar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7abilecektir<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"228\">Gayrim\u00fcslimlerden al\u0131nan <strong>Cizye vergisi kald\u0131r\u0131lacak<\/strong>, gayrim\u00fcslimler askerlik yapacak veya <strong>askerlik bedelini nakit (Bedel-i Askeri)<\/strong> olarak \u00f6deyebilecektir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"229\">Tebaan\u0131n e\u015fit ve serbest \u015fekilde ticari ve ekonomik giri\u015fimlerde bulunabilmesi sa\u011flanacakt\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"230\">Mahkemeler herkese a\u00e7\u0131k olacak, keyf\u00ee cezalar verilmeyecektir. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ile gayrim\u00fcslimler aras\u0131ndaki davalara bakmak i\u00e7in <strong>Karma Mahkemeler<\/strong> kurulacak, gayrim\u00fcslimlerin \u015fahitlikleri kabul edilecek ve herkes kendi inanc\u0131na g\u00f6re yemin edebilecektir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"231\">Yaz\u0131\u015fmalarda veya s\u00f6ylemlerde gayrim\u00fcslimleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131layan tabirler (\u00f6rne\u011fin &#8220;g\u00e2vur&#8221;) kullan\u0131lmayacakt\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"232\"><strong>Yabanc\u0131lar da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde m\u00fclk sahibi<\/strong> olabilecektir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"233\"><strong>\u0130ltizam usul\u00fc kald\u0131r\u0131lacak<\/strong>, b\u00fct\u00fcn halk din ve mezhebi ne olursa olsun e\u015fit vergi \u00f6deyecektir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-onemi-ve-sonuclari-yks-kpss-odakli\" data-tk-source=\"234\"><strong>\u00d6nemi ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 (YKS\/KPSS Odakl\u0131):<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"235\"><strong>Temel Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ile gayrim\u00fcslimlerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 e\u015fitleyerek \u0131rk, din, dil ayr\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6zetmeksizin bir <strong>Osmanl\u0131 toplumu<\/strong> meydana getirmektir (<strong>Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong> fikri).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"236\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Ferman, gayrim\u00fcslimlerin ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ecek kadar geni\u015fletmi\u015f, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar i\u00e7in yeni haklar getirmemi\u015ftir. Beklenenin aksine, <strong>Avrupal\u0131 devletler<\/strong> bu fermanla elde edilen haklar\u0131 bahane ederek Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7 i\u015flerine daha fazla m\u00fcdahale etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-sultan-abdulmecit-donemi-diger-islahatlar-1839-1861\" data-tk-source=\"237\"><strong>SULTAN ABD\u00dcLMEC\u0130T D\u00d6NEM\u0130 D\u0130\u011eER ISLAHATLAR (<\/strong><strong>1839 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> 1861)<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"238\"><strong>Maarif-i Umumiye Nezareti<\/strong> (E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131) kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"239\">\u0130lk erkek \u00f6\u011fretmen okulu olan <strong>Dar\u00fc&#8217;l<\/strong><strong> Muallimin<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"240\">\u0130lk k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t para olan <strong>Kaime-i Mutebere<\/strong> bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"241\">\u0130lk siyasi bilgiler fak\u00fcltesi say\u0131lan <strong>M\u00fclkiye Mektebi<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"242\">\u0130lk defa <strong>telgraf hatt\u0131<\/strong> \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir (<strong>K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> y\u0131llar\u0131nda, \u0130stanbul-Varna-K\u0131r\u0131m aras\u0131nda haberle\u015fmeyi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"243\"><strong>\u0130zmir-Ayd\u0131n<\/strong> aras\u0131nda ilk <strong>demir yolu<\/strong> yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"244\">Bat\u0131&#8217;daki bilimsel geli\u015fmeleri takip etmek ve ders kitaplar\u0131 haz\u0131rlamak amac\u0131yla <strong>Enc\u00fcmen-i <\/strong><strong>Dani\u015f<\/strong> (Bilim Kurulu) kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"245\">\u0130\u00e7 g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in <strong>Jandarma Te\u015fkilat\u0131<\/strong> (1854) ve <strong>Polis Te\u015fkilat\u0131<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"246\"><strong>\u0130ltizam<\/strong> usul\u00fc kald\u0131r\u0131larak, vergi toplamak i\u00e7in <strong>Muhass\u0131ll\u0131k<\/strong><strong> Meclisleri<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"247\">Toprak sistemini d\u00fczenleyen <strong>Arazi Kanunnamesi<\/strong> (1858) \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"248\">Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i&#8217;nde yolcu ve y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131ma amac\u0131yla ilk vapur\/denizyolu i\u015fletmesi olan <strong>\u015eirket-i <\/strong><strong>Hayriyye<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"249\">\u0130lk \u00f6zel T\u00fcrk gazetesi <strong>Terc\u00fcman-\u0131 Ahval<\/strong> \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (<strong>\u015einasi ve Ag\u00e2h Efendi<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"250\">Yar\u0131 resmi gazete olan <strong>Ceride-i Havadis<\/strong> \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"251\">\u0130lk Osmanl\u0131 bankas\u0131 olan <strong>Bank-\u0131 Dersaadet<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"252\">Sanayile\u015fme ve \u015firketle\u015fmeyi te\u015fvik i\u00e7in <strong>Islah-\u0131 Sanayi Komisyonu<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-sultan-abdulmecit-donemi-acilan-meclisler\" data-tk-source=\"253\"><strong>SULTAN ABD\u00dcLMEC\u0130T D\u00d6NEM\u0130 A\u00c7ILAN MECL\u0130SLER<\/strong><\/h2><ol class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"254\"><strong>Meclis-i <\/strong><strong>V\u00e2l\u00e2-y\u0131<\/strong><strong> Ahk\u00e2m-\u0131 Adliye:<\/strong> Y\u00fcksek mahkeme niteli\u011findedir. Kanun ve y\u00f6netmelik haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1861&#8217;de <strong>Tanzimat Y\u00fcksek Meclisi<\/strong> ile birle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"255\"><strong>Meclis-i \u00c2li Tanzimat (Tanzimat Y\u00fcksek Meclisi):<\/strong> 1854&#8217;ten itibaren kanun ve y\u00f6netmelik haz\u0131rlama g\u00f6revini devralm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-sultan-abdulaziz-donemi-yapilan-islahatlar-1861-1876\" data-tk-source=\"256\"><strong>SULTAN ABD\u00dcLAZ\u0130Z D\u00d6NEM\u0130 YAPILAN ISLAHATLAR (<\/strong><strong>1861 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> 1876)<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"257\"><strong>Memleket Sand\u0131klar\u0131:<\/strong> \u00c7ift\u00e7iye kredi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in <strong>Mithat Pa\u015fa<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla 1863&#8217;te kurulmu\u015ftur (Ziraat Bankas\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n temelidir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"258\"><strong>Y\u00fcksek Mahkemelerin Ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 (1868):<\/strong> <strong>Meclis-i Ahkam-\u0131 Adliye<\/strong> ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr:<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"259\"><strong>Divan-\u0131 Ahkam-\u0131 Adliye (Yarg\u0131tay):<\/strong> \u015eer&#8217;\u00ee ve ticaret mahkemelerinin g\u00f6rev alan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki hukuk ve ceza davalar\u0131na bakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"260\"><strong>\u015e\u00fbra-<\/strong><strong>y\u0131<\/strong><strong> Devlet (Dan\u0131\u015ftay):<\/strong> Yasa ve t\u00fcz\u00fcklerin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"261\"><strong>Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamnamesi<\/strong> (Genel e\u011fitim t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc) kabul edilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6\u011fretim kademeleri; <strong>s\u0131byan<\/strong> (ilkokul\/haz\u0131rl\u0131k), <strong>r\u00fc\u015ftiye<\/strong> (ortaokul), <strong>idadi<\/strong> (lise) ve <strong>dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun<\/strong> (\u00fcniversite) olarak planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"262\">\u00d6ks\u00fcz ve yetim \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in <strong>Dar\u00fc\u015f\u015fafaka<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"263\"><strong>Hilal-i <\/strong><strong>Ahmer<\/strong> (K\u0131z\u0131lay) kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"264\">1870&#8217;te ilk \u00fcniversite olan <strong>Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"265\"><strong>Vilayet Nizamnamesi<\/strong> \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ta\u015fra te\u015fkilat\u0131; <strong>vilayet, liva (sancak), kaza, nahiye ve k\u00f6y<\/strong> \u015feklinde te\u015fkilatland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"266\">Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131 uygulayan <strong>Nizamiye Mahkemeleri<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"267\"><strong>Bahriye Nezareti<\/strong> (Denizcilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131) kurulmu\u015f, modern