{"id":3432,"date":"2026-08-01T13:25:44","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T10:25:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=3432"},"modified":"2026-08-01T13:27:18","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T10:27:18","slug":"20-yy-osmanli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/01\/20-yy-osmanli\/","title":{"rendered":"XX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti KPSS Tarih Ders Notlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">XX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ders notu; Trablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131, I. ve II. Balkan sava\u015flar\u0131, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n genel ve \u00f6zel nedenleri, blokla\u015fmalar, sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 cepheler gibi konular\u0131 i\u00e7erir. <strong>KPSS tarih<\/strong> s\u0131nav\u0131na haz\u0131rlananlar i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenen bu <strong>KPSS tarih ders notlar\u0131,<\/strong> konular\u0131 kronolojik olarak tekrar etmeyi sa\u011flar. Online KPSS tarih ders notlar\u0131 sayesinde <strong>KPSS, EKPSS, MEB AGS ve \u00d6ABT<\/strong> s\u0131navlar\u0131na tam olarak haz\u0131rlanacaks\u0131n\u0131z. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma <strong>KPSS \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131<\/strong> arayan \u00f6\u011frenciler i\u00e7in kapsaml\u0131 bir i\u00e7eriktir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.tk-ders-notu{--tk-lacivert:#12355b;--tk-turkuaz:#087f8c;--tk-bordo:#8b1e3f;--tk-altin:#d69e2e;--tk-acik-mavi:#eef6ff;--tk-acik-turkuaz:#ecfbfa;--tk-acik-sari:#fff8dc;--tk-metin:#243447;--tk-cizgi:#c8d7e6;position:relative;width:100%;max-width:1100px;min-width:0;margin:0 auto;padding:clamp(12px,2.4vw,28px);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--tk-metin);font:400 17px\/1.72 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,\"Segoe UI\",Arial,sans-serif;overflow-wrap:anywhere;word-wrap:break-word;hyphens:auto;background:#f7fafc;border-radius:18px}\n.tk-ders-notu *,.tk-ders-notu *::before,.tk-ders-notu *::after{box-sizing:border-box;min-width:0}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme{position:fixed;z-index:9998;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:5px;background:rgba(18,53,91,.12);pointer-events:none}\n.tk-ders-notu 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minmax(0,1fr);gap:8px}\n}\n@media print{\n.tk-ders-notu{max-width:none;margin:0;padding:0;background:#fff;color:#000;font-size:11pt;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme,.tk-ders-notu .tk-kontroller,.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don{display:none!important}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ust{padding:0 0 14pt;background:#fff!important;color:#000;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik{color:#000;border-bottom:2pt solid #000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler{border:1pt solid #777;background:#fff;color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler-listesi a{color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart{break-inside:auto;margin:0 0 14pt;padding:0;border:0;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu h2,.tk-ders-notu h3{break-after:avoid;color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo{break-inside:auto}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo tr{break-inside:avoid}\n.tk-ders-notu a{text-decoration:none;color:#000}\n}\n<\/style>\n<article class=\"tk-ders-notu\" id=\"tk-ders-xx-yuzyilda-osmanli-devleti\" lang=\"tr\" data-tk-ready=\"false\"><div class=\"tk-ilerleme\" role=\"progressbar\" aria-label=\"Okuma ilerlemesi\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"100\" aria-valuenow=\"0\"><span class=\"tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"><\/span><\/div><header class=\"tk-ust\" id=\"tk-ders-baslangici\"><p class=\"tk-ana-baslik\" data-tk-source=\"1\"><strong>XX. Y\u00dcZYILDA OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"tk-kontroller\"><button class=\"tk-dugme tk-yazdir\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunu yazd\u0131r\">Yazd\u0131r<\/button><button class=\"tk-dugme tk-ice-git\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"\u0130\u00e7indekiler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne git\">\u0130\u00e7indekilere Git<\/button><\/div><nav class=\"tk-icindekiler\" id=\"tk-icindekiler-xx-yuzyilda-osmanli-devleti\" aria-label=\"Ders notu i\u00e7indekiler\"><p class=\"tk-icindekiler-baslik\">\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/p><ul class=\"tk-icindekiler-listesi\"><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-trablusgarp-savasi-1911-1912\">Trablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131 (1911-1912)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-onemli-yks-kpss-notlari\">\u00d6nemli YKS\/KPSS Notlar\u0131:<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-balkan-savaslari-1912-1913\">Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 (1912-1913)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-i-balkan-savasi-1912-1913\">I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 (1912-1913)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-balkan-savasi-1913\">II. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 (1913)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-onemli-yks-kpss-notlari-2\">\u00d6nemli YKS\/KPSS Notlar\u0131:<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-i-dunya-savasi-1914-1918\">I. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI (1914-1918)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-savasin-genel-nedenleri\">Sava\u015f\u0131n Genel Nedenleri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-savasin-ozel-nedenleri\">Sava\u015f\u0131n \u00d6zel Nedenleri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-bloklasmalar\">Blokla\u015fmalar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-savas-oncesi-ve-sonrasi-bloklar\">Sava\u015f \u00d6ncesi ve Sonras\u0131 Bloklar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-savasin-baslamasi-ve-gelismesi\">Sava\u015f\u0131n Ba\u015flamas\u0131 ve Geli\u015fmesi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-i-dunya-savasi-ve-osmanli-devleti\">I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-cephelerde-osmanli-devleti\">CEPHELERDE OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-1-kafkas-cephesi-taarruz\">1. Kafkas Cephesi (Taarruz)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-2-kanal-cephesi-taarruz\">2. Kanal Cephesi (Taarruz)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-3-canakkale-cephesi-savunma\">3. \u00c7anakkale Cephesi (Savunma)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-4-hicaz-yemen-cephesi-savunma\">4. Hicaz-Yemen Cephesi (Savunma)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-5-irak-cephesi-savunma\">5. Irak Cephesi (Savunma)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-6-suriye-filistin-cephesi-savunma\">6. Suriye-Filistin Cephesi (Savunma)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-7-yardim-cepheleri-galicya-romanya-makedonya\">7. Yard\u0131m Cepheleri (Gali\u00e7ya, Romanya, Makedonya)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-osmanli-imparatorlugu-nu-paylasmayi-ongoren-gizli-antlasmalar\">Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu Payla\u015fmay\u0131 \u00d6ng\u00f6ren Gizli Antla\u015fmalar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-i-dunya-savasi-nin-sonuclari\">I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-i-dunya-savasi-sonunda-imzalanan-baris-antlasmalari\">I. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI SONUNDA \u0130MZALANAN BARI\u015e ANTLA\u015eMALARI<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-mustafa-kemal-in-hayati\">MUSTAFA KEMAL\u2019\u0130N HAYATI<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-egitim-gordugu-okullar\">E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M G\u00d6RD\u00dc\u011e\u00dc OKULLAR<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-mahalle-mektebi-ve-semsi-efendi-okulu\">Mahalle Mektebi ve \u015eemsi Efendi Okulu<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-selanik-mulkiye-rustiyesi-ve-selanik-askeri-rustiyesi\">Sel\u00e2nik M\u00fclkiye R\u00fc\u015ftiyesi ve Sel\u00e2nik Asker\u00ee R\u00fc\u015ftiyesi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-manastir-askeri-idadisi\">Manast\u0131r Asker\u00ee \u0130dadisi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-harp-okulu-ve-harp-akademisi\">Harp Okulu ve Harp Akademisi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-fikir-hayatini-etkileyen-yazarlar-ve-dusunurler\">F\u0130K\u0130R HAYATINI ETK\u0130LEYEN YAZARLAR VE D\u00dc\u015e\u00dcN\u00dcRLER<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-mustafa-kemal-in-eserleri\">Mustafa Kemal\u2019in Eserleri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-mustafa-kemal-in-hayatinda-iz-birakan-sehirler\">MUSTAFA KEMAL\u2019\u0130N HAYATINDA \u0130Z BIRAKAN \u015eEH\u0130RLER<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-selanik\">Sel\u00e2nik<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-manastir\">Manast\u0131r<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-istanbul\">\u0130stanbul<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sam\">\u015eam<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sofya\">Sofya<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-mustafa-kemal-in-askerlik-hayati\">MUSTAFA KEMAL\u2019\u0130N ASKERL\u0130K HAYATI<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/header><div class=\"tk-icerik\"><section class=\"tk-kart tk-kart-ilk\"><h3 id=\"tk-trablusgarp-savasi-1911-1912\" data-tk-source=\"2\"><strong>Trablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131 (1911-1912)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"3\"><strong>Sava\u015f\u0131n Nedeni:<\/strong> <strong>1870<\/strong>\u2019te siyasi birli\u011fini ge\u00e7 tamamlayan <strong>\u0130talya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"4\"><strong>B\u00f6lgesel