{"id":3446,"date":"2026-07-31T22:22:11","date_gmt":"2026-07-31T19:22:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=3446"},"modified":"2026-07-31T22:33:12","modified_gmt":"2026-07-31T19:33:12","slug":"soguk-savas-donemi-kpss-tarih-ders-notlari-cagdas-turk-ve-dunya-tarihi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/31\/soguk-savas-donemi-kpss-tarih-ders-notlari-cagdas-turk-ve-dunya-tarihi\/","title":{"rendered":"So\u011fuk Sava\u015f D\u00f6nemi KPSS Tarih Ders Notlar\u0131 | \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk ve D\u00fcnya Tarihi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So\u011fuk Sava\u015f D\u00f6nemi ders notu; II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 olu\u015fan yeni g\u00fc\u00e7 dengeleri, ABD \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki Bat\u0131 Bloku, SSCB \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki Do\u011fu Bloku, Berlin Buhran\u0131, Avrupa Birli\u011fi ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadeleleri gibi konular\u0131 kapsar. KPSS tarih s\u0131nav\u0131na y\u00f6nelik haz\u0131rlanan bu KPSS tarih ders notlar\u0131, iki kutuplu d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeninin olu\u015fumunu ve bloklar aras\u0131ndaki siyasi-ekonomik rekabeti kavramay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Online KPSS Tarih ders notlar\u0131m\u0131z sizleri  KPSS tarih, MEB AGS ve \u00d6ABT s\u0131navlar\u0131na eksiksiz olarak haz\u0131rlayacakt\u0131r. KPSS \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131 \u00fczerinden tekrar yapmak isteyenler bu i\u00e7erikten yararlanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<style>\n.tk-ders-notu{--tk-lacivert:#12355b;--tk-turkuaz:#087f8c;--tk-bordo:#8b1e3f;--tk-altin:#d69e2e;--tk-acik-mavi:#eef6ff;--tk-acik-turkuaz:#ecfbfa;--tk-acik-sari:#fff8dc;--tk-metin:#243447;--tk-cizgi:#c8d7e6;position:relative;width:100%;max-width:1100px;min-width:0;margin:0 auto;padding:clamp(12px,2.4vw,28px);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--tk-metin);font:400 17px\/1.72 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,\"Segoe 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.tk-icindekiler{border:1pt solid #777;background:#fff;color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler-listesi a{color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart{break-inside:auto;margin:0 0 14pt;padding:0;border:0;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu h2,.tk-ders-notu h3{break-after:avoid;color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo{break-inside:auto}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo tr{break-inside:avoid}\n.tk-ders-notu a{text-decoration:none;color:#000}\n}\n<\/style>\n<article class=\"tk-ders-notu\" id=\"tk-ders-soguk-savas-donemi\" lang=\"tr\" data-tk-ready=\"false\"><div class=\"tk-ilerleme\" role=\"progressbar\" aria-label=\"Okuma ilerlemesi\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"100\" aria-valuenow=\"0\"><span class=\"tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"><\/span><\/div><header class=\"tk-ust\" id=\"tk-ders-baslangici\"><p class=\"tk-ana-baslik\" data-tk-source=\"1\"><strong>SO\u011eUK SAVA\u015e D\u00d6NEM\u0130<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"tk-kontroller\"><button class=\"tk-dugme tk-yazdir\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunu yazd\u0131r\">Yazd\u0131r<\/button><button class=\"tk-dugme tk-ice-git\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"\u0130\u00e7indekiler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne git\">\u0130\u00e7indekilere Git<\/button><\/div><nav class=\"tk-icindekiler\" id=\"tk-icindekiler-soguk-savas-donemi\" aria-label=\"Ders notu i\u00e7indekiler\"><p class=\"tk-icindekiler-baslik\">\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/p><ul class=\"tk-icindekiler-listesi\"><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-dunya-savasi-sonrasi-olusan-yeni-guc-dengelerinin-olusum-surecinde\">II. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI SONRASI OLU\u015eAN YEN\u0130 G\u00dc\u00c7 DENGELER\u0130N\u0130N OLU\u015eUM S\u00dcREC\u0130NDE MEYDANA GELEN S\u0130YAS\u0130 GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ii-dunya-savasi-sonrasi-kuresel-gucler\">II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 Sonras\u0131 K\u00fcresel G\u00fc\u00e7ler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-dunyanin-iki-kutuplu-hale-gelmesini-hazirlayan-temel-nedenler\">D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0130ki Kutuplu H\u00e2le Gelmesini Haz\u0131rlayan Temel Nedenler:<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-abd-cephesi-bati-bloku\">ABD Cephesi (Bat\u0131 Bloku):<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sscb-cephesi-dogu-bloku\">SSCB Cephesi (Do\u011fu Bloku):<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-bloklar-arasi-siyasi-ve-ekonomik-adimlar-gerginligi-artiran-gelismeler\">Bloklar Aras\u0131 Siyasi ve Ekonomik Ad\u0131mlar (Gerginli\u011fi Art\u0131ran Geli\u015fmeler):<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-bati-bloku-nda-abd-liderliginde-atilan-adimlar\">Bat\u0131 Bloku\u2019nda ABD Liderli\u011finde At\u0131lan Ad\u0131mlar:<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-dogu-bloku-nda-sscb-liderliginde-atilan-adimlar\">Do\u011fu Bloku\u2019nda SSCB Liderli\u011finde At\u0131lan Ad\u0131mlar:<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-berlin-buhrani\">Berlin Buhran\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-avrupa-birligi\">Avrupa Birli\u011fi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-turkiye-avrupa-birligi-iliskileri-sureci\">T\u00fcrkiye &#8211; Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u0130li\u015fkileri S\u00fcreci:<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-asya-ve-afrika-daki-somurgecilik-faaliyetleri-ve-bagimsizlik-mucadelel\">ASYA VE AFR\u0130KA\u2019DAK\u0130 S\u00d6M\u00dcRGEC\u0130L\u0130K FAAL\u0130YETLER\u0130 VE BA\u011eIMSIZLIK M\u00dcCADELELER\u0130 \u00c7ER\u00c7EVES\u0130NDE MEYDANA GELEN OLAYLAR<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-avrupa-somurgeciligine-karsi-baskaldiri-dekolonizasyon\">Avrupa S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fine Kar\u015f\u0131 Ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 (Dekolonizasyon)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-hindistan-ve-pakistan\">Hindistan ve Pakistan<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-mahatma-gandi-hindistan\">Mahatma Gandi (Hindistan)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-muhammed-ali-cinnah-pakistan\">Muhammed Ali Cinnah (Pakistan)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-emperyalist-devletlerin-afrika-daki-insan-haklari-ihlalleri\">Emperyalist Devletlerin Afrika\u2019daki \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 \u0130hlalleri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-fransa-nin-cezayir-i-isgali-ve-kanli-surec\">Fransa\u2019n\u0131n Cezayir\u2019i \u0130\u015fgali ve Kanl\u0131 S\u00fcre\u00e7<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-guney-afrika-ve-apartheid-rejimi\">G\u00fcney Afrika ve Apartheid Rejimi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-orta-dogu-da-baas-rejimleri\">Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da Baas Rejimleri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ideolojik-yapi-ve-olgunlasma\">\u0130deolojik Yap\u0131 ve Olgunla\u015fma<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-iktidara-giden-baas-suriye-ve-irak\">\u0130ktidara Giden Baas (Suriye ve Irak)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ataturk-onderligindeki-turk-milli-mucadelesi-nin-bagimsizlik-mucadeles\">Atat\u00fcrk \u00d6nderli\u011findeki T\u00fcrk Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadelesi\u2019nin Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k M\u00fccadelesi Veren Milletlere Etkisi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-somurgeciligin-afrika-daki-siyasi-ve-ekonomik-etkileri\">S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin Afrika\u2019daki Siyasi ve Ekonomik Etkileri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-soguk-savas-donemi-nde-dunyada-meydana-gelen-ekonomik-sosyokulturel-ve\">SO\u011eUK SAVA\u015e D\u00d6NEM\u0130\u2019NDE D\u00dcNYADA MEYDANA GELEN EKONOM\u0130K, SOSYOK\u00dcLT\u00dcREL VE B\u0130L\u0130MSEL GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-is-hayatinda-kadinlar\">\u0130\u015f Hayat\u0131nda Kad\u0131nlar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-abd-ekonomik-politikalarinin-para-piyasalarina-etkileri\">ABD Ekonomik Politikalar\u0131n\u0131n Para Piyasalar\u0131na Etkileri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-kentlesmenin-ortaya-cikardigi-sorunlar\">Kentle\u015fmenin Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sorunlar<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sanatin-kitleler-uzerindeki-etkisi\">Sanat\u0131n Kitleler \u00dczerindeki Etkisi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-muzik\">M\u00fczik<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sinema\">Sinema<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-resim\">Resim<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-soguk-savas-donemi-nde-spor-organizasyonlari\">So\u011fuk Sava\u015f D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Spor Organizasyonlar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-soguk-savas-donemi-ndeki-bilimsel-gelismeler\">So\u011fuk Sava\u015f D\u00f6nemi\u2019ndeki Bilimsel Geli\u015fmeler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-nukleer-enerji\">N\u00fckleer Enerji<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-uzay-yarisi\">Uzay Yar\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-dna\">DNA<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-soguk-savas-donemi-nde-turk-dis-politikasinda-meydana-gelen-gelismeler\">SO\u011eUK SAVA\u015e D\u00d6NEM\u0130\u2019NDE T\u00dcRK DI\u015e POL\u0130T\u0130KASINDA MEYDANA GELEN GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-truman-doktrini-ve-turkiye-abd-yakinlasmasi\">Truman Doktrini ve T\u00fcrkiye-ABD Yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ic-tehdit-algilamalarindaki-degisimler\">\u0130\u00e7 Tehdit Alg\u0131lamalar\u0131ndaki De\u011fi\u015fimler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-dis-tehdit-algilamalarindaki-degisimler\">D\u0131\u015f Tehdit Alg\u0131lamalar\u0131ndaki De\u011fi\u015fimler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-kore-savasi-ve-turk-dis-politikasi\">Kore Sava\u015f\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk D\u0131\u015f Politikas\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-turkiye-nin-nato-ya-uye-olmasi\">T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin NATO\u2019ya \u00dcye Olmas\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-nato-uyeligi-sonrasi-turk-silahli-kuvvetlerindeki-degisimler\">NATO \u00dcyeli\u011fi Sonras\u0131 T\u00fcrk Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetlerindeki De\u011fi\u015fimler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-demokrat-parti-doneminde-turkiye-de-meydana-gelen-siyasi-sosyokulturel\">DEMOKRAT PART\u0130 D\u00d6NEM\u0130NDE T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE MEYDANA GELEN S\u0130YAS\u0130, SOSYOK\u00dcLT\u00dcREL VE EKONOM\u0130K GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-toprak-reformu-ve-demokrat-partinin-kurulma-sureci\">Toprak Reformu ve Demokrat Partinin Kurulma S\u00fcreci<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-turk-demokrasi-tarihinde-1946-1950-secimleri\">T\u00fcrk Demokrasi Tarihinde 1946-1950 Se\u00e7imleri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-demokrat-parti-doneminde-ekonomik-ve-sosyokulturel-gelismeler\">Demokrat Parti D\u00f6neminde Ekonomik ve Sosyok\u00fclt\u00fcrel Geli\u015fmeler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-gumus-motor\">G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f Motor<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-27-mayis-1960-askeri-darbesi\">27 May\u0131s 1960 Asker\u00ee Darbesi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-turkiye-nin-ilk-otomobili-devrim\">T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u0130lk Otomobili Devrim<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/header><div class=\"tk-icerik\"><section class=\"tk-kart tk-kart-ilk\"><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-ii-dunya-savasi-sonrasi-olusan-yeni-guc-dengelerinin-olusum-surecinde\" data-tk-source=\"2\"><strong>II. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI SONRASI OLU\u015eAN YEN\u0130 G\u00dc\u00c7 DENGELER\u0130N\u0130N OLU\u015eUM S\u00dcREC\u0130NDE MEYDANA GELEN S\u0130YAS\u0130 GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-ii-dunya-savasi-sonrasi-kuresel-gucler\" data-tk-source=\"3\"><strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 Sonras\u0131 K\u00fcresel G\u00fc\u00e7ler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"4\"><strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>, <strong>I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;na k\u0131yasla her y\u00f6nden daha geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 ve \u00e7ok daha y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"5\">Sava\u015f bitiminde uluslararas\u0131 arenada kal\u0131c\u0131 bir bar\u0131\u015f sa\u011flama ve sava\u015f\u0131n izlerini silme giri\u015fimleri ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"6\">D\u00fcnya genelinde siyasi, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel boyutlar\u0131 olan \u015fiddetli bir rekabet ortam\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"7\"><strong>Almanya<\/strong>&#8216;y\u0131 ma\u011flup eden <strong>SSCB (Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli\u011fi)<\/strong>, <strong>Do\u011fu Avrupa<\/strong>&#8216;daki \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00fclkeyi i\u015fgal etmi\u015f veya siyasi hegemonyas\u0131 alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"8\">Bu durumun do\u011frudan bir sonucu olarak, <strong>Do\u011fu Avrupa<\/strong>&#8216;da <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;ye tam ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 (uydu) <strong>kom\u00fcnist y\u00f6netimler<\/strong> in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"9\"><strong>Bat\u0131 Avrupa<\/strong> \u00fclkeleri, h\u0131zla s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na dayanan bu <strong>kom\u00fcnist yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> kendileri i\u00e7in en hayati tehdit olarak de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"10\">Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck tehdit kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda <strong>ABD (Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri)<\/strong>, hem <strong>Avrupa<\/strong>&#8216;y\u0131 hem de t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 olas\u0131 kom\u00fcnist felaketlerden koruyacak &#8220;tek s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7&#8221; rol\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"11\">S\u00fcrecin sonunda d\u00fcnya siyaseten iki ana kampa ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: <strong>ABD<\/strong> liderli\u011findeki <strong>Bat\u0131 Bloku<\/strong> ve <strong>SSCB<\/strong> liderli\u011findeki <strong>Do\u011fu Bloku<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"12\">Di\u011fer d\u00fcnya devletleri bu iki b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 merkezinden birini se\u00e7meye zorlanm\u0131\u015f; b\u00f6ylelikle <strong>\u0130ki Kutuplu D\u00fcnya (So\u011fuk Sava\u015f)<\/strong> d\u00f6nemi resmen ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-dunyanin-iki-kutuplu-hale-gelmesini-hazirlayan-temel-nedenler\" data-tk-source=\"13\"><strong>D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0130ki Kutuplu H\u00e2le Gelmesini Haz\u0131rlayan Temel Nedenler:<\/strong><\/h3><h3 id=\"tk-abd-cephesi-bati-bloku\" data-tk-source=\"14\"><strong>ABD Cephesi (Bat\u0131 Bloku):<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"15\"><strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin, <strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan geleneksel d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131 olan <strong>Monroe <\/strong><strong>Doktrini<\/strong>&#8216;ni (Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131na kapanma ve Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmama prensibi) tamamen terk etmesi ve k\u00fcresel bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak sahneye \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"16\"><strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;nin yaymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>kom\u00fcnist rejimi<\/strong> varolu\u015fsal bir tehlike olarak g\u00f6ren Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerde, bu b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcc\u00fc durdurabilecek yegane devletin <strong>ABD<\/strong> oldu\u011fu inanc\u0131n\u0131n kesinle\u015fmesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"17\">Sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan <strong>Latin Amerika<\/strong>, <strong>Asya<\/strong> ve <strong>Afrika<\/strong> gibi <strong>Avrupa<\/strong> d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki co\u011frafyalar\u0131n stratejik de\u011ferinin artmas\u0131 ve <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin k\u00fcresel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 gere\u011fi bu b\u00f6lgelere n\u00fcfuz etmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-sscb-cephesi-dogu-bloku\" data-tk-source=\"18\"><strong>SSCB Cephesi (Do\u011fu Bloku):<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"19\"><strong>1917 Bol\u015fevik \u0130htilali<\/strong>&#8216;nden sonra d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya kapanan <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;nin, <strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck iki asker\u00ee ve siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fcnden biri olarak \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"20\"><strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;nin, sava\u015f\u0131n getirdi\u011fi y\u0131k\u0131mdan faydalanarak <strong>kom\u00fcnist (proleter\/emek\u00e7i) ihtilalini<\/strong> b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaya ihra\u00e7 etme stratejisini benimsemesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"21\"><strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> esnas\u0131nda <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin <strong>Avrupa<\/strong> k\u0131tas\u0131na devasa boyutta asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7 konu\u015fland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n, <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;de derin bir g\u00fcvenlik zafiyeti endi\u015fesi yaratmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"22\">Havac\u0131l\u0131k, uzay ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 ve n\u00fckleer f\u00fcze sistemleri gibi gelece\u011fi belirleyen stratejik teknolojilerde rekabet edebilecek kapasitenin sadece <strong>ABD<\/strong> ve <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;de bulunmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"23\">Sava\u015f \u00f6ncesinin bask\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7leri olan <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong> ve <strong>Fransa<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n ekonomik ve asker\u00ee \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f ya\u015famas\u0131; <strong>Almanya<\/strong>, <strong>\u0130talya<\/strong> ve <strong>Japonya<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n ise sava\u015f\u0131 kaybederek denklem d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kalmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"24\">D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tayin eden ekonomik hacim ve a\u011f\u0131r sanayi kapasitesinde yaln\u0131zca <strong>ABD<\/strong> ve <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;nin ayakta kalabilmesi.