bir donanma olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur (D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck 3. donanmas\u0131 seviyesine ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"268\">Yeni \u00e7\u0131kan kanunlar\u0131 yay\u0131mlayan ilk kanun dergisi <strong>D\u00fcstur<\/strong> \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"269\"><strong>Ahmet Cevdet Pa\u015fa<\/strong> ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki bir heyet taraf\u0131ndan \u0130slam hukukuna dayal\u0131 ilk medeni kanun olan <strong>Mecelle<\/strong> haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"270\"><strong>\u00c7\u0131ra\u011fan ve Beylerbeyi saraylar\u0131<\/strong> in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"271\">E\u011fitim dili Frans\u0131zca olan <strong>Galatasaray Sultanisi<\/strong> (Lisesi) a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"272\">K\u0131z ilkokullar\u0131 ve r\u00fc\u015ftiyelerine kad\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretmen yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in ilk k\u0131z \u00f6\u011fretmen okulu <strong>Dar\u00fclmuallim\u00e2t<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"273\">M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;da <strong>S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1869).<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-ii-abdulhamit-ve-mesrutiyet-donemi\" data-tk-source=\"274\"><strong>II. ABD\u00dcLHAM\u0130T VE ME\u015eRUT\u0130YET D\u00d6NEM\u0130<\/strong><\/h2><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-i-mesrutiyet-donemi-1876-1878\" data-tk-source=\"275\"><strong>I. ME\u015eRUT\u0130YET D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (<\/strong><strong>1876 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> 1878)<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"276\"><strong>\u0130lan\u0131:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;nde anayasal d\u00fczene <strong>23 Aral\u0131k 1876<\/strong> tarihinde ilan edilen ilk T\u00fcrk anayasas\u0131 <strong>Kanun-i Esasi<\/strong> ile ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"277\"><strong>Haz\u0131rlayan:<\/strong> <strong>Mithat Pa\u015fa<\/strong> ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki komisyon taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f, <strong>Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamit<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan onaylanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"278\"><strong>Y\u00f6netim Bi\u00e7imi:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti <strong>Me\u015fruti Monar\u015fi<\/strong> ile y\u00f6netilmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halk, padi\u015fah\u0131n yan\u0131nda ilk kez k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 da olsa y\u00f6netime kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"279\"><strong>Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k Hakk\u0131:<\/strong> Anayasaya g\u00f6re din ve mezhep fark\u0131 g\u00f6zetilmeksizin herkes <strong>Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015f\u0131<\/strong> kabul edilmi\u015f, haklar\u0131 anayasal g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"280\"><strong>\u0130lan Edilme Sebebi (D\u0131\u015f Etken):<\/strong> Balkan bunal\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in \u0130stanbul&#8217;da toplanan <strong>Tersane Konferans\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;nda Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin Osmanl\u0131 aleyhine kararlar almas\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u00e7 i\u015flerimize kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-parlamento-yapisi-meclis-i-umumi\" data-tk-source=\"281\"><strong>Parlamento Yap\u0131s\u0131 (Meclis-i Umumi)<\/strong><\/h3><ol class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"282\"><strong>Ayan Meclisi:<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"283\">\u00dcyelerini <strong>Padi\u015fah<\/strong> se\u00e7erdi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"284\">\u00dcyeler <strong>\u00f6m\u00fcr boyu<\/strong> g\u00f6revde kal\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"285\">\u00dcye say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve meclis ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131 padi\u015fah belirlerdi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"286\">\u00dcyelerde <strong>40 ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> doldurmu\u015f olma \u015fart\u0131 aran\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><ol class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"287\"><strong>Mebusan Meclisi:<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"288\">\u00dcyelerini <strong>Halk<\/strong> se\u00e7erdi (Her 50 bin erkek n\u00fcfusa bir mebus).