{"id":3444,"date":"2026-07-31T22:30:39","date_gmt":"2026-07-31T19:30:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=3444"},"modified":"2026-07-31T22:36:19","modified_gmt":"2026-07-31T19:36:19","slug":"ikinci-dunya-savasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/31\/ikinci-dunya-savasi\/","title":{"rendered":"II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 KPSS Tarih Ders Notlar\u0131 | \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk ve D\u00fcnya Tarihi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ders notunda iki sava\u015f aras\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 siyasi, ekonomik ve asker\u00ee denge; Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Hayat Sahas\u0131, \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Bizim Deniz ve Japonya\u2019n\u0131n Ortak Refah Alan\u0131 politikalar\u0131; Mihver-M\u00fcttefik devletler, sava\u015f\u0131n nedenleri, ba\u015flamas\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 belge s\u0131ras\u0131na uygun bi\u00e7imde ele al\u0131n\u0131r. KPSS tarih s\u0131nav\u0131na haz\u0131rlananlar i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenen bu KPSS tarih ders notlar\u0131, sava\u015f\u0131n geli\u015fimini devletlerin politikalar\u0131yla birlikte de\u011ferlendirmeyi sa\u011flar. Online KPSS tarih notlar\u0131m\u0131zla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan adaylar, KPSS, MEB AGS ve \u00d6ABT s\u0131navlar\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacaklard\u0131r. KPSS \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131 arayan \u00f6\u011frenciler i\u00e7in anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r bir tekrar kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.tk-ders-notu{--tk-lacivert:#12355b;--tk-turkuaz:#087f8c;--tk-bordo:#8b1e3f;--tk-altin:#d69e2e;--tk-acik-mavi:#eef6ff;--tk-acik-turkuaz:#ecfbfa;--tk-acik-sari:#fff8dc;--tk-metin:#243447;--tk-cizgi:#c8d7e6;position:relative;width:100%;max-width:1100px;min-width:0;margin:0 auto;padding:clamp(12px,2.4vw,28px);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--tk-metin);font:400 17px\/1.72 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,\"Segoe UI\",Arial,sans-serif;overflow-wrap:anywhere;word-wrap:break-word;hyphens:auto;background:#f7fafc;border-radius:18px}\n.tk-ders-notu *,.tk-ders-notu *::before,.tk-ders-notu *::after{box-sizing:border-box;min-width:0}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme{position:fixed;z-index:9998;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:5px;background:rgba(18,53,91,.12);pointer-events:none}\n.tk-ders-notu 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minmax(0,1fr);gap:8px}\n}\n@media print{\n.tk-ders-notu{max-width:none;margin:0;padding:0;background:#fff;color:#000;font-size:11pt;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme,.tk-ders-notu .tk-kontroller,.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don{display:none!important}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ust{padding:0 0 14pt;background:#fff!important;color:#000;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik{color:#000;border-bottom:2pt solid #000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler{border:1pt solid #777;background:#fff;color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler-listesi a{color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart{break-inside:auto;margin:0 0 14pt;padding:0;border:0;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu h2,.tk-ders-notu h3{break-after:avoid;color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo{break-inside:auto}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo tr{break-inside:avoid}\n.tk-ders-notu a{text-decoration:none;color:#000}\n}\n<\/style>\n<article class=\"tk-ders-notu\" id=\"tk-ders-ii-dunya-savasi\" lang=\"tr\" data-tk-ready=\"false\"><div class=\"tk-ilerleme\" role=\"progressbar\" aria-label=\"Okuma ilerlemesi\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"100\" aria-valuenow=\"0\"><span class=\"tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"><\/span><\/div><header class=\"tk-ust\" id=\"tk-ders-baslangici\"><p class=\"tk-ana-baslik\" data-tk-source=\"1\"><strong>II. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"tk-kontroller\"><button class=\"tk-dugme tk-yazdir\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunu yazd\u0131r\">Yazd\u0131r<\/button><button class=\"tk-dugme tk-ice-git\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"\u0130\u00e7indekiler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne git\">\u0130\u00e7indekilere Git<\/button><\/div><nav class=\"tk-icindekiler\" id=\"tk-icindekiler-ii-dunya-savasi\" aria-label=\"Ders notu i\u00e7indekiler\"><p class=\"tk-icindekiler-baslik\">\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/p><ul class=\"tk-icindekiler-listesi\"><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-iki-savas-arasi-donemde-olusan-uluslararasi-siyasi-ekonomik-ve-askeri\">\u0130K\u0130 SAVA\u015e ARASI D\u00d6NEMDE OLU\u015eAN ULUSLARARASI S\u0130YAS\u0130, EKONOM\u0130K VE ASKER\u00ce DENGE \u0130LE II. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI\u2019NIN NEDENLER\u0130<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-dunya-savasi-oncesi-devletler-ve-politikalari\">II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00d6ncesi Devletler ve Politikalar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-mihver-devletler-in-savas-oncesi-izledigi-politikalar\">Mihver Devletler\u2019in Sava\u015f \u00d6ncesi \u0130zledi\u011fi Politikalar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-1-almanya-ve-hayat-sahasi-stratejisi\">1. Almanya ve &quot;Hayat Sahas\u0131&quot; Stratejisi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-2-italya-ve-bizim-deniz-stratejisi\">2. \u0130talya ve &quot;Bizim Deniz&quot; Stratejisi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-3-japonya-ve-ortak-refah-alani-yeni-japon-duzeni-stratejisi\">3. Japonya ve &quot;Ortak Refah Alan\u0131 (Yeni Japon D\u00fczeni)&quot; Stratejisi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-muttefik-devletler-in-karsi-tutumlari\">M\u00fcttefik Devletler\u2019in Kar\u015f\u0131 Tutumlar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-1-ingiltere\">1. \u0130ngiltere<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-2-fransa\">2. Fransa<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-3-rusya-sscb\">3. Rusya (SSCB)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-4-abd\">4. ABD<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-dunya-savasi-nin-nedenleri-ve-savasin-baslamasi\">II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Nedenleri ve Sava\u015f\u0131n Ba\u015flamas\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-bloklasmalar-ve-savasin-patlak-vermesi\">Blokla\u015fmalar ve Sava\u015f\u0131n Patlak Vermesi:<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-dunya-savasi-nin-seyrini-degistiren-olaylar-ve-sonuclari\">II. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI\u2019NIN SEYR\u0130N\u0130 DE\u011e\u0130\u015eT\u0130REN OLAYLAR VE SONU\u00c7LARI<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-1-pearl-harbor-baskini-7-aralik-1941\">1. Pearl Harbor Bask\u0131n\u0131 (7 Aral\u0131k 1941)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-2-stalingrad-kusatmasi-1942-1943\">2. Stalingrad Ku\u015fatmas\u0131 (1942-1943)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-3-normandiya-cikarmasi-6-haziran-1944\">3. Normandiya \u00c7\u0131karmas\u0131 (6 Haziran 1944)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-savasi-bitiren-ve-yeni-duzeni-kuran-konferanslar-1945\">Sava\u015f\u0131 Bitiren ve Yeni D\u00fczeni Kuran Konferanslar (1945)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-1-yalta-konferansi-4-11-subat-1945-kirim-sscb\">1. Yalta Konferans\u0131 (4-11 \u015eubat 1945 &#8211; K\u0131r\u0131m, SSCB)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-2-san-francisco-konferansi-25-nisan-26-haziran-1945\">2. San Francisco Konferans\u0131 (25 Nisan-26 Haziran 1945)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-3-potsdam-konferansi-17-temmuz-2-agustos-1945-berlin\">3. Potsdam Konferans\u0131 (17 Temmuz-2 A\u011fustos 1945 &#8211; Berlin)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-atom-bombalari-ve-etkileri\">Atom Bombalar\u0131 ve Etkileri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-dunya-savasi-sirasinda-yasanan-insan-haklari-ihlalleri\">II. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI SIRASINDA YA\u015eANAN \u0130NSAN HAKLARI \u0130HLALLER\u0130<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-asya-ve-avrupa-da-yasanan-insan-haklari-ihlalleri\">Asya ve Avrupa\u2019da Ya\u015fanan \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 \u0130hlalleri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-nazi-almanyasi-holokost-ve-irkcilik\">Nazi Almanyas\u0131 (Holokost ve Irk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sscb-nin-ihlalleri-ve-surgunler\">SSCB&#x27;nin \u0130hlalleri ve S\u00fcrg\u00fcnler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-diger-ihlaller-ve-yargilamalar\">Di\u011fer \u0130hlaller ve Yarg\u0131lamalar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-insan-haklari-evrensel-beyannamesi-iheb\">\u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Evrensel Beyannamesi (\u0130HEB)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-dunya-savasi-nin-siyasi-ve-ekonomik-sonuclari\">II. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI\u2019NIN S\u0130YAS\u0130 VE EKONOM\u0130K SONU\u00c7LARI<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-iki-kutuplu-dunya-duzeninin-ortaya-cikmasi\">\u0130ki Kutuplu D\u00fcnya D\u00fczeninin Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kmas\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-kurulusundan-gunumuze-birlesmis-milletler\">Kurulu\u015fundan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-orta-dogu-nun-yeniden-sekillenmesinde-emperyalist-gucler\">Orta Do\u011fu\u2019nun Yeniden \u015eekillenmesinde Emperyalist G\u00fc\u00e7ler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-dunya-savasi-nin-ekonomik-sonuclari-ve-imf\">II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Ekonomik Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ve IMF<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-dunya-savasi-nin-kulturel-bilimsel-ve-teknolojik-gelismelere-etkisi\">II. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI\u2019NIN K\u00dcLT\u00dcREL, B\u0130L\u0130MSEL VE TEKNOLOJ\u0130K GEL\u0130\u015eMELERE ETK\u0130S\u0130<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-dunya-savasi-nda-gelistirilen-askeri-teknolojiler\">II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Geli\u015ftirilen Asker\u00ee Teknolojiler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-dunya-savasi-nin-kulturel-etkileri\">II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Etkileri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-dunya-savasi-nda-turkiye-nin-izledigi-dis-politika-stratejileri\">II. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI\u2019NDA T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019N\u0130N \u0130ZLED\u0130\u011e\u0130 DI\u015e POL\u0130T\u0130KA STRATEJ\u0130LER\u0130<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-surecte-turkiye-de-meydana-gelen-siyasi-ekonomik-ve-sosyokulturel-geli\">S\u00dcRE\u00c7TE T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE MEYDANA GELEN S\u0130YAS\u0130, EKONOM\u0130K VE SOSYOK\u00dcLT\u00dcREL GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-dunya-savasi-yillarinda-turkiye-ic-siyaseti-ve-ekonomisi\">II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 Y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u00e7 Siyaseti ve Ekonomisi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-havacilik-sanayisi-demirag-ve-hurkus\">Havac\u0131l\u0131k Sanayisi: Demira\u011f ve H\u00fcrku\u015f<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-turkiye-de-radyo-yayinciliginin-kurulusu\">T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Radyo Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Kurulu\u015fu<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/header><div class=\"tk-icerik\"><section class=\"tk-kart tk-kart-ilk\"><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-iki-savas-arasi-donemde-olusan-uluslararasi-siyasi-ekonomik-ve-askeri\" data-tk-source=\"2\"><strong>\u0130K\u0130 SAVA\u015e ARASI D\u00d6NEMDE OLU\u015eAN ULUSLARARASI S\u0130YAS\u0130, EKONOM\u0130K VE ASKER\u00ce DENGE \u0130LE II. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI\u2019NIN NEDENLER\u0130<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"3\"><strong>I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;ndan galip \u00e7\u0131kan <strong>\u0130tilaf Devletleri<\/strong>, <strong>Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131<\/strong> ile d\u00fcnyada kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na uygun yeni bir d\u00fczen kurma gayretine giri\u015ftiler.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"4\"><strong>1 Aral\u0131k 1925<\/strong>\u2019te Fransa, <strong>Almanya<\/strong>, <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>, <strong>\u0130talya<\/strong>, <strong>Polonya<\/strong>, <strong>\u00c7ekoslovakya<\/strong> ve <strong>Bel\u00e7ika<\/strong> aras\u0131nda <strong>Locarno<\/strong><strong> Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> imzaland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"5\"><em>\u0130\u00e7eri\u011fi:<\/em> <strong>Almanya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve <strong>Ren B\u00f6lgesi<\/strong>&#8216;nin silahtan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"6\"><em>K\u0131sa Vadeli Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/em> <strong>Almanya<\/strong> ve <strong>Fransa<\/strong> aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler normalle\u015fti. <strong>Almanya<\/strong> yeniden Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck devletleri aras\u0131na girdi ve <strong>1926<\/strong>\u2019da <strong>Cemiyet-i <\/strong><strong>Akvam<\/strong>&#8216;a \u00fcye oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"7\"><em>Uzun Vadeli Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/em> Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00fczenin \u00fczerine in\u015fa edildi\u011fi <strong>Versailles (Versay) Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n, ba\u015fka antla\u015fmalarla teyit edilmedik\u00e7e ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"8\"><strong>1928<\/strong>\u2019de dokuz devlet aras\u0131nda (<strong>ABD<\/strong>, <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>, <strong>Fransa<\/strong>, <strong>Almanya<\/strong>, <strong>\u0130talya<\/strong>, <strong>Japonya<\/strong>, <strong>\u00c7ekoslovakya<\/strong>, <strong>Polonya<\/strong> ve <strong>Bel\u00e7ika<\/strong>) <strong>Briand<\/strong><strong>-Kellogg Pakt\u0131<\/strong> imzaland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"9\"><em>Amac\u0131:<\/em> Devletler; &#8220;uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerde sava\u015f\u0131 ulusal politikalar\u0131na alet etmeyeceklerini, anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in sava\u015f yoluna gitmeyeceklerini ve uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 yollarla \u00e7\u00f6zeceklerini&#8221; kabul ettiler.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"10\"><strong>1929 D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Buhran\u0131 (Kara Per\u015fembe)<\/strong>, d\u00fcnya devletlerinin ba\u015fta ekonomi olmak \u00fczere siyasi ve sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 derinden sarst\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"11\"><strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong> merkezli kurulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan d\u00fcnya d\u00fczenine kar\u015f\u0131 tepkileri besleyecek olan yeni ideolojiler ve totaliter siyasi ak\u0131mlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-ii-dunya-savasi-oncesi-devletler-ve-politikalari\" data-tk-source=\"12\"><strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00d6ncesi Devletler ve Politikalar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"13\"><strong>I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 karma\u015f\u0131k ve adaletten uzak ko\u015fullar ile devletlerin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu siyasi, ekonomik ve sosyal durumlar, daha k\u00fcresel bir seyir izleyen <strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>\u2019na sebep oldu.<\/p><h3 id=\"tk-mihver-devletler-in-savas-oncesi-izledigi-politikalar\" data-tk-source=\"14\"><strong>Mihver <\/strong><strong>Devletler\u2019in<\/strong><strong> Sava\u015f \u00d6ncesi \u0130zledi\u011fi Politikalar<\/strong><\/h3><h3 id=\"tk-1-almanya-ve-hayat-sahasi-stratejisi\" data-tk-source=\"15\"><strong>1. Almanya ve &#8220;Hayat Sahas\u0131&#8221; Stratejisi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"16\"><strong>Almanya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n artan sanayisi i\u00e7in ham madde ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak ad\u0131na s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na girmesi gerekiyordu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"17\"><strong>1933<\/strong>\u2019te iktidara gelen <strong>Nazi Partisi<\/strong> ve lideri <strong>Adolf Hitler<\/strong>, a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlar i\u00e7eren <strong>Versay Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n olumsuz etkilerini k\u0131rmak i\u00e7in sava\u015f ekonomisine b\u00fcy\u00fck yat\u0131r\u0131mlar yapt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"18\"><strong>Almanya<\/strong>, <strong>Lebensraum<\/strong><strong> (Hayat Sahas\u0131)<\/strong> politikas\u0131na y\u00f6neldi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"19\"><em>Temel D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce:<\/em> <strong>Almanya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n \u00fczerinde bulundu\u011fu mevcut topraklar\u0131n, b\u00fcy\u00fcyen Alman \u0131rk\u0131na yeterli gelmeyece\u011fi inanc\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"20\"><em>Ama\u00e7:<\/em> \u00dclke topraklar\u0131na yeni yerler katmakt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"21\"><em>Bu Amaca Y\u00f6nelik Faaliyetler:<\/em><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"22\">Kara, deniz ve hava kuvvetleri h\u0131zla g\u00fc\u00e7lendirildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"23\">Mecburi askerlik uygulamas\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131 ve asker say\u0131s\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"24\"><strong>Anti-<\/strong><strong>Komintern<\/strong><strong> Pakt\u0131<\/strong> ile <strong>Berlin-Roma-Tokyo <\/strong><strong>Mihveri<\/strong>\u2019ne kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"25\"><strong>1938<\/strong>\u2019de <strong>Avusturya<\/strong> ile birle\u015fti (<strong>Anschluss<\/strong><strong> Olay\u0131<\/strong>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"26\"><strong>\u00c7ekoslovakya<\/strong> (<strong>S\u00fcdetler<\/strong><strong> Krizi<\/strong>) ve <strong>Polonya<\/strong>\u2019y\u0131 b\u00fcnyesine katt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"27\"><em>Sonu\u00e7:<\/em> Bu sald\u0131rgan yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131k, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 i\u00e7ine alacak k\u00fcresel sava\u015f\u0131n en \u00f6nemli tetikleyicisi oldu.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-2-italya-ve-bizim-deniz-stratejisi\" data-tk-source=\"28\"><strong>2. \u0130talya ve &#8220;Bizim Deniz&#8221; Stratejisi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"29\"><strong>Almanya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n <strong>Hayat Sahas\u0131<\/strong> politikas\u0131 ile \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fen bu strateji, fa\u015fist lider <strong>Benito Mussolini<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan uyguland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"30\"><strong>Mare<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Nostrum<\/strong><strong> (Bizim Deniz)<\/strong> ve <strong>Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/strong>\u2019nu canland\u0131rma siyaseti benimsendi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"31\"><em>Temel D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce:<\/em> <strong>Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/strong>\u2019nu yeniden kurman\u0131n yolunun <strong>Akdeniz<\/strong>\u2019e h\u00e2kim olmaktan ge\u00e7ti\u011fi inanc\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"32\"><em>Ama\u00e7:<\/em> Akdeniz\u2019in tamam\u0131na h\u00e2kim olmak ve b\u00f6lgeyi \u0130talyan g\u00f6l\u00fcne \u00e7evirmek.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"33\"><em>Bu Amaca Y\u00f6nelik Faaliyetler:<\/em><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"34\">\u00d6nce <strong>Yugoslavya<\/strong>\u2019dan <strong>Fiume<\/strong> \u015fehrini ald\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"35\"><strong>1935<\/strong>\u2019te Afrika&#8217;da <strong>Habe\u015fistan<\/strong>\u2019\u0131 (Etiyopya) i\u015fgal etti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"36\"><strong>1939<\/strong>\u2019da <strong>Arnavutluk<\/strong>\u2019u i\u015fgal etti.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-3-japonya-ve-ortak-refah-alani-yeni-japon-duzeni-stratejisi\" data-tk-source=\"37\"><strong>3. Japonya ve &#8220;Ortak Refah Alan\u0131 (Yeni Japon D\u00fczeni)&#8221; Stratejisi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"38\"><strong>I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> sonras\u0131nda <strong>Japonya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n <strong>\u00c7in<\/strong> ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 antla\u015fmalarla elde etti\u011fi \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck, 1920-1930 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda devam etti. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir orduya ve ekonomiye sahipti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"39\"><strong>1929 Ekonomik <\/strong><strong>Buhran\u0131<\/strong>\u2019ndan <strong>Japonya<\/strong> da olumsuz etkilenince, 70 milyonluk \u00fclke krizden kurtulmak i\u00e7in s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik faaliyetlerini h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"40\"><strong>&#8220;Asya Asyal\u0131lar\u0131nd\u0131r&#8221;<\/strong> fikri bu politikaya temel olu\u015fturdu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"41\"><em>Ama\u00e7:<\/em> Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalistlerin Asya\u2019dan s\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacak Asya\u2019n\u0131n, <strong>Japonya<\/strong> liderli\u011finde bir <strong>Ortak Refah Alan\u0131<\/strong> birli\u011fi olu\u015fturmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"42\"><em>Bu Amaca Y\u00f6nelik Faaliyetler:<\/em><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"43\"><strong>1931<\/strong>\u2019de <strong>Man\u00e7urya<\/strong>\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgal etti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"44\"><strong>1937<\/strong>\u2019de do\u011frudan <strong>\u00c7in<\/strong>\u2019i i\u015fgale ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-muttefik-devletler-in-karsi-tutumlari\" data-tk-source=\"45\"><strong>M\u00fcttefik <\/strong><strong>Devletler\u2019in<\/strong><strong> Kar\u015f\u0131 Tutumlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><h3 id=\"tk-1-ingiltere\" data-tk-source=\"46\"><strong>1. \u0130ngiltere<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"47\"><strong>1935<\/strong>\u2019e kadar <strong>\u0130talya<\/strong> ile iyi ili\u015fkiler kuran <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>, <strong>\u0130talya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n <strong>Habe\u015fistan<\/strong>\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgali \u00fczerine bu devleti <strong>Akdeniz<\/strong> ve <strong>Hindistan<\/strong>\u2019daki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na bir tehdit olarak g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve ittifak aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131na girdi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"48\"><strong>\u0130ngiltere Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 <\/strong><strong>Neville<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Chamberlain<\/strong>, <strong>Hitler<\/strong>\u2019in esas hedefinin Do\u011fu Avrupa (\u00f6zellikle <strong>SSCB<\/strong>) h\u00e2kimiyeti oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc. Bu nedenle <strong>Almanya<\/strong> ile iyi ge\u00e7inmeyi hedefleyen <strong>Yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma <\/strong><strong>Politikas\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131 (Appeasement) uygulad\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"49\"><em>Sonu\u00e7:<\/em> <strong>Almanya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n <strong>\u00c7ekoslovakya<\/strong>\u2019y\u0131 tamamen i\u015fgal etmesiyle bu pasif politika iflas etti ve sona erdi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"50\">Uzak Do\u011fu&#8217;da ise, Pasifik ve Uzak Do\u011fu\u2019daki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerin ele ge\u00e7irilmesi ihtimaline kar\u015f\u0131 <strong>Fransa<\/strong> ile birlikte <strong>Japonya<\/strong>\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 ittifaklar kurdu.