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-bloklar-arasi-siyasi-ve-ekonomik-adimlar-gerginligi-artiran-gelismeler\" data-tk-source=\"25\"><strong>Bloklar Aras\u0131 Siyasi ve Ekonomik Ad\u0131mlar (Gerginli\u011fi Art\u0131ran Geli\u015fmeler):<\/strong><\/h3><h3 id=\"tk-bati-bloku-nda-abd-liderliginde-atilan-adimlar\" data-tk-source=\"26\"><strong>Bat\u0131 <\/strong><strong>Bloku\u2019nda<\/strong><strong> ABD Liderli\u011finde At\u0131lan Ad\u0131mlar:<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"27\"><strong>Truman Doktrini (1947):<\/strong> Kom\u00fcnizm tehdidi ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalan devletlere (ilk etapta ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong> ve <strong>Yunanistan<\/strong>&#8216;a) ekonomik ve asker\u00ee hibe sa\u011flayarak kom\u00fcnizmin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 daraltmay\u0131 (\u00e7evreleme) hedefleyen temel siyasi belgedir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"28\"><strong>Marshall Plan\u0131 (1947):<\/strong> <strong>ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 George Marshall<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 devasa Avrupa kalk\u0131nma program\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7inde <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>&#8216;nin de bulundu\u011fu 16 <strong>Avrupa<\/strong> \u00fclkesi ortak bir iyile\u015fme program\u0131 sunmu\u015f, gereken finansman <strong>ABD<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan hibe, malzeme ve kredi olarak kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"29\"><strong>NATO (Kuzey Atlantik Antla\u015fmas\u0131 <\/strong><strong>\u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc &#8211;<\/strong><strong> 1949):<\/strong> <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;nin ve kom\u00fcnist ideolojinin <strong>Avrupa<\/strong>&#8216;daki olas\u0131 asker\u00ee i\u015fgallerini cayd\u0131rmak ve durdurmak amac\u0131yla <strong>ABD<\/strong> \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde kurulan uluslararas\u0131 ortak asker\u00ee savunma te\u015fkilat\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"30\"><strong>Avrupa Ekonomik Toplulu\u011fu (AET) (1957):<\/strong> <strong>Avrupa<\/strong> \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda mallar\u0131n, i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn, hizmetlerin ve sermayenin s\u0131n\u0131r tan\u0131madan dola\u015fabildi\u011fi bir &#8220;ortak pazar&#8221; in\u015fa etmeyi ve nihai olarak siyasi entegrasyonu (birli\u011fi) sa\u011flamay\u0131 hedefleyen yap\u0131d\u0131r. (<strong>1992 Maastricht Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> ile siyasi temelleri sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve <strong>1993<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>Avrupa Birli\u011fi (AB)<\/strong> ismini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-dogu-bloku-nda-sscb-liderliginde-atilan-adimlar\" data-tk-source=\"31\"><strong>Do\u011fu <\/strong><strong>Bloku\u2019nda<\/strong><strong> SSCB Liderli\u011finde At\u0131lan Ad\u0131mlar:<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"32\"><strong>Kominform<\/strong><strong> (1947):<\/strong> <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;nin, <strong>Do\u011fu Avrupa<\/strong>&#8216;daki uydu \u00fclkeleriyle siyasi ve ideolojik ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmak; ayr\u0131ca <strong>Truman Doktrini<\/strong> ve <strong>Marshall Plan\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n etkilerini k\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kurdu\u011fu <strong>Uluslararas\u0131 Kom\u00fcnist Partiler Birli\u011fi<\/strong>&#8216;dir. (\u00d6nemli Not: Kendi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kom\u00fcnist politikas\u0131n\u0131 izlemek isteyen <strong>Yugoslavya<\/strong> lideri <strong>Tito<\/strong>, <strong>1948<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda <strong>Kominform<\/strong>&#8216;dan ihra\u00e7 edilmi\u015ftir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"33\"><strong>Molotof Plan\u0131 (1947):<\/strong> <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin <strong>Marshall Plan\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;na do\u011frudan misilleme olarak, kom\u00fcnist <strong>Do\u011fu Avrupa<\/strong> devletlerine ekonomik destek sunmak ve sosyalist \u00fclkeler aras\u0131 ticari ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla <strong>SSCB D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Molotof<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan pland\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"34\"><strong>COMECON (Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 Ekonomik Yard\u0131mla\u015fma <\/strong><strong>Konseyi &#8211;<\/strong><strong> 1949):<\/strong> <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin ekonomik hamlelerine kar\u015f\u0131, Do\u011fu bloku \u00fclkelerinin kendi aralar\u0131ndaki kurumsal ekonomik dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc koordine etmek i\u00e7in kurulan te\u015fkilatt\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"35\"><strong>Var\u015fova Pakt\u0131 (1955):<\/strong> <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;nin, <strong>Bat\u0131 Almanya<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n silahland\u0131r\u0131larak <strong>NATO<\/strong>&#8216;ya kabul edilmesini do\u011frudan kendi g\u00fcvenli\u011fine tehdit saymas\u0131 \u00fczerine, kom\u00fcnist \u00fclkelerin ordular\u0131n\u0131 tek bir komuta kademesinde birle\u015ftirdi\u011fi asker\u00ee savunma \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcd\u00fcr (<strong>NATO<\/strong>&#8216;nun do\u011frudan kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-berlin-buhrani\" data-tk-source=\"36\"><strong>Berlin Buhran\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"37\"><strong>1948<\/strong> senesinde 16 <strong>Avrupa<\/strong> \u00fclkesinin i\u015ftirakiyle <strong>Avrupa \u0130ktisadi \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi Te\u015fkilat\u0131 (OEEC)<\/strong>, 6 \u00fclkenin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla ise <strong>Bat\u0131 Avrupa Birli\u011fi<\/strong> tesis edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"38\"><strong>1949<\/strong>&#8216;da Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n ana asker\u00ee kalkan\u0131 olan <strong>NATO<\/strong> resmen faaliyete ge\u00e7ti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"39\">Bat\u0131 bloku kurumsalla\u015f\u0131rken, <strong>1948<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n en tehlikeli s\u0131cak temas\u0131 <strong>Berlin<\/strong> \u015fehrinde ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"40\"><strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n bitiminde <strong>Almanya<\/strong> topraklar\u0131 ve ba\u015fkenti <strong>Berlin<\/strong>, sava\u015f\u0131 kazanan d\u00f6rt M\u00fcttefik devlet (<strong>ABD<\/strong>, <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>, <strong>Fransa<\/strong>, <strong>SSCB<\/strong>) aras\u0131nda d\u00f6rt fiili i\u015fgal b\u00f6lgesine b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"41\"><strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>, <strong>Fransa<\/strong> ve <strong>ABD<\/strong> kendi y\u00f6nettikleri b\u00f6lgelerde serbest se\u00e7imlere ve demokratikle\u015fmeye izin verirken; <strong>Do\u011fu Almanya<\/strong> ve <strong>Do\u011fu Berlin<\/strong>, <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;nin kurdu\u011fu totaliter ve bask\u0131c\u0131 kom\u00fcnist rejim alt\u0131nda y\u00f6netilmekteydi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"42\">Co\u011frafi konum itibariyle tamamen <strong>Do\u011fu Almanya<\/strong> (kom\u00fcnist b\u00f6lge) s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ada gibi kalan <strong>Berlin<\/strong> kentine ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in <strong>SSCB<\/strong> kontrol\u00fcndeki topraklardan ge\u00e7mek zorunluydu. Bu durum <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;nin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tahamm\u00fcl edilemez bir zaafiyet olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"43\"><strong>ABD<\/strong> ve <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>, i\u015fgal alt\u0131ndaki kendi Alman b\u00f6lgelerini ekonomik ve idari olarak birle\u015ftirerek bu yeni yap\u0131ya <strong>Bizonia<\/strong><strong> (<\/strong><strong>Bizonya<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> ad\u0131n\u0131 verdiler. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra <strong>Fransa<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n da kendi b\u00f6lgesini buraya katmas\u0131yla birle\u015fik Bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgesi <strong>Trizonia<\/strong><strong> (<\/strong><strong>Trizonya<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"44\">Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n tek bir Alman devleti kurma y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki bu birle\u015fme ad\u0131mlar\u0131ndan pani\u011fe kap\u0131lan <strong>SSCB<\/strong>, <strong>Bat\u0131 Berlin<\/strong>&#8216;e ula\u015fan t\u00fcm kara yollar\u0131n\u0131 ve demir yollar\u0131n\u0131 ula\u015f\u0131ma kapatt\u0131 (Abluka).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"45\">Bat\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fcttefik devletler bu a\u011f\u0131r ablukay\u0131, tarihe ge\u00e7en <strong>Berlin Hava K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong>&#8216;n\u00fc kurarak a\u015ft\u0131lar ve aylarca \u015fehre kargo u\u00e7aklar\u0131yla devasa boyutlarda g\u0131da ve k\u00f6m\u00fcr yard\u0131m\u0131 indirdiler.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"46\"><strong>Berlin <\/strong><strong>Buhran\u0131<\/strong>, hem yo\u011fun diplomatik pazarl\u0131klar hem de III. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karabilecek s\u0131cak \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma riskleriyle uzun s\u00fcre devam etti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"47\"><strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>, <strong>Fransa<\/strong> ve <strong>ABD<\/strong>, <strong>23 May\u0131s 1949<\/strong>&#8216;da kendi birle\u015fik b\u00f6lgelerinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, kapitalist ve demokratik <strong>Federal Almanya Cumhuriyeti&#8217;ni (Bat\u0131 Almanya)<\/strong> resmen ilan etti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"48\">Buna misilleme olarak <strong>SSCB<\/strong>, <strong>Ekim 1949<\/strong>&#8216;da kendi i\u015fgal b\u00f6lgesinde kom\u00fcnist rejime sahip <strong>Demokratik Almanya Cumhuriyeti&#8217;ni (Do\u011fu Almanya)<\/strong> kurdu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"49\"><strong>Kas\u0131m 1949<\/strong>&#8216;da \u00fclke genelindeki b\u00f6l\u00fcnme ba\u015fkent <strong>Berlin<\/strong>&#8216;de de kesinle\u015fti. <strong>Do\u011fu Berlin<\/strong>&#8216;de kom\u00fcnist \u015fehir y\u00f6netimi, <strong>Bat\u0131 Berlin<\/strong>&#8216;de ise Bat\u0131 g\u00fcd\u00fcm\u00fcnde demokratik bir idare kuruldu. (\u00d6nemli Not: <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;nin Bat\u0131 Berlin&#8217;e ka\u00e7\u0131\u015flar\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in in\u015fa etti\u011fi \u00fcnl\u00fc <strong>Berlin Duvar\u0131<\/strong> (Utan\u00e7 Duvar\u0131), 1948 krizinde de\u011fil, daha sonraki krizlerin bir sonucu olarak <strong>1961<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"50\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Sadece <strong>Berlin<\/strong> \u015fehri de\u011fil, koca bir <strong>Almanya<\/strong> devleti resmen ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc. Bu tarihsel k\u0131r\u0131lma, fa\u015fizme kar\u015f\u0131 kurulan <strong>M\u00fcttefik Blok&#8217;un<\/strong> tamamen da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fclemez bi\u00e7imde <strong>Do\u011fu-Bat\u0131<\/strong> ekseninde par\u00e7aland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en net kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-avrupa-birligi\" data-tk-source=\"51\"><strong>Avrupa Birli\u011fi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"52\"><strong>20. y\u00fczy\u0131l<\/strong> boyunca <strong>Avrupa<\/strong> k\u0131tas\u0131; iki k\u00fcresel sava\u015f, milyonlarca sivilin katledilmesi, <strong>Nasyonal Sosyalizm (Fa\u015fizm)<\/strong> gibi radikal diktat\u00f6rl\u00fcklerin y\u00fckseli\u015fi ve <strong>1929 D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Buhran\u0131<\/strong> gibi emsalsiz y\u0131k\u0131mlar ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"53\">Bu felaketler zincirine \u015fahit olan sava\u015f sonras\u0131 yeni nesil siyaset\u00e7iler, \u00fclkeler aras\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klar\u0131 sonland\u0131rarak k\u0131tada kal\u0131c\u0131 bir ekonomik ve siyasi bar\u0131\u015f aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na girdiler.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"54\">Alman devlet adam\u0131 <strong>Konrad <\/strong><strong>Adenauer<\/strong>, Frans\u0131z siyaset\u00e7i <strong>Robert Schuman<\/strong> ve Bel\u00e7ikal\u0131 lider <strong>Paul Henri <\/strong><strong>Spaak<\/strong>, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ve birle\u015fik bir <strong>Avrupa<\/strong> projesinin mimarlar\u0131 oldular.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"55\">Temel felsefe: <strong>Versay Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kindar ortam\u0131n, fa\u015fist rejimlerin ve ekonomik iflaslar\u0131n tekrar etmesini engellemekti. Ayr\u0131ca birle\u015fmi\u015f bir <strong>Avrupa<\/strong>, <strong>ABD<\/strong> ve <strong>SSCB<\/strong> hegemonyas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fcnyada &#8220;\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir denge unsuru&#8221; olabilirdi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"56\"><strong>Avrupa<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme s\u00fcreci, sava\u015f sanayisinin temelini olu\u015fturan <strong>k\u00f6m\u00fcr<\/strong> ve <strong>\u00e7elik<\/strong> \u00fcretimini tek bir uluslar\u00fcst\u00fc otorite alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirme stratejisiyle ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131 (Sava\u015fma kapasitesini ortak kontrole alma).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"57\"><strong>1950 Schuman Plan\u0131<\/strong> ile bu siyasi ve ekonomik b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmenin teorik altyap\u0131s\u0131 d\u00fcnyaya ilan edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"58\"><strong>1951 Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>Fransa<\/strong>, <strong>Bat\u0131 Almanya<\/strong>, <strong>\u0130talya<\/strong> ve <strong>Benel\u00fcks \u00fclkeleri<\/strong> (<strong>Bel\u00e7ika<\/strong>, <strong>Hollanda<\/strong>, <strong>L\u00fcksemburg<\/strong>) bir araya gelerek <strong>Avrupa K\u00f6m\u00fcr ve \u00c7elik Toplulu\u011fu&#8217;nu (AK\u00c7T)<\/strong> kurdular.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"59\"><strong>1957 Roma Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> Kapsam geni\u015fletilerek \u00fcye \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda <strong>Avrupa Ekonomik Toplulu\u011fu (AET)<\/strong> ve n\u00fckleer enerjinin bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l kullan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in <strong>Avrupa Atom Enerjisi Toplulu\u011fu (EURATOM)<\/strong> kuruldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"60\"><strong>1967 Br\u00fcksel Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> Kurulmu\u015f olan bu \u00fc\u00e7 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00f6rg\u00fct (<strong>AK\u00c7T<\/strong>, <strong>AET<\/strong>, <strong>EURATOM<\/strong>) kurumsal olarak tek \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirildi ve <strong>Avrupa Toplulu\u011fu (AT)<\/strong> ismini ald\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"61\"><strong>1992 Maastricht Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> Ekonomik birli\u011fin \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7ilerek siyasi, hukuki ve parasal birlik kararlar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131. Te\u015fkilat\u0131n ad\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de kullan\u0131lan <strong>Avrupa Birli\u011fi (AB)<\/strong> olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirildi.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-turkiye-avrupa-birligi-iliskileri-sureci\" data-tk-source=\"62\"><strong>T\u00fcrkiye &#8211;<\/strong><strong> Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u0130li\u015fkileri S\u00fcreci:<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"63\"><strong>1959:<\/strong> <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>&#8216;nin kurumsal yap\u0131ya ilk resm\u00ee ortakl\u0131k\/\u00fcyelik m\u00fcracaat\u0131n\u0131 yapmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"64\"><strong>1963 Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong> ile d\u00f6nemin <strong>AET<\/strong>&#8216;si aras\u0131nda hukuki ba\u011flar\u0131 kuran ilk ortakl\u0131k antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"65\"><strong>1973 Katma Protokol:<\/strong> \u0130leride kurulacak olan <strong>G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi<\/strong> sisteminin ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcreci kurallar\u0131n\u0131n karara ba\u011flanmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"66\"><strong>1987:<\/strong> <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>&#8216;nin d\u00f6nemin <strong>Avrupa Toplulu\u011fu&#8217;na (AT)<\/strong> resmen &#8220;Tam \u00dcyelik&#8221; ba\u015fvurusunda bulunmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"67\"><strong>1996:<\/strong> <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>&#8216;nin, tam \u00fcye olmadan <strong>AB G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi<\/strong> sistemine d\u00e2hil olan tek \u00fclke olmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"68\"><strong>1999 Helsinki Zirvesi:<\/strong> <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>&#8216;nin <strong>Avrupa Birli\u011fi<\/strong>&#8216;ne &#8220;Aday \u00dclke&#8221; stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn birlik taraf\u0131ndan resmen ve hukuken kabul edilmesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"69\"><strong>2005:<\/strong> M\u00fczakere \u00c7er\u00e7eve Belgesi&#8217;nin onaylanmas\u0131yla <strong>T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin AB Tam \u00dcyelik m\u00fczakerelerinin<\/strong> fiilen ba\u015flamas\u0131 (S\u00fcre\u00e7 siyasi nedenlerle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde dondurulmu\u015f durumdad\u0131r).