{"id":3440,"date":"2026-07-31T22:58:17","date_gmt":"2026-07-31T19:58:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=3440"},"modified":"2026-07-31T22:58:19","modified_gmt":"2026-07-31T19:58:19","slug":"atatuk-ilke-inkilaplari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/31\/atatuk-ilke-inkilaplari\/","title":{"rendered":"Atat\u00fcrk \u0130lkeleri ve \u0130nk\u0131laplar\u0131 KPSS Tarih Ders Notlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Atat\u00fcrk \u0130lkeleri ve \u0130nk\u0131laplar\u0131 ders notu; Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilik, Milliyet\u00e7ilik, Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, Devlet\u00e7ilik, Laiklik ve \u0130nk\u0131lap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ilkeleriyle bu ilkeler do\u011frultusunda yap\u0131lan ink\u0131laplar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar. KPSS tarih s\u0131nav\u0131nda s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan ilke-ink\u0131lap ili\u015fkisini \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan bu KPSS tarih ders notlar\u0131, kavramlar\u0131n ay\u0131rt edici y\u00f6nlerini ve ilgili d\u00fczenlemeleri toplu bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6rmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Online KPSS tarih ders notlar\u0131 KPSS tarih, MEB AGS ve \u00d6ABT s\u0131navlar\u0131na sizleri eksiksiz haz\u0131rlayacakt\u0131r. KPSS \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131 tekrar yapmak isteyen \u00f6\u011frenciler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bir i\u00e7eriktir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.tk-ders-notu{--tk-lacivert:#12355b;--tk-turkuaz:#087f8c;--tk-bordo:#8b1e3f;--tk-altin:#d69e2e;--tk-acik-mavi:#eef6ff;--tk-acik-turkuaz:#ecfbfa;--tk-acik-sari:#fff8dc;--tk-metin:#243447;--tk-cizgi:#c8d7e6;position:relative;width:100%;max-width:1100px;min-width:0;margin:0 auto;padding:clamp(12px,2.4vw,28px);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--tk-metin);font:400 17px\/1.72 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,\"Segoe UI\",Arial,sans-serif;overflow-wrap:anywhere;word-wrap:break-word;hyphens:auto;background:#f7fafc;border-radius:18px}\n.tk-ders-notu *,.tk-ders-notu *::before,.tk-ders-notu *::after{box-sizing:border-box;min-width:0}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme{position:fixed;z-index:9998;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:5px;background:rgba(18,53,91,.12);pointer-events:none}\n.tk-ders-notu 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minmax(0,1fr);gap:8px}\n}\n@media print{\n.tk-ders-notu{max-width:none;margin:0;padding:0;background:#fff;color:#000;font-size:11pt;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme,.tk-ders-notu .tk-kontroller,.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don{display:none!important}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ust{padding:0 0 14pt;background:#fff!important;color:#000;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik{color:#000;border-bottom:2pt solid #000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler{border:1pt solid #777;background:#fff;color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler-listesi a{color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart{break-inside:auto;margin:0 0 14pt;padding:0;border:0;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu h2,.tk-ders-notu h3{break-after:avoid;color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo{break-inside:auto}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo tr{break-inside:avoid}\n.tk-ders-notu a{text-decoration:none;color:#000}\n}\n<\/style>\n<article class=\"tk-ders-notu\" id=\"tk-ders-ataturk-ilkeleri\" lang=\"tr\" data-tk-ready=\"false\"><div class=\"tk-ilerleme\" role=\"progressbar\" aria-label=\"Okuma ilerlemesi\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"100\" aria-valuenow=\"0\"><span class=\"tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"><\/span><\/div><header class=\"tk-ust\" id=\"tk-ders-baslangici\"><p class=\"tk-ana-baslik\" data-tk-source=\"1\"><strong>ATAT\u00dcRK \u0130LKELER\u0130<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"tk-kontroller\"><button class=\"tk-dugme tk-yazdir\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunu yazd\u0131r\">Yazd\u0131r<\/button><button class=\"tk-dugme tk-ice-git\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"\u0130\u00e7indekiler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne git\">\u0130\u00e7indekilere Git<\/button><\/div><nav class=\"tk-icindekiler\" id=\"tk-icindekiler-ataturk-ilkeleri\" aria-label=\"Ders notu i\u00e7indekiler\"><p class=\"tk-icindekiler-baslik\">\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/p><ul class=\"tk-icindekiler-listesi\"><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-cumhuriyetcilik\">Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilik<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-cumhuriyetcilik-ilkesi-dogrultusunda-yapilan-inkilaplar\">Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilik \u0130lkesi Do\u011frultusunda Yap\u0131lan \u0130nk\u0131laplar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-milliyetcilik\">Milliyet\u00e7ilik<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-milliyetcilik-ilkesi-dogrultusunda-yapilan-inkilaplar\">Milliyet\u00e7ilik \u0130lkesi Do\u011frultusunda Yap\u0131lan \u0130nk\u0131laplar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-halkcilik\">Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-halkcilik-ilkesi-dogrultusunda-yapilan-inkilaplar\">Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k \u0130lkesi Do\u011frultusunda Yap\u0131lan \u0130nk\u0131laplar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-devletcilik\">Devlet\u00e7ilik<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-devletcilik-ilkesi-dogrultusunda-yapilan-inkilaplar\">Devlet\u00e7ilik \u0130lkesi Do\u011frultusunda Yap\u0131lan \u0130nk\u0131laplar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-laiklik\">Laiklik<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-laiklik-ilkesi-dogrultusunda-yapilan-inkilaplar\">Laiklik \u0130lkesi Do\u011frultusunda Yap\u0131lan \u0130nk\u0131laplar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-inkilapcilik\">\u0130nk\u0131lap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ataturk-inkilaplari\">ATAT\u00dcRK \u0130NKILAPLARI<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-siyasi-alanda-yapilan-inkilaplar\">S\u0130YAS\u0130 ALANDA YAPILAN \u0130NKILAPLAR<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-saltanatin-kaldirilmasi-1-kasim-1922\">Saltanat\u0131n Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (1 Kas\u0131m 1922)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ankara-nin-baskent-olusu-13-ekim-1923\">Ankara\u2019n\u0131n Ba\u015fkent Olu\u015fu (13 Ekim 1923)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-cumhuriyetin-ilani-29-ekim-1923\">Cumhuriyetin \u0130lan\u0131 (29 Ekim 1923)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-halifeligin-kaldirilmasi-3-mart-1924\">Halifeli\u011fin Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (3 Mart 1924)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-anayasa-hareketleri\">Anayasa Hareketleri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-hukuk-alaninda-yapilan-inkilaplar\">HUKUK ALANINDA YAPILAN \u0130NKILAPLAR<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-cagdas-hukuk-sistemine-gecilmesi\">\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Hukuk Sistemine Ge\u00e7ilmesi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-turk-medeni-kanunu-nun-kabul-edilmesi-17-subat-1926\">T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun Kabul Edilmesi (17 \u015eubat 1926)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-egitim-ve-kultur-alaninda-yapilan-inkilaplar\">E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M VE K\u00dcLT\u00dcR ALANINDA YAPILAN \u0130NKILAPLAR<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-tevhid-i-tedrisat-kanunu-3-mart-1924\">Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu (3 Mart 1924)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-harf-inkilabi-1-kasim-1928-ve-millet-mektepleri-1-ocak-1929\">Harf \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131 (1 Kas\u0131m 1928) ve Millet Mektepleri (1 Ocak 1929)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-turk-tarih-kurumu-15-nisan-1931\">T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu (15 Nisan 1931)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-turk-dil-kurumu-12-temmuz-1932\">T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu (12 Temmuz 1932)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-universite-reformu-1933\">\u00dcniversite Reformu (1933)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-guzel-sanatlar-ve-spordaki-gelismeler\">G\u00fczel Sanatlar ve Spordaki Geli\u015fmeler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-toplumsal-alanda-yapilan-inkilaplar\">TOPLUMSAL ALANDA YAPILAN \u0130NKILAPLAR<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-toplumsal-alanda-yapilan-yenilikler\">Toplumsal Alanda Yap\u0131lan Yenilikler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sapka-kanunu-ve-kiyafette-degisim-30-kasim-1925\">\u015eapka Kanunu ve K\u0131yafette De\u011fi\u015fim (30 Kas\u0131m 1925)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-tekke-zaviye-ve-turbelerin-kapatilmasi-30-kasim-1925\">Tekke, Zaviye ve T\u00fcrbelerin Kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 (30 Kas\u0131m 1925)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-takvim-saat-ve-olculerde-degisim\">Takvim, Saat ve \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclerde De\u011fi\u015fim<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-soyadi-kanunu-21-haziran-1934\">Soyad\u0131 Kanunu (21 Haziran 1934)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-turk-kadinina-verilen-haklar\">T\u00fcrk Kad\u0131n\u0131na Verilen Haklar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ekonomik-alanda-yapilan-inkilaplar\">EKONOM\u0130K ALANDA YAPILAN \u0130NKILAPLAR<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ekonomi-alaninda-yapilan-yenilikler\">Ekonomi Alan\u0131nda Yap\u0131lan Yenilikler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-turkiye-iktisat-kongresi-ve-milli-uretim-seferberligi-17-subat-4-mart\">T\u00fcrkiye \u0130ktisat Kongresi ve Mill\u00ee \u00dcretim Seferberli\u011fi (17 \u015eubat &#8211; 4 Mart 1923)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-tarim-alaninda-yapilan-calismalar\">Tar\u0131m Alan\u0131nda Yap\u0131lan \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sanayi-ticaret-ve-denizcilik-alaninda-yapilan-calismalar\">Sanayi, Ticaret ve Denizcilik Alan\u0131nda Yap\u0131lan \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-saglik-alanindaki-gelismeler\">Sa\u011fl\u0131k Alan\u0131ndaki Geli\u015fmeler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ataturk-ilke-ve-inkilaplarinin-temel-esaslari\">ATAT\u00dcRK \u0130LKE VE \u0130NKILAPLARININ TEMEL ESASLARI<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/header><div class=\"tk-icerik\"><section class=\"tk-kart tk-kart-ilk\"><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"2\"><strong>Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele<\/strong>\u2019ye liderlik yapan <strong>Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk<\/strong>; bu m\u00fccadelenin ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fabilmesi, mill\u00ee birlik ve beraberli\u011fi sa\u011flamak ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir gayret g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. <strong>Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele<\/strong>\u2019nin ba\u015far\u0131yla neticelenmesinden sonra da milletimizi tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak refah ve huzur i\u00e7inde ya\u015fatabilmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam etmi\u015ftir. Akl\u0131n ve bilimin rehberli\u011finde, mill\u00ee k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f uygarl\u0131k d\u00fczeyinin \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131karmak, devlet y\u00f6netiminde mill\u00ee egemenli\u011fi esas k\u0131lmak i\u00e7in fikirler \u00fcretmi\u015ftir. Geli\u015ftirilen bu fikirler ve yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar <strong>Atat\u00fcrk \u0130lkeleri<\/strong>&#8216;nin do\u011fmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><h3 id=\"tk-cumhuriyetcilik\" data-tk-source=\"3\"><strong>Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilik<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"4\"><strong>Cumhuriyet<\/strong>; millet iradesini ve demokratik ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imini esas alan bir y\u00f6netim \u015feklidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"5\">Egemenli\u011fin (s\u00f6z s\u00f6yleme, karar verme yetkisinin) bir z\u00fcmreye de\u011fil, <strong>milletin kendisine<\/strong> ait olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"6\">Y\u00f6neticiler halk taraf\u0131ndan belli bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilir ve halk\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re hareket ederler.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-dikkat-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"7\"><strong>Anahtar Kelimeler:<\/strong> Mill\u00ee egemenlik, mill\u00ee irade, se\u00e7im, \u00e7ok partili hayat, demokrasi.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-cumhuriyetcilik-ilkesi-dogrultusunda-yapilan-inkilaplar\" data-tk-source=\"8\"><strong>Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilik \u0130lkesi Do\u011frultusunda Yap\u0131lan \u0130nk\u0131laplar<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"9\"><strong>TBMM\u2019nin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"10\"><strong>1921<\/strong> ve <strong>1924 Anayasalar\u0131n\u0131n<\/strong> yap\u0131lmas\u0131<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"11\"><strong>Saltanat\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"12\"><strong>Cumhuriyetin ilan edilmesi<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"13\"><strong>Halifeli\u011fin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"14\"><strong>Siyasal partilerin kurulmas\u0131<\/strong> (\u00d6rn: <strong>Cumhuriyet Halk F\u0131rkas\u0131<\/strong>, <strong>Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet F\u0131rkas\u0131<\/strong>, <strong>Serbest Cumhuriyet F\u0131rkas\u0131<\/strong>)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"15\"><strong>Ordunun siyasetten ayr\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong> (<strong>Erkan-\u0131 Harbiye-i Umumiye <\/strong><strong>Vekaleti<\/strong>&#8216;nin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"16\"><strong>Kad\u0131nlara siyasi haklar\u0131n verilmesi<\/strong> (1930 Belediye, 1933 Muhtarl\u0131k, 1934 Milletvekili se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme haklar\u0131)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"17\">\u0130ki dereceli se\u00e7im sisteminden <strong>tek dereceli se\u00e7im sistemine<\/strong> ge\u00e7ilmesi (1946)<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-milliyetcilik\" data-tk-source=\"18\"><strong>Milliyet\u00e7ilik<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"19\">Ayn\u0131 \u0131rktan gelmek de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 duyguya sahip, ayn\u0131 \u00fclk\u00fc etraf\u0131nda toplanan, dil, tarih ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr birli\u011fi bulunan insanlar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcne <strong>millet<\/strong> denir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"20\"><strong>Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele<\/strong>&#8216;deki ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131rr\u0131, vatan ve millet sevgisi ile birlik ve beraberli\u011fi esas alan milliyet\u00e7ilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"21\"><strong>\u00d6zellikleri:<\/strong> Din veya \u0131rk ayr\u0131m\u0131 yapmaz (birle\u015ftiricidir). Halka hizmeti esas ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in <strong>Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong> ilkesiyle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fir. Yerli ve mill\u00ee olan\u0131 korur, yabanc\u0131 unsurlara ayr\u0131cal\u0131k tan\u0131maz.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-dikkat-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"22\"><strong>Anahtar Kelimeler:<\/strong> Mill\u00ee birlik ve beraberlik, ortak dil\/tarih, tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, mill\u00eele\u015fme\/devletle\u015ftirme.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-milliyetcilik-ilkesi-dogrultusunda-yapilan-inkilaplar\" data-tk-source=\"23\"><strong>Milliyet\u00e7ilik \u0130lkesi Do\u011frultusunda Yap\u0131lan \u0130nk\u0131laplar<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"24\"><strong>Kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"25\"><strong>\u0130stiklal Mar\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kabul\u00fc<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"26\"><strong>\u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi\u2019nin yap\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong> (Misak-\u0131 \u0130ktisadi kararlar\u0131)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"27\">Yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlerin mill\u00eele\u015ftirilmesi (sat\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"28\"><strong>T\u00fcrk Paras\u0131n\u0131 Koruma Kanunu<\/strong>&#8216;nun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"29\"><strong>Kabotaj Kanunu\u2019nun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong> (T\u00fcrk denizlerinde T\u00fcrklere ticaret hakk\u0131 verilmesi)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"30\"><strong>T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu\u2019nun kurulmas\u0131<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"31\"><strong>T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu\u2019nun kurulmas\u0131<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"32\"><strong>Yabanc\u0131 okullar\u0131n ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131larak Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011flanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"33\">Yabanc\u0131 okullarda T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, tarih ve co\u011frafya derslerinin <strong>T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmenler<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan okutulmas\u0131<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-halkcilik\" data-tk-source=\"34\"><strong>Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"35\">B\u00fct\u00fcn vatanda\u015flar\u0131n yasalar \u00f6n\u00fcnde <strong>e\u015fit<\/strong> olmalar\u0131n\u0131, devlet imk\u00e2nlar\u0131ndan e\u015fit yararlanmalar\u0131n\u0131 esas alan ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 reddeden ilkedir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"36\"><strong>Atat\u00fcrk&#8217;\u00fcn S\u00f6z\u00fc:<\/strong> &#8220;Millete efendilik yoktur, hizmet etme vard\u0131r.&#8221;<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"37\">Toplumsal adalet ve bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flar. Temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"38\"><strong>B\u00fct\u00fcnleyici \u0130li\u015fkisi:<\/strong> Demokrasi ve millet egemenli\u011fini esas ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in <strong>Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilik<\/strong> ilkesinin; devletin halka hizmet (sosyal devlet) g\u00f6t\u00fcrmesini gerektirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in <strong>Devlet\u00e7ilik<\/strong> ilkesinin tamamlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-dikkat-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"39\"><strong>Anahtar Kelimeler:<\/strong> E\u015fitlik, ayr\u0131cal\u0131ks\u0131z toplum, sosyal devlet, adalet.