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-2-fransa\" data-tk-source=\"51\"><strong>2. Fransa<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"52\">Akdeniz\u2019deki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan <strong>\u0130talya<\/strong>\u2019y\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck tehdit olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"53\">Olas\u0131 bir Alman sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, <strong>Almanya<\/strong> s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 boyunca <strong>Maginot<\/strong><strong> Hatt\u0131<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilen devasa ve a\u015f\u0131lmaz oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen bir savunma hatt\u0131 in\u015fa etti. 2. D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Maginot Hatt\u0131 Almanlar taraf\u0131ndan Bel\u00e7ika (Ardennes Ormanlar\u0131) \u00fczerinden a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 ve Fransa&#8217;da Alman i\u015fbirlik\u00e7isi Vichy H\u00fck\u00fbmeti&#8217;nin kuruldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"54\">Ge\u00e7mi\u015fe dayal\u0131 tarihi hesapla\u015fmalardan dolay\u0131 <strong>Almanya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n ezilmesinden yana tav\u0131r sergiledi.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-3-rusya-sscb\" data-tk-source=\"55\"><strong>3. Rusya (SSCB)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"56\"><strong>\u0130talya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n <strong>\u00c7anakkale<\/strong> ve <strong>\u0130stanbul <\/strong><strong>Bo\u011fazlar\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;na y\u00f6nelmesinden b\u00fcy\u00fck endi\u015fe duyuyordu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"57\"><strong>M\u00fcnih Konferans\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;na davet edilmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in Bat\u0131l\u0131 M\u00fcttefiklerden uzakla\u015farak, s\u00fcrpriz bir \u015fekilde <strong>Almanya<\/strong> ile <strong>Sald\u0131rmazl\u0131k Pakt\u0131 (<\/strong><strong>Molotov-Ribbentrop<\/strong><strong> Pakt\u0131)<\/strong> imzalad\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"58\">Ruslar\u0131 en \u00e7ok tedirgin eden durum, merkeze uzak olan <strong>Man\u00e7urya<\/strong> gibi Uzak Do\u011fu\u2019daki s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgelerini tehdit eden <strong>Japonya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n yay\u0131lmac\u0131 siyasetiydi.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-4-abd\" data-tk-source=\"59\"><strong>4. ABD<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"60\"><strong>Milletler Cemiyeti<\/strong>&#8216;ne \u00fcye olmad\u0131 ve geleneksel <strong>Yaln\u0131zl\u0131k <\/strong><strong>Politikas\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;na (<strong>Monroe Doktrini<\/strong>) geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"61\">Ancak k\u00fcresel geli\u015fmelere tamamen kay\u0131ts\u0131z kalmad\u0131: <strong>1928 <\/strong><strong>Briand<\/strong><strong>-Kellogg Pakt\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n kurucusu oldu; \u00c7in\u2019den Orta Do\u011fu\u2019ya kadar ticari ili\u015fkilerini geli\u015ftirdi. <strong>\u0130talya<\/strong> ve <strong>Almanya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n sald\u0131rgan politikalar\u0131na ise ba\u015flarda sessiz kald\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"62\"><strong>Japonya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n yay\u0131lmac\u0131 siyasetine kar\u015f\u0131 <strong>1922<\/strong>\u2019de <strong>Washington Deniz Silahs\u0131zlanmas\u0131 Konferans\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131 toplad\u0131. <strong>Japonya<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n sonradan konferanstan ayr\u0131l\u0131p ABD&#8217;ye ait adalara ve ticari faaliyetlere sald\u0131rmas\u0131, <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;yi zorunlu olarak M\u00fcttefikler ile yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-ii-dunya-savasi-nin-nedenleri-ve-savasin-baslamasi\" data-tk-source=\"63\"><strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Nedenleri ve Sava\u015f\u0131n Ba\u015flamas\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"64\">Liberalizm, kapitalizm, sosyalizm, kom\u00fcnizm, fa\u015fizm, Nazizm gibi ideolojilerin devlet politikalar\u0131n\u0131 keskinle\u015ftirmesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"65\"><strong>I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> sonras\u0131 kurulan adaletsiz d\u00fczeni (\u00f6zellikle <strong>Versay Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n <strong>Almanya<\/strong>&#8216;ya getirdi\u011fi a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlar\u0131) y\u0131kmak isteyen diktat\u00f6r liderlerin y\u00fckseli\u015fi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"66\"><strong>Rusya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n <strong>Brest-Litovsk<\/strong><strong> Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> ile kaybetti\u011fi topraklar\u0131 geri almak istemesi ve kom\u00fcnizmi d\u00fcnya devrimi ile yayma ideali.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"67\"><strong>\u0130talya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n <strong>I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>\u2019nda istediklerini elde edememesi ve Avrupa siyasetinde etkinli\u011fini art\u0131rmak istemesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"68\">Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n, kom\u00fcnizme kar\u015f\u0131 bir set \u00e7ekece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle <strong>Almanya<\/strong> (Nazizm) ve <strong>\u0130talya<\/strong>&#8216;da (Fa\u015fizm) y\u00fckselen rejimlere zaman\u0131nda engel olmamas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"69\"><strong>Japonya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n Uzak Do\u011fu ve Pasifik\u2019te <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong> ve <strong>ABD<\/strong>\u2019nin ekonomik bask\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtulmak istemesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"70\"><strong>1929 Ekonomik <\/strong><strong>Buhran\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 derin ekonomik ve sosyal y\u0131k\u0131m.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-bloklasmalar-ve-savasin-patlak-vermesi\" data-tk-source=\"71\"><strong>Blokla\u015fmalar ve Sava\u015f\u0131n Patlak Vermesi:<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"72\"><strong>Mihver Devletler:<\/strong> <strong>SSCB<\/strong> tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131 1936&#8217;da <strong>Anti-<\/strong><strong>Komintern<\/strong><strong> Pakt\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131 kuran <strong>Almanya<\/strong>, <strong>Japonya<\/strong> ve <strong>\u0130talya<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu <strong>Roma-Berlin-Tokyo Mihver Bloku<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"73\"><strong>M\u00fcttefik Devletler:<\/strong> Mihver&#8217;in sald\u0131rgan politikalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 birle\u015fen <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>, <strong>Fransa<\/strong>, <strong>SSCB<\/strong>, <strong>ABD<\/strong> ve <strong>\u00c7in<\/strong>&#8216;in olu\u015fturdu\u011fu blok.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"74\"><strong>Sava\u015f\u0131n Ba\u015flamas\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>, <strong>Almanya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n <strong>1 Eyl\u00fcl 1939<\/strong>\u2019da <strong>Polonya<\/strong>\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgali ile fiilen ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"75\">Bunun \u00fczerine <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong> ve <strong>Fransa<\/strong>, <strong>Almanya<\/strong>\u2019ya sava\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"76\"><strong>Rusya<\/strong>, b\u00f6lgedeki Beyaz Rus ve Ukraynal\u0131lar\u0131n ezildi\u011fini bahane ederek <strong>Polonya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusunu i\u015fgal etti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"77\"><strong>\u0130talya<\/strong>, <strong>Almanya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda sava\u015fa d\u00e2hil oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"78\">Bu k\u00fcresel sava\u015f genel olarak \u00fc\u00e7 ana cephede devam etti: <strong>Kuzey Afrika<\/strong>, <strong>Asya-Uzak Do\u011fu<\/strong> ve <strong>Avrupa<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-ii-dunya-savasi-nin-seyrini-degistiren-olaylar-ve-sonuclari\" data-tk-source=\"79\"><strong>II. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI\u2019NIN SEYR\u0130N\u0130 DE\u011e\u0130\u015eT\u0130REN OLAYLAR VE SONU\u00c7LARI<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-1-pearl-harbor-baskini-7-aralik-1941\" data-tk-source=\"80\"><strong>1. <\/strong><strong>Pearl<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Harbor<\/strong><strong> Bask\u0131n\u0131 (7 Aral\u0131k 1941)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"81\"><strong>Pearl<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Harbor<\/strong>, Pasifik\u2019in Hawaii tak\u0131madalar\u0131nda yer alan, <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin Uzak Do\u011fu&#8217;daki \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyan en \u00f6nemli lojistik ve asker\u00ee \u00fcss\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"82\"><strong>Japonya<\/strong>, kendi yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na tehdit olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu \u00fcsse s\u00fcrpriz bir hava sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 d\u00fczenleyerek <strong>ABD<\/strong>\u2019nin Pasifik filosuna b\u00fcy\u00fck hasar verdi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"83\"><em>Sonu\u00e7:<\/em> <strong>ABD<\/strong>, Yaln\u0131zl\u0131k Politikas\u0131&#8217;n\u0131 terk ederek <strong>Japonya<\/strong> ve Mihver Devletler&#8217;e sava\u015f ilan etti; sava\u015f k\u00fcresel bir boyuta ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-2-stalingrad-kusatmasi-1942-1943\" data-tk-source=\"84\"><strong>2. Stalingrad Ku\u015fatmas\u0131 (1942-1943)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"85\">SSCB&#8217;yi i\u015fgal harek\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131n genel ad\u0131 olan &#8220;Barbarossa&#8221; harekat\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"86\"><strong>Stalingrad<\/strong>, <strong>SSCB<\/strong>\u2019nin <strong>Volga Nehri<\/strong> denetimini sa\u011flayan en \u00f6nemli sanayi \u015fehridir ve Kafkasya&#8217;dan gelen petrol\u00fcn i\u015flendi\u011fi lojistik bir merkezdir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"87\"><strong>Almanya<\/strong>, <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;yi sava\u015f d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmak i\u00e7in bu \u015fehre sald\u0131rd\u0131. Buras\u0131 Alman ordular\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ula\u015fabildi\u011fi son nokta oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"88\"><strong>K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu<\/strong>&#8216;nun savunmas\u0131na sivil i\u015f\u00e7ilerin de kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla Almanlara kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015fehir sava\u015f\u0131 (direni\u015f) ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"89\"><em>Sonu\u00e7:<\/em> Alman ordusu a\u011f\u0131r bir yenilgi ald\u0131. T\u00fcm Avrupa\u2019daki anti-fa\u015fist direni\u015fler canland\u0131 ve do\u011fu cephesinde psikolojik ve asker\u00ee \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck (inisiyatif) <strong>SSCB<\/strong>\u2019ye ge\u00e7ti.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-3-normandiya-cikarmasi-6-haziran-1944\" data-tk-source=\"90\"><strong>3. Normandiya \u00c7\u0131karmas\u0131 (6 Haziran 1944)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"91\">Avrupa cephesinde Almanlara kar\u015f\u0131 yaln\u0131z kalan ve a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131plar veren <strong>SSCB<\/strong>, M\u00fcttefiklerden bat\u0131da yeni bir cephe a\u00e7malar\u0131n\u0131 talep etti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"92\"><strong>M\u00fcttefik Kuvvetler<\/strong>, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n kuzey ucundaki <strong>Normandiya<\/strong> k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na devasa bir amfibi \u00e7\u0131karma (<strong>Overlord<\/strong><strong> Harek\u00e2t\u0131<\/strong>) yapt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"93\"><em>Sonu\u00e7:<\/em> Alman ordular\u0131na \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl bir darbe vuruldu. <strong>Fransa<\/strong> ve ard\u0131ndan Avrupa, Alman i\u015fgalinden kurtar\u0131ld\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 <strong>Almanya<\/strong>&#8216;y\u0131 kesin teslimiyete g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"94\">Sava\u015f\u0131n Sona Erme S\u0131ras\u0131: <strong>Kuzey Afrika<\/strong> (Mihver&#8217;in at\u0131lmas\u0131) <strong>Avrupa<\/strong> (Almanya&#8217;n\u0131n teslimiyeti) <strong>Asya<\/strong> (Japonya&#8217;n\u0131n teslimiyeti).<\/p><h3 id=\"tk-savasi-bitiren-ve-yeni-duzeni-kuran-konferanslar-1945\" data-tk-source=\"95\"><strong>Sava\u015f\u0131 Bitiren ve Yeni D\u00fczeni Kuran Konferanslar (1945)<\/strong><\/h3><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"96\">Sava\u015f\u0131n son d\u00f6neminde M\u00fcttefik Devletler taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenen bu konferanslar sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131 ve bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendirdi.<\/p><h3 id=\"tk-1-yalta-konferansi-4-11-subat-1945-kirim-sscb\" data-tk-source=\"97\"><strong>1. Yalta Konferans\u0131 (4-11 \u015eubat <\/strong><strong>1945 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> K\u0131r\u0131m, SSCB)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"98\"><strong>Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar:<\/strong> <strong>Franklin D. Roosevelt (ABD)<\/strong>, <strong>Joseph Stalin (SSCB)<\/strong> ve <strong>Winston Churchill (\u0130ngiltere)<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"99\"><em>Ama\u00e7:<\/em> Sava\u015f sonunda i\u015f birli\u011fini geli\u015ftirmek ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n gelece\u011fini planlamak.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"100\"><em>\u00d6nemli Karar:<\/em> <strong>1 Mart 1945<\/strong>\u2019e kadar Mihver Devletleri\u2019ne sava\u015f ilan eden \u00fclkelerin kurulacak olan <strong>Birle\u015fmi\u015f <\/strong><strong>Milletler<\/strong>&#8216;e kurucu \u00fcye olarak kabul edilmesine karar verildi. (T\u00fcrkiye bu nedenle Almanya ve Japonya&#8217;ya ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde sava\u015f a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"101\"><em>Sonu\u00e7:<\/em> Konferans, M\u00fcttefikler aras\u0131ndaki &#8220;B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130ttifak&#8221;\u0131n sonu oldu; ortak d\u00fc\u015fman bitince aralar\u0131nda <strong>So\u011fuk Sava\u015f<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131 ba\u015flatacak olan rekabet ve g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelesi d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-2-san-francisco-konferansi-25-nisan-26-haziran-1945\" data-tk-source=\"102\"><strong>2. San Francisco Konferans\u0131 (25 Nisan-26 Haziran 1945)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"103\"><em>Ama\u00e7:<\/em> Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 kal\u0131c\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in <strong>Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler (BM)<\/strong> te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 resmen kurmak. <strong>ABD<\/strong> liderli\u011finde toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"104\"><em>\u00d6nemli Kararlar:<\/em><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"105\">Genel Kurulun i\u015fleyi\u015finde t\u00fcm devletlerin e\u015fitli\u011fi kabul edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"106\">BM&#8217;nin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc organ\u0131 olan <strong>G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi<\/strong>&#8216;nde 5 b\u00fcy\u00fck devletin (<strong>ABD<\/strong>, <strong>SSCB<\/strong>, <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>, <strong>Fransa<\/strong> ve <strong>\u00c7in<\/strong>) \u00fcyeliklerinin <strong>daimi<\/strong> olmas\u0131na ve bu devletlere <strong>veto hakk\u0131<\/strong> verilmesine karar verildi.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-3-potsdam-konferansi-17-temmuz-2-agustos-1945-berlin\" data-tk-source=\"107\"><strong>3. <\/strong><strong>Potsdam<\/strong><strong> Konferans\u0131 (17 Temmuz-2 A\u011fustos <\/strong><strong>1945 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> Berlin)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"108\"><em>Ama\u00e7:<\/em> <strong>Almanya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n teslim olmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Avrupa&#8217;da ya\u015fanan siyasi sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek ve bar\u0131\u015f d\u00fczenini netle\u015ftirmek.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"109\"><em>\u00d6nemli Kararlar:<\/em><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"110\"><strong>Almanya<\/strong> ve ba\u015fkenti Berlin&#8217;in; <strong>ABD<\/strong>, <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>, <strong>Fransa<\/strong> ve <strong>SSCB<\/strong> y\u00f6netimlerine b\u0131rak\u0131lacak \u015fekilde d\u00f6rt i\u015fgal b\u00f6lgesine ayr\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"111\"><strong>Almanya<\/strong>\u2019ya a\u011f\u0131r ekonomik ve asker\u00ee k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar getirildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"112\">Yakalanan t\u00fcm Nazi liderlerinin uluslararas\u0131 bir mahkemede (<strong>N\u00fcrnberg Mahkemeleri<\/strong>) sava\u015f su\u00e7lusu olarak yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131na karar verildi.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-atom-bombalari-ve-etkileri\" data-tk-source=\"113\"><strong>Atom Bombalar\u0131 ve Etkileri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"114\"><strong>Otto<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Hahn<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan fisyon reaksiyonu (\u00e7ekirdek par\u00e7alanmas\u0131) ke\u015ffedilen atom bombas\u0131 teknolojisi sava\u015fa son noktay\u0131 koydu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"115\"><strong>6 A\u011fustos 1945:<\/strong> Uranyum tipi, <strong>Little<\/strong><strong> Boy (K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck O\u011flan)<\/strong> kod adl\u0131 bomba, <strong>B-29<\/strong> bombard\u0131man u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 (<strong>Enola<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Gay<\/strong>) ile <strong>Hiro\u015fima<\/strong>\u2019ya at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"116\"><strong>9 A\u011fustos 1945:<\/strong> Pl\u00fctonyum tipi, <strong>Fat<\/strong><strong> Man (\u015ei\u015fman Adam)<\/strong> kod adl\u0131 bomba, <strong>Nagasaki<\/strong>\u2019ye at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"117\"><em>Sonu\u00e7:<\/em> Y\u00fcz binlerce masum sivil feci \u015fekilde hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Sava\u015fma direnci tamamen k\u0131r\u0131lan <strong>Japonya<\/strong> kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z teslim oldu.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-ii-dunya-savasi-sirasinda-yasanan-insan-haklari-ihlalleri\" data-tk-source=\"118\"><strong>II. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI SIRASINDA YA\u015eANAN \u0130NSAN HAKLARI \u0130HLALLER\u0130<\/strong><\/h2><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"119\"><strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve hemen \u00f6ncesinde, sava\u015fan t\u00fcm taraflarca insanl\u0131k tarihinin en a\u011f\u0131r temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ihlalleri ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><h3 id=\"tk-asya-ve-avrupa-da-yasanan-insan-haklari-ihlalleri\" data-tk-source=\"120\"><strong>Asya ve Avrupa\u2019da Ya\u015fanan \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 \u0130hlalleri<\/strong><\/h3><h3 id=\"tk-nazi-almanyasi-holokost-ve-irkcilik\" data-tk-source=\"121\"><strong>Nazi <\/strong><strong>Almanyas\u0131<\/strong><strong> (Holokost ve Irk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"122\">Nazilerin ihlalleri <strong>1933<\/strong>&#8216;te iktidara gelmeleriyle ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"123\"><strong>1935 N\u00fcrnberg Kanunlar\u0131:<\/strong> Yahudi ve Romanlara kar\u015f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r vergilendirme, mallar\u0131na el koyma (m\u00fcsadere) ve toplumdan yasal olarak d\u0131\u015flama uygulamalar\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"124\"><strong>10-13 Kas\u0131m 1938 Kristal Gece (<\/strong><strong>Kristallnacht<\/strong><strong>):<\/strong> Yahudilere ait ev, i\u015f yeri ve sinagoglar\u0131n ya\u011fmaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fiddet eylemleriyle s\u00fcre\u00e7 kanl\u0131 bir boyuta ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"125\"><strong>1939<\/strong>\u2019dan itibaren i\u015fgal edilen <strong>Polonya<\/strong>&#8216;da Yahudi n\u00fcfus izole edilerek <strong>Getto<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilen a\u00e7\u0131k hava hapishanelerinde zorla ya\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131, sonras\u0131nda toplama kamplar\u0131na g\u00f6nderildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"126\"><strong>Grossraum<\/strong><strong> Politikas\u0131:<\/strong> Alman halk\u0131n\u0131n mill\u00ee birlik i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131, merkezinde Almanya\u2019n\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 &#8220;B\u00fcy\u00fck Alan&#8221;. \u0130\u015fgal edilen b\u00f6lgelerin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi siyasetidir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-sscb-nin-ihlalleri-ve-surgunler\" data-tk-source=\"127\"><strong>SSCB&#8217;nin \u0130hlalleri ve S\u00fcrg\u00fcnler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"128\"><strong>1944-1945:<\/strong> Alman i\u015fgalini bitirme bahanesiyle girdi\u011fi Do\u011fu Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde (<strong>Macaristan<\/strong>, <strong>Romanya<\/strong>, <strong>Bulgaristan<\/strong>, <strong>\u00c7ekoslovakya<\/strong>, <strong>Polonya<\/strong>) kendine muhalif olan gruplar\u0131 ezdi ve kukla y\u00f6netimler kurdu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"129\"><em>Kafkasya ve K\u0131r\u0131m S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri:<\/em> Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda Stalin y\u00f6netimi, \u00fclkesindeki az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanla i\u015fbirli\u011fi bahanesiyle topluca vatanlar\u0131ndan kopard\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"130\"><strong>1943:<\/strong> <strong>Kara\u00e7aylar<\/strong> (Kafkasya\u2019dan s\u00fcr\u00fclen ilk halk).