<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-asya-ve-afrika-daki-somurgecilik-faaliyetleri-ve-bagimsizlik-mucadelel\" data-tk-source=\"70\"><strong>ASYA VE AFR\u0130KA\u2019DAK\u0130 S\u00d6M\u00dcRGEC\u0130L\u0130K FAAL\u0130YETLER\u0130 VE BA\u011eIMSIZLIK M\u00dcCADELELER\u0130 \u00c7ER\u00c7EVES\u0130NDE MEYDANA GELEN OLAYLAR<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-avrupa-somurgeciligine-karsi-baskaldiri-dekolonizasyon\" data-tk-source=\"71\"><strong>Avrupa S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fine Kar\u015f\u0131 Ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 (Dekolonizasyon)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"72\"><strong>20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n<\/strong> ba\u015flar\u0131nda en geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015fan klasik s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik (emperyalizm) sistemi, <strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011fu ve uyan\u0131\u015fla \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f s\u00fcrecine girmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"73\"><strong>I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> ile birlikte <strong>Asya<\/strong> ve <strong>Afrika<\/strong> s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinde ye\u015feren milli bilin\u00e7 hareketleri, <strong>1929 D\u00fcnya Ekonomik <\/strong><strong>Buhran\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi sefaletle kitlelere yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve <strong>1945<\/strong> sonras\u0131 silahl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015flar\u0131na evrilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"74\">Yerli toplumlar, kendi \u00fclkelerinin yeralt\u0131 (maden, petrol) ve yer\u00fcst\u00fc (tar\u0131m) zenginliklerinin <strong>Avrupal\u0131<\/strong> devletlerce insafs\u0131zca s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015ftir. <strong>Avrupa<\/strong> ba\u015fkentlerinde e\u011fitim alan yerli s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ayd\u0131nlar\u0131, Bat\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n &#8220;milliyet\u00e7ilik, insan haklar\u0131 ve demokrasi&#8221; kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 kendi \u00fclkelerine ta\u015f\u0131yarak kurtulu\u015f ideolojilerini kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"75\"><strong>Hindistan<\/strong>&#8216;da <strong>Mahatma<\/strong><strong> Gandi<\/strong>, <strong>Endonezya<\/strong>&#8216;da <strong>Suharto<\/strong> ve <strong>Vietnam<\/strong>&#8216;da <strong>Ho<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>\u015ei<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Min<\/strong> gibi sembolle\u015fmi\u015f milli liderler, \u00fclkelerindeki anti-emperyalist uyan\u0131\u015fa liderlik etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"76\">Sava\u015ftan sonra kurulan <strong>Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler (BM)<\/strong> te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n kabul etti\u011fi <strong>Self-Determinasyon<\/strong> (her milletin kendi siyasi gelece\u011fini, devletini kurma hakk\u0131) ilkesi, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelere uluslararas\u0131 hukuki bir dayanak sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"77\">Bu co\u011frafyalardaki milliyet\u00e7ilik; sadece yabanc\u0131 i\u015fgaline kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda kronik yoksullu\u011fa ve ekonomik ya\u011fmaya kar\u015f\u0131 bir &#8220;s\u0131n\u0131f temelli ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k&#8221; niteli\u011fi de g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"78\"><strong>1945 ile 1965<\/strong> y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki yo\u011fun 20 y\u0131ll\u0131k zaman diliminde, <strong>Avrupa<\/strong> devletlerinin <strong>Asya<\/strong> ve <strong>Afrika<\/strong>&#8216;da elinde tuttu\u011fu s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerin \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kanl\u0131 veya diplomatik yollarla h\u00fcrriyetine kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"79\"><strong>1999<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>&#8216;nin elindeki son \u00f6nemli s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00fcss\u00fc olan <strong>Hong Kong<\/strong>&#8216;u diplomatik bir anla\u015fmayla <strong>\u00c7in<\/strong>&#8216;e iade etmesi, d\u00fcnyada klasik s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sembolik olarak kapan\u0131\u015f\u0131 kabul edilmektedir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-hindistan-ve-pakistan\" data-tk-source=\"80\"><strong>Hindistan ve Pakistan<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"81\"><strong>18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n<\/strong> ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren <strong>\u0130ngiliz \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/strong>&#8216;nun (Britanya) en de\u011ferli s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi (&#8220;Ta\u00e7taki \u0130nci&#8221;) olan Hint altk\u0131tas\u0131nda, yerel halk <strong>\u0130ngiliz<\/strong> tahakk\u00fcm\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fczlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k bir direni\u015f tarihi yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"82\"><strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> patlak verince <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>, yerli y\u00f6neticilerin onay\u0131n\u0131 almadan t\u00fcm <strong>Hindistan<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131 kendi saf\u0131nda (M\u00fcttefikler) sava\u015fa sokmu\u015f, ancak sava\u015f bittikten sonra s\u00f6z verdi\u011fi siyasi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k haklar\u0131n\u0131 vermekten ka\u00e7\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"83\">Yerli halk\u0131n durdurulamaz isyanlar\u0131 ve bask\u0131lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7aresiz kalan <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>, <strong>3 Haziran 1947<\/strong>&#8216;de eski <strong>\u0130ngiliz-Hint \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/strong> topraklar\u0131n\u0131n din temelli olarak <strong>Hindistan<\/strong> (Hindular) ve <strong>Pakistan<\/strong> (M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar) ad\u0131yla iki ayr\u0131 egemen devlete b\u00f6l\u00fcnece\u011fini resmen a\u00e7\u0131klamak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"84\"><strong>15 A\u011fustos 1947<\/strong>&#8216;de hem <strong>Pakistan<\/strong> hem de <strong>Hindistan<\/strong> ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z devletler olarak d\u00fcnya sahnesine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (\u00d6nemli Not: Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Pakistan ile ayn\u0131 devlet olan ancak aralar\u0131nda co\u011frafi ba\u011f bulunmayan <strong>Do\u011fu Pakistan<\/strong>, artan i\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda <strong>1971<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda ayr\u0131larak <strong>Banglade\u015f<\/strong> ad\u0131yla ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015ftir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"85\">Bu tarihi b\u00f6l\u00fcnme ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k destan\u0131na y\u00f6n veren iki b\u00fcy\u00fck kurucu lider: Hindular i\u00e7in <strong>Mahatma<\/strong><strong> Gandi<\/strong> ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar i\u00e7in <strong>Muhammed Ali <\/strong><strong>Cinnah<\/strong>&#8216;t\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"86\">(\u00d6nemli S\u0131nav Notu: Hindistan ve Pakistan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olduktan hemen sonra, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00e7izilirken aidiyeti belirsiz b\u0131rak\u0131lan, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusun yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu <strong>Ke\u015fmir B\u00f6lgesi<\/strong> y\u00fcz\u00fcnden sava\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. <strong>Ke\u015fmir Sorunu<\/strong>, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de iki n\u00fckleer g\u00fc\u00e7 aras\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck kriz b\u00f6lgesidir).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-mahatma-gandi-hindistan\" data-tk-source=\"87\"><strong>Mahatma<\/strong><strong> Gandi (Hindistan)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"88\"><strong>1888-1891<\/strong> senelerinde <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>&#8216;de (<strong>Londra<\/strong>) hukuk e\u011fitimi ald\u0131. Uzun y\u0131llar <strong>G\u00fcney Afrika<\/strong>&#8216;da avukatl\u0131k yaparak buradaki a\u011f\u0131r \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 politikalara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele tecr\u00fcbesi kazand\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"89\">Hint milletinin yabanc\u0131lar olmadan kendi kendini y\u00f6netmesi (<strong>Swaraj<\/strong> felsefesi) idealini savundu. Geleneksel silahl\u0131 isyan modelleri yerine, \u015fiddet i\u00e7ermeyen <strong>&#8220;Pasif Direni\u015f&#8221; (Sivil \u0130taatsizlik\/<\/strong><strong>Satyagraha<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> kavram\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fcnya siyasetine kazand\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"90\">Temel amac\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 fiziksel olarak yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden silmek de\u011fil, \u015fiddete ba\u015fvurmadan hakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131tlayarak ahlaki ve vicdani bir zafer elde etmekti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"91\"><strong>1930 Tuz Y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc:<\/strong> <strong>\u0130ngiliz<\/strong> s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netiminin Hint halk\u0131n\u0131n temel ihtiyac\u0131 olan tuza koydu\u011fu tekelci ve zalimce vergiyi protesto etmek amac\u0131yla, y\u00fczlerce kilometre s\u00fcren ve tarihe alt\u0131n harflerle ge\u00e7en kitle y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc organize etti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"92\"><strong>1931<\/strong>&#8216;de <strong>\u0130ngiliz<\/strong> yetkililerle masaya oturarak sivil itaatsizlik eylemlerini bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine ask\u0131ya ald\u0131. Siyasi bask\u0131lar sonucunda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan <strong>1935 Hindistan H\u00fck\u00fbmeti Yasas\u0131<\/strong> ile Hintlilere k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 da olsa yerel siyasi temsil hakk\u0131 kopard\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"93\"><strong>30 Ocak 1948<\/strong>&#8216;de, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sonras\u0131 Hindistan&#8217;da kalan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddeti k\u0131nayan bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l tutumundan nefret eden <strong>Nathuram<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Godse<\/strong> ad\u0131ndaki radikal bir Hindu milliyet\u00e7isi taraf\u0131ndan suikasta u\u011frayarak hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-muhammed-ali-cinnah-pakistan\" data-tk-source=\"94\"><strong>Muhammed Ali <\/strong><strong>Cinnah<\/strong><strong> (Pakistan)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"95\"><strong>1876<\/strong>&#8216;da <strong>Kara\u00e7i<\/strong> \u015fehrinde d\u00fcnyaya gelen Cinnah, modern <strong>Pakistan<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n mimar\u0131, kurucusu ve ilk devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131d\u0131r (<strong>Kaid<\/strong><strong>-i <\/strong><strong>Azam<\/strong> &#8211; B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00d6nder).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"96\">O da <strong>Londra<\/strong>&#8216;da hukuk e\u011fitimi ald\u0131. Siyasi hayat\u0131n\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nemlerinde <strong>Hindistan Ulusal Kongresi<\/strong> \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda <strong>\u0130ngiliz<\/strong> s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 &#8220;Hindu-M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ortak siyasi cephesini&#8221; savunduysa da sonradan sadece M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunan <strong>T\u00fcm Hint M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 Birli\u011fi<\/strong>&#8216;ne ge\u00e7ti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"97\"><strong>1935 Hindistan Y\u00f6netim Yasas\u0131<\/strong> sonras\u0131 se\u00e7imlerde Hindu \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun d\u0131\u015flay\u0131c\u0131 tutumu ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kimli\u011fini eritme \u00e7abalar\u0131, Cinnah&#8217;\u0131n &#8220;\u0130ki farkl\u0131 dinin mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 devlet \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayamayaca\u011f\u0131&#8221; sonucuna varmas\u0131na neden oldu. B\u00f6ylece <strong>M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi<\/strong> hareketinin lideri oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"98\"><strong>1940 Lahor Kongresi:<\/strong> <strong>Muhammed Ali <\/strong><strong>Cinnah<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n liderli\u011finde toplanan bu tarihi kongrede, Hindistan altk\u0131tas\u0131ndaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in Hindistan&#8217;dan tamamen kopuk, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir <strong>Pakistan Devleti<\/strong>&#8216;nin kurulmas\u0131 kesin hedef olarak karara ba\u011fland\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-emperyalist-devletlerin-afrika-daki-insan-haklari-ihlalleri\" data-tk-source=\"99\"><strong>Emperyalist Devletlerin Afrika\u2019daki \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 \u0130hlalleri<\/strong><\/h3><h3 id=\"tk-fransa-nin-cezayir-i-isgali-ve-kanli-surec\" data-tk-source=\"100\"><strong>Fransa\u2019n\u0131n Cezayir\u2019i \u0130\u015fgali ve Kanl\u0131 S\u00fcre\u00e7<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"101\">Y\u00fczy\u0131llarca Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu himayesinde &#8220;Day\u0131lar&#8221; stat\u00fcs\u00fcyle \u00f6zerk y\u00f6netilen <strong>Cezayir<\/strong>, <strong>1830<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda <strong>Fransa<\/strong> ordusu taraf\u0131ndan haks\u0131zca i\u015fgal edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"102\"><strong>Frans\u0131zlar<\/strong>, b\u00f6lgedeki yeralt\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in \u00fclkeye Avrupal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menler yerle\u015ftirdi ve yerli Arap-Berberi halk \u00fczerinde asker\u00ee, dilsel (Frans\u0131zca zorunlulu\u011fu) ve din\u00ee (misyonerlik) a\u011f\u0131r asimilasyon politikalar\u0131 dayatt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"103\"><strong>1931<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda ulema lideri <strong>Abd\u00fclhamid Bin Badis<\/strong> \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde hayata ge\u00e7irilen <strong>Cezayirli M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Alimler Cemiyeti<\/strong>, ulusal direni\u015fin fikri temelini att\u0131. \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fcn ana ilkesi: &#8220;Dinimiz \u0130slam, dilimiz Arap\u00e7a, vatan\u0131m\u0131z Cezayir&#8221; idi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"104\"><strong>Setif<\/strong><strong> Katliam\u0131 (5 May\u0131s 1945):<\/strong> <strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n biti\u015fi sebebiyle yap\u0131lan m\u00fcttefik kutlamalar\u0131nda, sava\u015fa zorla g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclen Cezayirlilerin anayurtlar\u0131 i\u00e7in kendi milli bayraklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131p ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k slogan\u0131 atmalar\u0131 \u00fczerine <strong>Frans\u0131z<\/strong> askerleri silahs\u0131z sivillerin \u00fczerine tanklar ve sava\u015f u\u00e7aklar\u0131yla sald\u0131rd\u0131. En az <strong>40 bin Cezayirli<\/strong> sivil katledildi. Bu kanl\u0131 olay, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik tarihindeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck insanl\u0131k su\u00e7lar\u0131ndan (soyk\u0131r\u0131m) biri olarak kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7ti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"105\"><strong>1954:<\/strong> Da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k direni\u015fi tek bir askeri-siyasi komuta alt\u0131nda toplamak i\u00e7in <strong>Ulusal Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu<\/strong> ve siyasi kanat olan <strong>Ulusal Kurtulu\u015f Cephesi (FLN)<\/strong> kuruldu. T\u00fcm \u00fclkede da\u011flara \u00e7\u0131kan k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin de deste\u011fiyle amans\u0131z bir gerilla sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"106\">Cezayir&#8217;in hakl\u0131 davas\u0131, <strong>So\u011fuk Sava\u015f<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131z \u00fclkelerin (\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fcnya) bir araya geldi\u011fi tarihi <strong>Bandung<\/strong><strong> Konferans\u0131 (1955)<\/strong> ile d\u00fcnya kamuoyunun g\u00fcndemine oturtuldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"107\"><strong>1 Kas\u0131m 1954<\/strong>&#8216;te fiili \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarla alevlenen b\u00fcy\u00fck kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131, artan uluslararas\u0131 tepkiler ve ekonomik maliyetler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden <strong>Fransa<\/strong>&#8216;da y\u00f6netime ge\u00e7en general <strong>Charles De Gaulle (<\/strong><strong>D\u00f6<\/strong><strong> Gol)<\/strong>&#8216;\u00fcn ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k talebini kabullenmesiyle sona erdi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"108\"><strong>1962 <\/strong><strong>Evian<\/strong><strong> Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>Fransa<\/strong> devleti, <strong>Cezayir<\/strong>&#8216;in tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hukuken tan\u0131mak zorunda kald\u0131 ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc <strong>Cezayir Demokratik Halk Cumhuriyeti<\/strong> kuruldu.