Durum:<\/strong> D\u00f6nemin b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden <strong>Fransa; Tunus, Cezayir ve Fas<\/strong>\u2019\u0131; <strong>\u0130ngiltere ise M\u0131s\u0131r<\/strong>\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal etmi\u015ftir. \u0130talya, <strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Kuzey Afrika\u2019daki son topra\u011f\u0131<\/strong> olan <strong>Trablusgarp<\/strong>\u2019a (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc <strong>Libya<\/strong>) y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"5\"><strong>Sava\u015f\u0131n Ba\u015flamas\u0131:<\/strong> \u0130talya, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne \u00fcltimatom vererek b\u00f6lgenin teslimini istemi\u015f, ret cevab\u0131 al\u0131nca <strong>1911<\/strong>\u2019de sava\u015f ilan etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"6\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Savunmas\u0131:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, donanmas\u0131n\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi ve M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;\u0131n \u0130ngiliz i\u015fgalinde olmas\u0131 sebebiyle b\u00f6lgeye karadan ve denizden ordu g\u00f6nderememi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"7\"><strong>G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Subaylar:<\/strong> <strong>Mustafa Kemal<\/strong>, <strong>Enver Bey<\/strong> ve <strong>Fethi Bey<\/strong> gibi subaylar gizlice b\u00f6lgeye giderek yerel halk\u0131 \u0130talyanlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlemi\u015f ve ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 savunmalar yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"8\"><strong>Mustafa Kemal<\/strong>, <strong>Derne<\/strong> ve <strong>Tobruk<\/strong>\u2019ta,<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"9\"><strong>Enver Bey<\/strong> ise <strong>Bingazi<\/strong>\u2019de \u00f6nemli ba\u015far\u0131lar kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"10\"><strong>\u0130talya&#8217;n\u0131n Bask\u0131s\u0131:<\/strong> \u0130talya, Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 bar\u0131\u015fa zorlamak i\u00e7in <strong>\u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131 abluka alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f ve <strong>On \u0130ki Ada<\/strong>\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgal etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"11\"><strong>Sava\u015f\u0131n Sona Ermesi:<\/strong> <strong>I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n patlak vermesi \u00fczerine Osmanl\u0131 Devleti iki cephede sava\u015famay\u0131p bar\u0131\u015f istemek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"12\"><strong>Ouchy<\/strong><strong> (<\/strong><strong>U\u015fi<\/strong><strong>) Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (18 Ekim 1912):<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"13\"><strong>Trablusgarp<\/strong>, <strong>\u0130talya<\/strong>\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (B\u00f6ylece Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin <strong>Kuzey Afrika\u2019daki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tamamen sona ermi\u015ftir<\/strong>.)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"14\"><strong>On \u0130ki Ada<\/strong>, Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 bitene kadar ge\u00e7ici olarak <strong>\u0130talya<\/strong>\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Ancak \u0130talya adalar\u0131 bir daha geri vermemi\u015ftir.)<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-onemli-yks-kpss-notlari\" data-tk-source=\"15\"><strong>\u00d6nemli YKS\/KPSS Notlar\u0131:<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"16\"><strong>Mustafa Kemal<\/strong>, Trablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na gizli bir kimlikle, <strong>&#8220;Gazeteci \u015eerif&#8221;<\/strong> ad\u0131yla kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"17\"><strong>Enver Bey<\/strong> ise b\u00f6lgeye <strong>&#8220;Kuyumcu Hamdi&#8221;<\/strong> takma ad\u0131yla gitmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"18\">D\u00fcnya sava\u015f tarihinde <strong>sava\u015f u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ilk kez 1911\u2019de<\/strong> Trablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda \u0130talya taraf\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"19\">Bu sava\u015f, <strong>Mustafa Kemal\u2019in kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk sava\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong> ve onun s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 verdi\u011fi ilk m\u00fccadeledir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-balkan-savaslari-1912-1913\" data-tk-source=\"20\"><strong>Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 (1912-1913)<\/strong><\/h3><h3 id=\"tk-i-balkan-savasi-1912-1913\" data-tk-source=\"21\"><strong>I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 (1912-1913)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"22\"><strong>Sava\u015f \u00d6ncesi Durum:<\/strong> <strong>Bat\u0131 Trakya, Makedonya, Arnavutluk<\/strong> ve <strong>Do\u011fu Trakya<\/strong>, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin egemenli\u011findedir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"23\"><strong>Sava\u015f\u0131n Nedenleri:<\/strong> Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali&#8217;nin yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 milliyet\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131, Avrupa devletlerinin (\u00f6zellikle Rusya&#8217;n\u0131n Panslavizm politikas\u0131yla) Balkan devletlerini k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131&#8217;y\u0131 Balkanlardan tamamen atma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"24\"><strong>Taraflar:<\/strong> <strong>Yunanistan, S\u0131rbistan, Karada\u011f ve Bulgaristan<\/strong> ittifak yaparak <strong>Ekim 1912<\/strong>\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatan devlet <strong>Karada\u011f<\/strong>&#8216;d\u0131r.)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"25\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Yenilgi Nedenleri:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"26\">Ordu i\u00e7indeki siyasi \u00e7eki\u015fmeler (Mektepli-Alayl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131),<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"27\">Balkanlarda silah ticaretinin serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"28\">Sava\u015ftan hemen \u00f6nce ordunun bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n terhis edilmesi (haz\u0131rl\u0131ks\u0131z yakalanma).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"29\"><strong>Sava\u015f\u0131n Geli\u015fimi ve Sonucu:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r bir yenilgi alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bulgarlar, \u0130stanbul \u00f6nlerine (<strong>\u00c7atalca<\/strong>) kadar ilerlemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"30\"><strong>Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (30 May\u0131s 1913):<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, <strong>Midye-Enez Hatt\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"31\"><strong>B\u00e2b-\u0131 \u00c2li Bask\u0131n\u0131 (23 Ocak 1913):<\/strong> I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 yenilgisi ve Londra&#8217;daki bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri s\u00fcrerken, <strong>Enver Pa\u015fa<\/strong> liderli\u011findeki <strong>\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 subaylar<\/strong> h\u00fck\u00fbmeti basarak Sadrazam\u2019\u0131 istifaya zorlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu olaydan sonra devlet y\u00f6netimi tamamen <strong>\u0130ttihat ve Terakki<\/strong>&#8216;nin eline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. (T\u00fcrk tarihindeki ilk h\u00fck\u00fbmet darbesidir.)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"32\"><strong>Arnavutluk&#8217;un Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Sava\u015f karga\u015fas\u0131ndan faydalanan <strong>Arnavutluk<\/strong> ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015ftir. (<strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden ayr\u0131larak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olan son Balkan devletidir.<\/strong>)<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-ii-balkan-savasi-1913\" data-tk-source=\"33\"><strong>II. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 (1913)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"34\"><strong>Sava\u015f\u0131n Nedeni:<\/strong> I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;nda en fazla topra\u011f\u0131 al\u0131p Ege Denizi&#8217;ne ula\u015fan <strong>Bulgaristan<\/strong> ile payla\u015f\u0131mdan memnun olmayan di\u011fer Balkan devletleri (<strong>S\u0131rbistan ve Yunanistan<\/strong>) aras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"35\"><strong>Taraflar:<\/strong> <strong>S\u0131rbistan, Yunanistan ve Karada\u011f<\/strong>, Bulgaristan&#8217;a sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"36\"><strong>Yeni Kat\u0131lanlar:<\/strong> I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;nda olmay\u0131p karga\u015fadan yararlanmak isteyen <strong>Romanya<\/strong> da Bulgaristan&#8217;a sava\u015f a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. F\u0131rsat\u0131 de\u011ferlendiren <strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/strong> de Edirne&#8217;yi geri almak i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"37\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Kazan\u0131m\u0131:<\/strong> T\u00fcrk ordusu sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7erek <strong>Edirne, K\u0131rklareli ve Dimetoka<\/strong>\u2019y\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman i\u015fgalinden kurtarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"38\"><strong>B\u00fckre\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (10 A\u011fustos 1913):<\/strong> Balkan devletleri kendi aralar\u0131nda imzalayarak Bulgaristan&#8217;dan ald\u0131klar\u0131 yerleri payla\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"39\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;nin \u0130mzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Antla\u015fmalar:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"40\"><strong>\u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (29 Eyl\u00fcl <\/strong><strong>1913 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> Bulgaristan ile):<\/strong> <strong>Edirne ve K\u0131rklareli<\/strong> geri al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, <strong>Meri\u00e7 Nehri<\/strong> s\u0131n\u0131r kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Bulgaristan&#8217;da kalan T\u00fcrklerin haklar\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"41\"><strong>Atina Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (<\/strong><strong>1913 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> Yunanistan ile):<\/strong> <strong>Girit<\/strong>, Yunanistan&#8217;a b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Yunanistan&#8217;da kalan T\u00fcrklerin haklar\u0131 koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"42\"><strong>\u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (<\/strong><strong>1914 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> S\u0131rbistan ile):<\/strong> S\u0131rbistan&#8217;da kalan T\u00fcrklerin haklar\u0131 ve m\u00fclkiyet durumlar\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. (Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n S\u0131rbistan ile kara s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.)<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-onemli-yks-kpss-notlari-2\" data-tk-source=\"43\"><strong>\u00d6nemli YKS\/KPSS Notlar\u0131:<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"44\">I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda <strong>olmay\u0131p<\/strong> II. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na kat\u0131lan devlet <strong>Romanya<\/strong>\u2019d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"45\">Edirne\u2019yi geri alan <strong>Enver Pa\u015fa<\/strong>\u2019ya <strong>&#8220;Edirne Fatihi&#8221;<\/strong> unvan\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"46\">Deniz sava\u015flar\u0131ndaki ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u00e7abalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 <strong>Rauf Orbay<\/strong>\u2019a <strong>&#8220;Hamidiye Kahraman\u0131&#8221;<\/strong> unvan\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-i-dunya-savasi-1914-1918\" data-tk-source=\"47\"><strong>I. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI (1914-1918)<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"48\"><strong>Sava\u015f\u0131n Ad\u0131:<\/strong> T\u00fcm devletler kat\u0131lmasa da etkisi k\u00fcresel oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in &#8220;D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131&#8221; olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-savasin-genel-nedenleri\" data-tk-source=\"49\"><strong>Sava\u015f\u0131n Genel Nedenleri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"50\">Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali&#8217;nin getirdi\u011fi <strong>Milliyet\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"51\">Sanayi \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131 sonras\u0131 h\u0131zlanan <strong>S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik yar\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong>, <strong>Ham madde ve pazar aray\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"52\">Devletleraras\u0131 <strong>blokla\u015fma<\/strong> ve <strong>silahlanma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-savasin-ozel-nedenleri\" data-tk-source=\"53\"><strong>Sava\u015f\u0131n \u00d6zel Nedenleri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"54\"><strong>\u0130ngiltere ve Almanya<\/strong> aras\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck siyasal ve ekonomik rekabet.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"55\"><strong>Fransa<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n, Sedan Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Almanya\u2019ya kapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 zengin k\u00f6m\u00fcr havzas\u0131 <strong>Alsas<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Loren<\/strong><strong> (<\/strong><strong>Alsace<\/strong><strong> Lorraine)<\/strong> b\u00f6lgesini geri almak istemesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"56\"><strong>Rusya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n Balkanlar\u2019daki t\u00fcm Slavlar\u0131 birle\u015ftirme (<strong>Panslavizm<\/strong>) ve s\u0131cak denizlere inme ideali.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"57\"><strong>Avusturya-Macaristan<\/strong>\u2019\u0131n S\u0131rbistan\u2019\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131p Rusya\u2019y\u0131 Balkanlardan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rma hedefi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"58\">Siyasi birliklerini ge\u00e7 kuran <strong>Almanya ve \u0130talya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n yeni s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeler aray\u0131\u015f\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"59\"><strong>Japonya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n Uzak Do\u011fu\u2019da s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeler elde etme plan\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-bloklasmalar\" data-tk-source=\"60\"><strong>Blokla\u015fmalar<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"61\"><strong>\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130ttifak (Ba\u011fla\u015fma) Devletleri (1882):<\/strong> <strong>Almanya<\/strong> \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, <strong>Avusturya-Macaristan<\/strong> ve <strong>\u0130talya<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"62\"><strong>\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130tilaf (Anla\u015fma) Devletleri (1907):<\/strong> <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong> liderli\u011finde, <strong>Fransa<\/strong> ve <strong>Rusya<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n bir araya gelmesiyle.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-savas-oncesi-ve-sonrasi-bloklar\" data-tk-source=\"63\"><strong>Sava\u015f \u00d6ncesi ve Sonras\u0131 Bloklar<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"64\"><strong>Sava\u015f Ba\u015flamadan \u00d6nce:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"65\"><strong>\u0130tilaf:<\/strong> \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Rusya<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"66\"><strong>\u0130ttifak:<\/strong> Almanya, Avusturya-Macaristan, \u0130talya<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"67\"><strong>Sava\u015f Ba\u015flad\u0131ktan Sonra:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"68\"><strong>\u0130tilaf:<\/strong> \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Rusya, <strong>ABD, \u0130talya<\/strong> (taraf de\u011fi\u015ftirdi), <strong>S\u0131rbistan, Bel\u00e7ika, Karada\u011f, Japonya, Romanya, Yunanistan<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"69\"><strong>\u0130ttifak:<\/strong> Almanya, Avusturya-Macaristan, <strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Bulgaristan<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-savasin-baslamasi-ve-gelismesi\" data-tk-source=\"70\"><strong>Sava\u015f\u0131n Ba\u015flamas\u0131 ve Geli\u015fmesi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"71\"><strong>K\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m:<\/strong> Avusturya-Macaristan veliaht\u0131 <strong>Franz Ferdinand<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n 28 Haziran 1914&#8217;te Saraybosna ziyareti s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir <strong>S\u0131rp milliyet\u00e7isi (<\/strong><strong>Gavrilo<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Princip<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan suikast sonucu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"72\"><strong>Zincirleme Reaksiyon:<\/strong> Avusturya-Macaristan S\u0131rbistan&#8217;a sava\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131. Rusya S\u0131rbistan&#8217;\u0131, Almanya Avusturya&#8217;y\u0131, \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa ise Rusya&#8217;y\u0131 destekleyince sava\u015f Avrupa&#8217;ya yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-i-dunya-savasi-ve-osmanli-devleti\" data-tk-source=\"73\"><strong>I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"74\"><strong>\u0130lk Politika:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131, sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda yaln\u0131z kalmamak i\u00e7in <strong>\u0130tilaf Devletleri<\/strong>&#8216;ne ittifak teklif etti ancak reddedildi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130tilaf Devletleri Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 aralar\u0131nda payla\u015fmay\u0131 planl\u0131yor ve Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n tarafs\u0131z kalmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyordu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"75\"><strong>Almanya ile Yak\u0131nla\u015fma:<\/strong> \u0130tilaf Devletlerinden ret cevab\u0131 alan Osmanl\u0131, iktidardaki <strong>\u0130ttihat ve Terakki<\/strong> y\u00f6neticilerinin Almanya&#8217;ya sempatisi ve sava\u015f\u0131 Almanya&#8217;n\u0131n kazanaca\u011f\u0131na dair kesin inan\u00e7lar\u0131 sebebiyle rotas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evirdi. Osmanl\u0131, Almanya&#8217;n\u0131n deste\u011fiyle son d\u00f6nemde kaybetti\u011fi topraklar\u0131 geri almay\u0131 umuyordu. (Gizli bir ittifak antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131.)