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"289\">Se\u00e7imler <strong>d\u00f6rt y\u0131lda bir<\/strong> yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"290\"><strong>\u0130ki dereceli<\/strong> se\u00e7im sistemi uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"291\">\u00dcyeler sadece se\u00e7ildikleri b\u00f6lgenin de\u011fil, <strong>b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkenin (Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n) mebusu<\/strong> say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"292\">Mecliste <strong>gayrim\u00fcslim vekiller<\/strong> de bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-dikkat-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"293\"><strong>YKS\/KPSS Ek Bilgisi:<\/strong> Padi\u015fah\u0131n meclisi a\u00e7ma\/kapatma, s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderme ve kanunlar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z veto etme hakk\u0131 vard\u0131 (Bu durum demokratikle\u015fmeyi tam olarak sa\u011flamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-i-mesrutiyet-in-sona-ermesi\" data-tk-source=\"294\"><strong>I. Me\u015frutiyet&#8217;in Sona Ermesi:<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"295\"><strong>19 Mart 1877<\/strong>&#8216;de ilk Osmanl\u0131 Meclis-i Mebusan&#8217;\u0131 <strong>Dolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;nda a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"296\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, <strong>93 Harbi<\/strong>&#8216;nde (1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131) a\u011f\u0131r bir yenilgi alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"297\">Meclisteki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve gayrim\u00fcslim vekiller aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve sava\u015f\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6steren <strong>Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamit<\/strong>, <strong>13 \u015eubat 1878<\/strong>&#8216;de anayasan\u0131n kendisine verdi\u011fi yetkiyi kullanarak meclisi s\u00fcresiz tatil etmi\u015f ve anayasay\u0131 ask\u0131ya alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-ii-abdulhamit-donemi-islahatlari-1878-1908-istibdat-mutlakiyet-donemi\" data-tk-source=\"298\"><strong>II. ABD\u00dcLHAM\u0130T D\u00d6NEM\u0130 ISLAHATLARI (<\/strong><strong>1878 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> 1908 \u0130stibdat\/Mutlakiyet D\u00f6nemi)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"299\"><strong>E\u011fitim (A\u00e7\u0131lan Okullar):<\/strong> E\u011fitime b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem verilmi\u015f, devlet her alanda memur ve uzman yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in say\u0131s\u0131z okul a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: <strong>Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi<\/strong> (G\u00fczel Sanatlar), <strong>Polis Mektebi<\/strong>, Hendese-i M\u00fclkiye, Hukuk Mektebi, Ziraat ve Baytar Mektebi, Dar\u00fc&#8217;l-Muallimin-i Aliyye, Lisan Mektebi, A\u015firet Mektebi, K\u0131z Sanayi Mektebi, Sa\u011f\u0131r K\u00f6r ve Dilsizler Mektebi vb.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"300\"><strong>Sa\u011fl\u0131k ve Sosyal Yard\u0131m:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"301\">\u0130lk \u00e7ocuk hastanesi olan <strong>\u015ei\u015fli Hamidiye Etfal Hastanesi<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"302\">Y\u0131ld\u0131z Asker\u00ee Hastanesi, \u00dcsk\u00fcdar Ak\u0131l Hastanesi, Haydarpa\u015fa Numune Hastanesi ve <strong>G\u00fclhane Asker\u00ee T\u0131p Akademisi (GATA)<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"303\">Yoksul, ya\u015fl\u0131 ve kimsesizler i\u00e7in <strong>D\u00e2r\u00fclaceze<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00e2r\u00fclhayr-\u0131 Ali ve Himaye-i Etfal (\u00c7ocuk Esirgeme) Cemiyeti kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"304\"><strong>Ekonomi ve Altyap\u0131:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"305\">B\u00fct\u00fcn devlet memurlar\u0131n\u0131n emeklilik i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in <strong>Teka\u00fct Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur (1881 &#8211; G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz SGK&#8217;s\u0131n\u0131n temeli).