{"id":3451,"date":"2026-07-31T18:31:43","date_gmt":"2026-07-31T15:31:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=3451"},"modified":"2026-07-31T22:31:45","modified_gmt":"2026-07-31T19:31:45","slug":"yumusama-donemi-ve-sonrasi-kpss-tarih-ders-notlari-cagdas-turk-ve-dunya-tarihi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/31\/yumusama-donemi-ve-sonrasi-kpss-tarih-ders-notlari-cagdas-turk-ve-dunya-tarihi\/","title":{"rendered":"Yumu\u015fama D\u00f6nemi ve Sonras\u0131 KPSS Tarih Ders Notlar\u0131 | \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk ve D\u00fcnya Tarihi\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yumu\u015fama D\u00f6nemi ve Sonras\u0131 ders notunda Detant s\u00fcreci, Kru\u015f\u00e7ev-Kennedy g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri, K\u00fcba Buhran\u0131, Ke\u015fmir Sorunu, Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131, SSCB\u2019nin Afganistan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgali, Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131zlar Hareketi ve Arap-\u0130srail sava\u015flar\u0131 gibi belgedeki temel ba\u015fl\u0131klar yer al\u0131r. Memur olmak isteyenler i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan bu KPSS tarih ders notlar\u0131, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n gerilimden yumu\u015famaya uzanan geli\u015fmelerini kronolojik bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. KPSS tarih s\u0131nav\u0131na haz\u0131rlanan adaylar i\u00e7in olu\u015fturulan bu KPSS tarih ders notlar\u0131, d\u00f6nemin \u00f6nemli kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 ve siyasi de\u011fi\u015fimlerini bir arada tekrar etmeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Online KPSS haz\u0131rl\u0131k setimiz sayesinde KPSS, MEB AGS ve \u00d6ABT s\u0131navlar\u0131na tam olarak haz\u0131rlanacaks\u0131n\u0131z. KPSS \u00f6zet ders notlar\u0131 arayan arkada\u015flar bu notlar tam size g\u00f6re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.tk-ders-notu{--tk-lacivert:#12355b;--tk-turkuaz:#087f8c;--tk-bordo:#8b1e3f;--tk-altin:#d69e2e;--tk-acik-mavi:#eef6ff;--tk-acik-turkuaz:#ecfbfa;--tk-acik-sari:#fff8dc;--tk-metin:#243447;--tk-cizgi:#c8d7e6;position:relative;width:100%;max-width:1100px;min-width:0;margin:0 auto;padding:clamp(12px,2.4vw,28px);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--tk-metin);font:400 17px\/1.72 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,\"Segoe UI\",Arial,sans-serif;overflow-wrap:anywhere;word-wrap:break-word;hyphens:auto;background:#f7fafc;border-radius:18px}\n.tk-ders-notu *,.tk-ders-notu *::before,.tk-ders-notu *::after{box-sizing:border-box;min-width:0}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme{position:fixed;z-index:9998;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:5px;background:rgba(18,53,91,.12);pointer-events:none}\n.tk-ders-notu 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tr{padding:7px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--tk-cizgi);border-top:5px solid var(--tk-turkuaz);border-radius:11px;box-shadow:0 5px 16px rgba(18,53,91,.07)}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(92px,36%) minmax(0,1fr);gap:10px;padding:10px 8px;border:0;border-bottom:1px dashed var(--tk-cizgi);background:#fff;color:var(--tk-metin);font-weight:400}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td:last-child{border-bottom:0}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td::before{content:attr(data-label);color:var(--tk-bordo);font-weight:800;overflow-wrap:anywhere}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don{right:10px;bottom:10px;width:44px;height:44px;line-height:44px}\n}\n@media (max-width:375px){\n.tk-ders-notu{font-size:15.5px}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme{width:100%;text-align:center}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo th,.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo td{padding:9px 6px;font-size:15px}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td{grid-template-columns:minmax(82px,34%) minmax(0,1fr);gap:8px}\n}\n@media print{\n.tk-ders-notu{max-width:none;margin:0;padding:0;background:#fff;color:#000;font-size:11pt;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme,.tk-ders-notu .tk-kontroller,.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don{display:none!important}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ust{padding:0 0 14pt;background:#fff!important;color:#000;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik{color:#000;border-bottom:2pt solid #000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler{border:1pt solid #777;background:#fff;color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler-listesi a{color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart{break-inside:auto;margin:0 0 14pt;padding:0;border:0;box-shadow:none}\n.tk-ders-notu h2,.tk-ders-notu h3{break-after:avoid;color:#000}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo{break-inside:auto}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo tr{break-inside:avoid}\n.tk-ders-notu a{text-decoration:none;color:#000}\n}\n<\/style>\n<article class=\"tk-ders-notu\" id=\"tk-ders-yumusama-donemi-ve-sonrasi\" lang=\"tr\" data-tk-ready=\"false\"><div class=\"tk-ilerleme\" role=\"progressbar\" aria-label=\"Okuma ilerlemesi\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"100\" aria-valuenow=\"0\"><span class=\"tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"><\/span><\/div><header class=\"tk-ust\" id=\"tk-ders-baslangici\"><p class=\"tk-ana-baslik\" data-tk-source=\"1\"><strong>YUMU\u015eAMA D\u00d6NEM\u0130 VE SONRASI<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"tk-kontroller\"><button class=\"tk-dugme tk-yazdir\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunu yazd\u0131r\">Yazd\u0131r<\/button><button class=\"tk-dugme tk-ice-git\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"\u0130\u00e7indekiler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne git\">\u0130\u00e7indekilere Git<\/button><\/div><nav class=\"tk-icindekiler\" id=\"tk-icindekiler-yumusama-donemi-ve-sonrasi\" aria-label=\"Ders notu i\u00e7indekiler\"><p class=\"tk-icindekiler-baslik\">\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/p><ul class=\"tk-icindekiler-listesi\"><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-yumusama-donemi-nde-ortaya-cikan-siyasi-ve-askeri-gelismeler\">YUMU\u015eAMA D\u00d6NEM\u0130\u2019NDE ORTAYA \u00c7IKAN S\u0130YAS\u0130 VE ASKER\u00ce GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-yumusama-donemi-detant\">Yumu\u015fama D\u00f6nemi (Detant)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-kruscev-kennedy-gorusmesi-ve-etkileri\">Kru\u015f\u00e7ev-Kennedy G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesi ve Etkileri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-yumusama-donemi-catismalari\">Yumu\u015fama D\u00f6nemi \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-kuba-buhrani-1962\">K\u00fcba Buhran\u0131 (1962)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-kesmir-sorunu\">Ke\u015fmir Sorunu<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-vietnam-savasi-1955-1975\">Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131 (1955-1975)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-sscb-nin-afganistan-i-isgali-1979\">SSCB\u2019nin Afganistan\u2019\u0131 \u0130\u015fgali (1979)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-baglantisizlar-hareketi-nin-dogusu\">Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131zlar Hareketi\u2019nin Do\u011fu\u015fu<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-kuresel-guclerin-orta-dogu-daki-rekabeti-ve-etkileri\">K\u00dcRESEL G\u00dc\u00c7LER\u0130N ORTA DO\u011eU&#x27;DAK\u0130 REKABET\u0130 VE ETK\u0130LER\u0130<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-arap-israil-savaslari\">Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015flar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-1948-arap-israil-savasi\">1948 Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015f\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-1956-arap-israil-savasi-suveys-krizi\">1956 Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015f\u0131 (S\u00fcvey\u015f Krizi)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-1967-arap-israil-savasi-alti-gun-savaslari\">1967 Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015f\u0131 (Alt\u0131 G\u00fcn Sava\u015flar\u0131)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-islam-is-birligi-teskilati-iit\">\u0130slam \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi Te\u015fkilat\u0131 (\u0130\u0130T)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-1973-arap-israil-savasi-yom-kippur-ramazan-savasi\">1973 Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015f\u0131 (Yom Kippur \/ Ramazan Sava\u015f\u0131)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-camp-david-antlasmasi-1979\">Camp David Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1979)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-1973-petrol-krizi-ve-opec-oapec\">1973 Petrol Krizi ve OPEC\/OAPEC<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-iran-irak-savasi-1980-1988\">\u0130ran-Irak Sava\u015f\u0131 (1980-1988)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-yumusama-donemi-nde-dunyadaki-ekonomik-sosyokulturel-ve-bilimsel-gelis\">YUMU\u015eAMA D\u00d6NEM\u0130\u2019NDE D\u00dcNYADAK\u0130 EKONOM\u0130K, SOSYOK\u00dcLT\u00dcREL VE B\u0130L\u0130MSEL GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-dunya-ticaret-hacmindeki-degisim\">D\u00fcnya Ticaret Hacmindeki De\u011fi\u015fim<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-abd-de-irkcilik-karsiti-hareketler\">ABD\u2019de Irk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k Kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 Hareketler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-68-kusagi\">68 Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-kadin-haklari-sorunlari\">Kad\u0131n Haklar\u0131 Sorunlar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-spor-sanat-ve-muzigin-topluma-etkileri\">Spor, Sanat ve M\u00fczi\u011fin Topluma Etkileri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-dunyada-uzay-calismalari-ve-askeri-teknolojinin-gelisimi\">D\u00fcnyada Uzay \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve Asker\u00ee Teknolojinin Geli\u015fimi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-uzay-yarisi\">Uzay Yar\u0131\u015f\u0131:<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-yumusama-donemi-turk-dis-politikasini-etkileyen-gelismeler\">YUMU\u015eAMA D\u00d6NEM\u0130 T\u00dcRK DI\u015e POL\u0130T\u0130KASINI ETK\u0130LEYEN GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-turkiye-nin-abd-ve-sscb-ile-iliskileri\">T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ABD ve SSCB ile \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-turk-yunan-iliskileri\">T\u00fcrk-Yunan \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ermeni-diasporasi\">Ermeni Diasporas\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-yumusama-donemi-nde-turkiye-de-meydana-gelen-siyasi-sosyokulturel-ve-e\">YUMU\u015eAMA D\u00d6NEM\u0130\u2019NDE T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE MEYDANA GELEN S\u0130YAS\u0130, SOSYOK\u00dcLT\u00dcREL VE EKONOM\u0130K GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-turkiye-de-gocler-ve-turk-toplumuna-etkileri\">T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de G\u00f6\u00e7ler ve T\u00fcrk Toplumuna Etkileri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-12-mart-muhtirasi-ve-12-eylul-darbesi\">12 Mart Muht\u0131ras\u0131 ve 12 Eyl\u00fcl Darbesi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-televizyon-yayinlarinin-turk-toplumuna-etkileri\">Televizyon Yay\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk Toplumuna Etkileri<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-1970-80-yillari-arasinda-turkiye-de-kultur-ve-sanat\">1970-80 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Sanat<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-ana-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-1980-li-yillarda-turkiye-deki-ic-ve-dis-gelismeler\">1980\u2019L\u0130 YILLARDA T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DEK\u0130 \u0130\u00c7 VE DI\u015e GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-siyasi-yasamin-liberallesmesi\">Siyasi Ya\u015fam\u0131n Liberalle\u015fmesi<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-turkiye-deki-ekonomik-gelismeler\">T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Ekonomik Geli\u015fmeler<\/a><\/li><li class=\"tk-alt-baglanti\"><a href=\"#tk-ertugrul-firkateyni-olayindan-gunumuze-turk-japon-iliskileri\">Ertu\u011frul F\u0131rkateyni Olay\u0131ndan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze T\u00fcrk-Japon \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/header><div class=\"tk-icerik\"><section class=\"tk-kart tk-kart-ilk\"><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-yumusama-donemi-nde-ortaya-cikan-siyasi-ve-askeri-gelismeler\" data-tk-source=\"2\"><strong>YUMU\u015eAMA D\u00d6NEM\u0130\u2019NDE ORTAYA \u00c7IKAN S\u0130YAS\u0130 VE ASKER\u00ce GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-yumusama-donemi-detant\" data-tk-source=\"3\"><strong>Yumu\u015fama D\u00f6nemi (Detant)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"4\"><strong>Yumu\u015fama D\u00f6nemi (Detant):<\/strong> <strong>Do\u011fu<\/strong> ve <strong>Bat\u0131 bloklar\u0131<\/strong> aras\u0131nda sava\u015f tehlikesinin azalmas\u0131 ile siyasi, ekonomik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve teknolojik anla\u015fmalar\u0131n artmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecidir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"5\">Bu d\u00f6nemde <strong>k\u00fcresel g\u00fc\u00e7ler<\/strong>, yerel \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n k\u00fcresel bir <strong>n\u00fckleer sava\u015fa<\/strong> d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmemesi i\u00e7in tedbirli hareket etmi\u015flerdir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"6\"><strong>Stalin\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc (1953)<\/strong> sonras\u0131 <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;de iktidara gelen <strong>Kru\u015f\u00e7ev<\/strong>\u2019in \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 politikalar\u0131 sava\u015f tehlikesini azaltm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"7\"><strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;nin <strong>1957<\/strong>\u2019de uzaya g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi <strong>Sputnik uydusu<\/strong> ile <strong>uzay \u00e7a\u011f\u0131<\/strong> ve <strong>k\u0131talararas\u0131 f\u00fcze rekabeti<\/strong> ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"8\"><strong>1957 sonras\u0131nda<\/strong> n\u00fckleer silahlar\u0131n getirdi\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yok etme korkusu, <strong>&#8220;deh\u015fet dengesi&#8221;<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilen istikrar\u0131 do\u011furmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"9\"><strong>1962 K\u00fcba Buhran\u0131<\/strong>, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n n\u00fckleer sava\u015f\u0131n e\u015fi\u011finden d\u00f6nmesini sa\u011flayarak <strong>Yumu\u015fama D\u00f6nemi<\/strong>&#8216;ni ba\u015flatan <strong>en \u00f6nemli k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131<\/strong> olmu\u015ftur. Krizin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesinin ard\u0131ndan <strong>ABD<\/strong> ve <strong>SSCB<\/strong> aras\u0131nda do\u011frudan ileti\u015fimi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in <strong>K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Telefon<\/strong> hatt\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"10\">Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te <strong>\u00c7in-SSCB \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>, <strong>Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131z <\/strong><strong>Devletler<\/strong>&#8216;in etkisi ve <strong>Ping-Pong<\/strong><strong> Diplomasisi<\/strong> (<strong>ABD-\u00c7in<\/strong> yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131) yumu\u015famay\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"11\"><strong>1960&#8217;l\u0131 y\u0131llardan<\/strong> itibaren <strong>konvansiyonel (geleneksel) silahlar<\/strong> yerine, <strong>n\u00fckleer silahs\u0131zlanma<\/strong> g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerine odaklan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; <strong>SALT-I (1972)<\/strong> gibi antla\u015fmalar imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-kruscev-kennedy-gorusmesi-ve-etkileri\" data-tk-source=\"12\"><strong>Kru\u015f\u00e7ev-Kennedy G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesi ve Etkileri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"13\"><strong>1950\u2019lerin sonlar\u0131nda<\/strong> <strong>ABD-SSCB<\/strong> geriliminin merkezinde <strong>Berlin sorunu<\/strong> yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"14\"><strong>1958<\/strong>&#8216;de <strong>SSCB lideri Kru\u015f\u00e7ev<\/strong>, Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin <strong>Berlin<\/strong>\u2019deki kararg\u00e2hlar\u0131n\u0131 bo\u015faltmalar\u0131n\u0131 talep etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"15\"><strong>1960<\/strong>\u2019ta <strong>Paris<\/strong>\u2019te toplanan <strong>D\u00f6rt \u00dclke Zirvesi<\/strong> (<strong>ABD, SSCB, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa<\/strong>) bir Amerikan <strong>U-2 casus u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n<\/strong> Sovyet hava sahas\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi krizi nedeniyle sonu\u00e7suz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"16\"><strong>Haziran 1961<\/strong>\u2019de <strong>Viyana Zirvesi<\/strong>&#8216;nde <strong>Kru\u015f\u00e7ev<\/strong> ve <strong>ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Kennedy<\/strong> bir araya gelmi\u015f ancak uzla\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"17\"><strong>NATO<\/strong>\u2019nun kararl\u0131 tutumu kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda <strong>Kru\u015f\u00e7ev<\/strong> geri ad\u0131m atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"18\">Gerilimin artmas\u0131 \u00fczerine <strong>SSCB<\/strong> ve <strong>Do\u011fu Almanya<\/strong>, <strong>13 A\u011fustos 1961<\/strong>\u2019de Do\u011fu ile Bat\u0131&#8217;y\u0131 ay\u0131ran <strong>Berlin Duvar\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131 (<strong>Utan\u00e7 Duvar\u0131<\/strong>) in\u015fa etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"19\"><strong>Berlin Duvar\u0131<\/strong>, Avrupa\u2019daki stat\u00fckonun her iki blok taraf\u0131ndan fiilen kabullenilmesi anlam\u0131na gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-yumusama-donemi-catismalari\" data-tk-source=\"20\"><strong>Yumu\u015fama D\u00f6nemi \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><h3 id=\"tk-kuba-buhrani-1962\" data-tk-source=\"21\"><strong>K\u00fcba Buhran\u0131 (1962)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"22\"><strong>K\u00fcba<\/strong>, <strong>1930<\/strong>\u2019dan itibaren <strong>ABD destekli diktat\u00f6r <\/strong><strong>Fulgencio<\/strong><strong> Batista<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"23\"><strong>Fidel Castro<\/strong> liderli\u011findeki devrim, <strong>8 Ocak 1959<\/strong>\u2019da <strong>Batista<\/strong>&#8216;y\u0131 devirerek ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"24\"><strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin ekonomik bask\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 <strong>K\u00fcba<\/strong>, <strong>1960<\/strong>&#8216;ta <strong>SSCB<\/strong> ile ekonomik ve asker\u00ee ili\u015fkiler geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"25\"><strong>ABD<\/strong>, <strong>Castro<\/strong>&#8216;yu devirmek i\u00e7in muhalifleri destekleyerek ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olan <strong>Domuzlar K\u00f6rfezi <\/strong><strong>\u00c7\u0131karmas\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131 (<strong>1961<\/strong>) yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"26\"><strong>Castro<\/strong>&#8216;nun <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;den yard\u0131m istemesi \u00fczerine <strong>Kru\u015f\u00e7ev<\/strong>, adaya n\u00fckleer f\u00fczeler yerle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"27\"><strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;nin f\u00fczeleri s\u00f6kmesi, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin <strong>K\u00fcba<\/strong>&#8216;y\u0131 i\u015fgal etmeme ve <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>\u2019deki <strong>J\u00fcpiter f\u00fczelerini<\/strong> s\u00f6kme s\u00f6z\u00fc vermesiyle kriz \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"28\">Bu kriz, <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>&#8216;nin <strong>ABD<\/strong> m\u00fcttefiki olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen tek tarafl\u0131 kararlarla g\u00fcvende olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"29\">Krizin zirvesi olan <strong>27 Ekim 1962<\/strong>, n\u00fckleer silahs\u0131zlanma \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 kabul edilir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"30\">Kriz sonras\u0131 <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;nin tavr\u0131, <strong>Castro<\/strong>&#8216;nun <strong>\u00c7in<\/strong>&#8216;e yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-kesmir-sorunu\" data-tk-source=\"31\"><strong>Ke\u015fmir Sorunu<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"32\"><strong>1947<\/strong>\u2019de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olan <strong>Hindistan<\/strong> ve <strong>Pakistan<\/strong> aras\u0131nda <strong>Ke\u015fmir b\u00f6lgesinin<\/strong> kime ait olaca\u011f\u0131 temel sorundur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"33\"><strong>Ke\u015fmir<\/strong>\u2019in <strong>Hindistan<\/strong>\u2019a ilhak karar\u0131, <strong>1948 Pakistan-Hindistan Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131 ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"34\"><strong>Birle\u015fmi\u015f <\/strong><strong>Milletler<\/strong>&#8216;in (<strong>BM<\/strong>) araya girmesi ve <strong>plebisit (halk oylamas\u0131)<\/strong> karar\u0131 ile ate\u015fkes sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"35\">D\u0131\u015f politikada <strong>Hindistan SSCB<\/strong>\u2019ye, <strong>Pakistan<\/strong> ise <strong>ABD<\/strong>\u2019ye (ve <strong>1955<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>Ba\u011fdat Pakt\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;na) yak\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"36\"><strong>\u00c7in<\/strong>&#8216;in <strong>Mart 1959<\/strong>&#8216;da <strong>Tibet<\/strong>&#8216;i i\u015fgali, <strong>\u00c7in-Hindistan<\/strong> ili\u015fkilerini bozarken, <strong>Pakistan-\u00c7in<\/strong> yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"37\"><strong>1965<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>Pakistan<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n <strong>Ke\u015fmir<\/strong>&#8216;e girmesiyle ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015f \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, <strong>BM<\/strong>&#8216;nin \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131yla ate\u015fkes yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"38\"><strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;nin arabuluculu\u011funda <strong>10 Ocak 1966<\/strong>\u2019da <strong>Ta\u015fkent Deklarasyonu<\/strong> imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"39\">Bu sorun, iki \u00fclkeyi n\u00fckleer silahlanma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na itmi\u015ftir; <strong>1987<\/strong>&#8216;den beri b\u00f6lgede sivil \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar s\u00fcrmektedir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-vietnam-savasi-1955-1975\" data-tk-source=\"40\"><strong>Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131 (1955-1975)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"41\"><strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> sonras\u0131 <strong>Ho<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Chi<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Minh<\/strong>, <strong>Vietnam Demokratik Cumhuriyeti<\/strong>\u2019ni kurmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"42\">S\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerini kaybetmek istemeyen <strong>Fransa<\/strong>, <strong>ABD<\/strong> deste\u011fiyle <strong>1946<\/strong>&#8216;da <strong>\u00c7inhindi<\/strong><strong> Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131 ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"43\"><strong>1954 Cenevre Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> ile \u00fclke <strong>17. enlem<\/strong> s\u0131n\u0131r kabul edilerek <strong>Kuzey Vietnam<\/strong> (<strong>Ho<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Chi<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Minh<\/strong>) ve <strong>G\u00fcney Vietnam<\/strong> (Bat\u0131 yanl\u0131s\u0131) olarak ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"44\"><strong>G\u00fcney Vietnam<\/strong>, <strong>1956<\/strong> se\u00e7imlerini reddederek <strong>ABD<\/strong> deste\u011fiyle ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"45\"><strong>1964<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>Kuzey Vietnam<\/strong>&#8216;a (<strong>Viet<\/strong><strong> Kong<\/strong>) ait botlar\u0131n <strong>Tonkin<\/strong><strong> K\u00f6rfezi<\/strong>&#8216;nde <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin <strong>Turner <\/strong><strong>Joy<\/strong> ve <strong>Maddox<\/strong> gemilerine sald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131yla <strong>ABD Kongresi <\/strong><strong>Tonkin<\/strong><strong> K\u00f6rfezi Karar\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f ve <strong>1965<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>ABD<\/strong> sava\u015fa fiilen girmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"46\"><strong>ABD<\/strong> kamuoyu ve m\u00fcttefiklerin a\u011f\u0131r tepkileri sonucu masaya oturulmu\u015f, <strong>1973 Vietnam Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong> imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te <strong>ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Nixon<\/strong>, m\u00fcttefiklerin kendi sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 kendilerinin yapmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunan <strong>Nixon <\/strong><strong>Doktrini<\/strong>&#8216;ni yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"47\"><strong>1976<\/strong>&#8216;da Kuzey ve G\u00fcney birle\u015ferek <strong>Vietnam Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"48\">Sava\u015f, <strong>SSCB-\u00c7in<\/strong> politikas\u0131ndaki \u00e7atlaklar\u0131 belirginle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve yumu\u015fama s\u00fcrecine etki etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-sscb-nin-afganistan-i-isgali-1979\" data-tk-source=\"49\"><strong>SSCB\u2019nin Afganistan\u2019\u0131 \u0130\u015fgali (1979)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"50\"><strong>Afganistan<\/strong>, <strong>1919<\/strong>&#8216;da <strong>Emir <\/strong><strong>Emanullah<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015f stratejik bir \u00fclkedir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"51\"><strong>1978<\/strong>&#8216;deki asker\u00ee darbe ile Sovyet yanl\u0131s\u0131 <strong>Demokratik Afgan Cumhuriyeti<\/strong> kurulmu\u015f, ba\u015f\u0131na <strong>Nur Muhammed <\/strong><strong>Taraki<\/strong> ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"52\"><strong>Aral\u0131k 1978<\/strong>&#8216;de <strong>SSCB<\/strong> ile <strong>Dostluk, \u0130yi Kom\u015fuluk ve \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"53\">Halk\u0131n Sovyet yanl\u0131s\u0131 y\u00f6netime isyan etmesi (<strong>M\u00fccahitler<\/strong> direni\u015fi) \u00fczerine h\u00fck\u00fcmet <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;den yard\u0131m istemi\u015f, i\u015fgal <strong>1979<\/strong>&#8216;da ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"54\">\u0130\u015fgal, <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;de <strong>Yumu\u015fama D\u00f6nemi<\/strong>\u2019nin bitti\u011fi alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015f; <strong>ABD Senatosu SALT-II Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131 onaylamaktan vazge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"55\"><strong>ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Carter<\/strong>, Ortado\u011fu&#8217;daki Amerikan \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini belirten <strong>Carter <\/strong><strong>Doktrini<\/strong>&#8216;ni ilan etmi\u015f, <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;ye tah\u0131l\/teknoloji ambargosu uygulam\u0131\u015f ve <strong>1980 Moskova Olimpiyatlar\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131 boykot etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"56\">Ciddi kay\u0131plar veren <strong>SSCB<\/strong>, <strong>14 Nisan 1988 Cenevre Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> ile <strong>1988-1989<\/strong> y\u0131llar\u0131nda <strong>Afganistan<\/strong>&#8216;dan \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-baglantisizlar-hareketi-nin-dogusu\" data-tk-source=\"57\"><strong>Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131zlar Hareketi\u2019nin Do\u011fu\u015fu<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"58\"><strong>Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131zlar Hareketi<\/strong>, <strong>Kapitalist<\/strong> ve <strong>Kom\u00fcnist<\/strong> bloklara d\u00e2hil olmayan <strong>Asya<\/strong>, <strong>Afrika<\/strong> ve <strong>Latin Amerika<\/strong> \u00fclkelerini kapsar.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"59\">Hareketin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc <strong>Hindistan Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 <\/strong><strong>Jawaharlal<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Nehru<\/strong>, <strong>M\u0131s\u0131r Lideri Cemal Abd\u00fcl Nas\u0131r<\/strong> ve <strong>Yugoslavya Lideri <\/strong><strong>Josip<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Broz<\/strong><strong> Tito<\/strong> \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"60\"><strong>Nehru&#8217;nun<\/strong><strong> 5 \u0130lkesi:<\/strong> Bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde ya\u015fama, siyasi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, asker\u00ee ittifaklara girmeme, yabanc\u0131 \u00fcslere izin vermeme, mill\u00ee kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelelerini destekleme.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"61\">Ama\u00e7 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir kutup olmak veya d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k de\u011fil, herkesle dost olmakt\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"62\">Hareketin resmi olarak d\u00fcnya sahnesine \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 <strong>1955 <\/strong><strong>Bandung<\/strong><strong> Konferans\u0131<\/strong> ile olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-kuresel-guclerin-orta-dogu-daki-rekabeti-ve-etkileri\" data-tk-source=\"63\"><strong>K\u00dcRESEL G\u00dc\u00c7LER\u0130N ORTA DO\u011eU&#8217;DAK\u0130 REKABET\u0130 VE ETK\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-arap-israil-savaslari\" data-tk-source=\"64\"><strong>Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015flar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"65\"><strong>Sykes-Picot Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> ve <strong>Balfour<\/strong><strong> Deklarasyonu<\/strong> ile <strong>Filistin<\/strong>&#8216;de Yahudi devleti temelleri at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, <strong>San Remo Konferans\u0131<\/strong> ile b\u00f6lge \u0130ngiliz mandas\u0131na girmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"66\"><strong>BM Filistin \u00d6zel Komitesi<\/strong> taksim (b\u00f6l\u00fcnme) plan\u0131 sunmu\u015f; <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong> d\u00e2hil \u0130slam \u00fclkeleri ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z <strong>Filistin<\/strong>&#8216;i, <strong>ABD<\/strong> ve <strong>SSCB<\/strong> taksimi desteklemi\u015f, <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong> tarafs\u0131z kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"67\"><strong>14 May\u0131s 1948<\/strong>\u2019de <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong> b\u00f6lgeden \u00e7ekilmi\u015f ve <strong>\u0130srail Devleti<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-1948-arap-israil-savasi\" data-tk-source=\"68\"><strong>1948 Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"69\">Kurulu\u015fun hemen ertesi g\u00fcn\u00fc <strong>M\u0131s\u0131r, \u00dcrd\u00fcn, Suriye, L\u00fcbnan<\/strong> ve <strong>Irak<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131yla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"70\"><strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin <strong>\u0130srail<\/strong>&#8216;e mali\/asker\u00ee deste\u011fi ve Arap \u00fclkelerine ambargosuyla <strong>\u0130srail<\/strong> galip gelmi\u015f, <strong>1949<\/strong> ate\u015fkes antla\u015fmalar\u0131yla sava\u015f bitmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-1956-arap-israil-savasi-suveys-krizi\" data-tk-source=\"71\"><strong>1956 Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015f\u0131 (S\u00fcvey\u015f Krizi)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"72\"><strong>M\u0131s\u0131r<\/strong>, <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;den destek alamay\u0131nca <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;ye yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve <strong>S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131 