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"76\"><strong>Almanya&#8217;n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131&#8217;y\u0131 Yan\u0131nda \u0130stemesinin Nedenleri:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"77\">Yeni cepheler a\u00e7arak kendi sava\u015f y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc hafifletmek.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"78\">Osmanl\u0131 Halifesinin n\u00fcfuzunu kullan\u0131p \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa&#8217;n\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinde isyan \u00e7\u0131kartmak (<strong>Cihat \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131<\/strong>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"79\">\u0130ngiltere\u2019nin s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerine giden yollar\u0131 (S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131) kesmek.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"80\">Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n jeopolitik konumundan, ham madde ve insan g\u00fcc\u00fcnden faydalanmak.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"81\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Sava\u015fa Girmesi:<\/strong> Akdeniz&#8217;de \u0130ngiliz donanmas\u0131ndan ka\u00e7an iki Alman gemisi (<strong>Goeben<\/strong><strong> ve <\/strong><strong>Breslau<\/strong>) \u00c7anakkale&#8217;ye s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 bu gemileri sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurup adlar\u0131n\u0131 <strong>Yavuz ve Midilli<\/strong> yapt\u0131. T\u00fcrk bayra\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ekilen bu gemiler Karadeniz&#8217;e a\u00e7\u0131larak Rusya&#8217;n\u0131n <strong>Sivastopol ve Odesa<\/strong> limanlar\u0131n\u0131 bombalad\u0131 (<strong>29 Ekim 1914<\/strong>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"82\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Rusya, \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya sava\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131 (<strong>1 Kas\u0131m 1914<\/strong>). Osmanl\u0131 sava\u015fa dahil oldu, sava\u015f alan\u0131 geni\u015fledi. Padi\u015fah <strong>V. Mehmet Re\u015fad<\/strong>, halife s\u0131fat\u0131yla <strong>Cihat<\/strong> ilan etti.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-cephelerde-osmanli-devleti\" data-tk-source=\"83\"><strong>CEPHELERDE OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"84\"><strong>Taarruz (Sald\u0131r\u0131) Cepheleri:<\/strong> Kafkas Cephesi, Kanal Cephesi<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"85\"><strong>Savunma Cepheleri:<\/strong> \u00c7anakkale Cephesi, Irak Cephesi, Suriye-Filistin Cephesi, Hicaz-Yemen Cephesi<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"86\"><strong>M\u00fcttefiklere Yard\u0131m Cepheleri:<\/strong> Gali\u00e7ya Cephesi, Romanya Cephesi, Makedonya Cephesi<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-1-kafkas-cephesi-taarruz\" data-tk-source=\"87\"><strong>1. Kafkas Cephesi (Taarruz)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"88\"><strong>Hedefler:<\/strong> Rus ilerleyi\u015fini durdurmak, Almanlar\u0131n <strong>Bak\u00fc petrollerini<\/strong> ele ge\u00e7irmesini sa\u011flamak ve <strong>Enver Pa\u015fa<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n Orta Asya T\u00fcrklerini birle\u015ftirme ideali (<strong>Turanc\u0131l\u0131k\/Pant\u00fcrkizm<\/strong>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"89\"><strong>Geli\u015fmeler:<\/strong> <strong>Enver Pa\u015fa<\/strong>, 22 Aral\u0131k 1914&#8217;te <strong>Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f <\/strong><strong>Harek\u00e2t\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131 ancak a\u011f\u0131r k\u0131\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131 ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar nedeniyle on binlerce askerimiz \u015fehit oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"90\"><strong>Rus \u0130\u015fgali:<\/strong> Ruslar kar\u015f\u0131 taarruzla, Ermeni \u00e7etelerinin de deste\u011fini alarak <strong>Erzurum, Bayburt, Van, Mu\u015f, Bitlis, Erzincan ve Trabzon<\/strong>\u2019u i\u015fgal etti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"91\"><strong>Mustafa Kemal&#8217;in Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131:<\/strong> 1916\u2019da cepheye atanan <strong>Mustafa Kemal<\/strong>, Ruslar\u0131 durdurarak <strong>Mu\u015f ve Bitlis<\/strong>\u2019i d\u00fc\u015fman i\u015fgalinden kurtard\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"92\"><strong>Tehcir Kanunu (1915):<\/strong> B\u00f6lgedeki Ruslara yard\u0131m eden ve sivil halka sald\u0131ran Ermeniler, devlet g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in Sevk ve \u0130sk\u00e2n Kanunu ile Suriye b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"93\"><strong>Cephenin Kapanmas\u0131:<\/strong> Rusya&#8217;da <strong>Ekim 1917&#8217;de Bol\u015fevik \u0130htilali<\/strong> \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p \u00c7arl\u0131k rejimi y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131nca, kurulan Sovyet Rusya sava\u015ftan \u00e7ekildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"94\"><strong>Brest<\/strong><strong> Litowsk Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (3 Mart 1918):<\/strong> Sovyet Rusya i\u015fgal etti\u011fi topraklardan \u00e7ekildi. Ayr\u0131ca 1878&#8217;de ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>Elviye<\/strong><strong>-i <\/strong><strong>Selase&#8217;yi<\/strong><strong> (Kars, Ardahan ve Batum)<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;ne geri verdi.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-2-kanal-cephesi-taarruz\" data-tk-source=\"95\"><strong>2. Kanal Cephesi (Taarruz)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"96\"><strong>Hedefler:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n \u0130ngiltere&#8217;den <strong>M\u0131s\u0131r<\/strong>\u2019\u0131 geri almak istemesi. Almanlar\u0131n ise <strong>S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irerek \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Uzak Do\u011fu s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeleriyle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kesmek istemesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"97\"><strong>Geli\u015fmeler:<\/strong> <strong>Cemal Pa\u015fa<\/strong> komutas\u0131ndaki ordu 1915 ve 1916&#8217;da iki harek\u00e2t d\u00fczenledi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"98\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Ordunun \u00e7\u00f6l \u015fartlar\u0131nda malzeme s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ekmesi ve \u0130ngilizlerin k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 Arap kabilelerinin ihaneti nedeniyle taarruz ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu. \u0130ngilizler Sina Yar\u0131madas\u0131&#8217;n\u0131 alarak Suriye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na dayand\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-3-canakkale-cephesi-savunma\" data-tk-source=\"99\"><strong>3. \u00c7anakkale Cephesi (Savunma)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"100\"><strong>\u0130tilaf Devletleri&#8217;nin Hedefleri:<\/strong> Zor durumdaki m\u00fcttefikleri Rusya&#8217;ya yard\u0131m g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek, <strong>\u0130stanbul<\/strong>&#8216;u i\u015fgal ederek Osmanl\u0131&#8217;y\u0131 sava\u015f d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmak ve tarafs\u0131z Balkan devletlerini kendi yanlar\u0131na \u00e7ekmek.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"101\"><strong>Deniz Sava\u015flar\u0131:<\/strong> 19 \u015eubat 1915&#8217;te ba\u015flayan sald\u0131r\u0131lar, <strong>Nusret May\u0131n Gemisi<\/strong>&#8216;nin d\u00f6\u015fedi\u011fi may\u0131nlar ve top\u00e7ular\u0131n (\u00d6rn: <strong>Seyit Onba\u015f\u0131<\/strong>) isabetli at\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcld\u00fc. <strong>Ocean, Queen Elizabeth ve Bouvet<\/strong> gemileri bat\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. <strong>18 Mart 1915<\/strong>&#8216;te \u0130tilaf donanmas\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r bir yenilgiyle geri \u00e7ekildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"102\"><strong>Kara Sava\u015flar\u0131:<\/strong> Denizden ge\u00e7emeyen \u0130tilaf donanmas\u0131 <strong>Gelibolu Yar\u0131madas\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;na \u00e7\u0131karma yapt\u0131. <strong>Mustafa Kemal<\/strong> ve T\u00fcrk ordusunun <strong>Anafartalar, Conkbay\u0131r\u0131 ve Ar\u0131burnu<\/strong>&#8216;ndaki destans\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi sonucu kara sava\u015flar\u0131nda da d\u00fc\u015fman durduruldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"103\"><strong>Mustafa Kemal&#8217;in Tarihi Emri:<\/strong> Conkbay\u0131r\u0131&#8217;nda askerlere, <em>&#8220;Ben size taarruzu emretmiyorum, \u00f6lmeyi emrediyorum!&#8221;<\/em> emrini vermi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"104\"><strong>Cephenin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"105\"><strong>I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcresince Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin zafer kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek cephedir.<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"106\">Sava\u015f\u0131n s\u00fcresi en az iki y\u0131l uzad\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"107\">Yard\u0131m alamayan Rusya&#8217;da <strong>Bol\u015fevik \u0130htilali<\/strong> h\u0131zland\u0131 ve Rusya sava\u015ftan \u00e7ekildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"108\">Bu zafer \u00fczerine <strong>Bulgaristan<\/strong>, \u0130ttifak Devletleri yan\u0131nda sava\u015fa girdi (Osmanl\u0131 ile Almanya aras\u0131nda kara ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"109\"><strong>Mustafa Kemal<\/strong>\u2019in r\u00fctbesi albayl\u0131\u011fa y\u00fckseldi, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada tan\u0131nd\u0131 ve kendisine <strong>&#8220;Anafartalar Kahraman\u0131&#8221;<\/strong> unvan\u0131 verildi. (Bu durum Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n do\u011fal lideri olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.)