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"306\"><strong>Ziraat Bankas\u0131<\/strong> (1888) kurularak Memleket Sand\u0131klar\u0131 buraya devredilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"307\">\u015eam ile Medine aras\u0131nda, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla <strong>Hicaz Demiryolu<\/strong> in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"308\">Anadolu ve Ba\u011fdat demiryollar\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f, <strong>Haydarpa\u015fa Tren Gar\u0131<\/strong> yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye tk-dikkat-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"309\"><strong>YKS\/KPSS Ek Bilgisi:<\/strong> 1881&#8217;de Osmanl\u0131 devleti iflas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015f (<strong>Muharrem Kararnamesi<\/strong>) ve alacakl\u0131 devletler <strong>D\u00fcyun-u Umumiye \u0130daresi&#8217;ni (Genel Bor\u00e7lar \u0130daresi)<\/strong> kurarak Osmanl\u0131 gelirlerine el koymu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"310\"><strong>\u0130dari ve Askeri Alanda:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"311\">Y\u00f6netim merkezi Dolmabah\u00e7e&#8217;den g\u00fcvenlik nedeniyle <strong>Y\u0131ld\u0131z Saray\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;na ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"312\">Devlete kar\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f tehditleri takip etmek i\u00e7in geni\u015f bir istihbarat a\u011f\u0131 olan <strong>Hafiye Te\u015fkilat\u0131 (Jurnal A\u011f\u0131)<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"313\">Do\u011fu Anadolu&#8217;da olas\u0131 bir Ermeni Devleti kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek ve Rus i\u015fgaline kar\u015f\u0131 haz\u0131r g\u00fc\u00e7 bulundurmak amac\u0131yla yerel K\u00fcrt\/Arap a\u015firetlerinden <strong>Hamidiye Alaylar\u0131<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"314\"><strong>K\u00fclt\u00fcr:<\/strong> <strong>Osman Hamdi Bey<\/strong> \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde modern m\u00fczecilik ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, <strong>M\u00fcze-i H\u00fcmayun<\/strong> (\u0130stanbul Arkeoloji M\u00fczeleri) geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-ii-mesrutiyet-in-ilani-ve-siyasi-gelismeler-1908\" data-tk-source=\"315\"><strong>II. ME\u015eRUT\u0130YET&#8217;\u0130N \u0130LANI VE S\u0130YAS\u0130 GEL\u0130\u015eMELER (1908)<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"316\"><strong>S\u00fcrecin Geli\u015fimi:<\/strong> 1889&#8217;da kurulan \u0130ttih\u00e2d-\u0131 Osman\u00ee Cemiyeti, 1895&#8217;te <strong>\u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti<\/strong> ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f ve II. Abd\u00fclhamit&#8217;in mutlak\u0131yet y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 anayasay\u0131 yeniden y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koymak i\u00e7in yo\u011fun bir muhalefet y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"317\"><strong>D\u0131\u015f Etken (<\/strong><strong>Reval<\/strong><strong> G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri):<\/strong> \u0130ngiltere ve Rusya&#8217;n\u0131n <strong>Reval<\/strong>&#8216;de bir araya gelerek Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Balkan topraklar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fma ve Makedonya&#8217;da \u0131slahat yapma karar\u0131 almalar\u0131, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 subaylar\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Balkanlar\u0131n elden \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek me\u015frutiyetin ilan\u0131ndaki temel motivasyondur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"318\"><strong>\u0130lan\u0131:<\/strong> Bask\u0131lara dayanamayan <strong>II. Abd\u00fclhamit<\/strong>, <strong>23 Temmuz 1908<\/strong>&#8216;de me\u015frutiyeti yeniden ilan etmi\u015f ve <strong>II. Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi<\/strong> ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-anayasal-degisiklikler-1909-degisiklikleri-yks-kpss-onemi\" data-tk-source=\"319\"><strong>Anayasal De\u011fi\u015fiklikler (1909 <\/strong><strong>De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri &#8211;<\/strong><strong> YKS\/KPSS \u00d6nemi):<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"320\"><strong>Padi\u015fah\u0131n yetkileri daralt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f<\/strong>, s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderme ve meclisi feshetme yetkileri zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"321\"><strong>Meclisin yetkileri art\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f<\/strong>, h\u00fck\u00fbmet padi\u015faha de\u011fil, <strong>Meclis&#8217;e kar\u015f\u0131 sorumlu<\/strong> h\u00e2le getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"322\">T\u00fcrk tarihinde <strong>ilk kez \u00e7ok partili hayata<\/strong> ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"323\"><strong>II. Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nin Siyasi Kay\u0131plar\u0131:<\/strong> Beklenenin aksine me\u015frutiyetin ilan\u0131 da\u011f\u0131lmay\u0131 \u00f6nleyememi\u015f, ya\u015fanan otorite bo\u015flu\u011funda ciddi toprak kay\u0131plar\u0131 ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p><ol class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"324\"><strong>Bulgaristan<\/strong> ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-dikkat-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"325\"><strong>YKS\/KPSS Ek Bilgisi:<\/strong> <strong>Avusturya-Macaristan<\/strong>, <strong>Bosna-Hersek<\/strong>&#8216;i topraklar\u0131na katt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-dikkat-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"326\"><strong>YKS\/KPSS Ek Bilgisi:<\/strong> <strong>Girit<\/strong>, <strong>Yunanistan<\/strong>&#8216;a kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015ftir. <em>(Bu d\u00f6nemde s\u0131ras\u0131yla Trablusgarp, Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ya\u015fanacakt\u0131r.)<\/em><\/li><\/ol><h3 id=\"tk-ii-mesrutiyet-donemi-nde-kurulan-siyasi-partiler-firkalar\" data-tk-source=\"327\"><strong>II. Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi&#8217;nde Kurulan Siyasi Partiler (F\u0131rkalar):<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"328\"><strong>\u0130ttihat ve Terakki F\u0131rkas\u0131<\/strong> (En g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan\u0131, devleti I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonuna kadar y\u00f6netmi\u015ftir)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"329\"><strong>H\u00fcrriyet ve \u0130tilaf F\u0131rkas\u0131<\/strong> (\u0130ttihat ve Terakki&#8217;nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck rakibi\/muhalifi)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"330\">Ahrar F\u0131rkas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Demokrat F\u0131rkas\u0131, \u0130ttihad-\u0131 Muhammedi F\u0131rkas\u0131, Mutedil H\u00fcrriyetperveran F\u0131rkas\u0131, Islahat-\u0131 Esasiye Osmaniye F\u0131rkas\u0131, Ahali F\u0131rkas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Sosyalist F\u0131rkas\u0131, Mill\u00ee Me\u015frutiyet F\u0131rkas\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-31-mart-olayi-13-nisan-1909\" data-tk-source=\"331\"><strong>31 MART OLAYI (13 N\u0130SAN 1909)<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"332\"><strong>Nedeni:<\/strong> Me\u015frutiyet rejimine (yeniliklere) kar\u015f\u0131 olanlar\u0131n ve \u0130stanbul&#8217;daki baz\u0131 avc\u0131 taburlar\u0131n\u0131n ayaklanmas\u0131d\u0131r. <strong>Osmanl\u0131 tarihinde rejime (y\u00f6netim \u015fekline) y\u00f6nelik \u00e7\u0131kan ilk isyan hareketidir.<\/strong> (Rumi takvimle 31 Mart 1325&#8217;e denk geldi\u011fi i\u00e7in bu isim verilmi\u015ftir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"333\"><strong>Bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131:<\/strong> \u0130syan\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Selanik&#8217;te, komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 <strong>Mahmut \u015eevket Pa\u015fa<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n, Kurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 <strong>Mustafa Kemal<\/strong>&#8216;in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>Hareket Ordusu<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur. Ordu \u0130stanbul&#8217;a gelerek isyan\u0131 bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Mustafa Kemal&#8217;in tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk olayd\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"334\"><strong>Sonucu:<\/strong> \u0130syan\u0131n arkas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu iddia edilen <strong>Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamit<\/strong> meclis karar\u0131yla tahttan indirilmi\u015f, yerine <strong>V. Mehmet Re\u015fat<\/strong> ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir. <strong>\u0130ttihat ve Terakki<\/strong>&#8216;nin devlet y\u00f6netimindeki etkinli\u011fi artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Daha sonra 1913 <strong>B\u00e2b-\u0131 \u00c2li Bask\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> ile h\u00fck\u00fbmeti tamamen ele ge\u00e7ireceklerdir).