mill\u00eele\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"73\">Bu durum \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 zedelenen <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong> ve <strong>Fransa<\/strong>&#8216;y\u0131 <strong>\u0130srail<\/strong> ile i\u015f birli\u011fine itmi\u015f; <strong>29 Ekim 1956<\/strong>&#8216;da <strong>\u0130srail M\u0131s\u0131r<\/strong>&#8216;a sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"74\"><strong>ABD<\/strong> ve <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;nin sert tepkisi ve uyar\u0131lar\u0131yla i\u015fgalci g\u00fc\u00e7ler geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-1967-arap-israil-savasi-alti-gun-savaslari\" data-tk-source=\"75\"><strong>1967 Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015f\u0131 (Alt\u0131 G\u00fcn Sava\u015flar\u0131)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"76\"><strong>1964<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>Yaser Arafat<\/strong> liderli\u011finde <strong>Filistin Kurtulu\u015f \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (FK\u00d6)<\/strong> ve <strong>El-Fetih<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"77\"><strong>M\u0131s\u0131r<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n <strong>Tiran Bo\u011faz\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131 <strong>\u0130srail<\/strong>&#8216;e kapatmas\u0131n\u0131 sava\u015f sebebi sayan <strong>\u0130srail<\/strong>, <strong>5 Haziran<\/strong>&#8216;da ani bir sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"78\"><strong>ABD 6. <\/strong><strong>Filosu<\/strong>&#8216;nun lojistik deste\u011fiyle sava\u015f alt\u0131 g\u00fcnde bitmi\u015f, <strong>\u0130srail<\/strong> topraklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6rt kat b\u00fcy\u00fcterek <strong>Golan<\/strong><strong> Tepeleri<\/strong>, <strong>Bat\u0131 \u015eeria<\/strong>, <strong>Gazze<\/strong> ve <strong>Sina Yar\u0131madas\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131 i\u015fgal etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-islam-is-birligi-teskilati-iit\" data-tk-source=\"79\"><strong>\u0130slam \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi Te\u015fkilat\u0131 (\u0130\u0130T)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"80\"><strong>1969<\/strong>&#8216;da <strong>Mescid<\/strong><strong>-i Aksa<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n bir Yahudi taraf\u0131ndan kundaklanmak istenmesi barda\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ran son damla olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"81\"><strong>Arap Birli\u011fi<\/strong>&#8216;nin giri\u015fimiyle <strong>\u0130slam Konferans\u0131 Te\u015fkilat\u0131<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"82\"><strong>2011 Astana Zirvesi<\/strong>&#8216;nde ismi <strong>\u0130slam \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi Te\u015fkilat\u0131 (\u0130\u0130T)<\/strong> olarak g\u00fcncellenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-1973-arap-israil-savasi-yom-kippur-ramazan-savasi\" data-tk-source=\"83\"><strong>1973 Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015f\u0131 (Yom <\/strong><strong>Kippur<\/strong><strong> \/ Ramazan Sava\u015f\u0131)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"84\">Ama\u00e7 <strong>1967<\/strong>&#8216;de kaybedilen topraklar\u0131 geri almakt\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"85\"><strong>SSCB<\/strong> destekli <strong>Suriye<\/strong> ve <strong>M\u0131s\u0131r<\/strong>, <strong>ABD<\/strong> destekli <strong>\u0130srail<\/strong>&#8216;e s\u00fcrpriz bir sald\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"86\"><strong>Petrol \u0130hra\u00e7 Eden Arap \u00dclkeleri (OAPEC)<\/strong>, <strong>\u0130srail<\/strong>&#8216;e yard\u0131m eden Bat\u0131&#8217;ya kar\u015f\u0131 petrol ambargosu ve fiyat art\u0131\u015f\u0131 silah\u0131n\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"87\"><strong>25 Ekim 1973<\/strong>&#8216;te ate\u015fkes sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f, <strong>\u0130srail<\/strong> ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 topraklardan \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"88\">Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 <strong>ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Kissinger<\/strong>\u2019\u0131n <strong>&#8220;Mekik Diplomasisi&#8221;<\/strong> sonucu <strong>101. Kilometre Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (31 May\u0131s 1974)<\/strong> imzalanm\u0131\u015f, bu durum bar\u0131\u015fa giden yolu a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-camp-david-antlasmasi-1979\" data-tk-source=\"89\"><strong>Camp<\/strong><strong> David Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1979)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"90\"><strong>M\u0131s\u0131r Lideri Enver Sedat<\/strong>, ekonomik nedenlerle <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;den uzakla\u015f\u0131p <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;ye yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve s\u00fcrpriz bir \u015fekilde <strong>Kud\u00fcs<\/strong>&#8216;\u00fc ziyaret etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"91\"><strong>ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Carter<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 ve <strong>Kissinger<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n \u00e7abalar\u0131yla <strong>\u0130srail Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 <\/strong><strong>Menahem<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Begin<\/strong> ile <strong>M\u0131s\u0131r<\/strong> aras\u0131nda temaslar ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"92\"><strong>26 Mart 1979<\/strong>\u2019da <strong>Camp<\/strong><strong> David Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> imzalanm\u0131\u015f; <strong>M\u0131s\u0131r<\/strong>, <strong>\u0130srail<\/strong>\u2019i tan\u0131yan ilk Arap devleti olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"93\">Buna tepki g\u00f6steren <strong>18 Arap devleti M\u0131s\u0131r<\/strong> ile ili\u015fkilerini kesmi\u015f, b\u00f6lgede <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;nin i\u015fine yarayan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir Bat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-1973-petrol-krizi-ve-opec-oapec\" data-tk-source=\"94\"><strong>1973 Petrol Krizi ve OPEC\/OAPEC<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"95\"><strong>1960<\/strong>&#8216;a kadar petrol\u00fc <strong>ABD<\/strong> men\u015feli <strong>&#8220;Yedi K\u0131z Karde\u015f&#8221;<\/strong> \u015firketleri y\u00f6netmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"96\"><strong>1960<\/strong>&#8216;ta <strong>Venezuela<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131yla <strong>\u0130ran, Irak, Kuveyt, Suudi Arabistan<\/strong> \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde <strong>OPEC (Petrol \u0130hra\u00e7 Eden \u00dclkeler \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc)<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"97\"><strong>1968<\/strong>&#8216;de Arap \u00fclkeleri kendi aralar\u0131nda <strong>OAPEC<\/strong>&#8216;i kurmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"98\"><strong>1971<\/strong>&#8216;de <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin <strong>Bretton <\/strong><strong>Woods<\/strong> sisteminden vazge\u00e7ip dolar\u0131 dalgalanmaya b\u0131rakmas\u0131 d\u00fcnya ekonomisini sarsm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"99\"><strong>1973 Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;nda <strong>OAPEC<\/strong>&#8216;in petrol\u00fc silah olarak kullanmas\u0131yla fiyatlar f\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f (2,59 dolardan 11,65 dolara), <strong>1973 Petrol Krizi<\/strong> patlak vermi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"100\">Kriz; enflasyona, sanayinin yava\u015flamas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015f; \u00fclkeleri tasarrufa ve do\u011fal gaz, n\u00fckleer gibi alternatif enerjilere y\u00f6neltmi\u015ftir. <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>&#8216;nin de d\u00e2hil oldu\u011fu <strong>Uluslararas\u0131 Enerji Ajans\u0131<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-iran-irak-savasi-1980-1988\" data-tk-source=\"101\"><strong>\u0130ran-Irak Sava\u015f\u0131 (1980-1988)<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"102\"><strong>Irak (Saddam H\u00fcseyin)<\/strong>, <strong>1975 