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-guney-afrika-ve-apartheid-rejimi\" data-tk-source=\"109\"><strong>G\u00fcney Afrika ve <\/strong><strong>Apartheid<\/strong><strong> Rejimi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"110\"><strong>G\u00fcney Afrika<\/strong>&#8216;da siyasi, ekonomik ve asker\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fc elinde bulunduran beyaz g\u00f6\u00e7men az\u0131nl\u0131k (<strong>Afrikanerler<\/strong><strong>\/<\/strong><strong>Boerler<\/strong>), \u00fclkenin demografik as\u0131l sahibi olan yerli siyahi \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 devlet eliyle kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kanuni \u0131rk ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na, yani <strong>Apartheid<\/strong><strong> (Ayr\u0131 Ya\u015fama)<\/strong> rejimine imza att\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"111\">Bu sistemde \u00fclkenin t\u00fcm yeralt\u0131 zenginlikleri (alt\u0131n, elmas), kaliteli e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 ve siyasi oy kullanma haklar\u0131 sadece beyazlara aitti. Siyahiler ise belirli &#8220;Bantustan&#8221; ad\u0131 verilen yoksul b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015famaya mahkum edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"112\"><strong>Nelson Mandela:<\/strong> \u00dclke tarihinin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiren ulusal lider. <strong>1942<\/strong>&#8216;de hukuk e\u011fitimini tamamlayarak \u00fclkedeki bask\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 duran ilk siyahi avukatlardan biri oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"113\"><strong>1944<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda beyazlar\u0131n \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 politikalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kurulan yerel \u00f6rg\u00fct <strong>Afrika Mill\u00ee Kongresi&#8217;ne (ANC)<\/strong> d\u00e2hil oldu ve zamanla direni\u015fin hem siyasi boyotunun hem de gerekti\u011finde ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu silahl\u0131 eylemlerinin lideri konumuna geldi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"114\">Siyasi faaliyetleri nedeniyle \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn en verimli <strong>27 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda hapishanede (Robben Adas\u0131) ge\u00e7irmesine kar\u015f\u0131n davas\u0131ndan asla taviz vermedi. Evrenselle\u015fen mottosu: &#8220;M\u00fccadele benim hayat\u0131md\u0131r.&#8221;<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"115\"><strong>1980<\/strong>&#8216;lerin sonunda rejime kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fcresel boykotlar\u0131n ve uluslararas\u0131 diplomatik yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n dayan\u0131lmaz boyuta ula\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, <strong>1990<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00f6nemin beyaz k\u00f6kenli devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 <strong>F.W. De <\/strong><strong>Klerk<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan hapisten serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"116\"><strong>1994 Se\u00e7imleri:<\/strong> Irk ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, siyahi \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun da ilk kez oy kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tam demokratik se\u00e7imleri a\u00e7\u0131k ara kazanarak <strong>G\u00fcney Afrika&#8217;n\u0131n ilk siyahi devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131<\/strong> koltu\u011funa oturdu (Bu olayla Apartheid rejimi fiilen son buldu).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-orta-dogu-da-baas-rejimleri\" data-tk-source=\"117\"><strong>Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da <\/strong><strong>Baas<\/strong><strong> Rejimleri<\/strong><\/h3><h3 id=\"tk-ideolojik-yapi-ve-olgunlasma\" data-tk-source=\"118\"><strong>\u0130deolojik Yap\u0131 ve Olgunla\u015fma<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"119\"><strong>Suriye<\/strong> ve <strong>Irak<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n modern siyasi tarihinde belirleyici olan <strong>Arap <\/strong><strong>Baas<\/strong><strong> Sosyalist Partisi (Dirili\u015f Partisi)<\/strong>, <strong>1943<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda Ortodoks Hristiyan k\u00f6kenli <strong>Mi\u015fel<\/strong><strong> Eflak<\/strong> ve S\u00fcnni M\u00fcsl\u00fcman <strong>Salah <\/strong><strong>Bitar<\/strong> isimli ayd\u0131nlar taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"120\"><strong>Baas<\/strong><strong> ideolojisi<\/strong>, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00e7izilmi\u015f dar b\u00f6lge milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi yerine, t\u00fcm Arap co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan <strong>Arap Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi (<\/strong><strong>Pan-Arabizm<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> ile laik bir d\u00fczlemdeki <strong>Sosyalist<\/strong> ekonomi modelini sentezleyen bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"121\">Nihai siyasi hedefi: \u00d6ncelikle <strong>Suriye<\/strong>, <strong>Irak<\/strong>, <strong>Filistin<\/strong> ve <strong>\u00dcrd\u00fcn<\/strong>&#8216;\u00fc siyaseten birle\u015ftirerek &#8220;B\u00fcy\u00fck Suriye&#8221;yi yaratmak, son a\u015famada ise t\u00fcm Kuzey Afrika ve Ortado\u011fu&#8217;yu i\u00e7ine alan tek bir s\u00fcper <strong>Arap Devleti<\/strong> kurmakt\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-iktidara-giden-baas-suriye-ve-irak\" data-tk-source=\"122\"><strong>\u0130ktidara Giden <\/strong><strong>Baas<\/strong><strong> (Suriye ve Irak)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"123\"><strong>1958 Birle\u015fik Arap Cumhuriyeti (BAC):<\/strong> Pan-Arap hayalinin ilk pratik ve somut denemesi olarak, <strong>Suriye<\/strong> ve <strong>M\u0131s\u0131r<\/strong> (Cemal Abd\u00fclnas\u0131r liderli\u011finde) devlet yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 feshederek birle\u015ftiler ve bu yeni devleti kurdular. (Ancak M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;\u0131n bask\u0131n otoritesinden rahats\u0131z olan Suriyeli subaylar\u0131n isyan\u0131yla <strong>Suriye 1961<\/strong>&#8216;de birlikten \u00e7ekilmi\u015f ve devlet da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"124\">M\u0131s\u0131r-Suriye birle\u015fmesinin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 jeopolitik bask\u0131ya tepki g\u00f6steren d\u00f6nemin <strong>Irak<\/strong> ve <strong>\u00dcrd\u00fcn<\/strong> krall\u0131klar\u0131 ise kendi aralar\u0131nda <strong>Arap Federal Birli\u011fi<\/strong>&#8216;ni ilan etmi\u015flerdir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"125\">Baas\u00e7\u0131 askerler ve siviller <strong>Irak<\/strong>&#8216;ta <strong>1963<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli\u011fine iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irseler de as\u0131l kal\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6netimlerini <strong>1968<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 darbeyle in\u015fa ettiler. Bu iktidar Irak&#8217;ta tam <strong>35 y\u0131l<\/strong> s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Rejimin mutlak kontrol\u00fc <strong>1979<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 olan <strong>Saddam H\u00fcseyin<\/strong>&#8216;in eline ge\u00e7ti. <strong>Saddam<\/strong>, ac\u0131mas\u0131z bir istihbarat ve korku a\u011f\u0131 kurarak \u00fclkedeki \u015eii \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ve K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfusu sert bir asimilasyon\/bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda ezdi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"126\"><strong>Suriye<\/strong>&#8216;de ise parti i\u00e7i \u00e7eki\u015fmelerin ard\u0131ndan <strong>1970<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda kendi yolda\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi kans\u0131z asker\u00ee darbe (&#8220;D\u00fczeltici Hareket&#8221;) ile Savunma Bakan\u0131 <strong>Haf\u0131z Esad<\/strong> iktidara el koydu. <strong>1971<\/strong>&#8216;de yap\u0131lan g\u00f6stermelik referandumla da \u00fclkenin ilk Nusayri (Arap Alevisi) k\u00f6kenli devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"127\"><strong>1982 Hama Katliam\u0131:<\/strong> Laik Baas diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve <strong>Haf\u0131z Esad<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n totaliter y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 silahl\u0131 isyan ba\u015flatan S\u00fcnni omurgal\u0131 <strong>M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Karde\u015fler (\u0130hvan)<\/strong> \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn Hama \u015fehrindeki ayaklanmas\u0131, Suriye ordusu taraf\u0131ndan \u015fehrin a\u011f\u0131r silahlarla bombalanmas\u0131 sonucu on binlerce sivilin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle \u00e7ok kanl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ezildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"128\"><strong>Ortak \u00d6zellikleri:<\/strong> Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta sosyalist ve e\u015fitlik\u00e7i bir s\u00f6ylemle yola \u00e7\u0131kan hem <strong>Suriye<\/strong> hem de <strong>Irak<\/strong>&#8216;taki Baas y\u00f6netimleri, iktidara geldikten bir s\u00fcre sonra devlet kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 kendi az\u0131nl\u0131k mezheplerine (Suriye&#8217;de Nusayriler, Irak&#8217;ta S\u00fcnniler) ve kendi ailelerine tahsis eden, hi\u00e7bir sivil muhalefete ya\u015fam hakk\u0131 tan\u0131mayan <strong>tek partili sivil\/askeri diktat\u00f6rl\u00fcklere<\/strong> evrilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"129\"><strong>So\u011fuk Sava\u015f Konumlar\u0131:<\/strong> Jeopolitik kampla\u015fmada <strong>Suriye<\/strong> diktat\u00f6r\u00fc <strong>Haf\u0131z Esad<\/strong>, \u00fclkesini siyasi ve asker\u00ee olarak Do\u011fu Bloku&#8217;nun patronu <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;ye entegre ederken; <strong>Irak<\/strong> diktat\u00f6r\u00fc <strong>Saddam H\u00fcseyin<\/strong>, \u0130ran&#8217;a kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sava\u015fta <strong>1991<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131ndaki I. K\u00f6rfez Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;na dek <strong>ABD<\/strong> ve Avrupa (Bat\u0131 Bloku) taraf\u0131ndan silahland\u0131r\u0131lan ve desteklenen stratejik bir fig\u00fcr olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-ataturk-onderligindeki-turk-milli-mucadelesi-nin-bagimsizlik-mucadeles\" data-tk-source=\"130\"><strong>Atat\u00fcrk \u00d6nderli\u011findeki T\u00fcrk Mill\u00ee <\/strong><strong>M\u00fccadelesi\u2019nin<\/strong><strong> Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k M\u00fccadelesi Veren Milletlere Etkisi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"131\">Ba\u015fkomutan <strong>Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk<\/strong>&#8216;\u00fcn dehas\u0131 ve liderli\u011finde, par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f <strong>Anadolu<\/strong> topraklar\u0131nda Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalist i\u015fgal ordular\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kazan\u0131lan benzersiz \u0130stiklal Sava\u015f\u0131, d\u00fcnya genelinde esaret alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan t\u00fcm s\u00f6m\u00fcrge toplumlar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir &#8220;cesaret ve uyan\u0131\u015f me\u015falesi&#8221; g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"132\">Sadece cephede kazan\u0131lan asker\u00ee zaferle yetinilmeyip; ard\u0131ndan siyasi (Cumhuriyet), k\u00fclt\u00fcrel (Harf \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131) ve ekonomik sahalarda h\u0131zla at\u0131lan yap\u0131sal modernle\u015fme ad\u0131mlar\u0131 (<strong>Atat\u00fcrk \u0130nk\u0131laplar\u0131<\/strong>), ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazan\u0131p devletle\u015fmek isteyen mazlum milletlere vizyoner bir kalk\u0131nma modeli sunmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"133\">Bilhassa <strong>\u0130slam co\u011frafyas\u0131<\/strong> ve <strong>Kuzey Afrika<\/strong> b\u00f6lgelerinde (<strong>Fas<\/strong>, <strong>Cezayir<\/strong>, <strong>Tunus<\/strong>, <strong>Libya<\/strong>, <strong>M\u0131s\u0131r<\/strong>, <strong>Suriye<\/strong>, <strong>Irak<\/strong> ve i\u015fgal alt\u0131ndaki <strong>Hindistan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131<\/strong>), d\u00f6nemin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc emperyalist Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerine kar\u015f\u0131 Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir psikolojik motivasyon kayna\u011f\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"134\"><strong>Atat\u00fcrk<\/strong>, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen mazlum milletlere sadece cephede d\u00fc\u015fmanla &#8220;nas\u0131l \u00e7arp\u0131\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131&#8221; hususunda de\u011fil, as\u0131l sava\u015f bittikten sonra tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, laik ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f kurumlar\u0131n s\u0131f\u0131rdan &#8220;nas\u0131l in\u015fa edilece\u011fi&#8221; hususunda da kal\u0131c\u0131 ve evrensel bir devlet adaml\u0131\u011f\u0131 liderli\u011fi sergilemi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-somurgeciligin-afrika-daki-siyasi-ve-ekonomik-etkileri\" data-tk-source=\"135\"><strong>S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin Afrika\u2019daki Siyasi ve Ekonomik Etkileri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"136\">Bug\u00fcn <strong>Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131nda<\/strong> ard\u0131 arkas\u0131 kesilmeyen i\u00e7 sava\u015flar\u0131n, yoksullu\u011fun ve kronik insani krizlerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck tarihi sebebi <strong>Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik miras\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"137\">K\u0131tadaki modern \u00fclkelerin siyasi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, o co\u011frafyan\u0131n y\u00fczlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k do\u011fal, etnik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve din\u00ee dengeleri hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde dikkate al\u0131nmadan; s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci <strong>Avrupal\u0131<\/strong> b\u00fcrokratlar taraf\u0131ndan masa ba\u015f\u0131nda tamamen ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlara g\u00f6re cetvelle \u00e7izilmi\u015f yapay s\u0131n\u0131rlard\u0131r (Haritada d\u00fcz hatlar \u015feklinde g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesinin sebebi budur).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"138\">Dayat\u0131lan bu suni s\u0131n\u0131rlar, birbirine tarihsel olarak husumet besleyen etnik kabileleri veya farkl\u0131 din\u00ee inan\u00e7 gruplar\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 devlet s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine zorla s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak kanl\u0131 ve bitmeyen i\u00e7 sava\u015flar\u0131n fitilini ate\u015flemi\u015ftir (\u00d6rn: Ruanda soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"139\">S\u00f6zde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131ktan sonra iktidara gelen yerli siyasi kadrolar, Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n kurdu\u011fu yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f idari mekanizmalar\u0131 ve rant odakl\u0131 hukuki yap\u0131lar\u0131 tasfiye etmemi\u015f; umutla kurulan zay\u0131f demokrasiler \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede asker\u00ee cunta y\u00f6netimlerine ve diktat\u00f6rl\u00fcklere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"140\"><strong>Afrika<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n yak\u0131n siyasi tarihi maalesef; \u00f6nlenemeyen asker\u00ee darbeler zinciri, \u00fclke kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 hortumlayan a\u011f\u0131r yolsuzluk skandallar\u0131 ve halk\u0131 ezen otoriter \u015fiddet sarmal\u0131yla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"141\"><strong>Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Kronolojisinden \u00d6nemli S\u0131nav \u00d6rnekleri:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"142\"><strong>1951:<\/strong> <strong>Libya<\/strong> (Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n zay\u0131f karn\u0131 olan <strong>\u0130talya<\/strong>&#8216;dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"143\"><strong>1956:<\/strong> <strong>Tunus<\/strong> ve <strong>Fas<\/strong> (Diplomatik m\u00fccadeleyle <strong>Fransa<\/strong>&#8216;dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131lar).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"144\"><strong>1957:<\/strong> <strong>Gana<\/strong> (<strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>&#8216;den ayr\u0131ld\u0131. S\u0131navlarda s\u0131k\u00e7a sorulur: B\u00fcy\u00fck Sahra \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc&#8217;n\u00fcn g\u00fcneyinde kalan ve <strong>Sahraalt\u0131<\/strong><strong> Afrika<\/strong> olarak bilinen b\u00f6lgede ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanan <strong>ilk devlettir<\/strong>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"145\"><strong>1965:<\/strong> <strong>Rodezya\/Zimbabve<\/strong> (Uzun bir m\u00fccadelenin ard\u0131ndan <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>&#8216;den koptu).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"146\"><strong>1975:<\/strong> <strong>Portekiz<\/strong>&#8216;in k\u0131tadaki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinden (<strong>Angola<\/strong>, <strong>Mozambik<\/strong>) uzun kanl\u0131 sava\u015flar sonras\u0131 \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kalmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"147\"><strong>1994:<\/strong> <strong>G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti<\/strong>&#8216;nde kurumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 <strong>Apartheid<\/strong><strong> rejiminin<\/strong> resmi olarak la\u011fvedilmesi.