<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-osmanli-devleti-ni-dagilmaktan-kurtarma-fikirleri-fikir-akimlari\" data-tk-source=\"335\"><strong>OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130&#8217;N\u0130 DA\u011eILMAKTAN KURTARMA F\u0130K\u0130RLER\u0130 (F\u0130K\u0130R AKIMLARI)<\/strong><\/h2><ol class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"336\"><strong>OSMANLICILIK (<\/strong><strong>\u0130ttihad<\/strong><strong>-\u0131 Anas\u0131r)<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"337\"><strong>Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Dil, din ve \u0131rk ayr\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6zetmeksizin herkesi kanun \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fit sayarak bir <strong>&#8220;Osmanl\u0131 Milleti&#8221;<\/strong> olu\u015fturmak ve devletin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"338\"><strong>Temsilcileri:<\/strong> Gen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar (J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler) cemiyeti \u00fcyeleri olan <strong>\u015einasi, Nam\u0131k Kemal ve Ziya Pa\u015fa<\/strong>&#8216;d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"339\"><strong>Uygulama Alan\u0131:<\/strong> Tanzimat, Islahat fermanlar\u0131 ve Kanun-i Esasi&#8217;nin ilan\u0131nda temel felsefedir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"340\"><strong>\u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc:<\/strong> Milliyet\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle Balkan milletlerinin isyan edip ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazanmalar\u0131yla (Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131) ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini yitirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><ol class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"341\"><strong>\u0130SLAMCILIK (\u00dcmmet\u00e7ilik \/ <\/strong><strong>Pan-\u0130slamizm<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"342\"><strong>Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> B\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131 <strong>Osmanl\u0131 <\/strong><strong>Halifesi<\/strong>&#8216;nin \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirmek ve \u0130slami kurallar\u0131 devlet hayat\u0131na tam yans\u0131tarak devlete eski g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kazand\u0131rmak.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"343\"><strong>Temsilcileri:<\/strong> <strong>Cemalettin <\/strong><strong>Afgani<\/strong><strong>, Sait Halim Pa\u015fa, Mehmet \u00c2kif Ersoy<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"344\"><strong>Uygulama Alan\u0131:<\/strong> \u00d6zellikle <strong>II. Abd\u00fclhamit<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde devletin resm\u00ee politikas\u0131 h\u00e2line getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"345\"><strong>\u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc:<\/strong> I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;nda Halife&#8217;nin cihat \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131na ra\u011fmen baz\u0131 Arap liderlerin (\u015eerif H\u00fcseyin vb.) \u0130ngilizlerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmas\u0131yla ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><ol class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"346\"><strong>T\u00dcRK\u00c7\u00dcL\u00dcK (Pant\u00fcrkizm \/ Turanc\u0131l\u0131k)<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"347\"><strong>Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 bayra\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrklere mill\u00ee bilin\u00e7 kazand\u0131rmak ve d\u00fcnyadaki b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrkleri tek bir y\u00f6netim alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirmektir (<strong>Turanc\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"348\"><strong>Temsilcileri:<\/strong> <strong>Ziya G\u00f6kalp, Yusuf Ak\u00e7ura, <\/strong><strong>Gasp\u0131ral\u0131<\/strong><strong> \u0130smail, Mehmet Emin Yurdakul<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"349\"><strong>Uygulama Alan\u0131:<\/strong> \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti&#8217;nin politikas\u0131 olarak II. Me\u015frutiyet sonras\u0131 etkili olmu\u015ftur. Turanc\u0131l\u0131k ideali I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;nda (Kafkas Cephesi) ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olsa da, <strong>T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck<\/strong> fikri <strong>T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti&#8217;nin kurulu\u015f felsefesini<\/strong> olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><ol class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"350\"><strong>BATICILIK<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"351\"><strong>Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131&#8217;y\u0131 geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131ktan kurtarmak i\u00e7in Bat\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n bilim, teknik, y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 topluma entegre etmektir (XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l Lale Devri&#8217;ne