<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-4-hicaz-yemen-cephesi-savunma\" data-tk-source=\"110\"><strong>4. Hicaz-Yemen Cephesi (Savunma)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"111\"><strong>Sava\u015f\u0131n Nedeni:<\/strong> Kutsal topraklar\u0131 (Mekke ve Medine) \u0130ngiliz i\u015fgalinden korumak.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"112\"><strong>Geli\u015fmeler:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetleri hem \u0130ngilizlere hem de onlarla i\u015f birli\u011fi yapan Mekke Emiri <strong>\u015eerif H\u00fcseyin<\/strong>&#8216;e kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015ft\u0131. \u0130ngiliz casus <strong>T. E. Lawrence<\/strong>, Araplar\u0131 T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"113\"><strong>Fahrettin Pa\u015fa&#8217;n\u0131n Destans\u0131 Savunmas\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>Medine<\/strong>&#8216;yi her t\u00fcrl\u00fc imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa (a\u00e7l\u0131k, hastal\u0131k) ra\u011fmen sava\u015f bittikten sonra bile Ocak 1919&#8217;a kadar savunan <strong>Fahrettin Pa\u015fa<\/strong>&#8216;ya <strong>&#8220;Medine <\/strong><strong>M\u00fcdafii<\/strong><strong>&#8220;<\/strong> ve <strong>&#8220;\u00c7\u00f6l Kaplan\u0131&#8221;<\/strong> unvanlar\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"114\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Padi\u015fah\u0131n Cihat \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 Araplar \u00fczerinde etki etmemesi, <strong>\u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k (\u00dcmmet\u00e7ilik)<\/strong> politikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, Arap milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin g\u00fc\u00e7lendi\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Sava\u015f sonunda Osmanl\u0131 b\u00f6lgeden \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-5-irak-cephesi-savunma\" data-tk-source=\"115\"><strong>5. Irak Cephesi (Savunma)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"116\"><strong>\u0130ngiltere&#8217;nin Hedefleri:<\/strong> Zengin <strong>Orta Do\u011fu petrollerini (Abadan-Musul)<\/strong> kontrol etmek ve Kafkasya&#8217;daki Rus kuvvetleriyle karadan birle\u015fmek.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"117\"><strong>Kut&#8217;\u00fcl<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Am\u00e2re<\/strong><strong> Zaferi:<\/strong> \u0130ngilizler Ba\u011fdat&#8217;a do\u011fru ilerlerken, 22 Kas\u0131m 1915&#8217;te Selman-\u0131 Pak&#8217;ta durduruldu. <strong>Halil Pa\u015fa<\/strong> komutas\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrk ordusu, \u0130ngiliz birliklerini <strong>Kut&#8217;\u00fcl<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Am\u00e2re<\/strong>&#8216;de ku\u015fatt\u0131 ve \u0130ngiliz komutan\u0131 <strong>General <\/strong><strong>Townshend<\/strong> dahil binlerce \u0130ngiliz askerini esir ald\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"118\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131ya ra\u011fmen, sava\u015f\u0131n ilerleyen y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrk birliklerinin \u0130ran&#8217;a kayd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve \u0130ngilizlerin taze kuvvetler getirmesiyle b\u00f6lge kaybedildi. \u0130ngilizler ate\u015fkes imzaland\u0131ktan sonra Musul&#8217;u da i\u015fgal etti.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-6-suriye-filistin-cephesi-savunma\" data-tk-source=\"119\"><strong>6. Suriye-Filistin Cephesi (Savunma)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"120\"><strong>Geli\u015fmeler:<\/strong> Kanal Harek\u00e2t\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan sonra kar\u015f\u0131 taarruza ge\u00e7en \u0130ngilizler Kud\u00fcs, Filistin ve Suriye&#8217;yi i\u015fgal etti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"121\"><strong>Mustafa Kemal&#8217;in Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131:<\/strong> Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Ordular\u0131 b\u00fcnyesindeki <strong>VII. Ordu Komutan\u0131<\/strong> olan <strong>Mustafa Kemal<\/strong>, geri \u00e7ekilme harek\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yla y\u00f6neterek Halep&#8217;in kuzeyinde sa\u011flam bir savunma hatt\u0131 kurdu ve \u0130ngilizleri durdurdu. (Bu hat g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Suriye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n temelidir.)<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-7-yardim-cepheleri-galicya-romanya-makedonya\" data-tk-source=\"122\"><strong>7. Yard\u0131m Cepheleri (Gali\u00e7ya, Romanya, Makedonya)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"123\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#8217;nin kendi topraklar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, m\u00fcttefikleri <strong>Almanya, Avusturya-Macaristan ve Bulgaristan<\/strong>\u2019a yard\u0131m etmek amac\u0131yla Rusya ve Romanya&#8217;ya kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 cephelerdir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-osmanli-imparatorlugu-nu-paylasmayi-ongoren-gizli-antlasmalar\" data-tk-source=\"124\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu Payla\u015fmay\u0131 \u00d6ng\u00f6ren Gizli Antla\u015fmalar<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"125\"><strong>Bo\u011fazlar Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1915):<\/strong> \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya aras\u0131nda. Bo\u011fazlar b\u00f6lgesi ve Trakya&#8217;n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 <strong>Rusya<\/strong>&#8216;ya b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"126\"><strong>Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1915):<\/strong> \u0130talya&#8217;y\u0131 \u0130tilaf blo\u011funa \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131ld\u0131. <strong>Antalya, Rodos ve 12 Ada<\/strong> \u0130talya&#8217;ya vaat edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"127\"><strong>Sykes-Picot (<\/strong><strong>Sayks<\/strong><strong> Piko) Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1916):<\/strong> \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve (onaylayan) Rusya aras\u0131nda. Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Orta Do\u011fu topraklar\u0131 \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. (Modern Orta Do\u011fu haritas\u0131n\u0131n temelidir.)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"128\"><strong>Petrograd<\/strong><strong> Protokol\u00fc (1916):<\/strong> Sykes-Picot&#8217;a onay vermesi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda <strong>Do\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi<\/strong> (Erzurum, Trabzon, Van, Bitlis) <strong>Rusya<\/strong>&#8216;ya verildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"129\"><strong>St. Jean De <\/strong><strong>Maurienne<\/strong><strong> Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1917):<\/strong> \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve \u0130talya aras\u0131nda. Rusya&#8217;n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u00f6ncesi \u0130talya&#8217;ya <strong>Antalya, Konya \u00e7evresi ve \u0130zmir<\/strong> b\u00f6lgesi vaat edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"130\"><strong>Mac <\/strong><strong>Mahon<\/strong><strong> Plan\u0131:<\/strong> \u0130ngiltere&#8217;nin M\u0131s\u0131r Valisi Mac Mahon ile Hicaz Emiri \u015eerif H\u00fcseyin aras\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131. Araplar\u0131n isyan\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir <strong>Arap Devleti<\/strong> kurulmas\u0131 s\u00f6z\u00fc verildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"131\"><em>(Not: Rusya&#8217;da Bol\u015fevik \u0130htilali \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca Sovyet Rusya bu gizli antla\u015fmalar\u0131 &#8220;Sar\u0131 Kitap&#8221; ile t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya if\u015fa etmi\u015ftir.)<\/em><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"132\"><strong>Wilson \u0130lkeleri (8 Ocak 1918)<\/strong> ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Woodrow Wilson&#8217;\u0131n sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda kal\u0131c\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 14 maddelik bildiridir.<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"133\"><strong>Gizli diplomasi yasak:<\/strong> Antla\u015fmalar a\u00e7\u0131k olacak, gizli antla\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmayacak.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"134\"><strong>Ekonomik serbestlik:<\/strong> Denizler herkesin kullan\u0131m\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k olacak, ekonomik engeller kald\u0131r\u0131lacak.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"135\"><strong>Silahs\u0131zlanma:<\/strong> \u00dclkelerin silahlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7 g\u00fcvenlik seviyesine indirilecek.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"136\"><strong>Tazminat ve Toprak yok:<\/strong> Yenilen devletlerden toprak ve sava\u015f tazminat\u0131 al\u0131nmayacak. (Bu madde \u0130ttifak devletlerinin bar\u0131\u015f istemesini h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"137\"><strong>Milletler Cemiyeti:<\/strong> Uluslararas\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in bir \u00f6rg\u00fct kurulacak.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"138\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131&#8217;y\u0131 ilgilendiren 12. Madde:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde <strong>T\u00fcrklerin \u00e7o\u011funlukta oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde kesin T\u00fcrk egemenli\u011fi<\/strong> sa\u011flanacak. Az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlukta oldu\u011fu yerlerde ise onlara \u00f6zerklik verilecek. Bo\u011fazlar uluslararas\u0131 ticarete a\u00e7\u0131k olacak.