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-soguk-savas-donemi-nde-dunyada-meydana-gelen-ekonomik-sosyokulturel-ve\" data-tk-source=\"148\"><strong>SO\u011eUK SAVA\u015e D\u00d6NEM\u0130\u2019NDE D\u00dcNYADA MEYDANA GELEN EKONOM\u0130K, SOSYOK\u00dcLT\u00dcREL VE B\u0130L\u0130MSEL GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-is-hayatinda-kadinlar\" data-tk-source=\"149\"><strong>\u0130\u015f Hayat\u0131nda Kad\u0131nlar<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"150\"><strong>Sanayi Devrimi Etkisi:<\/strong> Tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7te kad\u0131nlar, kitleler halinde ve bir \u00fccret\/maa\u015f mukabilinde ev d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015f hayat\u0131na ilk defa <strong>Sanayi Devrimi<\/strong> ile beraber fabrikalarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak girmi\u015ftir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fimi tetikleyen temel fakt\u00f6r, artan ya\u015fam maliyetleri ve ekonomik gereksinimlerdir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"151\"><strong>I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131:<\/strong> \u00dclkelerdeki milyonlarca gen\u00e7 erke\u011fin zorunlu askerlik ile cephelere s\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle sanayide olu\u015fan devasa i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131, devletlerin te\u015fvikiyle kad\u0131nlar taraf\u0131ndan doldurulmu\u015f ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m oran\u0131 katlanarak artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"152\"><strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131:<\/strong> Silah ve m\u00fchimmat \u00fcretiminde kad\u0131n\u0131n yeri daha da hayati bir konuma y\u00fckselmi\u015f; &#8220;\u00c7al\u0131\u015fan Kad\u0131n&#8221; fig\u00fcr\u00fc devlet propagandalar\u0131yla (\u00d6rn: Rosie the Riveter) y\u00fcceltilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"153\"><strong>1960&#8217;l\u0131 Y\u0131llar ve De\u011fi\u015fim:<\/strong> Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 refah art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile toplumsal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131nda radikal k\u0131r\u0131lmalar ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, kad\u0131n\u0131n toplumdaki e\u015fit rol\u00fcn\u00fc savunan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc <strong>kad\u0131n haklar\u0131 hareketleri (feminizm)<\/strong> siyasette s\u00f6z sahibi olmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"154\"><strong>Hak M\u00fccadelesi:<\/strong> \u00dcniversite e\u011fitimine eri\u015fimi artan kad\u0131n kitleleri; siyasi partilerde ve i\u015f\u00e7i sendikalar\u0131nda aktif g\u00f6revler \u00fcstlenerek istihdamda, \u00fccretlerde ve sosyal ya\u015famda cinsiyete dayal\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ayr\u0131mc\u0131 politikaya kar\u015f\u0131 sert bir m\u00fccadele ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-abd-ekonomik-politikalarinin-para-piyasalarina-etkileri\" data-tk-source=\"155\"><strong>ABD Ekonomik Politikalar\u0131n\u0131n Para Piyasalar\u0131na Etkileri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"156\"><strong>Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, ABD&#8217;nin Y\u00fckseli\u015fi:<\/strong> <strong>1945<\/strong> sonras\u0131nda k\u0131ta <strong>Avrupas\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n devasa sanayi altyap\u0131s\u0131 bombalanarak yerle bir olmu\u015ftu. Sava\u015f riskinden ka\u00e7an k\u00fcresel sermaye, yakla\u015f\u0131k 15 y\u0131l boyunca istikrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;ye akt\u0131 ve d\u00fcnya kapitalizminin kalbi <strong>\u0130ngiltere&#8217;den (Londra)<\/strong>, <strong>ABD&#8217;ye (New York \/ Wall Street)<\/strong> ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"157\"><strong>ABD&#8217;nin Zenginle\u015fmesi:<\/strong> Sava\u015f sanayisindeki muazzam \u00fcretim, teknolojik patentler ve bilimsel beyin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc sayesinde <strong>ABD<\/strong> d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z tek egemeni haline geldi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"158\"><strong>Bretton <\/strong><strong>Woods<\/strong><strong> Sistemi (1944):<\/strong> Sava\u015f hen\u00fcz bitmeden <strong>ABD<\/strong> ve <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>&#8216;nin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde toplanan konferansta, sava\u015f sonras\u0131 yeni d\u00fcnya ticaretinin kurallar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen uluslararas\u0131 para\/kur sistemi kuruldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"159\"><strong>Kurulan Kurumsal Yap\u0131lar:<\/strong> Kurulan bu yeni ekonomik d\u00fczene bek\u00e7ilik etmesi ve devletlere kredi sa\u011flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in merkezi <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin ba\u015fkenti <strong>Washington<\/strong> olan iki b\u00fcy\u00fck kurulu\u015f: <strong>Uluslararas\u0131 Para Fonu (IMF)<\/strong> ve <strong>D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131<\/strong> faaliyete ge\u00e7irildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"160\"><strong>Dolar\u0131n H\u00e2kimiyeti:<\/strong> Bu yeni kur sisteminin en kritik kural\u0131 \u015fuydu: Sadece <strong>ABD Dolar\u0131<\/strong> fiziksel alt\u0131na endekslenecek (sabitlenecek), d\u00fcnyadaki di\u011fer t\u00fcm para birimleri ise de\u011ferini <strong>dolara<\/strong> g\u00f6re belirleyecekti. Bu sistem <strong>ABD dolar\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> k\u00fcresel ticaretin ve rezervlerin tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z &#8220;tek para birimi&#8221; yapt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"161\"><strong>Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n Kay\u0131plar\u0131:<\/strong> Uzun s\u00fcren <strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> boyunca <strong>Avrupa<\/strong> \u00fclkelerinin reel \u00fcretim kapasitesi \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f, milli sermayeleri buharla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve \u00fclkelerin Merkez Bankalar\u0131ndaki fiziki alt\u0131n stoklar\u0131 silah al\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in tamamen t\u00fckenmi\u015fti.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-kentlesmenin-ortaya-cikardigi-sorunlar\" data-tk-source=\"162\"><strong>Kentle\u015fmenin Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sorunlar<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"163\"><strong>N\u00fcfus Patlamas\u0131 (<\/strong><strong>Baby<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Boom<\/strong><strong>):<\/strong> So\u011fuk Sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 sosyolojik olay\u0131, sava\u015f sonras\u0131 artan g\u00fcven ortam\u0131 ve refahla birlikte d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda (\u00f6zellikle ABD&#8217;de) do\u011fum oranlar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan devasa art\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"164\"><strong>Sa\u011fl\u0131k ve Ya\u015fam S\u00fcresi:<\/strong> Penisilin gibi antibiyotiklerin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131larla \u00f6nlenmesi ve halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hizmetlerinin tabana yay\u0131lmas\u0131 insan \u00f6mr\u00fc ortalamas\u0131n\u0131 (beklenen ya\u015fam s\u00fcresini) rekor seviyede y\u00fckseltti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"165\"><strong>Bilgi ve Enformasyon \u00c7a\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Sanayi \u00fcretiminden \u00e7ok; ekonomi, sivil havac\u0131l\u0131k, telekom\u00fcnikasyon (televizyon\/telefon) ve uydu teknolojilerindeki devrimlerle yeni bir \u00e7a\u011fa ge\u00e7i\u015f yap\u0131ld\u0131; ticaretin s\u0131n\u0131r tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>k\u00fcreselle\u015fme (globalle\u015fme)<\/strong> d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"166\"><strong>Banliy\u00f6lerin (<\/strong><strong>Y\u00f6rekent<\/strong><strong>) Do\u011fu\u015fu:<\/strong> \u00d6zellikle Bat\u0131 metropollerinde yo\u011fun i\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7le artan n\u00fcfus; su\u00e7 oranlar\u0131n\u0131 ve trafik gibi altyap\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 tetikleyince, al\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fc y\u00fcksek orta-\u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131flar \u015fehir merkezlerinden ka\u00e7arak merkezin etraf\u0131nda bah\u00e7eli\/m\u00fcstakil evlerden olu\u015fan sakin <strong>banliy\u00f6<\/strong> yerle\u015fimlerini kurdu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"167\"><strong>Otomobilin Etkisi:<\/strong> Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 <strong>Fordizm<\/strong> \u00fcretim modeliyle ucuzlay\u0131p her eve giren <strong>otomobiller<\/strong>, insanlar\u0131n \u015fehir d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki banliy\u00f6lerden merkezdeki i\u015flerine her g\u00fcn gidip gelmesini (commuting) sa\u011flad\u0131, devasa otoyol a\u011flar\u0131na sahip yeni nesil Amerikan metropollerini ve &#8220;Arabaya Dayal\u0131 Ya\u015fam&#8221; k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yaratt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"168\"><strong>Sosyal De\u011fi\u015fim:<\/strong> Yatay mimariye dayal\u0131 Amerikan kentle\u015fmesi, b\u00fcy\u00fck aile yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 par\u00e7alayarak \u00e7ekirdek aileyi \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve geleneksel y\u00fcz y\u00fcze kom\u015fuluk ili\u015fkilerini zay\u0131flatarak bireyselle\u015fmeyi h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-sanatin-kitleler-uzerindeki-etkisi\" data-tk-source=\"169\"><strong>Sanat\u0131n Kitleler \u00dczerindeki Etkisi<\/strong><\/h3><h3 id=\"tk-muzik\" data-tk-source=\"170\"><strong>M\u00fczik<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"171\"><strong>Gen\u00e7 N\u00fcfus ve Sorgulama:<\/strong> <strong>1960<\/strong>&#8216;l\u0131 y\u0131llara gelindi\u011finde <strong>ABD<\/strong> n\u00fcfusunun yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131 25 ya\u015f\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki gen\u00e7lerden olu\u015fuyordu. B\u00fcy\u00fck Buhran veya sava\u015f g\u00f6rmemi\u015f, ekonomik refah i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fcyen ancak n\u00fckleer sava\u015f tehdidiyle ya\u015fayan bu apolitik gen\u00e7lik, ebeveynlerinin in\u015fa etti\u011fi materyalist d\u00fcnyay\u0131 sorgulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"172\"><strong>Beatniks<\/strong><strong> (<\/strong><strong>Bitniks<\/strong><strong>\/Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131) Ak\u0131m\u0131:<\/strong> Klasik Amerikan banliy\u00f6 aile hayat\u0131n\u0131n kurallar\u0131n\u0131 reddeden, t\u00fcketim \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u015fkald\u0131ran ilk muhalif entelekt\u00fcel gen\u00e7lik grubudur. E\u011flence anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda Siyahilerin &#8220;Rhythm and Blues&#8221; m\u00fczi\u011finden ilham alarak isyankar <strong>Rock<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>and<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Roll<\/strong><strong> (<\/strong><strong>Rak\u0131nrol<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n temellerini att\u0131lar.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"173\"><strong>Elvis Presley (1956-1958):<\/strong> Rock and Roll&#8217;un tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z kral\u0131. S\u0131rad\u0131\u015f\u0131 sahne \u015fovlar\u0131 ve vokaliyle milyonlarca gen\u00e7 taraf\u0131ndan idol haline getirilirken, d\u00f6nemin muhafazakar kesimlerince &#8220;Amerikan gen\u00e7li\u011finin ahlak\u0131n\u0131 bozmakla&#8221; a\u011f\u0131r \u015fekilde itham edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"174\"><strong>Hippi Hareketi (1963):<\/strong> Beatniks ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n miras\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulan daha kitlesel bir harekettir. Kat\u0131 kurallara, militarizme (Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;na) ve \u015fiddete kar\u015f\u0131 &#8220;Bar\u0131\u015f ve A\u015fk&#8221; (Make love, not war) felsefesini savunan bu grup, alternatif rock m\u00fczi\u011fi ideolojilerini yayan en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc propaganda arac\u0131 olarak kulland\u0131 (\u00d6rn: Woodstock Festivali).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-sinema\" data-tk-source=\"175\"><strong>Sinema<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"176\"><strong>Toplumsal \u00c7alkant\u0131lar\u0131n Etkisi:<\/strong> <strong>1960<\/strong>&#8216;l\u0131 y\u0131llarda <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin <strong>Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;nda sapland\u0131\u011f\u0131 batakl\u0131k, siyahi liderlerin (Martin Luther King, Malcolm X) \u00f6nderli\u011findeki e\u015fit sivil haklar m\u00fccadelesi, h\u0131z kazanan feminist eylemler ve y\u00fckselen sol-\u00f6\u011frenci hareketleri Hollywood sinemas\u0131n\u0131n senaryolar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan etkiledi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"177\"><strong>Muhalif (Yeni Hollywood) Sinema:<\/strong> Devleti y\u00fccelten klasik Amerikan ideolojisine s\u0131rt \u00e7eviren, otoriteyi ve toplumsal \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ele\u015ftiren yeni bir sinema dili yarat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"178\"><strong>Arthur Penn:<\/strong> &#8220;K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Dev Adam&#8221; (K\u0131z\u0131lderililere yap\u0131lan soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ele\u015ftiren revizyonist western).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"179\"><strong>Robert <\/strong><strong>Altman<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> &#8220;Cephede E\u011flence&#8221; (M<em>A<\/em>S*H &#8211; Militarizmi hicveden sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 k\u00fclt film) ve &#8220;Mc Cabe and Mrs. Miller&#8221;.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"180\"><strong>Mike Nichols:<\/strong> &#8220;A\u015fk Mevsimi&#8221; (The Graduate).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"181\"><strong>Muhafazak\u00e2r Tepki (1971 Sonras\u0131):<\/strong> Geleneksel Amerikan aile de\u011ferlerinin a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen ve toplumsal d\u00fczeni sinema perdesinde yeniden tesis etmek isteyen sisteme ba\u011fl\u0131 muhafazak\u00e2r y\u00f6netmenler ve st\u00fcdyolar, kahraman polisi\/askeri \u00f6ven filmlerle devreye girdi.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-resim\" data-tk-source=\"182\"><strong>Resim<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"183\"><strong>Sanat\u0131n Yeni Ba\u015fkenti:<\/strong> Y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r d\u00fcnya sanat\u0131n\u0131n kalbi olan <strong>Paris<\/strong>, <strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131yla bu unvan\u0131n\u0131 ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fcn zirvesindeki <strong>New York<\/strong> \u015fehrine devretti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"184\"><strong>G\u00f6\u00e7 Eden Sanat\u00e7\u0131lar:<\/strong> Avrupa&#8217;daki fa\u015fist bask\u0131dan ve sava\u015ftan ka\u00e7an <strong>Chagall<\/strong>, <strong>Ernst<\/strong>, <strong>Lipehitz<\/strong>, <strong>Masson<\/strong> gibi d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda modern sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n Amerika&#8217;ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmas\u0131 bu de\u011fi\u015fimi h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"185\"><strong>Pop Art (Pop <\/strong><strong>Sanat\u0131 &#8211;<\/strong><strong> 1955-1965):<\/strong> Amerikan t\u00fcketim \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, s\u00fcpermarket \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini (\u00e7orba konserveleri), reklam panolar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7izgi roman fig\u00fcrlerini sanat eserine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren ironik ak\u0131md\u0131r. Zirvedeki temsilcileri: <strong>Roy <\/strong><strong>Lichtenstein<\/strong>, <strong>Andy <\/strong><strong>Warhol<\/strong>, <strong>Claes<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Oldenburg<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"186\"><strong>Op-Art (Optik Sanat) ve Kinetik (<\/strong><strong>Sinetik<\/strong><strong>) Sanat:<\/strong> <strong>1960<\/strong>&#8216;lar\u0131n ortas\u0131nda y\u00fckselen; seyircinin g\u00f6z yan\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 (ill\u00fczyon), geometrik desenlerin hareket ediyormu\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesini temel alan soyut g\u00f6rsel sanat ak\u0131mlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-soguk-savas-donemi-nde-spor-organizasyonlari\" data-tk-source=\"187\"><strong>So\u011fuk Sava\u015f D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Spor Organizasyonlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"188\"><strong>S\u00fcper G\u00fc\u00e7lerin Rekabeti:<\/strong> <strong>ABD<\/strong> ve <strong>SSCB<\/strong> aras\u0131ndaki askeri n\u00fckleer deh\u015fet dengesinin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerginlikler (<strong>K\u00fcba F\u00fcze Krizi<\/strong>, <strong>Berlin Buhran\u0131<\/strong>), d\u00fcnya spor sahalar\u0131na da aynen s\u0131\u00e7rad\u0131. Spor m\u00fcsabakalar\u0131, s\u0131cak \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya giremeyen iki kutup aras\u0131nda adeta &#8220;silahs\u0131z bir sava\u015f meydan\u0131&#8221; ve ideolojik bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck propaganda arac\u0131 haline geldi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"189\"><strong>Sistemin Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131:<\/strong> Uluslararas\u0131 turnuvalarda ve Olimpiyatlarda kazan\u0131lan alt\u0131n madalyalar; \u00fclkelerin sadece sportif ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fil, o \u00fclkenin benimsedi\u011fi &#8220;kapitalist veya kom\u00fcnist sistemin do\u011fadan gelen \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc&#8221; olarak pazarland\u0131 ve sporcular do\u011frudan devlet b\u00fct\u00e7esiyle asker gibi yeti\u015ftirildi (\u00d6rn: Do\u011fu Bloku \u00fclkelerinin devlet destekli doping programlar\u0131).