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"131\"><strong>1944:<\/strong> \u0130nsanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 vagonlarla <strong>190 bin K\u0131r\u0131m Tatar\u0131<\/strong> ve <strong>115 bin Ah\u0131ska T\u00fcrk\u00fc<\/strong>, Sibirya ve Orta Asya&#8217;ya s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edildi. Bir\u00e7o\u011fu yolda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-diger-ihlaller-ve-yargilamalar\" data-tk-source=\"132\"><strong>Di\u011fer \u0130hlaller ve Yarg\u0131lamalar<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"133\"><strong>ABD<\/strong>, <strong>Hiro\u015fima<\/strong> ve <strong>Nagasaki<\/strong>&#8216;ye att\u0131\u011f\u0131 atom bombalar\u0131 ile y\u00fcz binlerce sivilin an\u0131nda ve sonras\u0131nda radyasyonla \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sebep oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"134\"><strong>Japonya<\/strong>, Asya&#8217;y\u0131 i\u015fgali s\u0131ras\u0131nda (\u00f6zellikle \u00c7in&#8217;de) esirlere ve sivillere kar\u015f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u015fledi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"135\">Sava\u015f sonunda insanl\u0131k su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 cezaland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in <strong>Almanya<\/strong>&#8216;da <strong>N\u00fcrnberg Mahkemeleri<\/strong>, <strong>Japonya<\/strong>&#8216;da ise <strong>Tokyo Mahkemeleri<\/strong> kuruldu.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-insan-haklari-evrensel-beyannamesi-iheb\" data-tk-source=\"136\"><strong>\u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Evrensel Beyannamesi (\u0130HEB)<\/strong><\/h3><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"137\">Sava\u015fta ya\u015fanan sivil katliamlar\u0131 ve ac\u0131lar, insan haklar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fcresel \u00e7apta g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 zorunlulu\u011funu do\u011furdu.<\/p><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"138\"><strong>14 A\u011fustos <\/strong><strong>1941 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> Atlantik Bildirisi:<\/strong> <strong>ABD<\/strong> (Roosevelt) ve <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong> (Churchill) \u00f6nderli\u011finde yay\u0131nland\u0131. Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n h\u00fcrriyet ve demokrasi temelinde kurulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcjdeledi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"139\"><strong>1 Ocak <\/strong><strong>1942 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Beyannamesi:<\/strong> Almanya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fan 26 devletin imzas\u0131yla yay\u0131mland\u0131 ve BM&#8217;nin fikri temellerini att\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"140\"><strong>24 Ekim 1945:<\/strong> <strong>San Francisco Konferans\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan <strong>Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Te\u015fkilat\u0131<\/strong> resmen kuruldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"141\"><strong>10 Aral\u0131k <\/strong><strong>1948 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Evrensel Beyannamesi (\u0130HEB):<\/strong> BM Genel Kurulunda, aralar\u0131nda <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>\u2019nin de bulundu\u011fu 48 \u00fclkenin &#8220;evet&#8221; oyu ile kabul edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"142\"><em>Temel \u0130lkesi:<\/em> Beyannamedeki haklardan, dil, din, \u0131rk ayr\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6zetmeksizin t\u00fcm insanlar\u0131n yararlanmas\u0131. Ki\u015filerin insanca ya\u015famas\u0131 i\u00e7in ekonomik ve sosyal bask\u0131lardan kurtulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi vurguland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"143\"><em>Ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k S\u00fcreci:<\/em> \u0130HEB ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta tavsiye niteli\u011finde, ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 zay\u0131f bir bildirgeydi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"144\">Y\u0131llar sonra BM b\u00fcnyesinde haz\u0131rlanan <strong>&#8220;Ki\u015fisel ve Siyasal Haklara \u0130li\u015fkin Uluslararas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fme&#8221;<\/strong> ile <strong>&#8220;Ekonomik, Sosyal ve K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Haklara \u0130li\u015fkin Uluslararas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fme&#8221;<\/strong> uluslarca imzaland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"145\">Bu ikiz s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin <strong>1976<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda 35 \u00fclke taraf\u0131ndan onaylanarak y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesiyle insan haklar\u0131 normlar\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 hukukta <strong>ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131<\/strong> ve <strong>y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck getiren<\/strong> bir i\u00e7erik kazand\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-ii-dunya-savasi-nin-siyasi-ve-ekonomik-sonuclari\" data-tk-source=\"146\"><strong>II. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI\u2019NIN S\u0130YAS\u0130 VE EKONOM\u0130K SONU\u00c7LARI<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-iki-kutuplu-dunya-duzeninin-ortaya-cikmasi\" data-tk-source=\"147\"><strong>\u0130ki Kutuplu D\u00fcnya D\u00fczeninin Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"148\"><strong>\u0130deolojik Tasfiye:<\/strong> M\u00fcttefikler taraf\u0131ndan <strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n kazan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra <strong>Nazizm<\/strong> ve <strong>Fa\u015fizm<\/strong> gibi ak\u0131mlar tasfiye edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"149\"><strong>1946 Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>\u0130talya, Romanya, Bulgaristan, Macaristan<\/strong> ve <strong>Finlandiya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n durumlar\u0131 belirlendi; bu devletler toprak kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"150\"><strong>Potsdam<\/strong><strong> Konferans\u0131 Kararlar\u0131:<\/strong> Kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan n\u00fcfus de\u011fi\u015fimi <strong>1945 sonbahar\u0131nda<\/strong> uygulanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"151\"><strong>\u0130talya&#8217;n\u0131n Durumu:<\/strong> Afrika\u2019daki b\u00fct\u00fcn topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. <strong>1947 Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> ile <strong>Oniki<\/strong><strong> Ada<\/strong>\u2019y\u0131 <strong>Yunanistan<\/strong>\u2019a b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"152\"><strong>Almanya&#8217;n\u0131n B\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi:<\/strong> Silahtan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 daralt\u0131ld\u0131 ve askersizle\u015ftirildi. <strong>Avusturya<\/strong>, Almanya\u2019dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Almanya ve ba\u015fkenti <strong>Berlin<\/strong>, Potsdam kararlar\u0131na g\u00f6re d\u00f6rt i\u015fgal b\u00f6lgesine ayr\u0131ld\u0131 (Y\u00f6netim; <strong>\u0130ngiliz, Amerikal\u0131, Frans\u0131z<\/strong> ve <strong>Sovyet<\/strong> subay komitelerinde).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"153\"><strong>Federal Almanya Cumhuriyeti (Bat\u0131 Almanya):<\/strong> M\u00fcttefikler Bat\u0131 Almanya\u2019da se\u00e7imler yapt\u0131rarak <strong>Bonn<\/strong> merkez olmak \u00fczere <strong>1949<\/strong>\u2019da kurdu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"154\"><strong>Demokratik Almanya Cumhuriyeti (Do\u011fu Almanya):<\/strong> <strong>Sovyetler Birli\u011fi (SSCB)<\/strong> buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k <strong>Berlin<\/strong> ba\u015fkent olmak \u00fczere kurdu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"155\"><strong>Avusturya&#8217;n\u0131n Durumu:<\/strong> Ba\u015fkenti <strong>Viyana<\/strong> ile birlikte d\u00f6rt i\u015fgal b\u00f6lgesine ayr\u0131ld\u0131. D\u00f6rt i\u015fgalci g\u00fc\u00e7le imzalanan <strong>1955 Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> ile cumhuriyet y\u00f6netimi tam egemenlik kazand\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"156\"><strong>Polonya ve \u0130nsan\u00ee Kay\u0131plar:<\/strong> \u0130ki b\u00fcy\u00fck ideoloji aras\u0131nda kalan Polonya\u2019da sivil kay\u0131plar 4-5 milyon civar\u0131nda oldu. <strong>Nazi<\/strong> iktidar\u0131 2.5 milyondan fazla <strong>Yahudi<\/strong>\u2019yi \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"157\"><strong>Sovyet Yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>Stalin<\/strong>, <strong>Yalta Konferans\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;ndaki taahh\u00fctlerini bozarak \u00f6zg\u00fcr se\u00e7imleri erteledi ve Polonya\u2019da <strong>Lublin<\/strong><strong> Polonyal\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong> ad\u0131yla ge\u00e7ici kukla bir h\u00fck\u00fbmet kurdu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"158\"><strong>Japonya&#8217;n\u0131n Teslimiyeti:<\/strong> <strong>14 A\u011fustos 1945<\/strong>\u2019te kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z teslim oldu. <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin etkisi alt\u0131na giren Japonya, <strong>General <\/strong><strong>MacArthur<\/strong><strong> (<\/strong><strong>Mekartur<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> nezaretinde demokratik usullerle se\u00e7ilen bir h\u00fck\u00fbmet taraf\u0131ndan idare edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"159\"><strong>N\u00fckleer Silahlanma Yar\u0131\u015f\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>ABD<\/strong>, geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi <strong>atom bombas\u0131<\/strong> teknolojisiyle en \u00f6nemli g\u00fc\u00e7 oldu. <strong>SSCB<\/strong>, <strong>1949<\/strong>\u2019da <strong>atom bombas\u0131n\u0131<\/strong>, <strong>1953<\/strong>\u2019te <strong>hidrojen bombas\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> geli\u015ftirerek Amerikan tekeline son verdi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"160\"><strong>Demirperde ve Blokla\u015fma:<\/strong> \u0130lk kez <strong>1946<\/strong>\u2019da <strong>Winston Churchill<\/strong>\u2019in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>&#8220;Demirperde&#8221;<\/strong> kavram\u0131, <strong>1947<\/strong>\u2019de <strong>Kominform<\/strong>&#8216;un kurulmas\u0131yla fiiliyata d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 ya\u015fanan ideolojik ayr\u0131l\u0131k <strong>Bat\u0131 ve Do\u011fu <\/strong><strong>Bloklar\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n (\u0130ki Kutuplu D\u00fcnya) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"161\"><strong>S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin Sonu:<\/strong> <strong>\u0130ngiltere, Hollanda, Fransa, Bel\u00e7ika<\/strong> ve <strong>Portekiz<\/strong> s\u00f6m\u00fcrge imparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 sava\u015f sonras\u0131 y\u0131llarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"162\"><strong>So\u011fuk Sava\u015f D\u00f6nemi:<\/strong> <strong>1945<\/strong>\u2019te do\u011fan iki s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7 (<strong>SSCB<\/strong> ve <strong>ABD<\/strong>), yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde d\u00fcnyaya y\u00f6n verdi.