Cezayir Anla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 istikrar ve artan petrol gelirleriyle Arap d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n liderli\u011fine soyunmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"103\"><strong>\u0130ran<\/strong>&#8216;da <strong>Humeyni Devrimi (1979)<\/strong> sonras\u0131 ordunun zay\u0131flamas\u0131 ve <strong>ABD\/SSCB<\/strong> ile ili\u015fkilerin bozulmas\u0131n\u0131 f\u0131rsat bilen <strong>Irak<\/strong>, <strong>22 Eyl\u00fcl 1980<\/strong>&#8216;de <strong>\u0130ran<\/strong>&#8216;a sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"104\">Sava\u015f, y\u0131prat\u0131c\u0131 bir k\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"105\"><strong>1986 <\/strong><strong>\u0130rangate<\/strong><strong> Olay\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin, ambargo uygulamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen gizlice <strong>\u0130srail<\/strong> \u00fczerinden <strong>\u0130ran<\/strong>&#8216;a silah satt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ikiy\u00fczl\u00fc politika d\u00fcnyay\u0131 \u015foke etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"106\"><strong>SSCB Irak<\/strong>&#8216;a, <strong>\u00c7in \u0130ran<\/strong>&#8216;a silah satarken; <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong> sava\u015fta tarafs\u0131z kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"107\"><strong>Irak<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n kimyasal silah kullan\u0131m\u0131 (<strong>1988 Halep\u00e7e Katliam\u0131<\/strong>) a\u011f\u0131r y\u0131k\u0131mlara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"108\"><strong>20 A\u011fustos 1988<\/strong>&#8216;de ate\u015fkes sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"109\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/strong> Yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,5 milyon insan \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, iki \u00fclke ekonomisi \u00e7\u00f6kme noktas\u0131na gelmi\u015f, petrol tesisleri tahrip olmu\u015f, <strong>\u0130srail<\/strong>&#8216;in b\u00f6lgedeki rahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artm\u0131\u015f ve sonu\u00e7suzluk <strong>Saddam H\u00fcseyin<\/strong>&#8216;i <strong>Kuveyt<\/strong>&#8216;i i\u015fgale y\u00f6neltmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-yumusama-donemi-nde-dunyadaki-ekonomik-sosyokulturel-ve-bilimsel-gelis\" data-tk-source=\"110\"><strong>YUMU\u015eAMA D\u00d6NEM\u0130\u2019NDE D\u00dcNYADAK\u0130 EKONOM\u0130K, SOSYOK\u00dcLT\u00dcREL VE B\u0130L\u0130MSEL GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-dunya-ticaret-hacmindeki-degisim\" data-tk-source=\"111\"><strong>D\u00fcnya Ticaret Hacmindeki De\u011fi\u015fim<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"112\"><strong>1945-1970 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131<\/strong>, geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin verimlilik ve k\u00e2r oranlar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck art\u0131\u015flar\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemdir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"113\"><strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> sonras\u0131 <strong>Bat\u0131 Avrupa<\/strong> ekonomileri ciddi yap\u0131sal de\u011fi\u015fimler ge\u00e7irmi\u015f, tar\u0131msal n\u00fcfus h\u0131zla gerilemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"114\"><strong>Teknik Geli\u015fmelerin Etkisi:<\/strong> Sava\u015f sonras\u0131ndaki teknik geli\u015fmelerin sanayiye uygulanmas\u0131, verimlili\u011fi rekor seviyeye \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"115\"><strong>T\u00fcketim Toplumunun Y\u00fckseli\u015fi:<\/strong> Ya\u015fam kalitesi artm\u0131\u015f; daha \u00f6nce l\u00fcks say\u0131lan \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r makinesi, televizyon gibi \u00fcr\u00fcnler geni\u015f kitlelere ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna paralel olarak reklam sekt\u00f6r\u00fc inan\u0131lmaz bir h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"116\"><strong>Avrupa Ekonomik B\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmesi:<\/strong> G\u00fcmr\u00fck tarifesinden muaf, tek ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir Avrupa pazar\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"117\"><strong>K\u00fcreselle\u015fmenin Temelleri:<\/strong> Uluslararas\u0131 ticaretin artmas\u0131 \u00fclkeleri birbirine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketler d\u00fcnya geneline yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-abd-de-irkcilik-karsiti-hareketler\" data-tk-source=\"118\"><strong>ABD\u2019de Irk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k Kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 Hareketler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"119\"><strong>Tarihsel Arka Plan:<\/strong> \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 k\u00f6lelik kalkm\u0131\u015f, <strong>1868<\/strong> ve <strong>1870 Anayasa<\/strong> d\u00fczenlemeleriyle Afro-Amerikanlara siyasi haklar verilmi\u015fti. Ancak <strong>1960&#8217;l\u0131 y\u0131llarda<\/strong> hala s\u00fcren \u0131rk ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir m\u00fccadele ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"120\"><strong>Rosa <\/strong><strong>Parks<\/strong><strong> (Roza <\/strong><strong>Parks<\/strong><strong>) Olay\u0131:<\/strong> Irk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 sivil direni\u015f, <strong>1955<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>Alabama<\/strong>&#8216;da bir belediye otob\u00fcs\u00fcnde beyazlara ayr\u0131lan yerden kalkmay\u0131 reddeden <strong>Rosa <\/strong><strong>Parks<\/strong> ile alevlendi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"121\"><strong>Martin Luther King (<\/strong><strong>Martin<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>L\u00fcter<\/strong><strong> King):<\/strong> <strong>1958<\/strong> itibar\u0131yla Baptist mezhepli Afro-Amerikan papaz <strong>Martin<\/strong><strong> Luther King<\/strong>, bu m\u00fccadelenin \u00f6nderli\u011fini \u00fcstlendi. (Liderli\u011fi <strong>1955 Montgomery Otob\u00fcs Boykotu<\/strong> ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve sivil haklar hareketinin sembol\u00fc olmu\u015ftur).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"122\"><strong>Sivil \u0130taatsizlik Eylemleri:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"123\"><strong>1960:<\/strong> Afro-Amerikanlar\u0131n beyazlara ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f lokanta b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde oturma eylemleri.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"124\"><strong>1961:<\/strong> Eyaletler aras\u0131 otob\u00fcs yolculuklar\u0131nda beyazlar\u0131n koltuklar\u0131na oturma eylemleri (<strong>&#8220;\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Yolcular\u0131&#8221;<\/strong>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"125\"><strong>\u0130slamiyet&#8217;e Y\u00f6neli\u015f ve Lider <\/strong><strong>Suikastleri<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"126\">Ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa tepki g\u00f6steren baz\u0131 Afro-Amerikanlar din de\u011fi\u015ftirerek M\u00fcsl\u00fcman oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"127\">Hareketi savunan \u00f6nemli M\u00fcsl\u00fcman lider <strong>Malcolm X (<\/strong><strong>Melk\u0131m<\/strong><strong> \u0130ks)<\/strong>, <strong>21 \u015eubat 1965<\/strong>&#8216;te suikast sonucu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"128\"><strong>4 Nisan 1968<\/strong>&#8216;de <strong>Martin<\/strong><strong> Luther King<\/strong>&#8216;in \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u00fczerine <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;de 125 kentte b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131 patlak verdi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"129\"><strong>Meksika Olimpiyatlar\u0131 (1968):<\/strong> <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;yi temsil eden iki Afro-Amerikan atlet, madalya t\u00f6reninde \u0131rk ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (<strong>Kara Panter selam\u0131<\/strong> ile) protesto etti.