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"190\"><strong>Yeni Organizasyonlar:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"191\"><strong>1951:<\/strong> Sadece Akdeniz&#8217;e k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 olan kom\u015fu \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in <strong>Akdeniz Olimpiyatlar\u0131<\/strong> ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"192\"><strong>1955-1956:<\/strong> Avrupa futbolunu tek \u00e7at\u0131da toplayan <strong>Avrupa Futbol \u015eampiyon Kul\u00fcpler Kupas\u0131 (UEFA)<\/strong> turnuvalar\u0131 resmen start ald\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"193\"><strong>Olimpiyat Felsefesi ve Siyaset:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"194\"><strong>1948 Londra Olimpiyatlar\u0131:<\/strong> Sava\u015f\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131ndan sorumlu tutulan ve &#8220;sava\u015f su\u00e7lusu&#8221; kabul edilen <strong>Almanya<\/strong> ile <strong>Japonya<\/strong> oyunlara al\u0131nmayarak boykot edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"195\"><strong>1952 Helsinki Olimpiyatlar\u0131:<\/strong> Gerginli\u011fe ra\u011fmen d\u00fcnya bar\u0131\u015f\u0131na katk\u0131 sunmak umuduyla <strong>SSCB<\/strong>, tarihinde ilk kez olimpiyat oyunlar\u0131na resmi olarak davet edildi. Ancak iyi niyetli bu giri\u015fim zamanla olimpiyatlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a So\u011fuk Sava\u015f diplomasisinin bir arac\u0131 olmas\u0131na engel olamad\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-soguk-savas-donemi-ndeki-bilimsel-gelismeler\" data-tk-source=\"196\"><strong>So\u011fuk Sava\u015f D\u00f6nemi\u2019ndeki Bilimsel Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/h3><h3 id=\"tk-nukleer-enerji\" data-tk-source=\"197\"><strong>N\u00fckleer Enerji<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"198\"><strong>Silah Yar\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan Sivil Kullan\u0131ma:<\/strong> Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta sadece <strong>ABD<\/strong> ve <strong>SSCB<\/strong> aras\u0131nda d\u00fcnyay\u0131 yok edebilecek n\u00fckleer bombalar \u00fcretmek \u00fczere asker\u00ee alanda ba\u015flayan yar\u0131\u015f, zamanla bu devasa enerjinin ucuz elektrik \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in &#8220;sivil\/bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l&#8221; alanda kullan\u0131m\u0131na (n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6rler) evrildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"199\"><strong>1973 Petrol Krizi:<\/strong> Arap devletlerinin Bat\u0131&#8217;ya uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 petrol ambargosuyla enerji fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n u\u00e7mas\u0131, Bat\u0131l\u0131 sanayi devletlerinin (ba\u015fta <strong>Fransa<\/strong>, <strong>Bel\u00e7ika<\/strong>, <strong>\u0130svi\u00e7re<\/strong>, <strong>Almanya<\/strong>) n\u00fckleer enerji santrallerine olan y\u00f6nelimini zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131 ve h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"200\"><strong>\u0130lk Sivil N\u00fckleer Santraller:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"201\"><strong>Ekim 1956 (\u0130ngiltere):<\/strong> D\u00fcnyan\u0131n elektrik \u015febekesine ba\u011flanan ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli ticari n\u00fckleer santrali olan <strong>Calder<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Hall<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"202\"><strong>1956 (Fransa):<\/strong> Bagnols-sur-Ceze reakt\u00f6r\u00fc faaliyete ge\u00e7ti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"203\"><strong>1962 (Almanya):<\/strong> Kahl santrali a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 (Almanlar s\u00fcreci y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in <strong>1956<\/strong>&#8216;da Atom Enerjisi Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131 zaten kurmu\u015ftu).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-uzay-yarisi\" data-tk-source=\"204\"><strong>Uzay Yar\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"205\"><strong>Hedefler:<\/strong> Askeri teknoloji g\u00f6vde g\u00f6sterisinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra; 1) Evreni bilimsel olarak ke\u015ffetmek, 2) Y\u00f6r\u00fcngeye yerle\u015ftirilen uydular sayesinde d\u00fcnyay\u0131 istihbari olarak g\u00f6zlemlemek, ileti\u015fim (TV\/Radyo) ve geli\u015fmi\u015f meteoroloji a\u011f\u0131 kurmak.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"206\"><strong>SSCB&#8217;nin \u0130lkleri (B\u00fcy\u00fck Psikolojik \u00dcst\u00fcnl\u00fck):<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"207\"><strong>1957:<\/strong> Ruslar, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk yapay uydusu olan <strong>Sputnik&#8217;i (Yolda\u015f)<\/strong> uzay y\u00f6r\u00fcngesine f\u0131rlatarak uzay \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. Bu olay ABD&#8217;de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir panik ve teknolojik geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k korkusu yaratt\u0131. (\u00d6nemli Not: SSCB ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Sputnik 2 ile &#8220;Laika&#8221; ad\u0131ndaki k\u00f6pe\u011fi de uzaya g\u00f6ndererek ilk canl\u0131 f\u0131rlat\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"208\"><strong>1961:<\/strong> Sovyet kozmonot <strong>Yuri <\/strong><strong>Gagarin<\/strong>, <strong>Vostok<\/strong><strong> 1<\/strong> isimli uzay kaps\u00fcl\u00fcyle d\u00fcnya y\u00f6r\u00fcngesine \u00e7\u0131karak uzaya giden ilk insan unvan\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131. (\u00d6nemli Ek Bilgi: <strong>1963<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda yine Sovyet kozmonot <strong>Valentina<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Tereshkova<\/strong>, uzaya \u00e7\u0131kan ilk kad\u0131n oldu).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"209\"><strong>ABD&#8217;nin Hamleleri (Yar\u0131\u015f\u0131 Kazand\u0131ran Ad\u0131mlar):<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"210\"><strong>Ekim 1958:<\/strong> Sovyetlerin Sputnik hamlesine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, uzay ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 tek merkezden ve devasa bir b\u00fct\u00e7eyle y\u00fcr\u00fctmek i\u00e7in <strong>NASA (Ulusal Havac\u0131l\u0131k ve Uzay Dairesi)<\/strong> kuruldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"211\"><strong>1969:<\/strong> <strong>Apollo 11<\/strong> g\u00f6reviyle Amerikal\u0131 astronot <strong>Neil Armstrong<\/strong>, Ay&#8217;\u0131n y\u00fczeyine inerek tarihe ge\u00e7ti. S\u00f6yledi\u011fi &#8220;<em>Benim i\u00e7in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in dev bir ad\u0131m&#8230;<\/em>&#8221; s\u00f6z\u00fc tarihe kaz\u0131nd\u0131. Ay&#8217;a inilmesiyle uzay yar\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ABD kesin zaferini ilan etmi\u015f oldu.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-dna\" data-tk-source=\"212\"><strong>DNA<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"213\"><strong>Molek\u00fcler Biyolojide Devrim:<\/strong> Bilim insanlar\u0131 <strong>James Dewey Watson<\/strong> ve <strong>Francis <\/strong><strong>Crick<\/strong>, biyolojinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131rr\u0131 olan genetik \u015fifremiz <strong>DNA<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n ikili sarmal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 <strong>1953<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda ke\u015ffederek t\u0131p d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7t\u0131lar ve bu emsalsiz ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131yla <strong>1962<\/strong>&#8216;de <strong>Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc<\/strong>&#8216;ne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fcler.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"214\"><strong>1973 Geli\u015fmeleri:<\/strong> Laboratuvar ortam\u0131nda DNA&#8217;n\u0131n kimyasal dizilimi tamamen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlendi. Bu sayede g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki modern <strong>biyoteknoloji<\/strong> end\u00fcstrisi do\u011fdu; genetik hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tedavisinde ve tar\u0131mda y\u00fcksek verimli tohum \u00fcretiminde (GDO vb.) devasa s\u0131\u00e7ramalar ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-soguk-savas-donemi-nde-turk-dis-politikasinda-meydana-gelen-gelismeler\" data-tk-source=\"215\"><strong>SO\u011eUK SAVA\u015e D\u00d6NEM\u0130\u2019NDE T\u00dcRK DI\u015e POL\u0130T\u0130KASINDA MEYDANA GELEN GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"216\"><strong>1930&#8217;lu Y\u0131llar (Atat\u00fcrk D\u00f6nemi):<\/strong> Atat\u00fcrk&#8217;\u00fcn <em>&#8220;Yurtta bar\u0131\u015f, d\u00fcnyada bar\u0131\u015f&#8221;<\/em> vizyonu merkeze al\u0131narak Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerle kalan t\u00fcm diplomatik krizler (Lozan&#8217;dan kalan sorunlar) masada \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc; t\u00fcm enerji \u00fclkenin i\u00e7 modernle\u015fmesine, sanayile\u015fmeye ve e\u011fitime harcand\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"217\"><strong>Tehdit Alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n De\u011fi\u015fmesi:<\/strong> <strong>1933<\/strong>&#8216;ten sonra k\u0131ta Avrupas\u0131nda dengeler bozuldu. Hitler liderli\u011findeki <strong>Almanya<\/strong> ve emperyalist <strong>Japonya<\/strong> uluslararas\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc <strong>Milletler Cemiyeti<\/strong>&#8216;nden ayr\u0131larak sald\u0131rgan bir tutum sergiledi. Akdeniz&#8217;de imparatorluk hayali kuran <strong>\u0130talya<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n da (Mussolini) bu Mihver eksenine kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla, <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>&#8216;nin Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere&#8217;ye duydu\u011fu g\u00fcvenlik endi\u015fesi, yerini do\u011frudan <strong>\u0130talya<\/strong> ve <strong>Almanya<\/strong> tehlikesine b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"218\"><strong>Al\u0131nan G\u00fcvenlik \u00d6nlemleri (B\u00f6lgesel \u0130ttifaklar):<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"219\"><strong>1934:<\/strong> Bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 \u0130talya\/Almanya tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcvenceye almak i\u00e7in <strong>Balkan Antant\u0131<\/strong> (T\u00fcrkiye, Yunanistan, Yugoslavya, Romanya).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"220\"><strong>1936:<\/strong> Bo\u011fazlar\u0131n askerden ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc bitiren, askeri ve siyasi tam egemenli\u011fi T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye veren tarihi <strong>Montreux (Montr\u00f6) Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"221\"><strong>1937:<\/strong> \u0130talya&#8217;n\u0131n Ortado\u011fu&#8217;ya inme ihtimaline kar\u015f\u0131 do\u011fu\/g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvenceye alan <strong>Sadabat Pakt\u0131<\/strong> (T\u00fcrkiye, \u0130ran, Irak, Afganistan).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"222\"><strong>SSCB Tehdidi:<\/strong> <strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru galip taraf olan kom\u015fu <strong>SSCB<\/strong>, T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;den resmen <strong>Do\u011fu Anadolu<\/strong>&#8216;dan (Kars, Ardahan, Artvin) toprak ve <strong>\u0130stanbul\/\u00c7anakkale <\/strong><strong>Bo\u011fazlar\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;nda ortak askeri \u00fcs (savunma hakk\u0131) talep etti. T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fbmeti bu c\u00fcretkar egemenlik ihlali isteklerine tavizsiz ve sert bir \u015fekilde direnerek reddetti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"223\"><strong>ABD Deste\u011fi:<\/strong> Tarihsel yaln\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7indeki T\u00fcrkiye, Sovyet i\u015fgali tehdidine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7areyi Bat\u0131 blokuyla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmekte buldu. <strong>ABD<\/strong>, <strong>Truman Doktrini<\/strong> ve <strong>Marshall Plan\u0131<\/strong> arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 maddi ve askeri hibe ile T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;yi kanatlar\u0131 alt\u0131na ald\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-truman-doktrini-ve-turkiye-abd-yakinlasmasi\" data-tk-source=\"224\"><strong>Truman Doktrini ve T\u00fcrkiye-ABD Yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"225\"><strong>Tarihsel Arka Plan:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemi olan <strong>1830<\/strong>&#8216;da ba\u015flayan ABD-T\u00fcrk ticari ili\u015fkileri, Cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131yla <strong>1927<\/strong>&#8216;de Ankara&#8217;da b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla diplomatik d\u00fczleme ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7indeki <strong>1941 \u00d6d\u00fcn\u00e7 Verme ve Kiralama Kanunu (<\/strong><strong>Lend-Lease<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> kapsam\u0131ndaki ufak \u00e7apl\u0131 desteklerle ili\u015fkiler ivme kazand\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"226\"><strong>Truman Doktrini:<\/strong> D\u00f6nemin Amerikan Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Harry Truman&#8217;\u0131n, &#8220;Kom\u00fcnizm tehdidi alt\u0131ndaki h\u00fcr devletlere silah ve para yard\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131&#8221; \u00f6ng\u00f6ren doktrini <strong>ABD Kongresi<\/strong>&#8216;nde onaylanarak <strong>May\u0131s 1947<\/strong>&#8216;de yasala\u015ft\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"227\"><strong>Yard\u0131m Antla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> Bu tarihi belge <strong>12 Temmuz 1947<\/strong>&#8216;de <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong> ile imzaland\u0131. Bu imza sadece askeri de\u011fil; T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin ekonomi modelini (devlet\u00e7ilikten liberalizme), k\u00fclt\u00fcr-sanat ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7ok partili i\u00e7 siyaset dinamiklerini ve toplumun genel ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Amerikan tarz\u0131na (Amerikan r\u00fcyas\u0131) do\u011fru d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 oldu.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-ic-tehdit-algilamalarindaki-degisimler\" data-tk-source=\"228\"><strong>\u0130\u00e7 Tehdit Alg\u0131lamalar\u0131ndaki De\u011fi\u015fimler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"229\"><strong>Demokratikle\u015fme:<\/strong> \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda BM ve Bat\u0131 kurumlar\u0131na entegre olmak isteyen T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de tek parti rejimi yumu\u015fad\u0131; siyasi muhalefet bir &#8220;rejim d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131&#8221; olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmekten \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 <strong>\u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc<\/strong>, \u00e7ok partili sisteme ge\u00e7i\u015fi destekleyen deme\u00e7leriyle s\u00fcreci bizzat ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"230\"><strong>Hasan Saka H\u00fck\u00fbmeti (1947):<\/strong> CHP i\u00e7inde ekonomide devlet\u00e7ilikten uzakla\u015fan, Bat\u0131 normlar\u0131na uygun liberal bir h\u00fck\u00fbmet kabinesi kuruldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"231\"><strong>Yeni \u0130\u00e7 Tehdit &#8220;Kom\u00fcnizm&#8221;:<\/strong> Cumhuriyetin ilk \u00e7eyrek asr\u0131nda devletin temel i\u00e7 g\u00fcvenlik meselesi olan &#8220;\u0130rtica&#8221; (gericilik) s\u00f6ylemi yerini tamamen <strong>&#8220;Kom\u00fcnizm tehlikesine&#8221;<\/strong> b\u0131rakt\u0131. Hem iktidardaki <strong>CHP<\/strong> hem de yeni kurulan <strong>DP<\/strong>, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f psikolojisiyle birbirlerini &#8220;kom\u00fcnizm ajanlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 yeterince sert tedbir almamakla&#8221; su\u00e7layan bir i\u00e7 siyaset dili geli\u015ftirdiler.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"232\"><strong>Din\u00ee Hassasiyetler:<\/strong> Tek parti d\u00f6neminin laiklik uygulamalar\u0131 esnetildi; daha \u00f6nce gericilik endi\u015fesiyle k\u0131s\u0131tlanan din\u00ee rit\u00fceller ve din e\u011fitimi, toplumsal ya\u015fama (ve oy kayg\u0131s\u0131yla siyasete) h\u0131zla geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc (\u0130mam Hatip kurslar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-dis-tehdit-algilamalarindaki-degisimler\" data-tk-source=\"233\"><strong>D\u0131\u015f Tehdit Alg\u0131lamalar\u0131ndaki De\u011fi\u015fimler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"234\"><strong>Bat\u0131 Bloku Tercihi:<\/strong> <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>, toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a tehdit eden <strong>SSCB<\/strong> emperyalizmi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hayatta kalabilmek i\u00e7in teredd\u00fcts\u00fcz bir bi\u00e7imde <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin liderli\u011findeki <strong>Bat\u0131 <\/strong><strong>Bloku<\/strong>&#8216;na demir att\u0131. T\u00fcrk hariciyesinin y\u00f6r\u00fcngesi tamamen <strong>Washington<\/strong>&#8216;a sabitlendi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"235\"><strong>Ekonomik Y\u00f6nelim:<\/strong> D\u0131\u015f ticaretteki devlet\u00e7i ve korumac\u0131 yap\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131larak ithalat\u0131n rotas\u0131 kom\u015fu co\u011frafyalardan ve sava\u015f yorgunu Avrupa&#8217;dan kopar\u0131l\u0131p <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;ye ba\u011fland\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye, <strong>1947-1951<\/strong> y\u0131llar\u0131 gibi k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede ordusunu modernize etmek ve tar\u0131m\u0131 makinele\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k <strong>400 milyon dolarl\u0131k<\/strong> ABD fonu kulland\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-kore-savasi-ve-turk-dis-politikasi\" data-tk-source=\"236\"><strong>Kore Sava\u015f\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk D\u0131\u015f Politikas\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"237\"><strong>Kore&#8217;nin B\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi:<\/strong> II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonundaki <strong>Yalta<\/strong> ve <strong>Potsdam<\/strong> konferanslar\u0131nda Japonya&#8217;dan kurtar\u0131lan Kore yar\u0131madas\u0131n\u0131n kaderi masaya yat\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve harita \u00fczerinde <strong>38. enlem<\/strong> iki taraf aras\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izgisi kabul edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"238\">G\u00fcney b\u00f6lgesinde <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin kurdu\u011fu kapitalist <strong>G\u00fcney Kore Cumhuriyeti (10 May\u0131s 1948)<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"239\">Kuzey b\u00f6lgesinde <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;nin silahland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kom\u00fcnist <strong>Kore Demokratik Halk Cumhuriyeti<\/strong> kuruldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"240\"><strong>Sava\u015f\u0131n Ba\u015flamas\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>25 Haziran 1950<\/strong> tarihinde <strong>Kuzey Kore<\/strong> ordular\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ge\u00e7erek <strong>G\u00fcney Kore<\/strong>&#8216;yi i\u015fgal etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Durumu kendi k\u00fcresel prestijine sald\u0131r\u0131 sayan <strong>ABD<\/strong>, <strong>Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler (BM)<\/strong> G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi&#8217;nden \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararla (SSCB&#8217;nin toplant\u0131y\u0131 boykot etmesinden faydalanarak) uluslararas\u0131 bir koalisyon g\u00fcc\u00fcyle sava\u015fa fiilen m\u00fcdahil oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"241\"><strong>T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin Sava\u015fa Kat\u0131lmas\u0131:<\/strong> (S\u0131nav Notu: Bu d\u00f6nemde iktidarda <strong>Adnan Menderes<\/strong> ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki Demokrat Parti (DP) bulunmaktad\u0131r). H\u00fck\u00fbmet, meclis karar\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n BM \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131na uyarak Kore&#8217;ye <strong>Tu\u011fgeneral Tahsin Yaz\u0131c\u0131<\/strong> komutas\u0131nda tam te\u00e7hizatl\u0131 bir tugay asker g\u00f6nderdi. \u00d6zellikle destans\u0131 <strong>Kunuri<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Muharebeleri<\/strong>&#8216;nde Amerikan birliklerini imha olmaktan kurtaran <strong>T\u00fcrk askerinin<\/strong> g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi insan\u00fcst\u00fc direni\u015f, sava\u015f\u0131n gidi\u015fat\u0131n\u0131 Bat\u0131 lehine etkiledi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"242\"><strong>Sava\u015f\u0131n Sonu:<\/strong> <strong>1953<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda Sovyet lider <strong>Stalin<\/strong>&#8216;in \u00f6lmesiyle Moskova&#8217;n\u0131n uzla\u015fmaz tavr\u0131 yumu\u015fad\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l imzalanan <strong>Panmunjom<\/strong><strong> (<\/strong><strong>Panm\u0131nyom<\/strong><strong>) M\u00fctarekesi<\/strong> ile sava\u015f kal\u0131c\u0131 bir bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n (ate\u015fkes durumuyla) g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar s\u00fcrecek \u015fekilde durduruldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"243\"><strong>T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin Sava\u015fa Asker G\u00f6nderme Nedenleri (\u00c7ok \u00d6nemli):<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"244\">Bat\u0131&#8217;dan akan <strong>Truman<\/strong> ve <strong>Marshall<\/strong> ekonomik yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesini engellemek ve ABD ile diplomatik ba\u011flar\u0131 tahkim etmek.