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-halkcilik-ilkesi-dogrultusunda-yapilan-inkilaplar\" data-tk-source=\"40\"><strong>Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k \u0130lkesi Do\u011frultusunda Yap\u0131lan \u0130nk\u0131laplar<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"41\"><strong>A\u015far (\u00d6\u015f\u00fcr) vergisinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong> (\u00c7ift\u00e7inin \u00fczerindeki a\u011f\u0131r y\u00fck\u00fcn al\u0131nmas\u0131)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"42\">Hukuk birli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131yla kanun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda e\u015fitli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"43\">Az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 say\u0131larak ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n sona erdirilmesi<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"44\"><strong>Soyad\u0131 Kanunu<\/strong>&#8216;nun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"45\">&#8220;A\u011fa, hac\u0131, hoca, haf\u0131z, molla, bey&#8221; gibi ayr\u0131cal\u0131k belirten unvanlar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"46\"><strong>T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu<\/strong>\u2019nun kabul edilmesiyle sosyal ve ekonomik hayatta kad\u0131n-erkek e\u015fitli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"47\">Kad\u0131nlara siyasi alanda y\u00f6netime kat\u0131lma hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nmas\u0131<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-devletcilik\" data-tk-source=\"48\"><strong>Devlet\u00e7ilik<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"49\">\u00d6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda, yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n <strong>devlet<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren ekonomi politikas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"50\"><strong>Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f Nedeni (Zorunluluk):<\/strong> Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda halk\u0131n elinde yeterli sermaye olmamas\u0131, teknik bilgi eksikli\u011fi ve <strong>1929 D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Krizi<\/strong>&#8216;nin olumsuz etkileri devlet\u00e7ili\u011fe ge\u00e7i\u015fi zorunlu k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"51\">Siyasi Y\u00f6n\u00fc: Tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k \u015fartt\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131&#8217;dan kalan yabanc\u0131 i\u015fletmelerin mill\u00eele\u015ftirilmesi bu ilkeyle de ilgilidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-dikkat-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"52\"><strong>Anahtar Kelimeler:<\/strong> Ekonomi, yat\u0131r\u0131m, banka, fabrika, kalk\u0131nma planlar\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-devletcilik-ilkesi-dogrultusunda-yapilan-inkilaplar\" data-tk-source=\"53\"><strong>Devlet\u00e7ilik \u0130lkesi Do\u011frultusunda Yap\u0131lan \u0130nk\u0131laplar<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"54\"><strong>Te\u015fvik-i Sanayi Kanunu<\/strong>&#8216;nun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 (\u00d6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fc desteklemek i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ancak ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olunca Devlet\u00e7ili\u011fe ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"55\"><strong>I. Be\u015f Y\u0131ll\u0131k Sanayi Plan\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve uygulanmas\u0131 (Dokuma, maden, sel\u00fcloz, kimya fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"56\">Sanayi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in <strong>S\u00fcmerbank<\/strong> ve <strong>Etibank<\/strong>\u2019\u0131n kurulmas\u0131<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"57\">Devlet bankalar\u0131n\u0131n ve <strong>Merkez Bankas\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"58\"><strong>Devlet Demir Yollar\u0131n\u0131n<\/strong> kurulmas\u0131<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"59\">Temel t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131n\u0131n fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n devlet taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmesi<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-laiklik\" data-tk-source=\"60\"><strong>Laiklik<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"61\">Devlet i\u015flerinin herhangi bir dinin kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fil, <strong>akl\u0131n ve bilimin<\/strong> rehberli\u011finde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"62\">Egemenli\u011fin kayna\u011f\u0131 millettir. Hukuk kurallar\u0131 ak\u0131l ve bilimi referans al\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"63\">Din, vicdan ve ibadet h\u00fcrriyetini sa\u011flar. Sahte dindarl\u0131kla m\u00fccadele ederek ger\u00e7ek dindarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fmesine zemin haz\u0131rlar. Devlet, t\u00fcm inan\u00e7lara kar\u015f\u0131 e\u015fit mesafededir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-dikkat-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"64\"><strong>Anahtar Kelimeler:<\/strong> Ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131k, bilimsellik, din ve vicdan h\u00fcrriyeti, dogmatizmin reddi.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-laiklik-ilkesi-dogrultusunda-yapilan-inkilaplar\" data-tk-source=\"65\"><strong>Laiklik \u0130lkesi Do\u011frultusunda Yap\u0131lan \u0130nk\u0131laplar<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"66\"><strong>Saltanat\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"67\"><strong>Halifeli\u011fin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong> (Laikli\u011fe ge\u00e7i\u015fin en \u00f6nemli a\u015famas\u0131d\u0131r)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"68\"><strong>Tevhid<\/strong><strong>-i Tedrisat Kanunu<\/strong>\u2019nun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 (E\u011fitimde laikle\u015fme)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"69\"><strong>\u015eer\u2019iyye<\/strong><strong> ve Evkaf <\/strong><strong>Vek\u00e2leti<\/strong>\u2019nin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (Yerine Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri ve Vak\u0131flar Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kuruldu)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"70\">Medreselerin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"71\">Tekke, zaviye ve t\u00fcrbelerin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"72\">\u0130badet yerleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda dinsel k\u0131yafet ve sembollerle dola\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131 (<strong>K\u0131l\u0131k K\u0131yafet Kanunu<\/strong>)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"73\"><strong>T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu<\/strong>\u2019nun kabul edilmesi (Hukukta laikle\u015fme)<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"74\"><strong>1928\u2019de<\/strong> anayasadan \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti\u2019nin dini \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019d\u0131r.\u201d maddesinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"75\"><strong>1937\u2019de<\/strong> Atat\u00fcrk ilkelerinin (ve Laikli\u011fin) anayasaya d\u00e2hil edilmesi<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-inkilapcilik\" data-tk-source=\"76\"><strong>\u0130nk\u0131lap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"77\">Devlet d\u00fczenini ve toplumsal yap\u0131y\u0131 daha iyi duruma getirmek i\u00e7in k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"78\">\u00c7a\u011f\u0131n gerisinde kalmamak, akl\u0131n ve bilimin rehberli\u011finde <strong>s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fimi<\/strong> ve geli\u015fimi \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"79\">Atat\u00fcrk ilkelerinin donup kalmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller, sisteme <strong>dinamizm<\/strong> katar.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-dikkat-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"80\"><strong>Anahtar Kelimeler:<\/strong> \u00c7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fma, muas\u0131r medeniyetler seviyesi, s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fim, yenilik.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-ataturk-inkilaplari\" data-tk-source=\"81\"><strong>ATAT\u00dcRK \u0130NKILAPLARI<\/strong><\/h2><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-siyasi-alanda-yapilan-inkilaplar\" data-tk-source=\"82\"><strong>S\u0130YAS\u0130 ALANDA YAPILAN \u0130NKILAPLAR<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-saltanatin-kaldirilmasi-1-kasim-1922\" data-tk-source=\"83\"><strong>Saltanat\u0131n Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (1 Kas\u0131m 1922)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"84\"><strong>Sebep:<\/strong> Hem \u0130stanbul H\u00fck\u00fbmeti\u2019nin hem de Ankara\u2019daki TBMM\u2019nin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkede <strong>ikilik<\/strong> yarat\u0131yordu. \u0130tilaf Devletleri, <strong>Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;na ikili\u011fi kullanmak amac\u0131yla her iki h\u00fck\u00fbmeti de davet edince TBMM harekete ge\u00e7ti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"85\"><strong>Geli\u015fme:<\/strong> 1 Kas\u0131m 1922\u2019de TBMM\u2019nin kabul etti\u011fi kanunla saltanat kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti <strong>resmen<\/strong> sona erdi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"86\"><strong>Halifelik Durumu:<\/strong> \u0130ngilizlerin halifelik makam\u0131n\u0131 kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek amac\u0131yla halifelik saltanattan ayr\u0131ld\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 hanedan\u0131ndan <strong>Abd\u00fclmecit Efendi<\/strong>, TBMM taraf\u0131ndan Halife se\u00e7ildi (Siyasi yetkisi elinden al\u0131nd\u0131).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"87\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Mill\u00ee egemenlik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 k\u00f6kle\u015fti. Cumhuriyete giden yol a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Lozan&#8217;da ikilik \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 engellendi. (Not: I. TBMM&#8217;nin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek ink\u0131lapt\u0131r).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-ankara-nin-baskent-olusu-13-ekim-1923\" data-tk-source=\"88\"><strong>Ankara\u2019n\u0131n Ba\u015fkent Olu\u015fu (13 Ekim 1923)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"89\"><strong>Sebep:<\/strong> Ankara&#8217;n\u0131n Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele&#8217;nin merkezi olmas\u0131, asker\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan g\u00fcvenli konumu (\u0130stanbul&#8217;un savunulmas\u0131n\u0131n zorlu\u011fu) ve yeni mill\u00ee devletin yeni bir merkez gereksinimi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"90\"><strong>Geli\u015fme:<\/strong> \u0130smet Pa\u015fa ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yasa teklifiyle <strong>13 Ekim 1923<\/strong>\u2019te Ankara resmen T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti ilan edildi.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-cumhuriyetin-ilani-29-ekim-1923\" data-tk-source=\"91\"><strong>Cumhuriyetin \u0130lan\u0131 (29 Ekim 1923)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"92\"><strong>Sebep:<\/strong> Yeni devletin rejiminin ve ad\u0131n\u0131n hen\u00fcz konulmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 (Devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunu). D\u00f6nemin meclis h\u00fck\u00fbmeti sisteminin t\u0131kanmas\u0131 ve h\u00fck\u00fbmetin kurulamamas\u0131 (<strong>Ekim Bunal\u0131m\u0131 \/ Kabine Buhran\u0131<\/strong>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"93\"><strong>Geli\u015fme:<\/strong> 29 Ekim 1923\u2019te cumhuriyet ilan edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"94\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"95\">Devletin rejimi (Cumhuriyet) ve ad\u0131 (<strong>T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti<\/strong>) belirlendi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"96\"><strong>Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> makam\u0131 olu\u015fturularak devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"97\">Meclis h\u00fck\u00fbmeti sisteminden <strong>Kabine Sistemine<\/strong> ge\u00e7ildi (Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k makam\u0131 olu\u015fturuldu).