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"139\"><em>YKS Notu:<\/em> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti bu ilkelere (\u00f6zellikle 12. maddeye ve tazminat al\u0131nmayaca\u011f\u0131 kural\u0131na) g\u00fcvenerek Mondros Ate\u015fkesi&#8217;ni imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak \u0130tilaf Devletleri Mondros&#8217;un 7. maddesini bahane ederek bu ilkeyi hi\u00e7e saym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-i-dunya-savasi-nin-sonuclari\" data-tk-source=\"140\"><strong>I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"141\">\u0130tilaf Devletleri kazanm\u0131\u015f, \u0130ttifak Devletleri kaybetmi\u015ftir. Sava\u015f\u0131 bitiren bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131 \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131r (Bu durum <strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck nedenidir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"142\">Sava\u015ftan en k\u00e2rl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan, en b\u00fcy\u00fck rakibi Almanya&#8217;y\u0131 ezen <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong> olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"143\">B\u00fcy\u00fck imparatorluklar (<strong>Almanya, Avusturya-Macaristan, \u00c7arl\u0131k <\/strong><strong>Rusyas\u0131<\/strong><strong> ve Osmanl\u0131<\/strong>) par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"144\">Yeni ulus devletler kurulmu\u015ftur: <strong>T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti, Polonya, \u00c7ekoslovakya, Yugoslavya, Macaristan<\/strong> vb.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"145\">S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin yerini k\u0131l\u0131f de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f hali olan <strong>&#8220;Manda ve Himaye&#8221;<\/strong> anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"146\">Yeni siyasi rejimler do\u011fmu\u015ftur: Rusya\u2019da <strong>Kom\u00fcnizm<\/strong>, Almanya\u2019da <strong>Nazizm<\/strong>, \u0130talya\u2019da <strong>Fa\u015fizm<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"147\">Sava\u015fta ilk kez <strong>kimyasal silahlar, denizalt\u0131 ve tank<\/strong> kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Milyonlarca sivil hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"148\">Sivil \u00f6l\u00fcmlerini azaltmak i\u00e7in <strong>&#8220;Sivil Savunma&#8221;<\/strong> te\u015fkilatlar\u0131 kurulmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"149\">Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131&#8217;nda d\u00fcnya bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in <strong>Cemiyet-i Akvam (Milletler Cemiyeti)<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur (1919).<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-i-dunya-savasi-sonunda-imzalanan-baris-antlasmalari\" data-tk-source=\"150\"><strong>I. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI SONUNDA \u0130MZALANAN BARI\u015e ANTLA\u015eMALARI<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"151\"><strong>Almanya<\/strong> ile <strong>Versailles (Versay)<\/strong> Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (28 Haziran 1919)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"152\"><strong>Avusturya<\/strong> ile <strong>Saint-Germain (Sen <\/strong><strong>Jermen<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (10 Eyl\u00fcl 1919)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"153\"><strong>Bulgaristan<\/strong> ile <strong>Neuilly<\/strong><strong> (<\/strong><strong>N\u00f6yyi<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (27 Kas\u0131m 1919)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"154\"><strong>Macaristan<\/strong> ile <strong>Trianon<\/strong><strong> (<\/strong><strong>Triyanon<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (4 Haziran 1920)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"155\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/strong> ile <strong>S\u00e8vres<\/strong><strong> (Sevr)<\/strong> Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (10 A\u011fustos 1920)<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-mustafa-kemal-in-hayati\" data-tk-source=\"156\"><strong>MUSTAFA KEMAL\u2019\u0130N HAYATI<\/strong><\/h2><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-egitim-gordugu-okullar\" data-tk-source=\"157\"><strong>E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M G\u00d6RD\u00dc\u011e\u00dc OKULLAR<\/strong><\/h2><ol class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"158\"><strong>(1887<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> &#8211; <strong>Mahalle Mektebi<\/strong> 2. <strong>(1887<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> &#8211; <strong>\u015eemsi Efendi \u0130lkokulu<\/strong> 3. <strong>(1893<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> &#8211; <strong>Selanik M\u00fclkiye R\u00fc\u015ftiyesi<\/strong> 4. <strong>(1893<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> &#8211; <strong>Selanik Asker\u00ee R\u00fc\u015ftiyesi<\/strong> 5. <strong>(1896<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> &#8211; <strong>Manast\u0131r Asker\u00ee \u0130dadisi<\/strong> 6. <strong>(1899<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> &#8211; <strong>\u0130stanbul Harp Okulu<\/strong> 7. <strong>(1902<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> &#8211; <strong>\u0130stanbul Harp Akademisi<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><h3 id=\"tk-mahalle-mektebi-ve-semsi-efendi-okulu\" data-tk-source=\"159\"><strong>Mahalle Mektebi ve \u015eemsi Efendi Okulu<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"160\">Mustafa Kemal, e\u011fitim hayat\u0131na annesi <strong>Z\u00fcbeyde Han\u0131m<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n iste\u011fiyle geleneksel e\u011fitim veren <strong>Mahalle Mektebi<\/strong>&#8216;nde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"161\">K\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra babas\u0131 <strong>Ali R\u0131za Efendi<\/strong>&#8216;nin y\u00f6nlendirmesiyle modern e\u011fitim veren <strong>\u015eemsi Efendi \u0130lkokulu<\/strong>&#8216;na ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"162\"><strong>\u015eemsi Efendi \u0130lkokulu<\/strong>&#8216;nda, yeni \u00f6\u011fretim y\u00f6ntemleri ve okumay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131racak modern ders ara\u00e7 gere\u00e7leri kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"163\"><strong>Ali R\u0131za Efendi<\/strong>\u2019nin vefat etmesi \u00fczerine ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar ba\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015f, Mustafa Kemal okulunu b\u0131rakmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"164\">Annesi ve karde\u015fiyle birlikte, day\u0131s\u0131 <strong>H\u00fcseyin A\u011fa<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n <strong>Langaza<\/strong>\u2019daki \u00e7iftli\u011fine ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"165\"><strong>Z\u00fcbeyde Han\u0131m<\/strong>, o\u011flunun e\u011fitimden uzak kalmas\u0131n\u0131 istememi\u015f; halas\u0131 <strong>Emine Han\u0131m<\/strong>\u2019\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine Mustafa Kemal <strong>Sel\u00e2nik<\/strong>\u2019e d\u00f6nerek e\u011fitimine kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerden devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-selanik-mulkiye-rustiyesi-ve-selanik-askeri-rustiyesi\" data-tk-source=\"166\"><strong>Sel\u00e2nik M\u00fclkiye R\u00fc\u015ftiyesi ve Sel\u00e2nik Asker\u00ee R\u00fc\u015ftiyesi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"167\">Ortaokul e\u011fitimine sivil bir okul olan <strong>Sel\u00e2nik M\u00fclkiye <\/strong><strong>R\u00fc\u015ftiyesi<\/strong>&#8216;nde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"168\">Okulun <strong>Kaymak Haf\u0131z<\/strong> lakapl\u0131 Matematik \u00d6\u011fretmeni <strong>H\u00fcseyin Efendi<\/strong>\u2019nin kendisine sert davranmas\u0131 ve askerlik mesle\u011fine duydu\u011fu derin ilgi sebebiyle bu okulu b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu olay hayat\u0131nda bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"169\">Annesi <strong>Z\u00fcbeyde Han\u0131m<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen gizlice s\u0131navlar\u0131na girerek <strong>Sel\u00e2nik Asker\u00ee <\/strong><strong>R\u00fc\u015ftiyesi<\/strong>&#8216;ne kay\u0131t olmu\u015f ve askerlik hayat\u0131na ilk ad\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"170\">Bu okulda, ki\u015fili\u011finin geli\u015fmesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynayan Matematik \u00d6\u011fretmeni <strong>Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Mustafa Bey<\/strong>, olgunlu\u011fu ve zekas\u0131 nedeniyle ona <strong>&#8220;Kemal&#8221;<\/strong> ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-manastir-askeri-idadisi\" data-tk-source=\"171\"><strong>Manast\u0131r Asker\u00ee \u0130dadisi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"172\"><strong>1896<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda <strong>Manast\u0131r Asker\u00ee \u0130dadisi<\/strong> (Lise) s\u0131navlar\u0131n\u0131 kazanarak yat\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenci olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"173\">\u00dcsk\u00fcp, Yanya ve Manast\u0131r gibi farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerden gelen \u00f6\u011frencilerle tan\u0131\u015farak ufkunu geni\u015fletmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"174\">S\u0131n\u0131f arkada\u015f\u0131 <strong>\u00d6mer Naci<\/strong> sayesinde edebiyata ve \u015fiire ilgi duymu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"175\"><strong>Nam\u0131k Kemal<\/strong> (vatan