dayan\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"352\"><strong>Temsilcileri:<\/strong> <strong>Abdullah Cevdet, Celal Nuri \u0130leri, Tevfik Fikret<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"353\"><strong>Sonucu:<\/strong> Devleti \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015ften kurtaramasa da Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde yap\u0131lan ink\u0131laplara y\u00f6n vermi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><ol class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"354\"><strong>\u00c2DEM-\u0130 MERKEZ\u0130YET\u00c7\u0130L\u0130K<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"355\"><strong>Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir merkezi otorite yerine, yerel y\u00f6netimlerin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesini (federalizmi) ve ekonomide liberalizmi savunan ak\u0131md\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"356\"><strong>Temsilcisi:<\/strong> <strong>Prens Sabahattin<\/strong>&#8216;dir. (\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan devletin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle ra\u011fbet g\u00f6rmemi\u015ftir).<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"357\">&#8220;Bu ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n her hakk\u0131 sakl\u0131d\u0131r. Hangi ama\u00e7la olursa olsun, ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n veya bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n <strong>www.tarihkursu.com<\/strong><strong> <\/strong>sitesinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 izni olmadan sosyal medyada ve internet ortam\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, kopya edilmesi, foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesi, herhangi bir yolla \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131, yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ya da kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yasakt\u0131r. Bu yasa\u011fa uymayanlar gerekli cezai sorumlulu\u011fu pe\u015finen kabullenmi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.&#8221;<\/p><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"358\">Duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederiz. \u0130yi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/p><\/section><\/div><button class=\"tk-basa-don\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunun ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\" title=\"Ba\u015fa d\u00f6n\">\u2191<\/button><\/article>\n<script>\n(()=>{\"use strict\";document.querySelectorAll(\".tk-ders-notu\").forEach((root)=>{if(root.dataset.tkReady===\"true\")return;root.dataset.tkReady=\"true\";const toc=root.querySelector(\".tk-icindekiler\"),bar=root.querySelector(\".tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"),topButton=root.querySelector(\".tk-basa-don\"),headings=[...root.querySelectorAll(\"h2[id],h3[id]\")],links=[...root.querySelectorAll('.tk-icindekiler a[href^=\"#\"]')];const go=(target)=>{if(target)target.scrollIntoView({behavior:\"smooth\",block:\"start\"});};root.querySelector(\".tk-yazdir\")?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>window.print());root.querySelector(\".tk-ice-git\")?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>go(toc));topButton?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>go(root));links.forEach((link)=>link.addEventListener(\"click\",(event)=>{const id=link.getAttribute(\"href\").slice(1),target=root.querySelector(`#${CSS.escape(id)}`);if(target){event.preventDefault();go(target);history.replaceState(null,\"\",`#${id}`);}}));let ticking=false;const update=()=>{const rect=root.getBoundingClientRect(),view=window.innerHeight||document.documentElement.clientHeight,total=Math.max(root.scrollHeight-view,1),passed=Math.min(Math.max(-rect.top,0),total),percent=Math.round(passed\/total*100);if(bar){bar.style.width=`${percent}%`;bar.parentElement?.setAttribute(\"aria-valuenow\",String(percent));}topButton?.classList.toggle(\"tk-gorunur\",window.scrollY>420);let active=headings[0]?.id||\"\";headings.forEach((heading)=>{if(heading.getBoundingClientRect().top<=Math.max(130,view*.28))active=heading.id;});links.forEach((link)=>{const current=link.getAttribute(\"href\")===`#${active}`;link.classList.toggle(\"tk-etkin\",current);if(current)link.setAttribute(\"aria-current\",\"location\");else link.removeAttribute(\"aria-current\");});ticking=false;};const requestUpdate=()=>{if(!ticking){ticking=true;requestAnimationFrame(update);}};window.addEventListener(\"scroll\",requestUpdate,{passive:true});window.addEventListener(\"resize\",requestUpdate,{passive:true});update();});})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Osmanl\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131lma D\u00f6nemi ders notunda II. 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