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"98\">\u0130lk Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131: <strong>Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"99\">\u0130lk Ba\u015fbakan: <strong>\u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"100\">\u0130lk TBMM Ba\u015fkan\u0131: <strong>Ali Fethi Okyar<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-halifeligin-kaldirilmasi-3-mart-1924\" data-tk-source=\"101\"><strong>Halifeli\u011fin Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (3 Mart 1924)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"102\"><strong>Sebep:<\/strong> Halifeli\u011fin yeni devlet yap\u0131s\u0131 ve cumhuriyet rejimiyle \u00e7eli\u015fmesi. Halife Abd\u00fclmecit Efendi&#8217;nin devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 gibi davranmas\u0131 ve saltanat yanl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bu makam etraf\u0131nda toplanmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"103\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"104\"><strong>Laikli\u011fe ge\u00e7i\u015fin<\/strong> en \u00f6nemli a\u015famas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"105\">Devletteki iki ba\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k tamamen ortadan kalkt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"106\">\u0130nk\u0131laplar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in uygun ortam sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"107\">\u00dcmmet\u00e7i toplum yap\u0131s\u0131ndan milliyet\u00e7i\/laik toplum yap\u0131s\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015f h\u0131zland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"108\"><strong>Ayn\u0131 G\u00fcn (3 Mart 1924) Yap\u0131lan Di\u011fer Yenilikler:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"109\">Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu kabul edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"110\">\u015eer&#8217;iyye ve Evkaf Vek\u00e2leti kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"111\">Erk\u00e2n-\u0131 Harbiye-i Umumiye Vek\u00e2leti kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"112\">Osmanl\u0131 hanedan mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-anayasa-hareketleri\" data-tk-source=\"113\"><strong>Anayasa Hareketleri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"114\"><strong>1921 Anayasas\u0131 (Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye):<\/strong> I. TBMM taraf\u0131ndan sava\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan, k\u0131sa, \u00f6z ve ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l anayasas\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fc\u00e7ler birli\u011fi ilkesi vard\u0131r. Temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere yer verilmemi\u015ftir. (T\u00fcrkiye Devleti&#8217;nin ilk anayasas\u0131d\u0131r). 1923 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile &#8220;Devletin rejimi Cumhuriyet, dini \u0130slam, dili T\u00fcrk\u00e7e&#8221; maddeleri eklenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"115\"><strong>1924 Anayasas\u0131:<\/strong> De\u011fi\u015fen \u015fartlara uygun olarak haz\u0131rlanan daha geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 anayasad\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"116\">Egemenlik kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z millete aittir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"117\">Devletin rejimi cumhuriyet, ba\u015fkenti Ankara, resm\u00ee dili T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, dini \u0130slam&#8217;d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"118\">G\u00fc\u00e7ler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na do\u011fru ge\u00e7i\u015f ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f (Yasama Meclise, Y\u00fcr\u00fctme H\u00fck\u00fbmete, Yarg\u0131 Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Mahkemelere) ancak &#8220;Karma Sistem&#8221; benimsenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"119\"><strong>1924 Anayasas\u0131&#8217;ndaki \u00d6nemli De\u011fi\u015fiklikler:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"120\"><strong>1928:<\/strong> &#8220;Devletin dini \u0130slam&#8217;d\u0131r&#8221; ibaresi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131 (Laikle\u015fme).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"121\"><strong>1930, 1933, 1934:<\/strong> Kad\u0131nlara siyasi haklar (Belediye, Muhtar, Vekil) verildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"122\"><strong>1937:<\/strong> Atat\u00fcrk \u0130lkeleri anayasaya eklendi.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-hukuk-alaninda-yapilan-inkilaplar\" data-tk-source=\"123\"><strong>HUKUK ALANINDA YAPILAN \u0130NKILAPLAR<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-cagdas-hukuk-sistemine-gecilmesi\" data-tk-source=\"124\"><strong>\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Hukuk Sistemine Ge\u00e7ilmesi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"125\">Osmanl\u0131&#8217;daki \u015fer&#8217;i (din\u00ee) ve \u00f6rfi (geleneksel) hukuk ikili\u011fine son verilmek istenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"126\">Ak\u0131lc\u0131, bilimsel, laik ve mill\u00ee esaslara dayanan modern hukuk hedeflenmi\u015f; Avrupa&#8217;dan kanunlar uyarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"127\"><strong>Uyarlamalar:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"128\"><strong>1926 T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu:<\/strong> \u0130talya&#8217;dan<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"129\"><strong>1926 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu:<\/strong> \u0130svi\u00e7re&#8217;den<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"130\"><strong>1929 Ticaret Kanunu:<\/strong> Almanya&#8217;dan<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"131\"><strong>1932 \u0130cra ve \u0130flas Kanunu:<\/strong> \u0130svi\u00e7re&#8217;den<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-turk-medeni-kanunu-nun-kabul-edilmesi-17-subat-1926\" data-tk-source=\"132\"><strong>T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun Kabul Edilmesi (17 \u015eubat 1926)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"133\">Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n medeni kanunu olan <strong>Mecelle<\/strong>, laik bir temele dayanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layam\u0131yordu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"134\">En son tarihli olmas\u0131, sorunlara pratik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler sunmas\u0131 ve laik yap\u0131s\u0131 nedeniyle <strong>\u0130svi\u00e7re <\/strong><strong>Medeni Kanunu<\/strong> \u00f6rnek al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"135\"><strong>Medeni Kanun&#8217;un Getirdikleri:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"136\">Tek e\u015fle evlilik kabul edildi ve ya\u015f s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 getirildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"137\">Resm\u00ee nik\u00e2h zorunlu h\u00e2le getirildi (Evlilikte kad\u0131n\u0131n r\u0131zas\u0131 \u015fart ko\u015fuldu).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"138\">Mirasta ve \u015fahitlikte kad\u0131n-erkek <strong>e\u015fitli\u011fi<\/strong> sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"139\">Kad\u0131nlara bo\u015fanma ve istedi\u011fi meslekte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hakk\u0131 verildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"140\">Patrikhane ve konsolosluklar\u0131n yarg\u0131 (mahkeme) yetkileri sona erdi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"141\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Sosyal ve ekonomik hayatta kad\u0131n-erkek e\u015fitli\u011fi sa\u011fland\u0131. Az\u0131nl\u0131klar kendi istekleriyle T\u00fcrk kanunlar\u0131na tabi olmay\u0131 kabul edince Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u015flerimize kar\u0131\u015fma bahanesi ortadan kalkt\u0131. Hukukta ikilik bitti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"142\"><strong>Hukuk Alan\u0131ndaki Di\u011fer Geli\u015fmeler:<\/strong> Ankara Hukuk Mektebi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 (1925 &#8211; Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumu). Yeni mahkemeler ve tapu sicil te\u015fkilatlar\u0131 kuruldu.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-egitim-ve-kultur-alaninda-yapilan-inkilaplar\" data-tk-source=\"143\"><strong>E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M VE K\u00dcLT\u00dcR ALANINDA YAPILAN \u0130NKILAPLAR<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"144\">Osmanl\u0131&#8217;daki &#8220;mektepli-medreseli&#8221; veya &#8220;yabanc\u0131 okul-az\u0131nl\u0131k okulu&#8221; ayr\u0131m\u0131 toplumda k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na ve devletin denetim zafiyetine yol a\u00e7\u0131yordu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"145\"><strong>Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Mill\u00ee, laik, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f ve uygulamal\u0131 bir e\u011fitim sistemi kurmak. (Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrerken toplanan <strong>1921 Maarif Kongresi<\/strong> bu vizyonun ilk ad\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-tevhid-i-tedrisat-kanunu-3-mart-1924\" data-tk-source=\"146\"><strong>Tevhid<\/strong><strong>-i Tedrisat Kanunu (3 Mart 1924)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"147\"><strong>Geli\u015fme:<\/strong> E\u011fitimde birli\u011fi sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla \u00fclkedeki <strong>b\u00fct\u00fcn okullar Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na (Maarif Vek\u00e2letine)<\/strong> ba\u011fland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"148\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"149\">E\u011fitim \u00f6\u011fretimde birlik sa\u011fland\u0131. K\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00f6nlendi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"150\">E\u011fitim laikle\u015fti ve mill\u00eele\u015fti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"151\">Yabanc\u0131 okullar\u0131n zararl\u0131 faaliyetleri denetim alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"152\">11 Mart 1924\u2019te medreseler kapat\u0131ld\u0131. Din g\u00f6revlisi ihtiyac\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0130lahiyat Fak\u00fcltesi ve \u0130mam-Hatip okullar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"153\"><strong>Maarif Te\u015fkilat\u0131 Kanunu (1926):<\/strong> Devletin izni olmadan okul a\u00e7\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 karara ba\u011fland\u0131. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc e\u011fitim sisteminin m\u00fcfredat temelleri at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-harf-inkilabi-1-kasim-1928-ve-millet-mektepleri-1-ocak-1929\" data-tk-source=\"154\"><strong>Harf \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131 (1 Kas\u0131m 1928) ve Millet Mektepleri (1 Ocak 1929)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"155\"><strong>Sebep:<\/strong> Arap alfabesinin T\u00fcrk dil yap\u0131s\u0131na uymamas\u0131, okuma-yazman\u0131n zor olmas\u0131 ve halk ile ayd\u0131nlar aras\u0131ndaki kopukluk.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"156\"><strong>Geli\u015fme:<\/strong> 1 Kas\u0131m 1928\u2019de <strong>Yeni T\u00fcrk Alfabesi<\/strong> (Latin esasl\u0131) kabul edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"157\"><strong>Millet Mektepleri:<\/strong> Yeni alfabeyi halka \u00f6\u011fretmek ve okuryazar oran\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kuruldu. 24 Kas\u0131m 1928\u2019de Atat\u00fcrk\u2019e &#8220;<strong>Ba\u015f\u00f6\u011fretmen<\/strong>&#8221; unvan\u0131 verildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"158\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Konu\u015fma ve yaz\u0131 dili aras\u0131ndaki uyumsuzluk giderildi. Okuryazar oran\u0131 h\u0131zla artt\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-turk-tarih-kurumu-15-nisan-1931\" data-tk-source=\"159\"><strong>T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu (15 Nisan 1931)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"160\"><strong>Sebep:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131&#8217;daki \u00fcmmet\u00e7i ve hanedanc\u0131 tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131p yerine <strong>mill\u00ee tarih<\/strong> anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 getirmek. Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n &#8220;T\u00fcrkler sar\u0131 \u0131rktand\u0131r, barbard\u0131r&#8221; iftiralar\u0131n\u0131 bilimsel yollarla \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmek.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"161\"><strong>Geli\u015fme:<\/strong> &#8220;T\u00fcrk Tarihi Tetkik Cemiyeti&#8221; ad\u0131yla kuruldu, sonra Kurum ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"162\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> T\u00fcrklerin k\u00f6kl\u00fc ge\u00e7mi\u015fi ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130lk kaz\u0131lar ba\u015flad\u0131. Atat\u00fcrk&#8217;\u00fcn ismini verdi\u011fi <strong>Belleten<\/strong> dergisi yay\u0131n hayat\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-turk-dil-kurumu-12-temmuz-1932\" data-tk-source=\"163\"><strong>T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu (12 Temmuz 1932)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"164\"><strong>Sebep:<\/strong> T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a kelimelerin boyunduru\u011fundan kurtarmak. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e-Osmanl\u0131ca ikili\u011fine son vererek halk ile ayd\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki dil fark\u0131n\u0131 kapatmak.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"165\"><strong>Geli\u015fme:<\/strong> &#8220;T\u00fcrk Dilini Tetkik Cemiyeti&#8221; ad\u0131yla kuruldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"166\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin zenginli\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, bilim ve sanat dili h\u00e2line getirildi. (E\u011fitim faaliyetlerini desteklemek i\u00e7in 1935&#8217;te <strong>Ankara Dil ve Tarih-Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131). Atat\u00fcrk, miras\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc TTK ve TDK&#8217;ya ba\u011f\u0131\u015flad\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-universite-reformu-1933\" data-tk-source=\"167\"><strong>\u00dcniversite Reformu (1933)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"168\"><strong>Sebep:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131&#8217;dan kalan <strong>Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun<\/strong>&#8216;un \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 ve ink\u0131laplar\u0131 savunamamas\u0131, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda yetersiz kalmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"169\"><strong>Geli\u015fme:<\/strong> \u0130svi\u00e7reli Prof. <strong>Albert <\/strong><strong>Malche<\/strong>&#8216;nin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rapor do\u011frultusunda Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun kapat\u0131larak yerine <strong>\u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi<\/strong> kuruldu (T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti&#8217;nin ilk \u00fcniversitesi).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"170\">Bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma te\u015fvik edildi. Gazi E\u011fitim Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Y\u00fcksek Ziraat Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc gibi kurumlar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-guzel-sanatlar-ve-spordaki-gelismeler\" data-tk-source=\"171\"><strong>G\u00fczel Sanatlar ve Spordaki Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"172\"><strong>Sanat:<\/strong> Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi, <strong>G\u00fczel Sanatlar Akademisi<\/strong>&#8216;ne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Ankara&#8217;da <strong>Musiki Muallim Mektebi<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 (1924). Resim ve Heykel M\u00fczesi kuruldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"173\"><strong>Spor:<\/strong> T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin ilk resm\u00ee spor te\u015fkilat\u0131 olan <strong>T\u00fcrkiye \u0130dman Cemiyetleri \u0130ttifak\u0131<\/strong> kuruldu (1922). Atat\u00fcrk \u00f6zellikle g\u00fcre\u015fe b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem vererek mill\u00ee sporcular\u0131 destekledi.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-toplumsal-alanda-yapilan-inkilaplar\" data-tk-source=\"174\"><strong>TOPLUMSAL ALANDA YAPILAN \u0130NKILAPLAR<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-toplumsal-alanda-yapilan-yenilikler\" data-tk-source=\"175\"><strong>Toplumsal Alanda Yap\u0131lan Yenilikler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"176\"><strong>\u015eapka Kanunu (1925)<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"177\"><strong>Tekke, Zaviye ve T\u00fcrbelerin Kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 (1925)<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"178\"><strong>Takvim, Saat ve \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclerde De\u011fi\u015fiklik<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"179\"><strong>Soyad\u0131 Kanunu (1934)<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-sapka-kanunu-ve-kiyafette-degisim-30-kasim-1925\" data-tk-source=\"180\"><strong>\u015eapka Kanunu ve K\u0131yafette De\u011fi\u015fim (30 Kas\u0131m 1925)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"181\"><strong>Sebep:<\/strong> K\u0131l\u0131k ve k\u0131yafetin k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 olmas\u0131; Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n \u00e7ok uluslu yap\u0131s\u0131 nedeniyle toplumda din, milliyet, meslek ve stat\u00fcye (\u015fehirli\/k\u00f6yl\u00fc) g\u00f6re ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir giyim karma\u015fas\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"182\"><strong>Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> <strong>Mustafa Kemal<\/strong>&#8216;in, T\u00fcrk toplumunu k\u0131yafet konusunda \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f ve e\u015fitlik\u00e7i bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcme kavu\u015fturmak istemesi. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmden uzak olan <strong>fesin<\/strong> yerine Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 <strong>\u015fapkan\u0131n<\/strong> benimsenmesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"183\"><strong>Geli\u015fme:<\/strong> <strong>Mustafa Kemal<\/strong>, <strong>24 A\u011fustos 1925<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>Kastamonu seyahati<\/strong> s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u015fapka takarak bu yenili\u011fi bizzat halka tan\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"184\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7 (Kanunla\u015fma):<\/strong> Halk\u0131n olumlu tepkisi \u00fczerine <strong>25 Kas\u0131m 1925<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>TBMM<\/strong>&#8216;de <strong>&#8220;\u015eapka Giyilmesi Hakk\u0131nda Kanun&#8221;<\/strong> kabul edilmi\u015f, devlet memurlar\u0131na \u015fapka giyme zorunlulu\u011fu getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"185\"><strong>Dini K\u0131yafetler D\u00fczenlemesi:<\/strong> <strong>3 Aral\u0131k 1934<\/strong> tarihli <strong>&#8220;Baz\u0131 Kisvelerin Giyilmeyece\u011fine Dair Kanun&#8221;<\/strong> ile din g\u00f6revlilerinin (hangi dinden olursa olsun) ibadethaneler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda dini k\u0131yafetlerle dola\u015fmalar\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"186\"><strong>\u0130stisnalar:<\/strong> <strong>Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Ba\u015fkan\u0131<\/strong>, <strong>Rum Patri\u011fi<\/strong> ve <strong>Ermeni Patri\u011fi<\/strong> gibi en \u00fcst d\u00fczey din temsilcileri bu yasa\u011f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"187\"><strong>Kad\u0131n K\u0131yafeti Durumu:<\/strong> T\u00fcrk ink\u0131lab\u0131, kad\u0131n k\u0131yafetleri konusunda zorlay\u0131c\u0131 yasal bir d\u00fczenleme getirmemi\u015f; kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f giyime ge\u00e7i\u015fi do\u011fal s\u00fcrecine ve sivil toplumun dinamiklerine b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-tekke-zaviye-ve-turbelerin-kapatilmasi-30-kasim-1925\" data-tk-source=\"188\"><strong>Tekke, Zaviye ve T\u00fcrbelerin Kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 (30 Kas\u0131m 