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"245\">S\u00fcrecin mimarlar\u0131ndan ABD Senat\u00f6r\u00fc Cain&#8217;in T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;den somut fedakarl\u0131k beklentisi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"246\">En temel hedef: Kap\u0131s\u0131nda bekletildi\u011fi uluslararas\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik \u015femsiyesi olan <strong>NATO<\/strong>&#8216;ya tam \u00fcye olarak kabul edilmek (Kendisini Bat\u0131&#8217;ya ispatlamak).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"247\">Gelecekteki muhtemel bir Sovyet sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ABD ile kal\u0131c\u0131 bir askeri ittifak belgesi imzalamak.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-turkiye-nin-nato-ya-uye-olmasi\" data-tk-source=\"248\"><strong>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin NATO\u2019ya \u00dcye Olmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"249\"><strong>SSCB&#8217;nin \u0130stekleri:<\/strong> II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 bittikten sonra Moskova y\u00f6netimi, <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong> ile 1925&#8217;ten beri y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan &#8220;Sald\u0131rmazl\u0131k ve Dostluk Antla\u015fmas\u0131&#8221;n\u0131n s\u00fcresini tek tarafl\u0131 olarak uzatmad\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan verilen sert bir nota ile Do\u011fu Anadolu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131m\u0131zdan kendi lehine toprak de\u011fi\u015fimi ve <strong>Bo\u011fazlar<\/strong> rejiminin kald\u0131r\u0131larak T\u00fcrk bo\u011fazlar\u0131nda Sovyet askeri \u00fcss\u00fc kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 dayatt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"250\"><strong>Bat\u0131&#8217;ya Entegrasyon:<\/strong> Bu a\u011f\u0131r \u015fantaj kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye, askeri yard\u0131mlarla k\u0131smen girdi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Bat\u0131 kamp\u0131nda kal\u0131c\u0131, hukuki ve e\u015fit bir m\u00fcttefik olmak i\u00e7in t\u00fcm diplomatik yollar\u0131 denedi. \u0130lk ad\u0131m olarak sivil alandaki <strong>Avrupa Konseyi<\/strong>&#8216;ne kurucu \u00fcyelerden hemen sonra kabul edildi (<strong>1949<\/strong>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"251\"><strong>NATO \u00dcyeli\u011fi:<\/strong> Kore&#8217;de d\u00f6k\u00fclen T\u00fcrk kan\u0131n\u0131n Bat\u0131 kamuoyundaki m\u00fcthi\u015f etkisi ve jeopolitik zorunluluklar neticesinde, <strong>18-19 \u015eubat 1952<\/strong> tarihinde (TBMM&#8217;nin oybirli\u011fiyle) <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>, Yunanistan ile birlikte d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck askeri pakt\u0131 olan <strong>NATO<\/strong>&#8216;ya (Kuzey Atlantik \u0130ttifak\u0131) resmen tam \u00fcye olarak kabul edildi. <strong>SSCB<\/strong>, burnunun dibine Amerikan n\u00fckleer f\u00fczelerinin yerle\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7acak bu durumu sava\u015f tehditleriyle protesto etse de T\u00fcrkiye egemenlik haklar\u0131ndan geri ad\u0131m atmad\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-nato-uyeligi-sonrasi-turk-silahli-kuvvetlerindeki-degisimler\" data-tk-source=\"252\"><strong>NATO \u00dcyeli\u011fi Sonras\u0131 T\u00fcrk Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetlerindeki De\u011fi\u015fimler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"253\"><strong>Savunma Sanayisinin (Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi) Durumu:<\/strong> Atat\u00fcrk d\u00f6neminde savunmada d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bitirmek i\u00e7in <strong>\u015eakir Z\u00fcmre<\/strong> (ilk yerli m\u00fchimmat), <strong>Vecihi <\/strong><strong>H\u00fcrku\u015f<\/strong> (ilk yerli sivil u\u00e7ak) ve <strong>Nuri Demira\u011f<\/strong> (ilk milli u\u00e7ak fabrikas\u0131) gibi vizyoner giri\u015fimcilerin \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131yla \u00e7ok ciddi ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, hatta yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na u\u00e7ak satacak seviyeye gelinmi\u015fti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"254\"><strong>ABD Yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n Y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 Etkisi:<\/strong> T\u00fcrkiye <strong>NATO<\/strong>&#8216;ya entegre olup t\u00fcm a\u011f\u0131r silah, m\u00fchimmat ve modernizasyon ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan &#8220;hibe\/yard\u0131m&#8221; ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda ABD depolar\u0131ndan \u00fccretsiz kar\u015f\u0131lamaya ba\u015flay\u0131nca; eldeki k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 yerli savunma sanayisi fabrikalar\u0131 &#8220;\u00fcretmek d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan almaktan daha pahal\u0131ya geliyor&#8221; bahanesiyle birer birer kapat\u0131ld\u0131 veya i\u015flevsiz b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"255\"><strong>Kurumlar\u0131n D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc:<\/strong> Devletten sipari\u015f alamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in iflas\u0131n e\u015fi\u011fine gelen mevcut k\u00f6kl\u00fc asker\u00ee \u00fcretim tesisleri, <strong>1950<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan <strong>Makine ve Kimya End\u00fcstrisi Kurumu (MKEK)<\/strong> \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131na al\u0131narak devletle\u015ftirildi ve \u00fcretim kapasiteleri sivil \u00e7elik\/e\u015fya \u00fcretimine kayd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"256\"><strong>\u00c7evreleme Politikas\u0131:<\/strong> ABD hariciyesinin So\u011fuk Sava\u015f&#8217;taki en temel stratejisi olan &#8220;SSCB&#8217;yi g\u00fcneyden paktlarla \u00e7evreleyip hapsetme&#8221; misyonunun ta\u015feronlu\u011fu T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye verildi. T\u00fcrkiye, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda \u015fu paktlar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti:<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"257\"><strong>1953\/1954 Balkan Pakt\u0131 (\u0130ttifak\u0131):<\/strong> Balkanlar \u00fczerinden gelebilecek Sovyet tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye, Yunanistan ve (SSCB ile ters d\u00fc\u015fen) Yugoslavya aras\u0131nda kuruldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"258\"><strong>1955 Ba\u011fdat Pakt\u0131:<\/strong> Ortado\u011fu co\u011frafyas\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye, Irak, \u0130ngiltere, Pakistan ve \u0130ran aras\u0131nda kuruldu. (\u00d6nemli S\u0131nav Notu: Bu pakt Arap d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin Bat\u0131 emperyalizminin ma\u015fas\u0131 oldu\u011fu alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yaratarak Araplarla diplomatik ili\u015fkilerimizi on y\u0131llarca bozdu. \u00dcstelik <strong>1959<\/strong>&#8216;da Irak&#8217;ta ya\u015fanan darbe sonras\u0131 Irak pakt\u0131 terk edince, merkezin Ankara&#8217;ya ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131yla \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn ad\u0131 <strong>CENTO &#8211;<\/strong><strong> Merkezi Antla\u015fma Te\u015fkilat\u0131<\/strong> olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir).<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-demokrat-parti-doneminde-turkiye-de-meydana-gelen-siyasi-sosyokulturel\" data-tk-source=\"259\"><strong>DEMOKRAT PART\u0130 D\u00d6NEM\u0130NDE T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE MEYDANA GELEN S\u0130YAS\u0130, SOSYOK\u00dcLT\u00dcREL VE EKONOM\u0130K GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-toprak-reformu-ve-demokrat-partinin-kurulma-sureci\" data-tk-source=\"260\"><strong>Toprak Reformu ve Demokrat Partinin Kurulma S\u00fcreci<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"261\"><strong>Toprak Reformu Amac\u0131:<\/strong> \u00dclke n\u00fcfusunun ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu olu\u015fturan ancak kendi tarlas\u0131 olmayan yoksul\/maraba k\u00f6yl\u00fcye, devlet hazinesi ve b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u011falar\u0131n arazilerinden toprak da\u011f\u0131tarak tar\u0131msal adaleti sa\u011flamak ve k\u00f6yden kente g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc durdurmak.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"262\"><strong>\u00c7ift\u00e7iyi Toprakland\u0131rma Kanunu (<\/strong><strong>\u00c7TK &#8211;<\/strong><strong> 1945):<\/strong> Bu iddial\u0131 kanun tasar\u0131s\u0131 meclis genel kuruluna geldi\u011finde, kendileri de b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak a\u011fas\u0131 olan baz\u0131 CHP milletvekillerinin fitilini ate\u015fledi\u011fi \u00e7ok \u015fiddetli bir parti i\u00e7i muhalefet f\u0131rt\u0131nas\u0131 koptu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"263\"><strong>D\u00f6rtl\u00fc Takrir ve Muhalefet (S\u0131navlarda Mutlaka Sorulur):<\/strong> Meclis tarihinde d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olan bu olayda; <strong>Adnan Menderes<\/strong>, <strong>Celal Bayar<\/strong>, <strong>Refik <\/strong><strong>Koraltan<\/strong> ve <strong>Fuat K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc<\/strong> (bu d\u00f6rtl\u00fc gruba tarihte <strong>D\u00f6rtl\u00fc Takrir<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilir) ile toprak sahibi Emin Sazak gibi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc isimler, yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirterek CHP liderli\u011fine isyan ettiler.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"264\"><strong>Tek Partili D\u00f6nemin Sonu:<\/strong> Bu \u00e7alkant\u0131l\u0131 d\u00f6nemde i\u015f adam\u0131 <strong>Nuri Demira\u011f<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan <strong>18 Temmuz 1945<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>Mill\u00ee Kalk\u0131nma Partisi<\/strong>&#8216;nin resmen kurulmas\u0131yla, T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de kesintisiz s\u00fcren \u00e7eyrek as\u0131rl\u0131k <strong>Tek Parti (CHP) d\u00f6nemi fiilen ve hukuken son buldu<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"265\"><strong>Demokrat Parti&#8217;nin (DP) Kurulu\u015fu:<\/strong> D\u00f6rtl\u00fc takrir krizi sonras\u0131 CHP&#8217;den ihra\u00e7 edilen veya istifa eden, Atat\u00fcrk&#8217;\u00fcn son Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 <strong>Celal Bayar<\/strong> ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, <strong>7 Ocak 1946<\/strong> tarihinde <strong>Demokrat Partiyi (DP)<\/strong> resmen kurdular.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"266\"><strong>Kurucu Kadro:<\/strong> <strong>Celal Bayar<\/strong> (Kurucu Genel Ba\u015fkan), <strong>Adnan Menderes<\/strong>, <strong>Fuat K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc<\/strong>, <strong>Refik <\/strong><strong>Koraltan<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"267\"><strong>DP&#8217;nin Muhalefetteki Etkisiyle Ya\u015fanan Reformlar:<\/strong> DP&#8217;nin halkta yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 r\u00fczgar\u0131 g\u00f6ren iktidardaki CHP, mecburen \u015fu demokratik tavizleri verdi:<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"268\">Se\u00e7im sistemi modernle\u015ftirilerek ilk kez <strong>Tek Dereceli Se\u00e7im<\/strong> sistemine ge\u00e7ildi (Halk art\u0131k arac\u0131 se\u00e7menleri de\u011fil, vekilleri do\u011frudan se\u00e7ecekti).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"269\">H\u00fck\u00fbmetlerin ele\u015ftirel gazeteleri idari kararla do\u011frudan kapatma yetkisi iptal edilip yetki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z mahkemelere devredildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"270\">\u00dcniversitelere akademik ve idari \u00f6zerklik tan\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"271\">K\u0131rsaldaki oy deposunu DP&#8217;ye kapt\u0131rmamak i\u00e7in, sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda halk\u0131 ezen a\u011f\u0131r <strong>Toprak Mahsulleri Vergisi<\/strong> y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-turk-demokrasi-tarihinde-1946-1950-secimleri\" data-tk-source=\"272\"><strong>T\u00fcrk Demokrasi Tarihinde 1946-1950 Se\u00e7imleri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"273\"><strong>1946 Se\u00e7imleri:<\/strong> Cumhuriyet tarihinin bu ilk \u00e7ok partili genel se\u00e7iminde meclise sadece iki siyasi parti girebildi (<strong>CHP<\/strong> ve muhalefetteki <strong>DP<\/strong>). (\u00d6nemli S\u0131nav Notu: 1946 se\u00e7imleri, demokrasi tarihine &#8220;\u015eaibeli Se\u00e7im&#8221; olarak ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc oylar halk\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131k kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ancak oy say\u0131m\u0131 gizli odalarda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: <strong>A\u00e7\u0131k Oy, Gizli Tasnif<\/strong>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"274\"><strong>1948 Se\u00e7im Kanunu De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri:<\/strong> DP&#8217;nin a\u011f\u0131r bask\u0131lar\u0131 sonucu se\u00e7im kurullar\u0131na parti m\u00fc\u015fahitlerinin al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve en \u00f6nemlisi oylar\u0131n devlet memurlar\u0131ndan saklanarak gizli kabinlerde verilmesi (gizli oy) kanunla g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131. Ancak DP bu ara \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri se\u00e7imi kazanmak i\u00e7in yetersiz g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"275\"><strong>16 \u015eubat 1950 Milletvekilleri Se\u00e7im Kanunu:<\/strong> T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f demokrasinin temel ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Se\u00e7imlerin h\u00fck\u00fbmet kontrol\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131p tamamen <strong>ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yarg\u0131 (<\/strong><strong>hakim<\/strong><strong>) denetiminde<\/strong> yap\u0131lmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flayan ilk kusursuz yasad\u0131r. (\u00d6nemli S\u0131nav Notu: Bu yasayla &#8220;gizli oy, a\u00e7\u0131k tasnif&#8221; kural\u0131 yani oylar\u0131n kabinde gizlice kullan\u0131l\u0131p, herkesin g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00f6n\u00fcnde say\u0131larak tutana\u011fa ge\u00e7irilmesi sistemi kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak oturtuldu).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"276\"><strong>14 May\u0131s 1950 Se\u00e7imleri (&#8220;Beyaz \u0130htilal&#8221;):<\/strong> Yeni yasayla yarg\u0131 g\u00f6zetiminde, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir demokratik vakarla yap\u0131lan se\u00e7imlerde sand\u0131ktan sivil bir devrim \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;yi devletin kurulu\u015fundan beri idare eden <strong>27 y\u0131ll\u0131k CHP iktidar\u0131<\/strong> sand\u0131k yoluyla kans\u0131z bi\u00e7imde devrildi ve <strong>Demokrat Parti (DP)<\/strong> ezici bir meclis \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla tek ba\u015f\u0131na iktidar koltu\u011funa oturdu. (<strong>Celal Bayar<\/strong> Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, <strong>Adnan Menderes<\/strong> Ba\u015fbakan oldu).