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-kurulusundan-gunumuze-birlesmis-milletler\" data-tk-source=\"163\"><strong>Kurulu\u015fundan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"164\"><strong>Fikr\u00ee Temeller:<\/strong> &#8220;Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler&#8221; kavram\u0131n\u0131 ilk kez kullanan <strong>ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 F. D. Roosevelt<\/strong>\u2019tir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"165\"><strong>Geli\u015fim S\u00fcreci:<\/strong> \u0130ngiltere ve ABD\u2019nin yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>Atlantik Bildirisi<\/strong>\u2019ndeki kararlar, <strong>1 Ocak 1942 Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Bildirisi<\/strong>\u2019nde aynen kabul edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"166\"><strong>Veto Hakk\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>Yalta Konferans\u0131<\/strong>\u2019nda, BM G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi&#8217;nin daimi \u00fcyeleri i\u00e7in <strong>Veto \u0130lkesi<\/strong> kabul edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"167\"><strong>Kurucu \u00dcyelik \u015eart\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>San Francisco Konferans\u0131<\/strong>\u2019na kadar <strong>Mihver <\/strong><strong>Devletler<\/strong>&#8216;e sava\u015f ilan edenlerin kurucu \u00fcye say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"168\"><strong>Resmi Kurulu\u015f:<\/strong> <strong>24 Ekim 1945<\/strong>\u2019te, <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>\u2019nin de d\u00e2hil oldu\u011fu <strong>51 devlet<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan kuruldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"169\"><strong>BM&#8217;nin Sorumluluklar\u0131:<\/strong> Uluslararas\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flamak, temel insan haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumak, cinsiyet e\u015fitli\u011fini savunmak ve halklar\u0131n sosyo-ekonomik refah\u0131n\u0131 temin etmek.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"170\"><strong>Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar ve Ele\u015ftiriler:<\/strong> So\u011fuk Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 <strong>Bosna-Hersek, Somali<\/strong> ve <strong>Irak<\/strong> krizlerine m\u00fcdahalede yetersiz kalmas\u0131 olumsuz ele\u015ftirilere yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"171\"><strong>T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin Tavr\u0131:<\/strong> Te\u015fkilat\u0131n adil olmayan veto yap\u0131s\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 <strong>Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan<\/strong>\u2019\u0131n <strong>&#8220;D\u00fcnya be\u015ften b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.&#8221;<\/strong> s\u00f6z\u00fcyle ele\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-orta-dogu-nun-yeniden-sekillenmesinde-emperyalist-gucler\" data-tk-source=\"172\"><strong>Orta Do\u011fu\u2019nun Yeniden \u015eekillenmesinde Emperyalist G\u00fc\u00e7ler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"173\"><strong>Filistin <\/strong><strong>Sorunu&#8217;nun<\/strong><strong> Temeli:<\/strong> <strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/strong>\u2019nin b\u00f6lgede g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybetmesi ve <strong>\u0130srail Devleti<\/strong>&#8216;nin kurulmas\u0131 ad\u0131mlar\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"174\"><strong>Siyonist Hareket:<\/strong> Hedefi t\u00fcm Yahudileri \u0130srail\u2019de toplamakt\u0131r. <strong>Theodor <\/strong><strong>Herzl<\/strong> \u00f6nderli\u011finde <strong>1897 \u0130svi\u00e7re\/Basel<\/strong>\u2019de <strong>D\u00fcnya Siyonist \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc<\/strong> ilk kongresini yapt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"175\"><strong>Manda Y\u00f6netimi:<\/strong> <strong>I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> sonras\u0131 Osmanl\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131yla devlet kurma engeli kalkt\u0131. <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>, <strong>1917-1922<\/strong> aras\u0131 b\u00f6lgeyi y\u00f6netti; ard\u0131ndan <strong>Milletler Cemiyeti<\/strong> b\u00f6lgeyi \u0130ngiliz mandas\u0131na b\u0131rakt\u0131. \u0130ngilizler, \u0130srail&#8217;e zemin haz\u0131rlayan <strong>Balfour<\/strong><strong> Deklarasyonu<\/strong>&#8216;nu hayata ge\u00e7irdi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"176\"><strong>BM&#8217;ye Devir:<\/strong> \u0130ngiltere <strong>2 Nisan 1947<\/strong>\u2019de sorunu <strong>BM<\/strong>&#8216;ye devretti. <strong>21-22 Nisan 1947<\/strong>&#8216;de Arap Devletleri&#8217;nin (<strong>M\u0131s\u0131r, Irak, Suriye, L\u00fcbnan, Suudi Arabistan<\/strong>) ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k teklifleri kabul g\u00f6rmedi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"177\"><strong>UNSCOP (BM Filistin \u00d6zel Komitesi) Raporu:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"178\"><strong>\u00c7o\u011funluk Plan\u0131:<\/strong> Filistin; Yahudi ve Arap devleti olarak ekonomik ba\u011flarla birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 iki devlet olacak. <strong>Kud\u00fcs<\/strong> uluslararas\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131nda ortak b\u00f6lge olacak.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"179\"><strong>Az\u0131nl\u0131k Plan\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>Kud\u00fcs<\/strong> merkezli federal bir devlet kurulacak.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"180\"><strong>Karar ve Kurulu\u015f:<\/strong> <strong>BM Genel Kurulu<\/strong>, <strong>29 Kas\u0131m 1947<\/strong>\u2019de Araplar\u0131n muhalefetine ra\u011fmen <strong>\u00c7o\u011funluk Plan\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131 kabul etti. <strong>14 May\u0131s 1948<\/strong>\u2019de <strong>Ben <\/strong><strong>Gurion<\/strong> ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda <strong>\u0130srail Devleti<\/strong> kuruldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"181\"><strong>Uluslararas\u0131 Tan\u0131nma:<\/strong> \u0130lk olarak <strong>ABD<\/strong> ve <strong>SSCB<\/strong> tan\u0131d\u0131. (D\u00fcnya tarihinde ilk kez BM oylamas\u0131yla devlet kuruldu).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"182\"><strong>El <\/strong><strong>Nakba<\/strong><strong> (Felaket G\u00fcn\u00fc):<\/strong> \u0130srail&#8217;in kurulu\u015fu sonras\u0131 Filistinliler <strong>15 May\u0131s<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131 bu isimle and\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"183\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7lar:<\/strong> Arap devletleri \u0130srail&#8217;i tan\u0131mad\u0131, <strong>Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015flar\u0131<\/strong> ba\u015flad\u0131 ve 1 milyon Filistinli m\u00fclteci oldu. <strong>1955<\/strong> sonras\u0131 <strong>M\u0131s\u0131r<\/strong>&#8216;da <strong>Cemal Abdul Nas\u0131r<\/strong> \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde geli\u015fen Arap milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f&#8217;ta bloklar aras\u0131 krize d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-ii-dunya-savasi-nin-ekonomik-sonuclari-ve-imf\" data-tk-source=\"184\"><strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Ekonomik Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ve IMF<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"185\"><strong>A\u011f\u0131r Bilan\u00e7o:<\/strong> 50 milyon \u00f6l\u00fc, 30 milyon m\u00fclteci ve b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomik y\u0131k\u0131m. Blokla\u015fmalar uluslararas\u0131 ticareti daraltt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"186\"><strong>K\u00fcresel G\u00fc\u00e7 De\u011fi\u015fimi:<\/strong> <strong>Almanya, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa<\/strong> ve <strong>Japonya<\/strong> s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7 stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kaybedip orta b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte devletlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. <strong>ABD<\/strong> ve <strong>SSCB<\/strong> yeni s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7ler oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"187\"><strong>Ekonomik \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f:<\/strong> Mill\u00ee gelirler 1\/3\u2019e, ihracat 1\/10\u2019a, \u00fcretim materyalleri 1\/15&#8217;e geriledi. Para birimleri <strong>Dolar<\/strong> kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda en az 100 kat de\u011fer kaybetti. Avrupa ekonomisi %50 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcrken, ABD ekonomisi %50 b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"188\"><strong>ABD Yard\u0131mlar\u0131:<\/strong> Kom\u00fcnizmin yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek amac\u0131yla <strong>Truman<\/strong> ve <strong>Marshall Planlar\u0131<\/strong> ile <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong> d\u00e2hil Avrupa&#8217;ya devasa ekonomik\/asker\u00ee yard\u0131mlar yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"189\"><strong>1944 Bretton <\/strong><strong>Woods<\/strong><strong> (<\/strong><strong>Biret\u0131n<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Vuds<\/strong><strong>) Konferans\u0131:<\/strong> 44 \u00fclkenin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla uluslararas\u0131 ekonomi kurumlar\u0131 olu\u015fturuldu:<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"190\"><strong>Uluslararas\u0131 Yeniden Yap\u0131lanma ve Kalk\u0131nma Bankas\u0131 (D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131):<\/strong> Uzun vadeli kredilerle Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n imar\u0131 i\u00e7in kuruldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"191\"><strong>Uluslararas\u0131 Para Fonu (IMF):<\/strong> Ge\u00e7ici \u00f6deme g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklerine kredi vererek ticaretin daralmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in <strong>1945<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>Washington<\/strong> merkezli kuruldu, <strong>1947<\/strong>&#8216;de faaliyete ge\u00e7ti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"192\"><strong>\u00dcyelik \u015eart\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye:<\/strong> IMF\u2019ye \u00fcye olan, D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131na da \u00fcye olmak zorundad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye IMF&#8217;ye <strong>1947<\/strong>&#8216;de kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ili\u015fkiler esas olarak <strong>1961 <\/strong><strong>Stand-by<\/strong><strong> (<\/strong><strong>S\u0131tendbay<\/strong><strong>) Anla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> ile ivme kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde IMF k\u00fcresel finans denetimi yapan dev bir organizasyondur.