sevgisi) ve <strong>Tevfik Fikret<\/strong> (ink\u0131lap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k) gibi \u015fairlerin eserlerini okuyarak <strong>vatan ve millet sevgisi<\/strong> peki\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"176\">Matematikte \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen yabanc\u0131 dili zay\u0131f kalm\u0131\u015f; tatillerde <strong>Sel\u00e2nik<\/strong>\u2019teki <strong>Frerler Okulu<\/strong>&#8216;na giderek Frans\u0131zcas\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"177\">Frans\u0131zcas\u0131 sayesinde <strong>Jean Jacques Rousseau<\/strong>, <strong>Voltaire<\/strong>, <strong>Montesquieu<\/strong>, <strong>Auguste Comte<\/strong> gibi <strong>Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali<\/strong> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerini orijinal dilinden okumu\u015ftur. Bu sayede <strong>ink\u0131lap, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, adalet ve e\u015fitlik<\/strong> kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcmsemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"178\">Tarihe olan yo\u011fun ilgisi ve T\u00fcrk tarihi bilinci, tarih \u00f6\u011fretmeni <strong>Kola\u011fas\u0131 Mehmet Tevfik Bey<\/strong> sayesinde olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Atat\u00fcrk ileride bu hocas\u0131 i\u00e7in <em>&#8220;Minnet borcum var, bana yeni bir ufuk a\u00e7t\u0131&#8221;<\/em> demi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-harp-okulu-ve-harp-akademisi\" data-tk-source=\"179\"><strong>Harp Okulu ve Harp Akademisi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"180\"><strong>13 Mart 1899<\/strong>\u2019da \u0130stanbul\u2019da <strong>Harp Okulu<\/strong>&#8216;na ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"181\">Hocalar\u0131: <strong>Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Naci Bey<\/strong>, <strong>Frans\u0131zca \u00d6\u011fretmeni Necip As\u0131m Bey<\/strong>, <strong>Talim \u00d6\u011fretmeni Rahmi Pa\u015fa<\/strong>, <strong>Binba\u015f\u0131 Faz\u0131l Bey<\/strong> ve <strong>Te\u011fmen Osman Efendi<\/strong>&#8216;dir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"182\"><strong>Ali Fuat (Cebesoy)<\/strong>, <strong>Kaz\u0131m (Karabekir)<\/strong>, <strong>Refet (Bele)<\/strong>, <strong>Cafer Tayyar (E\u011filmez)<\/strong>, <strong>Nuri (Conker)<\/strong>, <strong>Mehmet Arif (Ay\u0131c\u0131)<\/strong>, <strong>Ali Fethi (Okyar)<\/strong> gibi <strong>Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele<\/strong>&#8216;nin kilit isimleriyle bu d\u00f6nemde tan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve arkada\u015f olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"183\">Harp Okulu y\u0131llar\u0131, vatan\/millet fikirlerinin olgunla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Bat\u0131\u2019ya d\u00f6n\u00fck <strong>\u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fma<\/strong> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin temellendi\u011fi d\u00f6nemdir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"184\"><strong>1902<\/strong>&#8216;de Harp Okulu&#8217;ndan <strong>Te\u011fmen<\/strong> r\u00fctbesiyle mezun olup <strong>Harp Akademisi<\/strong>&#8216;ne ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"185\">Akademi Hocalar\u0131: <strong>Top\u00e7u <\/strong><strong>Feriki<\/strong><strong> Ahmet Muhtar Pa\u015fa<\/strong>, <strong>Kurmay Binba\u015f\u0131 Refik Bey<\/strong>, <strong>Kurmay Yarbay Macit Bey<\/strong>, <strong>Pertev Pa\u015fa<\/strong>, <strong>Kurmay Albay Hasan R\u0131za Bey<\/strong>, <strong>Kurmay Albay Zeki Bey<\/strong> ve <strong>Kurmay Yarbay Trabzonlu Nuri Bey<\/strong>&#8216;dir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"186\">D\u00fcnyadaki geli\u015fmeleri ve \u00fclke sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131ndan takip etmi\u015f, arkada\u015flar\u0131yla birlikte gizli bir <strong>gazete<\/strong> \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"187\">Akademi m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc <strong>Ali R\u0131za Pa\u015fa<\/strong>, bu siyasi faaliyetleri nedeniyle onlar\u0131 okuldan atmak yerine sert\u00e7e uyarm\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6ylece meslek hayat\u0131 zarar g\u00f6rmeden kurtulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"188\"><strong>11 Ocak 1905<\/strong>\u2019te akademiyi s\u0131n\u0131f be\u015fincisi olarak bitirmi\u015f ve <strong>Kurmay Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131<\/strong> r\u00fctbesiyle orduya kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-fikir-hayatini-etkileyen-yazarlar-ve-dusunurler\" data-tk-source=\"189\"><strong>F\u0130K\u0130R HAYATINI ETK\u0130LEYEN YAZARLAR VE D\u00dc\u015e\u00dcN\u00dcRLER<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"190\"><strong>Ziya G\u00f6kalp<\/strong>: Milliyet\u00e7ilik (T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"191\"><strong>Nam\u0131k Kemal<\/strong>: Vatanseverlik (Vatan \u015eairi)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"192\"><strong>Mehmet Emin Yurdakul<\/strong>: Milliyet\u00e7ilik (Mill\u00ee \u015eair)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"193\"><strong>Tevfik Fikret<\/strong>: \u0130nk\u0131lap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k (Bat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"194\"><strong>J.J. Rousseau<\/strong>: Yurtta\u015fl\u0131k Bilinci<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"195\"><strong>Montesquieu<\/strong>: Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilik<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"196\"><strong>Voltaire<\/strong>: Bilimsellik, Ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131k<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"197\">Manast\u0131r \u0130dadisindeyken <strong>&#8220;Vatan ve H\u00fcrriyet&#8221;<\/strong> \u015fairi olarak bilinen <strong>Nam\u0131k Kemal<\/strong>\u2019in \u015fiirlerini gizlice okumu\u015f ve ezberlemi\u015ftir. Onun i\u00e7in <em>&#8220;T\u00fcrk ulusunun y\u00fczy\u0131llardan beri bekledi\u011fi ses&#8221;<\/em> demi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"198\"><strong>Tevfik Fikret<\/strong> i\u00e7in <em>&#8220;Ben ink\u0131lap ruhunu ondan ald\u0131m&#8221;<\/em> diyerek onun <strong>\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck<\/strong> ve <strong>laiklik<\/strong> anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan etkilendi\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"199\">Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali&#8217;nin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri sayesinde <strong>demokrasi<\/strong> ve <strong>hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/strong> gibi kavramlar\u0131 benimsemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"200\">Hayat\u0131 boyunca cephelerde bile kitap okumu\u015f; tarih, edebiyat, dil bilim, din, ekonomi, co\u011frafya, hukuk, siyaset bilimi gibi geni\u015f bir alanda muazzam bir okuma k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-mustafa-kemal-in-eserleri\" data-tk-source=\"201\"><strong>Mustafa Kemal\u2019in Eserleri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"202\"><strong>Nutuk<\/strong>: En \u00f6nemli eseridir. <strong>1919-1927<\/strong> y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele ve Cumhuriyetin kurulu\u015f evrelerini anlat\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"203\"><strong>Geometri<\/strong>: Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde T\u00fcrk\u00e7e terimlerle geometri e\u011fitimini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u00dc\u00e7gen, a\u00e7\u0131 gibi terimleri T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"204\"><strong>Tak\u0131m\u0131n Muharebe Talimi<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"205\"><strong>Cumal\u0131 Ordug\u00e2h\u0131<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"206\"><strong>Taktik Tatbikat Gezisi<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"207\"><strong>B\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Muharebe E\u011fitimi<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"208\"><strong>Subay ve Komutan ile Konu\u015fmalar<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"209\"><strong>Vatanda\u015f \u0130\u00e7in Medeni Bilgiler<\/strong>: Afet \u0130nan ile birlikte haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131, yurtta\u015fl\u0131k bilincini a\u015f\u0131layan \u00f6nemli eseridir.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-mustafa-kemal-in-hayatinda-iz-birakan-sehirler\" data-tk-source=\"210\"><strong>MUSTAFA KEMAL\u2019\u0130N HAYATINDA \u0130Z BIRAKAN \u015eEH\u0130RLER<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-selanik\" data-tk-source=\"211\"><strong>Sel\u00e2nik<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"212\">Do\u011fup b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u015fehirdir. Makedonya\u2019n\u0131n sosyal, siyasi, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan en geli\u015fmi\u015f merkezidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"213\"><strong>Liman kenti<\/strong> olmas\u0131 ve <strong>demir yolu<\/strong> a\u011f\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131, onu Avrupa&#8217;ya ba\u011flayan \u00f6nemli bir ticaret merkezi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"214\">T\u00fcrk, Yunan, Ermeni, Bulgar, Yahudi gibi milletlerin bir arada ya\u015famas\u0131 ona <strong>\u00e7ok uluslu<\/strong> bir yap\u0131 kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"215\">Bu etnik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7e\u015fitlilik, Mustafa Kemal\u2019in <strong>farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri tan\u0131mas\u0131na<\/strong>, <strong>yeniliklere a\u00e7\u0131k<\/strong> ve <strong>ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc<\/strong> bir yap\u0131ya sahip olmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. Bat\u0131&#8217;daki fikir