1925)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"189\"><strong>Kavramsal Bilgi:<\/strong> Tarikat mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n ibadet ettikleri b\u00fcy\u00fck yerlere <strong>tekke<\/strong>, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcklerine ise <strong>zaviye<\/strong> denir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"190\"><strong>Tarihsel Arka Plan:<\/strong> Sel\u00e7uklular d\u00f6neminde Anadolu&#8217;nun, Osmanl\u0131lar d\u00f6neminde Rumeli&#8217;nin T\u00fcrkle\u015fmesi ve \u0130slamla\u015fmas\u0131nda tekkeler b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk d\u00f6nemlerde birlik ve beraberli\u011fi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f, devlet-toplum uzla\u015fmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"191\"><strong>Kapat\u0131lma Sebepleri<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> &#8211; Zamanla kurulu\u015f ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ve uzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 rollerinden uzakla\u015fmalar\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"192\">Kurumdaki g\u00f6revlilerin \u015fahsi menfaatleri i\u00e7in halk\u0131n dini duygular\u0131n\u0131 istismar etmesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"193\"><strong>Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele<\/strong> y\u0131llar\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 ajanlar\u0131n baz\u0131 tekkelere s\u0131zarak halk\u0131 isyana te\u015fvik etmesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"194\">Cumhuriyet ilan\u0131ndan sonra <strong>\u015feyh<\/strong> unvanl\u0131 ki\u015filerin devlete kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanmalar (\u00f6rne\u011fin <strong>\u015eeyh Sait \u0130syan\u0131<\/strong>) \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"195\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> <strong>1925<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda <strong>&#8220;Tekke ve Zaviyelerin Kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131ndaki Kanun&#8221;<\/strong> \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"196\"><strong>Getirilen Yasaklar:<\/strong> <strong>\u015eeyh, dervi\u015f, m\u00fcrit, dede, seyit, \u00e7elebi, t\u00fcrbedar<\/strong> gibi ayr\u0131cal\u0131k belirten unvanlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve bu unvanlar\u0131 temsil eden k\u0131yafetlerin giyilmesi yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"197\"><strong>Hedef ve \u0130lke Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131:<\/strong> Toplumsal alanda e\u015fitli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 hedeflendi\u011fi i\u00e7in <strong>Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong>; dinin istismar edilmesi engellenip ak\u0131l ve bilime dayal\u0131 bir toplum hedeflendi\u011fi i\u00e7in do\u011frudan <strong>Laiklik<\/strong> ilkesi ile ilgilidir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-takvim-saat-ve-olculerde-degisim\" data-tk-source=\"198\"><strong>Takvim, Saat ve \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclerde De\u011fi\u015fim<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"199\"><strong>Sebep:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da takvim (Hicri\/Rumi), saat (Alaturka), rakam ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc (ar\u015f\u0131n, endaze, okka) birimlerinde \u00fclke i\u00e7inde birlik olmamas\u0131 ve bu sistemlerin Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerden farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"200\"><strong>Sorun:<\/strong> Bu farkl\u0131l\u0131klar, Avrupa devletleriyle olan ekonomik, ticari ve resmi ili\u015fkilerde (ikili ili\u015fkilerde) b\u00fcy\u00fck karga\u015faya ve zorluklara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"201\"><strong>Yap\u0131lan Yenilikler:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"202\"><strong>Takvim (1 Ocak 1926):<\/strong> <strong>Hicri<\/strong> ve <strong>Rumi takvim<\/strong> b\u0131rak\u0131larak uluslararas\u0131 <strong>Miladi takvim<\/strong> uygulamas\u0131na ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"203\"><strong>Saat:<\/strong> Alaturka saat yerine <strong>uluslararas\u0131 saat sistemine (24 saatlik dilim)<\/strong> ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"204\"><strong>Rakamlar (1928):<\/strong> <strong>&#8220;Uluslararas\u0131 Rakamlar\u0131n Kabul\u00fc Kanunu&#8221;<\/strong> ile Bat\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 rakamlar kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"205\"><strong>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fc Birimleri (1931):<\/strong> B\u00f6lgeden b\u00f6lgeye de\u011fi\u015fen <strong>ar\u015f\u0131n, endaze, okka<\/strong> kald\u0131r\u0131larak a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kta <strong>kilogram<\/strong>, uzunlukta <strong>metre<\/strong> sistemine ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"206\"><strong>Hafta Tatili (1935):<\/strong> Avrupa ile ekonomik\/ticari uyumu tam sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla resmi tatil <strong>Cuma<\/strong> g\u00fcn\u00fcnden <strong>Pazar<\/strong> g\u00fcn\u00fcne al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"207\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> \u00dclke i\u00e7inde uygulamada ikilikler ve karga\u015fa \u00f6nlenmi\u015f (birlik sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f), Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerle sosyal ve ekonomik uyum\/entegrasyon sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Do\u011frudan <strong>\u0130nk\u0131lap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong> ilkesi ile ilgilidir).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-soyadi-kanunu-21-haziran-1934\" data-tk-source=\"208\"><strong>Soyad\u0131 Kanunu (21 Haziran 1934)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"209\"><strong>Sebep:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da insanlar\u0131n lakap, \u015f\u00f6hret veya memleket isimleriyle an\u0131lmas\u0131; soyad\u0131 olmamas\u0131n\u0131n askerlik, tapu, miras ve okul gibi <strong>resm\u00ee i\u015flemlerde b\u00fcy\u00fck kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klara<\/strong> yol a\u00e7mas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"210\"><strong>Temel Prensip:<\/strong> <strong>Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong> ilkesi gere\u011fi ayr\u0131cal\u0131ks\u0131z, s\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z ve kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir toplum yaratma ideali.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"211\"><strong>Kanunun \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fi (21 Haziran 1934):<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"212\">Herkes iki y\u0131l i\u00e7inde bir soyad\u0131 almak zorundad\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"213\">Soyadlar\u0131 mutlaka <strong>T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/strong> olacakt\u0131r (<strong>Milliyet\u00e7ilik<\/strong> ilkesiyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"214\">Soyadlar\u0131 ahlaka ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmayacak; r\u00fctbe, memuriyet, yabanc\u0131 \u0131rk\/millet isimleri ve <strong>sosyal e\u015fitsizlik yaratan vurgular<\/strong> i\u00e7ermeyecektir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"215\"><strong>Unvanlar\u0131n Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (26 Kas\u0131m 1934):<\/strong> Soyad\u0131 Kanunu&#8217;nu tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 olarak <strong>&#8220;Lakap ve Unvanlar\u0131n Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na Dair Kanun&#8221;<\/strong> \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; <strong>a\u011fa, hac\u0131, haf\u0131z, hoca, molla, bey, beyefendi, han\u0131m, han\u0131mefendi, pa\u015fa, hazretleri<\/strong> gibi unvanlar\u0131n resm\u00ee kullan\u0131m\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"216\"><strong>Atat\u00fcrk Soyad\u0131:<\/strong> Kanuna uygun olarak <strong>24 Kas\u0131m 1934<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>TBMM<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan oybirli\u011fi ile <strong>Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa<\/strong>&#8216;ya <strong>&#8220;Atat\u00fcrk&#8221;<\/strong> soyad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"217\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Resm\u00ee i\u015flerdeki karga\u015fa bitti, toplumsal hayatta <strong>Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong> ilkesi do\u011frultusunda e\u015fitlik sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-turk-kadinina-verilen-haklar\" data-tk-source=\"218\"><strong>T\u00fcrk Kad\u0131n\u0131na Verilen Haklar<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"219\"><strong>Tarihsel Arka Plan:<\/strong> \u0130lk T\u00fcrk devletlerinde kad\u0131n siyasette aktiftir (<strong>Hatun<\/strong>&#8216;un <strong>Kurultay<\/strong>&#8216;a kat\u0131lmas\u0131, el\u00e7i kabul etmesi). <strong>Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele<\/strong>&#8216;de ise T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n\u0131 vatan savunmas\u0131nda \u00f6n saflarda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"220\"><strong>E\u011fitim Hakk\u0131 (1924):<\/strong> <strong>1924 <\/strong><strong>Tevhid<\/strong><strong>-i Tedrisat Kanunu<\/strong> ve Anayasa&#8217;ya eklenen madde ile ilk\u00f6\u011fretim kad\u0131n ve erkek t\u00fcm vatanda\u015flar i\u00e7in zorunlu ve \u00fccretsiz hale getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"221\"><strong>Sosyal ve Ekonomik Haklar (1926 Medeni Kanun)<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> &#8211; Kad\u0131nlar evlenme, bo\u015fanma, miras ve \u015fahitlik konular\u0131nda erkeklerle tam <strong>e\u015fit<\/strong> haklara sahip olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"222\">\u0130stedikleri mesle\u011fi se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"223\"><strong>\u00d6nemli S\u0131nav Notu:<\/strong> 1926 Medeni Kanunu ile kad\u0131nlara KES\u0130NL\u0130KLE siyasi hak (se\u00e7me\/se\u00e7ilme) VER\u0130LMEM\u0130\u015eT\u0130R. Sadece sosyal ve ekonomik e\u015fitlik sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"224\"><strong>Siyasal Haklar (<\/strong><strong>1930 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>1933 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> 1934):<\/strong> Siyasal alanda e\u015fitlik kademeli olarak sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"225\"><strong>1930:<\/strong> <strong>Belediye<\/strong> se\u00e7imlerinde se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"226\"><strong>1933:<\/strong> <strong>Muhtarl\u0131k<\/strong> se\u00e7imlerinde