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-ii-dunya-savasi-nin-kulturel-bilimsel-ve-teknolojik-gelismelere-etkisi\" data-tk-source=\"193\"><strong>II. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI\u2019NIN K\u00dcLT\u00dcREL, B\u0130L\u0130MSEL VE TEKNOLOJ\u0130K GEL\u0130\u015eMELERE ETK\u0130S\u0130<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-ii-dunya-savasi-nda-gelistirilen-askeri-teknolojiler\" data-tk-source=\"194\"><strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Geli\u015ftirilen Asker\u00ee Teknolojiler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"195\"><strong>&#8220;Fizik\u00e7ilerin Sava\u015f\u0131&#8221;:<\/strong> Telsiz teknolojisi, kablosuz a\u011flar, kat\u0131 yak\u0131tl\u0131 roketler ve nanoteknolojik \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde b\u00fcy\u00fck at\u0131l\u0131mlar ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"196\"><strong>Ar-<\/strong><strong>Ge<\/strong><strong> B\u00fct\u00e7esi:<\/strong> Asker\u00ee ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar <strong>1939<\/strong>\u2019da 13 milyon dolarken, <strong>1944<\/strong>\u2019te 1,5 milyar dolara f\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"197\"><strong>Stratejik Geli\u015fmeler:<\/strong> Balistik, lojistik, ileti\u015fim ve istihbarat alanlar\u0131nda devrim ya\u015fand\u0131. <strong>Radarlar\u0131n<\/strong> kullan\u0131m\u0131yla uzaktan kumanda sistemleri geli\u015ftirildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"198\"><strong>N\u00fckleer ve Teknolojik \u0130catlar:<\/strong> <strong>Atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n<\/strong> icad\u0131 sivil ve asker\u00ee \u00f6l\u00fcmleri dramatik \u015fekilde art\u0131rd\u0131. Hesap uzmanlar\u0131na yard\u0131m i\u00e7in ilk <strong>mekanik bilgisayarlar<\/strong> geli\u015ftirildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"199\"><strong>Japonya&#8217;n\u0131n Silahlar\u0131:<\/strong> Roket yak\u0131t\u0131 ve jet motoruna sahip <strong>Kamikaze<\/strong> adl\u0131 intihar u\u00e7aklar\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-ii-dunya-savasi-nin-kulturel-etkileri\" data-tk-source=\"200\"><strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Etkileri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"201\"><strong>Sinema (7. Sanat):<\/strong> Sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hareketler sinemaya yans\u0131d\u0131. Polonya, \u00c7ekoslovakya gibi \u00fclkelerde <strong>ulusal okullar<\/strong> do\u011fdu. <strong>1950<\/strong>&#8216;lerden sonra <strong>Japon, Hint, \u00c7in, T\u00fcrk<\/strong> ve <strong>Latin Amerika<\/strong> sinemalar\u0131 y\u00fckseli\u015fe ge\u00e7ti. <strong>Hollywood<\/strong> film say\u0131s\u0131ndaki tekeline ra\u011fmen pop\u00fcler k\u00fclt\u00fcrde (dans, m\u00fczik, giyim) etkisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"202\"><strong>Edebiyat:<\/strong> Toplumsal ayaklanma ve &#8220;Sorun toplumda de\u011fil, insandad\u0131r.&#8221; d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi h\u00e2kim oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"203\"><strong>Fransa:<\/strong> <strong>Jean Paul Sartre<\/strong> (<em>\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck <\/em><em>Yollar\u0131<\/em> &#8211; \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131), <strong>Albert Camus (Albert <\/strong><strong>Kam\u00fc<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> (insanlara yeni etik de\u011ferler verme \u00e7abas\u0131).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"204\"><strong>\u0130talya:<\/strong> <strong>Mussolini<\/strong> rejimini ele\u015ftiren sosyal ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i edebiyat. <strong>Carlo Levi<\/strong> (<em>\u0130sa Bu K\u00f6ye U\u011framad\u0131<\/em>), <strong>Elio<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Vittorini<\/strong> (<em>Sicilya Konu\u015fmalar\u0131, <\/em><em>Simplon<\/em><em> <\/em><em>Frejus\u2019te<\/em><em> G\u00f6z K\u0131rp\u0131yor<\/em>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"205\"><strong>\u0130ngiltere:<\/strong> Daha donuk ve do\u011fac\u0131 gelenek. <strong>Graham <\/strong><strong>Greene<\/strong>, <strong>George Orwell (<\/strong><strong>Corc<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>\u00d6rv\u0131l<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> ve <strong>Angus<\/strong><strong> Wilson<\/strong> (Victoria \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 roman gelene\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"206\"><strong>Almanya:<\/strong> Sava\u015f\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 anlatan <strong>Y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar Edebiyat\u0131<\/strong> do\u011fdu (<strong>Hermann <\/strong><strong>Hesse<\/strong> vb.).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"207\"><strong>Sanat:<\/strong> Modernizmin par\u00e7alay\u0131c\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan, eski ve yeninin harmanland\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>Postmodern<\/strong><strong> (modern \u00f6tesi)<\/strong> sanata ge\u00e7ildi. Sanat\u0131n ba\u015fkenti <strong>Paris (Louvre M\u00fczesi)<\/strong> yerine, <strong>ABD\/New York (Modern Sanat M\u00fczesi)<\/strong> oldu. Heykelde <strong>plastik<\/strong> malzeme; demir, ta\u015f ve \u00e7imentoyla yar\u0131\u015f\u0131r h\u00e2le geldi.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-ii-dunya-savasi-nda-turkiye-nin-izledigi-dis-politika-stratejileri\" data-tk-source=\"208\"><strong>II. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI\u2019NDA T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019N\u0130N \u0130ZLED\u0130\u011e\u0130 DI\u015e POL\u0130T\u0130KA STRATEJ\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"209\"><strong>Tarihsel Temel:<\/strong> Kararlarda <strong>I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> ve <strong>Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> tecr\u00fcbeleri etkili oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"210\"><strong>\u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc&#8217;n\u00fcn Rol\u00fc:<\/strong> Atat\u00fcrk&#8217;\u00fcn silah arkada\u015f\u0131, <strong>CHP I. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc Kurultay\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;nda <strong>&#8220;Mill\u00ee \u015eef&#8221;<\/strong> se\u00e7ilen T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin 2. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 <strong>\u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc<\/strong>, s\u00fcreci bizzat y\u00f6netti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"211\"><strong>Denge Politikas\u0131:<\/strong> T\u00fcrkiye tarafs\u0131z kalmam\u0131\u015f, M\u00fcttefik ve Mihver bask\u0131lar\u0131na ra\u011fmen <strong>&#8220;sava\u015f d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kalma&#8221;<\/strong>, toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 koruma siyaseti y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"212\">Sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;yi y\u00f6neten ba\u015fbakanlar Refik Saydam ve \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Saraco\u011flu\u2019dur. Trakya&#8217;da kurulan \u00c7akmak hatt\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"213\"><em>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de s\u0131ras\u0131yla Refik Saydam ve \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Saraco\u011flu ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Olas\u0131 bir Alman i\u015fgaline kar\u015f\u0131 Trakya s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda \u00c7akmak Hatt\u0131 adl\u0131 savunma hatt\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftur).<\/em><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"214\"><strong>Diplomatik S\u00fcre\u00e7ler:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"215\"><strong>19 Ekim 1939 \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0130ttifak (Ankara Pakt\u0131):<\/strong> <strong>T\u00fcrkiye, \u0130ngiltere<\/strong> ve <strong>Fransa<\/strong> aras\u0131nda imzaland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"216\"><strong>11 Haziran 1940:<\/strong> \u0130talya&#8217;n\u0131n sava\u015fa girmesiyle M\u00fcttefiklerin \u00fcs ve sava\u015f ilan\u0131 talebi <strong>T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan reddedildi<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"217\"><strong>18 Mart 1940:<\/strong> <strong>Almanya<\/strong> ile ticaret antla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"218\"><strong>Polonya Sendromu:<\/strong> T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin ayn\u0131 anda hem Rusya hem Almanya i\u015fgaline u\u011frama endi\u015fesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"219\"><strong>18 Haziran 1941 Sald\u0131rmazl\u0131k Pakt\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong> ile <strong>Almanya<\/strong> aras\u0131nda imzaland\u0131. Almanya&#8217;n\u0131n SSCB&#8217;ye sald\u0131rmas\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye bu sendromdan kurtuldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"220\"><strong>30 Ocak 1943 Adana G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri:<\/strong> \u0130ngiltere Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 <strong>Churchill<\/strong>, gizlice Adana&#8217;ya gelerek <strong>\u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc<\/strong>&#8216;den sava\u015fa girmesini istedi ancak T\u00fcrkiye sava\u015f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"221\"><strong>Ekim 1943 Moskova Konferans\u0131:<\/strong> Sovyetler, T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin sava\u015fa girmesi i\u00e7in bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"222\"><strong>Kas\u0131m 1943 I. Kahire Konferans\u0131:<\/strong> M\u00fcttefiklerin \u00fcs talebi, &#8220;yeterli yard\u0131m yap\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a sava\u015fa kat\u0131lamay\u0131z&#8221; \u015fart\u0131yla reddedildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"223\"><strong>Kas\u0131m-Aral\u0131k 1943 Tahran Konferans\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>Stalin<\/strong>&#8216;in T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin sava\u015fa zorlanmas\u0131 konusundaki kat\u0131 \u0131srar\u0131 devam etti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"224\"><strong>4-6 Aral\u0131k 1943 II. Kahire Konferans\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>\u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc<\/strong>, <strong>Roosevelt<\/strong> ve <strong>Churchill<\/strong> ile bulu\u015ftu. M\u00fcttefiklerin a\u011f\u0131r bask\u0131s\u0131 sonucu askeri te\u00e7hizat\u0131n tamamlanmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131yla prensipte sava\u015fa kat\u0131lmay\u0131 kabul etti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"225\"><strong>Sava\u015fa \u0130lan S\u00fcreci:<\/strong> TBMM, <strong>2 A\u011fustos 1944<\/strong>\u2019te <strong>Almanya<\/strong>, <strong>6 Ocak 1945<\/strong>\u2019te <strong>Japonya<\/strong> ile ili\u015fkileri kesti. <strong>23 \u015eubat 1945<\/strong>&#8216;te, <strong>San Francisco Konferans\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;na kat\u0131l\u0131p <strong>Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler<\/strong> kurucu \u00fcyesi olabilmek i\u00e7in k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde <strong>Almanya<\/strong> ve <strong>Japonya<\/strong>\u2019ya resmen sava\u015f ilan edildi.