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-68-kusagi\" data-tk-source=\"130\"><strong> 68 Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"131\"><strong>Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> sonras\u0131nda, <strong>ABD<\/strong> \u00f6nderli\u011findeki kapitalizmin alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015famas\u0131na ra\u011fmen artan toplumsal sorunlarla birlikte \u015fekillendi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"132\"><strong>D\u00f6nemin K\u00fcresel Olaylar\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>1960&#8217;l\u0131 y\u0131llar<\/strong>; <strong>Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>, Ay&#8217;a Seyahat (<strong>1969<\/strong>), <strong>Martin<\/strong><strong> Luther King <\/strong><strong>Suikasti<\/strong> ve Sovyet tanklar\u0131n\u0131n <strong>Prag<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131 i\u015fgali (<strong>1968<\/strong>) gibi sars\u0131c\u0131 olaylara sahne oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"133\"><strong>\u00d6\u011frenci Ayaklanmalar\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>1968 y\u0131l\u0131nda<\/strong> daha fazla \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, e\u015fitlik, adalet ve temiz \u00e7evre talepleriyle milyonlarca \u00f6\u011frenci soka\u011fa d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc, \u00fcniversiteler i\u015fgal edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"134\"><strong>Nanterre<\/strong><strong> (<\/strong><strong>Nanter<\/strong><strong>) \u00dcniversitesi:<\/strong> Olaylar\u0131n fitili <strong>1968<\/strong>&#8216;in ilk aylar\u0131nda <strong>Fransa<\/strong>&#8216;daki bu \u00fcniversitede e\u011fitim taleplerinin siyasi isteklere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesiyle ate\u015flendi ve d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"135\"><strong>T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de 68 Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"136\">T\u00fcrk \u00fcniversitelerinde de etkisini g\u00f6steren 68 eylemleri, temel olarak antiemperyalist bir karakter ta\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"137\">Sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ve tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 sol g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc gen\u00e7ler, <strong>Amerikan 6. <\/strong><strong>Filosu<\/strong>&#8216;nun <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong> ziyaretini sert bir \u015fekilde protesto etti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"138\">D\u00f6nem, <strong>Deniz Gezmi\u015f, Mahir \u00c7ayan<\/strong> ve <strong>\u0130brahim <\/strong><strong>Kaypakkaya<\/strong> gibi sol hareket liderleriyle \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fti.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-kadin-haklari-sorunlari\" data-tk-source=\"139\"><strong>Kad\u0131n Haklar\u0131 Sorunlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"140\"><strong>Toplumsal Cinsiyet Kavram\u0131:<\/strong> Fizyolojik cinsiyet ile psikolojik karakterin farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamak i\u00e7in ilk kez <strong>1930&#8217;lu y\u0131llarda<\/strong> kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"141\"><strong>Rollerin Belirlenmesi:<\/strong> Aile, e\u011fitim, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve ki\u015filik yap\u0131s\u0131 cinsiyet rollerinin in\u015fas\u0131nda temel etkenlerdir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"142\"><strong>Hak M\u00fccadeleleri:<\/strong> Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sosyal haklardaki ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ve i\u015f hayat\u0131nda s\u0131k\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 mobbinge (psikolojik taciz) maruz kalmalar\u0131, kad\u0131n haklar\u0131 konusundaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-spor-sanat-ve-muzigin-topluma-etkileri\" data-tk-source=\"143\"><strong>Spor, Sanat ve M\u00fczi\u011fin Topluma Etkileri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"144\"><strong>Rock<\/strong><strong> M\u00fczi\u011fi ve Protest Sanat:<\/strong> Siyasi ve sosyal de\u011fi\u015fimlerin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>1960&#8217;lar<\/strong>, rock m\u00fczi\u011fi ile yank\u0131 buldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"145\"><strong>Bob<\/strong><strong> Dylan:<\/strong> Politik ve dini \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131yla sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sembol\u00fc oldu; \u00fcniversite gen\u00e7li\u011fini derinden etkiledi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"146\"><strong>Muhammed Ali Etkisi:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"147\"><strong>1964<\/strong>&#8216;te d\u00fcnya boks \u015fampiyonu olan <strong>Muhammed Ali<\/strong>, kendini t\u00fcm M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n koruyucusu ve d\u00fcnya vatanda\u015f\u0131 ilan etti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"148\"><em>&#8220;Vietnaml\u0131lar bana hi\u00e7bir k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck yapmad\u0131, neden onlarla sava\u015fay\u0131m?&#8221;<\/em> diyerek <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin kendisini <strong>Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;na g\u00f6ndermesini reddetti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"149\">\u0130nsan haklar\u0131 ve sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 tutumuyla y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sporcusu se\u00e7ildi.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-dunyada-uzay-calismalari-ve-askeri-teknolojinin-gelisimi\" data-tk-source=\"150\"><strong>D\u00fcnyada Uzay \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve Asker\u00ee Teknolojinin Geli\u015fimi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"151\"><strong>Silahlanma Yar\u0131\u015f\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>So\u011fuk Sava\u015f<\/strong>, <strong>ABD<\/strong> ve <strong>SSCB<\/strong> (Sovyetler Birli\u011fi) aras\u0131nda hava kuvvetlerine devasa b\u00fct\u00e7elerin ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6neme yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"152\"><strong>N\u00fckleer Geli\u015fmeler:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"153\"><strong>1949:<\/strong> <strong>SSCB<\/strong>, kendi atom bombas\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcreterek <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin n\u00fckleer tekelini y\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"154\"><strong>1953\/1955:<\/strong> <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin hidrojen bombas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k veren <strong>SSCB<\/strong>, <strong>1955<\/strong>&#8216;te orta menzilli balistik f\u00fcze olan <strong>SS-3<\/strong>&#8216;\u00fcn seri \u00fcretimine ge\u00e7ti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"155\"><strong>1960 ve 70&#8217;ler<\/strong> itibar\u0131yla iki s\u00fcper g\u00fcc\u00fcn de 5 binin \u00fczerinde sava\u015f u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-uzay-yarisi\" data-tk-source=\"156\"><strong>Uzay Yar\u0131\u015f\u0131:<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"157\"><strong>1957 (Sputnik):<\/strong> <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;nin yapay uydusu <strong>Sputnik<\/strong>&#8216;i uzaya f\u0131rlatmas\u0131yla iki blok aras\u0131ndaki rekabet <strong>Uzay <\/strong><strong>Yar\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"158\"><strong>Ekim 1958 (NASA):<\/strong> <strong>ABD<\/strong>, uzay faaliyetlerini koordine etmek i\u00e7in <strong>NASA (Ulusal Havac\u0131l\u0131k ve Uzay Dairesi)<\/strong>&#8216;y\u0131 kurdu (Kanun kabulu: <strong>29 Temmuz 1958<\/strong>, \u0130\u015fe ba\u015flama: <strong>1 Ekim 1958<\/strong>).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"159\"><strong>1961 (<\/strong><strong>Vostok<\/strong><strong> 1):<\/strong> <strong>SSCB<\/strong>, kozmonot <strong>Yuri <\/strong><strong>Gagarin<\/strong>&#8216;i uzaya g\u00f6ndererek uzaya \u00e7\u0131kan ilk insan unvan\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"160\"><strong>1969 (Ay&#8217;a \u0130ni\u015f):<\/strong> Sovyetlere yeti\u015fmek isteyen <strong>ABD<\/strong>, <strong>Apollo 11<\/strong> g\u00f6reviyle <strong>Ay<\/strong>&#8216;a ilk insan\u0131 (<strong>Neil Armstrong<\/strong>) g\u00f6nderdi.