se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"227\"><strong>1934:<\/strong> Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile <strong>Milletvekili<\/strong> se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"228\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Kad\u0131nlar hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda erkeklerle e\u015fit konuma gelmi\u015f, demokratik toplumun temeli at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <strong>1935<\/strong> se\u00e7imlerinde meclise <strong>18 kad\u0131n milletvekili<\/strong> girmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-ekonomik-alanda-yapilan-inkilaplar\" data-tk-source=\"229\"><strong>EKONOM\u0130K ALANDA YAPILAN \u0130NKILAPLAR<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-ekonomi-alaninda-yapilan-yenilikler\" data-tk-source=\"230\"><strong>Ekonomi Alan\u0131nda Yap\u0131lan Yenilikler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"231\"><strong>T\u00fcrkiye \u0130ktisat Kongresi (1923)<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"232\"><strong>A\u015far Vergisi&#8217;nin Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (1925)<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"233\"><strong>Kabotaj Kanunu (1926)<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"234\"><strong>Te\u015fvik-i Sanayi Kanunu (1927)<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-turkiye-iktisat-kongresi-ve-milli-uretim-seferberligi-17-subat-4-mart\" data-tk-source=\"235\"><strong>T\u00fcrkiye \u0130ktisat Kongresi ve Mill\u00ee \u00dcretim Seferberli\u011fi (17 <\/strong><strong>\u015eubat &#8211;<\/strong><strong> 4 Mart 1923)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"236\"><strong>Toplanma Amac\u0131:<\/strong> Yeni devletin ekonomik ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek, ortak kalk\u0131nma hedefleri koymak ve d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bitirecek y\u00f6ntemleri ara\u015ft\u0131rmak.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"237\"><strong>Kongre Yap\u0131s\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>\u0130zmir<\/strong>&#8216;de, <strong>K\u00e2z\u0131m (Karabekir) Pa\u015fa<\/strong> ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7ift\u00e7i, sanayici, t\u00fcccar ve i\u015f\u00e7i kesimlerinden <strong>1135 delege<\/strong> kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"238\"><strong>Al\u0131nan Kararlar\u0131n Ad\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>&#8220;Misak-\u0131 \u0130ktisadi&#8221;<\/strong> (Ekonomi And\u0131) kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"239\"><strong>Misak-\u0131 \u0130ktisadi Kararlar\u0131:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"240\">Hammaddesi yurt i\u00e7inde olan sanayi dallar\u0131 kurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"241\">T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015flar\u0131 <strong>yerli mal\u0131<\/strong> kullan\u0131m\u0131na te\u015fvik edilmelidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"242\">Yabanc\u0131 sermayenin \u00fclkeye giri\u015fi tekelle\u015fmemesi \u015fart\u0131yla kurallara ba\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"243\">\u00d6zel sekt\u00f6r te\u015fvik edilmeli, bunun i\u00e7in <strong>mill\u00ee bankalar<\/strong> kurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"244\">\u00c7ift\u00e7inin belini b\u00fcken <strong>A\u015far vergisi<\/strong> kald\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"245\">Tar\u0131mda makinele\u015fmeye ge\u00e7ilmeli, makineler T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de \u00fcretilmelidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"246\">Demir yolu yap\u0131m\u0131na a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verilmelidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"247\">G\u00fcmr\u00fck vergileri yerli sanayiyi koruyacak \u015fekilde art\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"248\">Limanlarda i\u015fletme hakk\u0131 T\u00fcrklere ge\u00e7meli, <strong>kabotaj<\/strong> hakk\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"249\"><strong>Uygulanan Model:<\/strong> Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta <strong>liberal (serbest piyasa)<\/strong> bir politika hedeflenmi\u015f ve \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r desteklenmi\u015ftir. Ancak hem halkta yeterli sermaye olmamas\u0131 hem de <strong>1929 D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Krizi<\/strong> nedeniyle yat\u0131r\u0131mlar yap\u0131lamay\u0131nca zorunlu olarak <strong>Devlet\u00e7ilik<\/strong> modeline ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir (\u00d6zel sekt\u00f6r d\u0131\u015flanmam\u0131\u015f, devlet ile yan yana y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"250\"><strong>Temel Hedef:<\/strong> Tamamen yerli sermayeye dayal\u0131, <strong>ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> sa\u011flayan mill\u00ee bir ekonomi (Do\u011frudan <strong>Milliyet\u00e7ilik<\/strong> ilkesi).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-tarim-alaninda-yapilan-calismalar\" data-tk-source=\"251\"><strong>Tar\u0131m Alan\u0131nda Yap\u0131lan \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"252\"><strong>Durum Tespiti:<\/strong> Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda ekonomi tamamen tar\u0131ma dayal\u0131d\u0131r ve devlet gelirlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden al\u0131nan <strong>&#8220;A\u015far (\u00d6\u015f\u00fcr)&#8221;<\/strong> vergisinden sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. On y\u0131ll\u0131k sava\u015f s\u00fcrecinden \u00e7\u0131kan k\u00f6yl\u00fc t\u00fckenmi\u015f durumdad\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"253\"><strong>A\u015far Vergisinin Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (1925):<\/strong> K\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fczerindeki a\u011f\u0131r ekonomik y\u00fck kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim te\u015fvik edilmi\u015ftir (Do\u011frudan k\u00f6yl\u00fcy\u00fc rahatlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in <strong>Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong> ilkesidir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"254\"><strong>Kurumsal Destekler:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"255\">\u00c7ift\u00e7inin kredi\/sermaye ihtiyac\u0131 i\u00e7in <strong>Ziraat Bankas\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n imkanlar\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kurulu\u015fu Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemidir ancak Cumhuriyet&#8217;te \u00e7ift\u00e7iye odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"256\">Tar\u0131m uzman\u0131 yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Ankara&#8217;da <strong>Y\u00fcksek Ziraat Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"257\">Alet, makine ve g\u00fcbre i\u00e7in <strong>T\u00fcrkiye Zirai Donat\u0131m Kurumu<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"258\"><strong>Uygulamalar:<\/strong> Topraks\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fcye toprak da\u011f\u0131tma kanunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, kaliteli tohum ve fidan yard\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Karadeniz&#8217;de \u00e7ay, Akdeniz&#8217;de turun\u00e7gil, <strong>Isparta&#8217;da g\u00fcl<\/strong> \u00fcretimi yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"259\"><strong>Gazi Orman \u00c7iftli\u011fi:<\/strong> Ankara&#8217;da Atat\u00fcrk taraf\u0131ndan bizzat kurulan bu \u00e7iftlik ile halka modern tar\u0131m y\u00f6ntemleri uygulamal\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f ve \u00f6rnek olunmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-sanayi-ticaret-ve-denizcilik-alaninda-yapilan-calismalar\" data-tk-source=\"260\"><strong>Sanayi, Ticaret ve Denizcilik Alan\u0131nda Yap\u0131lan \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"261\"><strong>Te\u015fvik-i Sanayi Kanunu (1927):<\/strong> \u00d6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fc sanayiye te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in ucuz arsa, vergi muafiyeti, uzun vadeli kredi ve g\u00fcmr\u00fck indirimi gibi kolayl\u0131klar sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"262\"><strong>Kanunun Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z Olma Sebepleri:<\/strong> Halkta yeterli sermaye ve bilgi birikimi olmamas\u0131, teknik eleman yetersizli\u011fi ve <strong>1929 D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Krizi<\/strong>&#8216;nin patlak vermesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"263\"><strong>Planl\u0131 Ekonomi ve Devlet\u00e7ilik (1933 Sonras\u0131):<\/strong> \u00d6zel sekt\u00f6r ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olunca <strong>Devlet\u00e7ilik<\/strong> ilkesi devreye girdi. <strong>Birinci Be\u015f Y\u0131ll\u0131k Sanayi Plan\u0131 (1933-1934)<\/strong> haz\u0131rland\u0131 ve ba\u015far\u0131yla uyguland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"264\"><strong>A\u00e7\u0131lan Temel Fabrikalar:<\/strong> Bursa Dokuma, Ankara \u00c7imento, <strong>Turhal \u015eeker<\/strong>, Kayseri U\u00e7ak, \u0130zmit K\u00e2\u011f\u0131t, S\u00fcmerbank Nazilli Basma, <strong>Karab\u00fck Demir \u00c7elik<\/strong> Fabrikalar\u0131 devlet eliyle a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. (<em>Not: \u0130kinci plan, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle uygulanamad\u0131<\/em>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"265\"><strong>Maden ve Finans Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> &#8211; Yeralt\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in <strong>MTA (Maden Tetkik Arama Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc)<\/strong> kuruldu (1935).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"266\">Madencili\u011fi finanse etmek i\u00e7in <strong>Etibank<\/strong> kuruldu (1935).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"267\">Sanayiyi desteklemek i\u00e7in <strong>S\u00fcmerbank<\/strong> kuruldu (1933).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"268\">Ticareti geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Atat\u00fcrk&#8217;\u00fcn talimat\u0131yla <strong>Celal Bayar<\/strong> \u00f6nderli\u011finde <strong>\u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131<\/strong> (T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin ilk \u00f6zel bankas\u0131) kuruldu (1924).