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-surecte-turkiye-de-meydana-gelen-siyasi-ekonomik-ve-sosyokulturel-geli\" data-tk-source=\"226\"><strong>S\u00dcRE\u00c7TE T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE MEYDANA GELEN S\u0130YAS\u0130, EKONOM\u0130K VE SOSYOK\u00dcLT\u00dcREL GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-ii-dunya-savasi-yillarinda-turkiye-ic-siyaseti-ve-ekonomisi\" data-tk-source=\"227\"><strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 Y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u00e7 Siyaseti ve Ekonomisi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"228\"><strong>Genel Durum:<\/strong> T\u00fcrkiye fiilen \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmasa da gen\u00e7 n\u00fcfusunu silah alt\u0131nda tuttu\u011fu i\u00e7in sava\u015f\u0131n ekonomik y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc a\u011f\u0131r \u015fekilde hissetti. <strong>1929 Ekonomik <\/strong><strong>Buhran\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n etkileri bu y\u00fckle birle\u015fti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"229\"><strong>E\u011fitim:<\/strong> <strong>17 Nisan 1940<\/strong>&#8216;ta, k\u0131rsaldaki \u00f6\u011fretmen a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kapatmak i\u00e7in <strong>K\u00f6y Enstit\u00fcleri Kanunu<\/strong> \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"230\"><strong>Siyasi Bask\u0131lar ve Muhalefet:<\/strong> <strong>May\u0131s 1944<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>Irk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k-Turanc\u0131l\u0131k Davas\u0131<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131, tutuklamalar yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"231\"><strong>Demokrasiye Ge\u00e7i\u015f:<\/strong> <strong>11 Haziran 1945 \u00c7ift\u00e7iyi Toprakland\u0131rma Kanunu<\/strong> tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda (<strong>7 Haziran 1945<\/strong>&#8216;te) <strong>Celal Bayar, Adnan Menderes, Refik <\/strong><strong>Koraltan<\/strong> ve <strong>Fuat K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc<\/strong> meclise <strong>D\u00f6rtl\u00fc <\/strong><strong>Takrir<\/strong>&#8216;i sundu. Bu isimler <strong>CHP<\/strong>&#8216;den ayr\u0131larak 1946 y\u0131l\u0131nda <strong>Demokrat Parti<\/strong>&#8216;yi kurdu ve \u00e7ok partili hayata ge\u00e7i\u015f sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"232\"><strong>Ekonomik Kriz:<\/strong> \u0130hracat d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, <strong>II. Be\u015f Y\u0131ll\u0131k Sanayi Plan\u0131<\/strong> uygulanamad\u0131. Demir, \u00e7imento, \u015feker, dokuma \u00fcretimi \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc. Tar\u0131m fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n f\u0131rlamas\u0131yla <strong>Sava\u015f Zenginleri<\/strong> (b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"233\"><strong>Ekonomik Tedbirler ve Kurumlar:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"234\"><strong>Ocak 1940 Mill\u00ee Korunma Kanunu:<\/strong> <strong>Refik Saydam H\u00fck\u00fbmeti<\/strong> \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131; h\u00fck\u00fbmete fiyata m\u00fcdahale, el koyma, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zorunlulu\u011fu getirme yetkisi verdi. <strong>Ticaret Ofisi, \u0130a\u015fe M\u00fcste\u015farl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> ve <strong>Petrol Ofisi (1941)<\/strong> kuruldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"235\"><strong>Karne Usul\u00fc:<\/strong> H\u00fck\u00fbmet m\u00fcdahaleleri yetersiz kal\u0131nca <strong>14 Ocak 1942<\/strong>&#8216;de ilk olarak ekmekte karne usul\u00fc ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131. Karaborsa (ihtik\u00e2r) artt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"236\"><strong>Kas\u0131m 1942 Varl\u0131k Vergisi:<\/strong> Enflasyon ve vurgunculu\u011fu vurmak i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck tepki \u00e7ekince <strong>Mart 1944<\/strong>&#8216;te iptal edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"237\"><strong>Haziran 1943 Toprak Mahsulleri Vergisi:<\/strong> \u00c7ift\u00e7iden %10 oran\u0131nda ayni\/nakdi vergi al\u0131nd\u0131 (1946&#8217;da kalkt\u0131). K\u00f6yl\u00fcye ayr\u0131ca <strong>Yol Vergisi<\/strong> ve angaryalar y\u00fcklendi.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-havacilik-sanayisi-demirag-ve-hurkus\" data-tk-source=\"238\"><strong>Havac\u0131l\u0131k Sanayisi: Demira\u011f ve <\/strong><strong>H\u00fcrku\u015f<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"239\"><strong>Vecihi <\/strong><strong>H\u00fcrku\u015f<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> T\u00fcrk havac\u0131l\u0131k tarihinin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc, asker\u00ee pilot ve m\u00fchendis. <strong>TOMTA\u015e<\/strong>&#8216;ta \u015fef test pilotlu\u011fu yapt\u0131. Almanya&#8217;daki <strong>Dassault<\/strong> ve <strong>Junkers<\/strong> u\u00e7aklar\u0131na modifikasyonlar yaparak <strong>Ju<\/strong><strong> A-35<\/strong> tipinin \u00fcretimine katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. \u0130lk T\u00fcrk u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (<strong>Vecihi K-VI<\/strong>) \u00e7ok daha erken tarihlerde ba\u015far\u0131yla \u00fcretmi\u015ftir. Vecihi H\u00fcrku\u015f ilk u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 1924\/1925 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00fcretmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"240\"><strong>Nuri Demira\u011f:<\/strong> <strong>1936<\/strong>&#8216;da havac\u0131l\u0131k sanayisinin temelini <strong>&#8220;Mademki bir millet <\/strong><strong>tayyaresiz<\/strong><strong> ya\u015fayamaz, l\u00fctuf beklememeliyiz.&#8221;<\/strong> vizyonuyla att\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"241\"><strong>Nuri Demira\u011f&#8217;\u0131n \u0130lkleri:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"242\">\u0130lk T\u00fcrk sigara k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131 (1922).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"243\">Ankara do\u011fusuna ilk demir yolu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"244\">Bo\u011faz&#8217;a \u00f6zel k\u00f6pr\u00fc projesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"245\">Bursa Merinos ve \u0130zmit Sel\u00fcloz fabrikalar\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"246\">Karab\u00fck demir-\u00e7elik ve Sivas \u00e7imento fabrikalar\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"247\">\u0130lk yerli para\u015f\u00fct.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"248\"><strong>1936&#8217;da seri \u00fcretim ilk T\u00fcrk u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131.<\/strong> (\u00dcretti\u011fi u\u00e7aklardan biri <strong>1941<\/strong>&#8216;de \u0130stanbul&#8217;dan Divri\u011fi&#8217;ye test u\u00e7u\u015fu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"249\"><strong>Siyasi Kariyeri:<\/strong> <strong>1945<\/strong>&#8216;te \u00e7ok partili d\u00f6nemin ilk muhalefet partisi olan <strong>Mill\u00ee Kalk\u0131nma Partisi<\/strong>&#8216;ni kurdu. <strong>1954<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>Demokrat Parti<\/strong> Sivas mebusu oldu.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-turkiye-de-radyo-yayinciliginin-kurulusu\" data-tk-source=\"250\"><strong>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Radyo Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Kurulu\u015fu<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"251\"><strong>1927 Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131:<\/strong> \u00d6zel bir \u015firket olan <strong>T\u00fcrk Telsiz Telefon Anonim \u015eirketi (TTTA\u015e)<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan radyo yay\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"252\"><strong>Radyonun Rol\u00fc:<\/strong> \u00d6nceleri e\u011flence arac\u0131 iken; zamanla k\u00fclt\u00fcr, sanat, \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik, klasik m\u00fczik ve mill\u00ee bilin\u00e7 a\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in devlete ait bir e\u011fitim arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"253\"><strong>Ankara Radyosu:<\/strong> Modern ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yay\u0131nlar\u0131na <strong>1938<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda yeni donan\u0131m\u0131yla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, <strong>1943<\/strong> sonras\u0131nda ise uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7apta (T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin Sesi) \u00e7ok daha d\u00fczenli ve kurumsal bir yap\u0131ya b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"254\">&#8220;Bu ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n her hakk\u0131 sakl\u0131d\u0131r. Hangi ama\u00e7la olursa olsun, ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n veya bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n <strong>www.tarihkursu.com<\/strong><strong> <\/strong>sitesinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 izni olmadan sosyal medyada ve internet ortam\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, kopya edilmesi, foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesi, herhangi bir yolla \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131, yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ya da kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yasakt\u0131r. Bu yasa\u011fa uymayanlar gerekli cezai sorumlulu\u011fu pe\u015finen kabullenmi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.&#8221;<\/p><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"255\">Duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederiz. \u0130yi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/p><\/section><\/div><button class=\"tk-basa-don\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunun ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\" title=\"Ba\u015fa d\u00f6n\">\u2191<\/button><\/article>\n<script>\n(()=>{\"use strict\";document.querySelectorAll(\".tk-ders-notu\").forEach((root)=>{if(root.dataset.tkReady===\"true\")return;root.dataset.tkReady=\"true\";const toc=root.querySelector(\".tk-icindekiler\"),bar=root.querySelector(\".tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"),topButton=root.querySelector(\".tk-basa-don\"),headings=[...root.querySelectorAll(\"h2[id],h3[id]\")],links=[...root.querySelectorAll('.tk-icindekiler a[href^=\"#\"]')];const go=(target)=>{if(target)target.scrollIntoView({behavior:\"smooth\",block:\"start\"});};root.querySelector(\".tk-yazdir\")?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>window.print());root.querySelector(\".tk-ice-git\")?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>go(toc));topButton?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>go(root));links.forEach((link)=>link.addEventListener(\"click\",(event)=>{const id=link.getAttribute(\"href\").slice(1),target=root.querySelector(`#${CSS.escape(id)}`);if(target){event.preventDefault();go(target);history.replaceState(null,\"\",`#${id}`);}}));let ticking=false;const update=()=>{const rect=root.getBoundingClientRect(),view=window.innerHeight||document.documentElement.clientHeight,total=Math.max(root.scrollHeight-view,1),passed=Math.min(Math.max(-rect.top,0),total),percent=Math.round(passed\/total*100);if(bar){bar.style.width=`${percent}%`;bar.parentElement?.setAttribute(\"aria-valuenow\",String(percent));}topButton?.classList.toggle(\"tk-gorunur\",window.scrollY>420);let active=headings[0]?.id||\"\";headings.forEach((heading)=>{if(heading.getBoundingClientRect().top<=Math.max(130,view*.28))active=heading.id;});links.forEach((link)=>{const current=link.getAttribute(\"href\")===`#${active}`;link.classList.toggle(\"tk-etkin\",current);if(current)link.setAttribute(\"aria-current\",\"location\");else link.removeAttribute(\"aria-current\");});ticking=false;};const requestUpdate=()=>{if(!ticking){ticking=true;requestAnimationFrame(update);}};window.addEventListener(\"scroll\",requestUpdate,{passive:true});window.addEventListener(\"resize\",requestUpdate,{passive:true});update();});})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>II. 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