ak\u0131mlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131&#8217;ya ilk buradan girmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-manastir\" data-tk-source=\"216\"><strong>Manast\u0131r<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"217\">Makedonya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir y\u00f6netim, ordu ve ticaret merkezidir. Demir yolu ile Sel\u00e2nik\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"218\">Balkanlardaki ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 <strong>milliyet\u00e7ilik isyanlar\u0131n\u0131n<\/strong> en yo\u011fun ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerdir. Bu durum onda vatan\u0131 kurtarma hissini k\u00f6r\u00fcklemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"219\"><strong>1897 T\u00fcrk-Yunan Sava\u015f\u0131 (<\/strong><strong>D\u00f6meke<\/strong><strong> Meydan Muharebesi)<\/strong> bu d\u00f6nemde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Lise \u00f6\u011frencisi olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu sava\u015fa kat\u0131lmak i\u00e7in okuldan ka\u00e7mak istemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"220\">Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun sahada kazan\u0131p diplomatik masada kaybetmesi, onun zihninde <strong>d\u0131\u015f politika<\/strong> ve <strong>diplomasinin<\/strong> \u00f6nemini peki\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-istanbul\" data-tk-source=\"221\"><strong>\u0130stanbul<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"222\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin ba\u015fkentidir. E\u011fitim i\u00e7in geldi\u011fi bu \u015fehirde devletin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc yak\u0131ndan g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"223\">\u00dclkenin siyasi ve ekonomik sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 merkezden g\u00f6zlemleme f\u0131rsat\u0131 bulmu\u015f, arkada\u015flar\u0131yla \u00fclke kurtulu\u015fu i\u00e7in gizli toplant\u0131lar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-sam\" data-tk-source=\"224\"><strong>\u015eam<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"225\">\u0130lk g\u00f6rev yeridir. <strong>1905<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda atand\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>V. Ordu<\/strong>&#8216;nun merkezidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"226\">Makedonya&#8217;ya k\u0131yasla sosyal ve ekonomik olarak geri kalm\u0131\u015f bir b\u00f6lgedir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"227\">Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netiminden kopmak isteyen Arap kabilelerinin isyanlar\u0131na \u015fahit olmu\u015f, devletin da\u011f\u0131lma s\u00fcrecini bizzat tecr\u00fcbe etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"228\">Burada siyasi faaliyetlerine devam ederek <strong>Vatan ve H\u00fcrriyet Cemiyetini<\/strong> kurmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-sofya\" data-tk-source=\"229\"><strong>Sofya<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"230\">Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 sonras\u0131 <strong>1913<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>Ata\u015femiliter<\/strong><strong> (Askeri El\u00e7i)<\/strong> olarak atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"231\">B\u00f6lgedeki T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve siyasi haklar\u0131yla yak\u0131ndan ilgilenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"232\">Bulgar ordusunu incelemi\u015f ve <strong>Bulgar Parlamentosu&#8217;nun (Meclis)<\/strong> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 takip ederek parlamenter sistem (demokrasi) hakk\u0131nda tecr\u00fcbe edinmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"233\">Yabanc\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131yla diplomasi tecr\u00fcbesi kazanm\u0131\u015f, d\u00fczenlenen bir baloya <strong>Yeni\u00e7eri k\u0131yafetiyle<\/strong> kat\u0131larak milli k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc sergilemi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-mustafa-kemal-in-askerlik-hayati\" data-tk-source=\"234\"><strong>MUSTAFA KEMAL\u2019\u0130N ASKERL\u0130K HAYATI<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"235\"><strong>5 \u015eubat 1905<\/strong>: Harp Akademisi&#8217;nden <strong>Kurmay Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131<\/strong> r\u00fctbesiyle mezun olup staj i\u00e7in \u015eam\u2019daki <strong>V. Orduya ba\u011fl\u0131 30. S\u00fcvari Alay\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;na atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yak\u0131n arkada\u015flar\u0131yla <strong>Vatan ve H\u00fcrriyet Cemiyeti<\/strong>&#8216;ni kurmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"236\"><strong>1907<\/strong>: Makedonya&#8217;daki <strong>III. Ordu<\/strong> karargah\u0131na atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti ile tan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"237\"><strong>1909<\/strong>: \u0130stanbul&#8217;da me\u015frutiyet kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>31 Mart <\/strong><strong>Ayaklanmas\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131 bast\u0131rmakla g\u00f6revli <strong>Hareket Ordusu<\/strong>&#8216;nun <strong>Kurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131<\/strong> olarak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015f ve isyan\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yla bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Tarih sahnesine ilk \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"238\"><strong>1911<\/strong>: \u0130talyanlar\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik amac\u0131yla <strong>Trablusgarp<\/strong>\u2019a sald\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak ve gizlice <strong>&#8220;Gazeteci \u015eerif Bey&#8221;<\/strong> takma ad\u0131yla M\u0131s\u0131r \u00fczerinden Libya\u2019ya ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. <strong>Derne<\/strong> ve <strong>Tobruk<\/strong>&#8216;ta yerli halk\u0131 \u0130talyanlara kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yla \u00f6rg\u00fctlemi\u015ftir (\u0130lk askeri ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 ilk m\u00fccadelesidir). Bu ba\u015far\u0131 sonras\u0131 <strong>Binba\u015f\u0131<\/strong> r\u00fctbesine terfi etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"239\"><strong>1913<\/strong>: <strong>Sofya <\/strong><strong>Ata\u015femiliterli\u011fi<\/strong>&#8216;ne atanm\u0131\u015f, diplomatik tecr\u00fcbe kazan\u0131rken r\u00fctbesi <strong>Yarbayl\u0131\u011fa<\/strong> y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"240\"><strong>1915<\/strong>: I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda <strong>\u00c7anakkale Cephesi<\/strong>&#8216;nde <strong>19. T\u00fcmen Komutan\u0131<\/strong> olarak g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <strong>Ar\u0131burnu<\/strong>, <strong>Anafartalar<\/strong> ve <strong>Conkbay\u0131r\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;nda b\u00fcy\u00fck zaferler kazanm\u0131\u015f; askerlerine <em>&#8220;Ben size taarruzu de\u011fil \u00f6lmeyi emrediyorum&#8221;<\/em> diyerek sava\u015f\u0131n kaderini de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Asker\u00ee dehas\u0131 t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve <strong>1 Haziran 1915<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>Albay<\/strong> r\u00fctbesine terfi etmi\u015ftir. Bu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, ileride Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele&#8217;nin lideri olarak kabul g\u00f6rmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"241\"><strong>1916<\/strong>: <strong>Kafkas Cephesi<\/strong>&#8216;nde 16. Kolordu Komutan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015f, Rus ilerleyi\u015fini durdurarak <strong>Mu\u015f ve Bitlis<\/strong>\u2019i geri alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu cephede g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00fcst\u00fcn ba\u015far\u0131yla r\u00fctbesi <strong>T\u00fcmgeneralli\u011fe (Pa\u015fa)<\/strong> y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"242\"><strong>1917<\/strong>: Suriye&#8217;deki <strong>VII. Ordu Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;na atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"243\"><strong>1918<\/strong>: I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Suriye&#8217;deki <strong>Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Ordular\u0131 Grup Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;na atanm\u0131\u015f, Halep&#8217;in kuzeyinde \u0130ngiliz kuvvetlerini ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir savunma hatt\u0131yla durdurmu\u015ftur. Mondros Ate\u015fkesi sonras\u0131 Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Ordular\u0131 da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131nca <strong>13 Kas\u0131m 1918<\/strong>&#8216;de \u0130stanbul\u2019a d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f ve i\u015fgal donanmalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde me\u015fhur <em>&#8220;Geldikleri gibi giderler&#8221;<\/em> s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"244\">&#8220;Bu ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n her hakk\u0131 sakl\u0131d\u0131r. Hangi ama\u00e7la olursa olsun, ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n veya bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n <strong>www.tarihkursu.com<\/strong><strong> <\/strong>sitesinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 izni olmadan sosyal medyada ve internet ortam\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, kopya edilmesi, foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesi, herhangi bir yolla \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131, yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ya da kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yasakt\u0131r. 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