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"269\"><strong>Kabotaj Kanunu (1 Temmuz 1926):<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131&#8217;dan kalma yabanc\u0131 deniz ticareti tekeline son verildi. T\u00fcrk karasular\u0131nda, denizlerinde ve limanlar\u0131nda yolcu\/y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131ma hakk\u0131 (Kabotaj hakk\u0131) tamamen T\u00fcrk denizcilere ve T\u00fcrk gemilerine verildi. <strong>(Kesin olarak Milliyet\u00e7ilik ilkesidir)<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-saglik-alanindaki-gelismeler\" data-tk-source=\"270\"><strong>Sa\u011fl\u0131k Alan\u0131ndaki Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"271\"><strong>Politika:<\/strong> \u00d6l\u00fcm oran\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak, n\u00fcfusu art\u0131rmak, bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klarla m\u00fccadele etmek.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"272\"><strong>Kurumsal Ad\u0131mlar:<\/strong> <strong>Numune hastaneleri<\/strong>, sa\u011fl\u0131k ocaklar\u0131 ve do\u011fumevleri a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"273\"><strong>H\u0131fz\u0131ss\u0131hha M\u00fcessesesi (1928):<\/strong> Halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve laboratuvar hizmetleri, a\u015f\u0131\/serum \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in kuruldu (D\u00f6nemin Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakan\u0131 Dr. Refik Saydam&#8217;\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131lar\u0131yla).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"274\"><strong>Umumi H\u0131fz\u0131ss\u0131hha Kanunu (1930):<\/strong> Kolera, veba, tifo, \u00e7i\u00e7ek, difteri, s\u0131tma gibi salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klara bildirim mecburiyeti getirildi ve devlet taraf\u0131ndan \u00fccretsiz tedavi sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"275\"><strong>K\u0131z\u0131lay&#8217;\u0131n Geli\u015fimi:<\/strong> 1877&#8217;de &#8220;Osmanl\u0131 Hil\u00e2l-i Ahmer&#8221; olan kurum, 1923&#8217;te &#8220;T\u00fcrkiye Hil\u00e2l-i Ahmer Cemiyeti&#8221; oldu. <strong>Atat\u00fcrk<\/strong> kuruma <strong>&#8220;K\u0131z\u0131lay&#8221;<\/strong> ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi (1935&#8217;te cemiyet, 1947&#8217;de dernek stat\u00fcs\u00fc ald\u0131).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"276\"><strong>Personel Yeti\u015ftirme:<\/strong> 1924&#8217;te Ebe Okulu, 1925&#8217;te K\u0131z\u0131lay Hem\u015fire Okulu, Sivas ve \u0130stanbul&#8217;da sa\u011fl\u0131k memuru okullar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-ataturk-ilke-ve-inkilaplarinin-temel-esaslari\" data-tk-source=\"277\"><strong>ATAT\u00dcRK \u0130LKE VE \u0130NKILAPLARININ TEMEL ESASLARI<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"278\"><strong>Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck:<\/strong> Bir milletin i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f siyasetini sadece kendi iradesiyle belirlemesidir. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131 olmadan karar almakt\u0131r ancak s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z de\u011fildir (Ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n hakk\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda biter).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"279\"><strong>Mill\u00ee Birlik ve Beraberlik:<\/strong> Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n kazan\u0131lmas\u0131ndaki en temel unsurdur. Ayn\u0131 \u00fclk\u00fc etraf\u0131nda birle\u015fen millet esir edilemez (\u00d6rn: 15 Temmuz darbe giri\u015fiminin halk taraf\u0131ndan engellenmesi).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"280\"><strong>\u00dclke B\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc:<\/strong> <em>&#8220;Mill\u00ee s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde vatan bir b\u00fct\u00fcnd\u00fcr, b\u00f6l\u00fcnemez.&#8221;<\/em> karar\u0131 (Erzurum Kongresi ve Misak-\u0131 Milli) ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n temel felsefesi olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"281\"><strong>Mill\u00ee Tarih Bilinci:<\/strong> Tarih bir milletin haf\u0131zas\u0131d\u0131r. Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften ilham alarak gelece\u011fi in\u015fa etmektir. (T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu&#8217;nun kurulmas\u0131 bunun sonucudur).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"282\"><strong>Mill\u00ee K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn Geli\u015ftirilmesi:<\/strong> Mill\u00ee ve manevi de\u011ferleri koruyarak \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fmakt\u0131r. Dil ve tarih kurumlar\u0131 (TDK ve TTK) mill\u00ee k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn zenginli\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"283\"><strong>Egemenli\u011fin Millete Ait Olmas\u0131:<\/strong> \u00dclkeyi y\u00f6netme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn (iradenin) kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z millete verilmesidir. Saltanat\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131 bu esasa dayan\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"284\"><strong>T\u00fcrk Milletini \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Uygarl\u0131k D\u00fczeyinin \u00dcst\u00fcne \u00c7\u0131karma \u0130deali:<\/strong> \u0130nk\u0131laplar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve nihai hedefidir. Yeniliklerin takip\u00e7isi de\u011fil, d\u00fcnya de\u011fi\u015fiminin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olma vizyonudur.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"285\">&#8220;Bu ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n her hakk\u0131 sakl\u0131d\u0131r. Hangi ama\u00e7la olursa olsun, ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n veya bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n <strong>www.tarihkursu.com<\/strong><strong> <\/strong>sitesinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 izni olmadan sosyal medyada ve internet ortam\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, kopya edilmesi, foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesi, herhangi bir yolla \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131, yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ya da kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yasakt\u0131r. Bu yasa\u011fa uymayanlar gerekli cezai sorumlulu\u011fu pe\u015finen kabullenmi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.&#8221;<\/p><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"286\">Duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederiz. \u0130yi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/p><\/section><\/div><button class=\"tk-basa-don\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunun ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\" title=\"Ba\u015fa d\u00f6n\">\u2191<\/button><\/article>\n<script>\n(()=>{\"use strict\";document.querySelectorAll(\".tk-ders-notu\").forEach((root)=>{if(root.dataset.tkReady===\"true\")return;root.dataset.tkReady=\"true\";const toc=root.querySelector(\".tk-icindekiler\"),bar=root.querySelector(\".tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"),topButton=root.querySelector(\".tk-basa-don\"),headings=[...root.querySelectorAll(\"h2[id],h3[id]\")],links=[...root.querySelectorAll('.tk-icindekiler a[href^=\"#\"]')];const go=(target)=>{if(target)target.scrollIntoView({behavior:\"smooth\",block:\"start\"});};root.querySelector(\".tk-yazdir\")?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>window.print());root.querySelector(\".tk-ice-git\")?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>go(toc));topButton?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>go(root));links.forEach((link)=>link.addEventListener(\"click\",(event)=>{const id=link.getAttribute(\"href\").slice(1),target=root.querySelector(`#${CSS.escape(id)}`);if(target){event.preventDefault();go(target);history.replaceState(null,\"\",`#${id}`);}}));let ticking=false;const update=()=>{const rect=root.getBoundingClientRect(),view=window.innerHeight||document.documentElement.clientHeight,total=Math.max(root.scrollHeight-view,1),passed=Math.min(Math.max(-rect.top,0),total),percent=Math.round(passed\/total*100);if(bar){bar.style.width=`${percent}%`;bar.parentElement?.setAttribute(\"aria-valuenow\",String(percent));}topButton?.classList.toggle(\"tk-gorunur\",window.scrollY>420);let active=headings[0]?.id||\"\";headings.forEach((heading)=>{if(heading.getBoundingClientRect().top<=Math.max(130,view*.28))active=heading.id;});links.forEach((link)=>{const current=link.getAttribute(\"href\")===`#${active}`;link.classList.toggle(\"tk-etkin\",current);if(current)link.setAttribute(\"aria-current\",\"location\");else link.removeAttribute(\"aria-current\");});ticking=false;};const requestUpdate=()=>{if(!ticking){ticking=true;requestAnimationFrame(update);}};window.addEventListener(\"scroll\",requestUpdate,{passive:true});window.addEventListener(\"resize\",requestUpdate,{passive:true});update();});})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Atat\u00fcrk \u0130lkeleri ve \u0130nk\u0131laplar\u0131 ders notu; Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilik, Milliyet\u00e7ilik, Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, Devlet\u00e7ilik, Laiklik ve \u0130nk\u0131lap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ilkeleriyle bu ilkeler do\u011frultusunda yap\u0131lan ink\u0131laplar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar. KPSS tarih s\u0131nav\u0131nda s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/31\/atatuk-ilke-inkilaplari\/\" title=\"Atat\u00fcrk \u0130lkeleri ve \u0130nk\u0131laplar\u0131 KPSS Tarih Ders Notlar\u0131\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3459,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[349],"tags":[345],"class_list":["post-3440","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kpss-tarih","tag-kpss-tarih"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/SITE-KAPAK-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/SITE-KAPAK-1200x800.png",1200,800,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/SITE-KAPAK-1200x810.png",1200,810,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/SITE-KAPAK-1200x810.png",1200,810,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/SITE-KAPAK-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/SITE-KAPAK-600x810.png",600,810,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/SITE-KAPAK-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/SITE-KAPAK.png",1440,810,false]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Atat\u00fcrk \u0130lkeleri ve \u0130nk\u0131laplar\u0131 KPSS Tarih Ders Notlar\u0131 - tarihkursu.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"KPSS tarih ders notlar\u0131 ile Atat\u00fcrk \u0130lkeleri ve \u0130nk\u0131laplar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00f6\u011frenin. 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