<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-demokrat-parti-doneminde-ekonomik-ve-sosyokulturel-gelismeler\" data-tk-source=\"277\"><strong>Demokrat Parti D\u00f6neminde Ekonomik ve Sosyok\u00fclt\u00fcrel Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"278\"><strong>Ekonomi ve Tar\u0131m:<\/strong> Kat\u0131 devlet\u00e7i model terk edilerek devlet destekli serbest piyasa (liberal) politikalar\u0131 denendi. Demiryolu rafa kald\u0131r\u0131larak tamamen Amerikan tarz\u0131 kara yolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00fct\u00e7eler ayr\u0131ld\u0131 (B\u00f6ylece \u00fccra k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc \u015fehir pazar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131). ABD hibesi olan trakt\u00f6r say\u0131s\u0131ndaki rekor art\u0131\u015fla tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim patlamas\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131, \u00fclkenin bo\u015fa akan akarsular\u0131 \u00fczerine devasa barajlar yap\u0131larak sulama\/elektrik \u00fcretimine ge\u00e7ildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"279\"><strong>Sanayi Kurulu\u015flar\u0131:<\/strong> Liberal s\u00f6ylemlere ra\u011fmen devlet yeni sanayi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 yapmaya devam etti. D\u00f6nemin kritik tesisleri: <strong>Makina Kimya End\u00fcstrisi (MKEK)<\/strong>, <strong>Denizcilik Bankas\u0131<\/strong>, <strong>Et ve Bal\u0131k Kurumu<\/strong>, <strong>T\u00fcrkiye \u00c7imento Sanayii<\/strong>, <strong>Azot Sanayii<\/strong>, <strong>T\u00fcrkiye Petrolleri (TPAO)<\/strong>, <strong>Turizm Bankas\u0131<\/strong>, <strong>Erdemir (Ere\u011fli Demir \u00c7elik Fabrikalar\u0131)<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"280\"><strong>E\u011fitim ve Din Politikalar\u0131:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"281\">Okullardaki m\u00fcfredata din dersleri ilkokuldan itibaren zorunlu ders olarak eklendi, Diyanet&#8217;e din adam\u0131 yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in yeni <strong>\u0130mam-Hatip okullar\u0131<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"282\">Atat\u00fcrk d\u00f6neminin k\u0131rsal kalk\u0131nma modeli olan <strong>K\u00f6y Enstit\u00fcleri<\/strong>&#8216;nin e\u011fitim felsefesi de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek kapat\u0131ld\u0131 ve klasik <strong>\u0130lk \u00d6\u011fretmen Okullar\u0131<\/strong> ile birle\u015ftirildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"283\">DP&#8217;nin ilk icraat\u0131 olarak, 18 y\u0131ld\u0131r T\u00fcrk\u00e7e okunan ezan\u0131n tekrar orijinal dili olan Arap\u00e7a okunmas\u0131na getirilen yasal yasak kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"284\"><strong>Sanat ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"285\">Tar\u0131mdaki makinele\u015fmenin (trakt\u00f6r) k\u00f6yl\u00fcy\u00fc i\u015fsiz b\u0131rak\u0131p \u015fehre s\u00fcrmesiyle ya\u015fanan &#8220;K\u00f6yden kente devasa g\u00f6\u00e7&#8221;, varo\u015f\/gecekondu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yaratm\u0131\u015f ve bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrel s\u0131k\u0131\u015fma ilerideki y\u0131llarda patlayacak olan <strong>Arabesk m\u00fczi\u011fin<\/strong> sosyolojik zeminini d\u00f6\u015femi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"286\">Klasik T\u00fcrk M\u00fczi\u011fi sahnesinde efsanevi <strong>M\u00fcnir Nurettin Sel\u00e7uk<\/strong> d\u00f6neme damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurdu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"287\">T\u00fcrk sinema tarihinin <strong>ilk renkli filmi<\/strong> olan &#8220;Hal\u0131c\u0131 K\u0131z&#8221; (Y\u00f6netmen: <strong>Muhsin Ertu\u011frul<\/strong>) \u00e7ekilerek g\u00f6sterime girdi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"288\">Edebiyatta Anadolu k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 anlatan <strong>K\u00f6y Edebiyat\u0131<\/strong> ak\u0131m\u0131 patlad\u0131; d\u00f6neme &#8220;\u00dc\u00e7 Kemaller&#8221; olarak bilinen <strong>Orhan Kemal<\/strong>, <strong>Ya\u015far Kemal<\/strong> ve <strong>Kemal Tahir<\/strong> y\u00f6n verdi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"289\">Yeni \u0130slamc\u0131 D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Ak\u0131m\u0131: \u00dcst\u00fc kapal\u0131 din\u00ee motifleri edebiyatla harmanlayan <strong>Necip Faz\u0131l K\u0131sak\u00fcrek<\/strong>, <strong>Sezai Karako\u00e7<\/strong>, <strong>Nuri Pakdil<\/strong>, <strong>Rasim <\/strong><strong>\u00d6zden\u00f6ren<\/strong> gibi entelekt\u00fceller d\u00f6nemin muhafazakar gen\u00e7li\u011finin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce mimarlar\u0131 oldular.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"290\"><strong>Spor:<\/strong> Ata sporu g\u00fcre\u015f ve futbola olan kitle ilgisi zirve yapt\u0131. <strong>T\u00fcrk Mill\u00ee Futbol Tak\u0131m\u0131<\/strong>, tarihinde ilk kez <strong>1954 D\u00fcnya Kupas\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;na kat\u0131lma ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi ve <strong>1956<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00f6nemin efsanevi tak\u0131m\u0131 Macaristan&#8217;\u0131 efsanevi bir ma\u00e7la 3-1 ma\u011flup etti.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-gumus-motor\" data-tk-source=\"291\"><strong>G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f Motor<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"292\"><strong>Kurulu\u015fu:<\/strong> <strong>1956<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda, akademik kariyerini Almanya&#8217;da tamamlam\u0131\u015f gen\u00e7 bir m\u00fchendis olan <strong>Necmettin Erbakan<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde (ve 300&#8217;e yak\u0131n yerli ortakla), T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin tamamen y\u00fczde y\u00fcz yerli \u00fcretim ilk motor fabrikas\u0131n\u0131n temelleri at\u0131ld\u0131 ve <strong>20 Mart 1960<\/strong>&#8216;ta fabrikan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"293\"><strong>\u00dcretim:<\/strong> Fabrika, tar\u0131mda ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan 9, 15 ve 30 beygir g\u00fcc\u00fcndeki su pompas\u0131 ve trakt\u00f6r dizel motorlar\u0131n\u0131 seri olarak ba\u015far\u0131yla \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"294\"><strong>Engellemeler:<\/strong> Bu milli hamle, d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan motor ithal ederek rant sa\u011flayan komisyoncu \u00e7evrelerin ve T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z a\u011f\u0131r sanayi kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 bulan uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7evrelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomik sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131. Kredi karteli uygulanarak bankalara bor\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lan fabrikan\u0131n hisseleri mecburen \u015eeker \u015eirketi&#8217;ne devredildi. Kurucu <strong>Necmettin Erbakan<\/strong> y\u00f6netimden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve fabrikan\u0131n orijinal &#8220;G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f Motor&#8221; olan ad\u0131 vizyonsuzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak <strong>Pancar Motor<\/strong> olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirildi.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-27-mayis-1960-askeri-darbesi\" data-tk-source=\"295\"><strong>27 May\u0131s 1960 Asker\u00ee Darbesi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"296\"><strong>DP D\u00f6nemi:<\/strong> <strong>1950<\/strong>, <strong>1954<\/strong> ve <strong>1957<\/strong> genel se\u00e7imlerinde sand\u0131ktan \u00fcst \u00fcste zaferle \u00e7\u0131kan <strong>DP<\/strong>, y\u00fcksek ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin de etkisiyle <strong>1955<\/strong>&#8216;e kadar alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131. Ancak bu tarihten sonra ekonomik darbo\u011faz\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131yla iktidar sivil ve bas\u0131n muhalefetine kar\u015f\u0131 giderek tahamm\u00fcls\u00fczle\u015fti ve siyasi kutupla\u015fma tehlikeli boyutlara ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"297\"><strong>Gerginli\u011fi Art\u0131ran Olaylar:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"298\"><strong>1954:<\/strong> Muhalefetteki Millet Partisi, &#8220;din\u00ee inan\u00e7lar\u0131 siyasi \u00e7\u0131karlara alet etti\u011fi&#8221; gerek\u00e7esiyle mahkeme karar\u0131yla kapat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"299\"><strong>1958:<\/strong> Kom\u015fu <strong>Irak<\/strong>&#8216;ta krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 deviren kanl\u0131 askeri darbenin T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye s\u0131\u00e7rama endi\u015fesi, DP&#8217;yi bas\u0131na ve orduya kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok daha \u015f\u00fcpheci ve kat\u0131 \u00f6nlemler almaya itti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"300\">DP iktidar\u0131, CHP se\u00e7menini izole etmek i\u00e7in kendi taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131 radyodan ilan etti\u011fi resmi <strong>Vatan Cephesi<\/strong> yap\u0131lanmas\u0131nda kaydetmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"301\"><strong>Nisan 1959:<\/strong> Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 kahraman\u0131 ve ana muhalefet lideri <strong>\u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc<\/strong>&#8216;n\u00fcn U\u015fak gezisi s\u0131ras\u0131nda bindirilmi\u015f k\u0131talar taraf\u0131ndan fiziksel sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011framas\u0131 ve ba\u015f\u0131ndan yaralanmas\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"302\">Demokratik haklar\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlanan \u00fcniversitelerde (\u0130stanbul ve Ankara) \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6\u011frenci olaylar\u0131n\u0131n (555K eylemleri) bast\u0131r\u0131lamamas\u0131 \u00fczerine h\u00fck\u00fbmetin her iki b\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehirde <strong>S\u0131k\u0131y\u00f6netim (\u00d6rfi \u0130dare)<\/strong> ilan etmesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"303\"><strong>Darbe:<\/strong> Emir-komuta zinciri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, alt ve orta r\u00fctbeli subaylar\u0131n ordu i\u00e7inde gizlice kurdu\u011fu <strong>Mill\u00ee Birlik Komitesi (MBK)<\/strong> isimli cunta, <strong>27 May\u0131s 1960<\/strong> sabah\u0131 radyodan okunan bildiriyle \u00fclke y\u00f6netimine zorla el koydu. Meclis feshedildi, anayasa ask\u0131ya al\u0131nd\u0131 ve Demokrat Parti temelli kapat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu olay, <strong>T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihinin sivil siyasete yap\u0131lan ilk fiili asker\u00ee darbesidir<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"304\"><strong>\u0130damlar:<\/strong> Darbecilerin kurdu\u011fu ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc <strong>Yass\u0131ada Mahkemeleri<\/strong>&#8216;nde anayasay\u0131 ihlal su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla yarg\u0131lanan devletin zirvesi idama mahkum edildi. Se\u00e7ilmi\u015f <strong>Ba\u015fbakan Adnan Menderes<\/strong>, <strong>D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Fatin R\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc Zorlu<\/strong> ve <strong>Maliye Bakan\u0131 Hasan Polatkan<\/strong> \u0130mral\u0131 adas\u0131nda as\u0131larak idam edildi (T\u00fcrk demokrasi tarihinin en kara lekesidir).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"305\"><strong>1961 Anayasas\u0131:<\/strong> Darbe sonras\u0131 askerlerin atad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kurucu Meclis&#8217;in akademisyenlere haz\u0131rlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 (kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayal\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc) yeni anayasa, <strong>9 Temmuz 1961<\/strong>&#8216;deki halk oylamas\u0131nda <strong>%61,7<\/strong> &#8220;Evet&#8221; oyuyla y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi. Siyaseti dengelemek i\u00e7in Cumhuriyet Senatosu ve Anayasa Mahkemesi gibi yeni \u00fcst kurumlar devlet mimarisine eklendi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"306\"><strong>Darbe Sonras\u0131:<\/strong> \u0130damlar\u0131n g\u00f6lgesindeki meclis, darbenin lideri Orgeneral <strong>Cemal G\u00fcrsel<\/strong>&#8216;i yeni Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ti. Askerin g\u00f6lgesinde yap\u0131lan <strong>1961 se\u00e7imlerinde<\/strong> hi\u00e7bir parti tek ba\u015f\u0131na iktidar olamay\u0131nca, T\u00fcrk siyasi tarihinde sanc\u0131l\u0131 ge\u00e7ecek &#8220;Koalisyonlar (Ortakl\u0131k) D\u00f6nemi&#8221; ba\u015flad\u0131. DP&#8217;nin miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olan <strong>Adalet Partisi (AP)<\/strong>, S\u00fcleyman Demirel liderli\u011finde <strong>1965<\/strong> se\u00e7imlerinde tek ba\u015f\u0131na iktidar oldu. Siyasetteki bu g\u00f6rece istikrar d\u00f6nemi, ordunun <strong>12 Mart 1971 Asker\u00ee Muht\u0131ras\u0131<\/strong> ile sivil h\u00fck\u00fbmeti devirmesiyle tekrar \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-turkiye-nin-ilk-otomobili-devrim\" data-tk-source=\"307\"><strong>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u0130lk Otomobili Devrim<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"308\"><strong>Arka Plan:<\/strong> T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda ula\u015f\u0131m a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 demiryollar\u0131ndan tamamen ABD destekli karayollar\u0131na kayd\u0131rmas\u0131 ve Marshall Plan\u0131 \u015fartlar\u0131, yerli \u00fcretimi olmayan \u00fclkede inan\u0131lmaz bir ithal ara\u00e7\/kamyon ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaratt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"309\"><strong>\u00dcretim:<\/strong> Askeri darbe sonras\u0131n\u0131n Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Orgeneral <strong>Cemal G\u00fcrsel<\/strong>\u2019in, &#8220;Ordunun binek arac\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 yerli imkanlarla kar\u015f\u0131lay\u0131n&#8221; emri \u00fczerine, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir inan\u00e7la <strong>Eski\u015fehir Devlet Demir Yollar\u0131 (T\u00dcLOMSA\u015e)<\/strong> fabrikalar\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrk m\u00fchendisler taraf\u0131ndan sadece 129 g\u00fcn gibi inan\u0131lmaz bir s\u00fcrede <strong>1961<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda <strong>&#8220;Devrim&#8221;<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilen <strong>T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin ilk yerli otomobili<\/strong> prototip olarak \u00fcretildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"310\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Cumhuriyet Bayram\u0131 t\u00f6renlerinde benzin konulmas\u0131n\u0131n unutulmas\u0131 nedeniyle yolda kalmas\u0131 bahane edilerek (asl\u0131nda d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 montaj sanayicilerinin engellemeleriyle), bu devrim niteli\u011findeki proje rafa kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve hi\u00e7bir zaman seri \u00fcretime ge\u00e7mesine izin verilmedi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"311\"><strong>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131:<\/strong> Yar\u0131m kalan bu milli kalk\u0131nma hayali, yar\u0131m as\u0131r sonra <strong>2013-2015<\/strong> y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kurulan yerli otomobil konsorsiyumuyla (<strong>TOGG<\/strong>) yeniden canland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve tamamen T\u00fcrk m\u00fchendisli\u011finin eseri olan ara\u00e7lar nihayet <strong>2023<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle yollara \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"312\">&#8220;Bu ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n her hakk\u0131 sakl\u0131d\u0131r. Hangi ama\u00e7la olursa olsun, ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n veya bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n <strong>www.tarihkursu.com<\/strong><strong> <\/strong>sitesinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 izni olmadan sosyal medyada ve internet ortam\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, kopya edilmesi, foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesi, herhangi bir yolla \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131, yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ya da kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yasakt\u0131r. Bu yasa\u011fa uymayanlar gerekli cezai sorumlulu\u011fu pe\u015finen kabullenmi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.&#8221;<\/p><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"313\">Duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederiz. \u0130yi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/p><\/section><\/div><button class=\"tk-basa-don\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunun ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\" title=\"Ba\u015fa d\u00f6n\">\u2191<\/button><\/article>\n<script>\n(()=>{\"use strict\";document.querySelectorAll(\".tk-ders-notu\").forEach((root)=>{if(root.dataset.tkReady===\"true\")return;root.dataset.tkReady=\"true\";const toc=root.querySelector(\".tk-icindekiler\"),bar=root.querySelector(\".tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"),topButton=root.querySelector(\".tk-basa-don\"),headings=[...root.querySelectorAll(\"h2[id],h3[id]\")],links=[...root.querySelectorAll('.tk-icindekiler a[href^=\"#\"]')];const go=(target)=>{if(target)target.scrollIntoView({behavior:\"smooth\",block:\"start\"});};root.querySelector(\".tk-yazdir\")?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>window.print());root.querySelector(\".tk-ice-git\")?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>go(toc));topButton?.addEventListener(\"click\",()=>go(root));links.forEach((link)=>link.addEventListener(\"click\",(event)=>{const id=link.getAttribute(\"href\").slice(1),target=root.querySelector(`#${CSS.escape(id)}`);if(target){event.preventDefault();go(target);history.replaceState(null,\"\",`#${id}`);}}));let ticking=false;const update=()=>{const rect=root.getBoundingClientRect(),view=window.innerHeight||document.documentElement.clientHeight,total=Math.max(root.scrollHeight-view,1),passed=Math.min(Math.max(-rect.top,0),total),percent=Math.round(passed\/total*100);if(bar){bar.style.width=`${percent}%`;bar.parentElement?.setAttribute(\"aria-valuenow\",String(percent));}topButton?.classList.toggle(\"tk-gorunur\",window.scrollY>420);let active=headings[0]?.id||\"\";headings.forEach((heading)=>{if(heading.getBoundingClientRect().top<=Math.max(130,view*.28))active=heading.id;});links.forEach((link)=>{const current=link.getAttribute(\"href\")===`#${active}`;link.classList.toggle(\"tk-etkin\",current);if(current)link.setAttribute(\"aria-current\",\"location\");else link.removeAttribute(\"aria-current\");});ticking=false;};const requestUpdate=()=>{if(!ticking){ticking=true;requestAnimationFrame(update);}};window.addEventListener(\"scroll\",requestUpdate,{passive:true});window.addEventListener(\"resize\",requestUpdate,{passive:true});update();});})();\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>So\u011fuk Sava\u015f D\u00f6nemi ders notu; II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 olu\u015fan yeni g\u00fc\u00e7 dengeleri, ABD \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki Bat\u0131 Bloku, SSCB \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki Do\u011fu Bloku, Berlin Buhran\u0131, Avrupa Birli\u011fi <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/31\/soguk-savas-donemi-kpss-tarih-ders-notlari-cagdas-turk-ve-dunya-tarihi\/\" title=\"So\u011fuk Sava\u015f D\u00f6nemi KPSS Tarih Ders Notlar\u0131 | \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk ve D\u00fcnya 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