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-yumusama-donemi-turk-dis-politikasini-etkileyen-gelismeler\" data-tk-source=\"161\"><strong>YUMU\u015eAMA D\u00d6NEM\u0130 T\u00dcRK DI\u015e POL\u0130T\u0130KASINI ETK\u0130LEYEN GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"162\"><strong>1960-1980 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda<\/strong> T\u00fcrk d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n odak noktas\u0131n\u0131 <strong>K\u0131br\u0131s <\/strong><strong>Meselesi<\/strong> olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-turkiye-nin-abd-ve-sscb-ile-iliskileri\" data-tk-source=\"163\"><strong>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ABD ve SSCB ile \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"164\"><strong>T\u00fcrk-Amerikan \u0130li\u015fkilerinde K\u0131r\u0131lma Noktalar\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>K\u00fcba F\u00fcze Krizi<\/strong>, <strong>Johnson Mektubu<\/strong> ve <strong>K\u0131br\u0131s Bar\u0131\u015f Harek\u00e2t\u0131<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"165\"><strong>K\u00fcba Buhran\u0131 (Krizi):<\/strong> <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>&#8216;ye dan\u0131\u015fmadan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararlar\u0131n (<strong>J\u00fcpiter f\u00fczeleri<\/strong> olay\u0131) <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>&#8216;yi n\u00fckleer bir sava\u015f\u0131n hedefi yapabilece\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131nca, <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>&#8216;de Amerikan kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>, &#8220;tek y\u00f6nl\u00fc d\u0131\u015f politikan\u0131n&#8221; tehlikesini kavrayarak \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc d\u0131\u015f politikaya y\u00f6neldi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"166\"><strong>Johnson Mektubu (1964):<\/strong> <strong>ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Johnson<\/strong>, <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>&#8216;nin <strong>K\u0131br\u0131s<\/strong>&#8216;a olas\u0131 bir m\u00fcdahalesini istemedi\u011fini belirten sert bir mektup g\u00f6nderdi (Halk i\u00e7eri\u011fini <strong>1966<\/strong>&#8216;da \u00f6\u011frendi). Ankara sokaklar\u0131nda ilk kez <em>&#8220;<\/em><em>Go<\/em><em> <\/em><em>home<\/em><em>!&#8221;<\/em> sloganlar\u0131 at\u0131ld\u0131 ve bu olay <strong>T\u00fcrkiye-SSCB<\/strong> ili\u015fkilerinde yumu\u015fama ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"167\"><strong>K\u0131br\u0131s Bar\u0131\u015f Harek\u00e2t\u0131 ve ABD Ambargosu (1974):<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"168\"><strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>&#8216;nin <strong>K\u0131br\u0131s<\/strong>&#8216;a m\u00fcdahalesi sonras\u0131 <strong>ABD<\/strong>, <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>&#8216;ye asker\u00ee ambargo uygulad\u0131 (3 y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"169\">Bu durum, T\u00fcrk ordusu i\u00e7in yerli savunma sanayisinin kurulmas\u0131 zorunlulu\u011funu ac\u0131 bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterdi (<strong>ASELSAN<\/strong> vb. kurulu\u015flar\u0131n temelleri at\u0131ld\u0131).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"170\"><strong>K\u0131br\u0131s T\u00fcrk Federe Devleti:<\/strong> <strong>13 \u015eubat 1975<\/strong>&#8216;te kuruldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"171\"><strong>Ambargonun Kalkmas\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>1978<\/strong>&#8216;de <strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8216;nin ambargoyu kald\u0131rmas\u0131yla ili\u015fkiler normalle\u015fme s\u00fcrecine girdi.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-turk-yunan-iliskileri\" data-tk-source=\"172\"><strong>T\u00fcrk-Yunan \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"173\"><strong>\u0130li\u015fkilerin D\u00f6rt Temel Sorunu:<\/strong> <strong>Bat\u0131 Trakya, Ege Adalar\u0131, K\u0131br\u0131s<\/strong> ve <strong>K\u0131ta Sahanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"174\"><strong>K\u0131ta Sahanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sorunu:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"175\"><strong>Yunanistan<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n <strong>1961<\/strong>&#8216;de <strong>Ege<\/strong>&#8216;de petrol arama ruhsatlar\u0131 vermesi \u00fczerine, <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong> de <strong>TPAO (T\u00fcrkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131)<\/strong> arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla <strong>Ege<\/strong>&#8216;nin ortas\u0131n\u0131 baz alan 27 ruhsat verdi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"176\"><strong>Yunanistan 7 \u015eubat 1974<\/strong>&#8216;te nota vererek ruhsatlar\u0131 ge\u00e7ersiz sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etti. <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong> ise Anadolu&#8217;nun do\u011fal uzant\u0131s\u0131 kural\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlatt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"177\"><strong>1975 Br\u00fcksel G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesi:<\/strong> <strong>Demirel<\/strong> ve <strong>Karamanlis<\/strong> konuyu <strong>Milletleraras\u0131 Adalet Divan\u0131na<\/strong> g\u00f6t\u00fcrme karar\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"178\"><strong>1976:<\/strong> T\u00fcrk sismik ara\u015ft\u0131rma gemisi <strong>Sismik-I Ege<\/strong>&#8216;ye a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131nca kriz b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc, ard\u0131ndan \u0130svi\u00e7re&#8217;de <strong>1976 Bern Deklarasyonu<\/strong> imzaland\u0131. Sorun g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de tam \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"179\"><strong>FIR Hatt\u0131 Sorunu (U\u00e7u\u015f Bilgi B\u00f6lgesi):<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"180\"><strong>1952<\/strong>&#8216;de <strong>\u0130stanbul<\/strong>&#8216;daki <strong>ICAO (Uluslararas\u0131 Sivil Havac\u0131l\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc)<\/strong> toplant\u0131s\u0131nda Ege FIR sorumlulu\u011fu <strong>Yunanistan<\/strong>&#8216;a verildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"181\">Zamanla <strong>Atina<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n bu hatt\u0131 bir egemenlik ve s\u0131n\u0131r gibi g\u00f6stermesi krize neden oldu. \u00d6zellikle <strong>1974 K\u0131br\u0131s Bar\u0131\u015f Harek\u00e2t\u0131<\/strong> bu sorunun derinle\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"182\"><strong>Ege Adalar\u0131 Sorunu:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"183\"><strong>Yunanistan<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n kara sular\u0131n\u0131 6 milden 12 mile \u00e7\u0131karma giri\u015fimi <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan <strong>casus belli (sava\u015f nedeni)<\/strong> say\u0131larak reddedildi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc 12 mil, <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>&#8216;nin <strong>Ege<\/strong>&#8216;de a\u00e7\u0131k denize \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 tamamen kapatmaktad\u0131r.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"184\"><strong>Yunanistan<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 antla\u015fmalarla silahs\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fart ko\u015fulan adalar\u0131 gizlice ve a\u00e7\u0131ktan silahland\u0131rmas\u0131, ili\u015fkileri s\u00fcrekli gergin tutan di\u011fer bir fakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"185\"><strong>Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrklerinin Sorunlar\u0131:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"186\"><strong>K\u0131br\u0131s Meselesi<\/strong> ile birlikte artan bask\u0131lar, <strong>1967 Albaylar Cuntas\u0131<\/strong> ile sistematik bir hal ald\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"187\"><strong>1965:<\/strong> Gayrimenkul al\u0131m\/kiralama yasakland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"188\"><strong>1968:<\/strong> Cemaat Heyetleri da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"189\">T\u00fcrk\u00e7e tabelalar s\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc, anayasaya &#8220;Hristiyan olmayanlar\u0131n memur olamayaca\u011f\u0131&#8221; maddesi eklendi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"190\"><strong>K\u0131br\u0131s Meselesi:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"191\"><strong>1950&#8217;ler:<\/strong> <strong>\u0130ngiltere<\/strong>&#8216;nin adadan \u00e7ekilme karar\u0131yla kriz uluslararas\u0131 boyut kazand\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"192\"><strong>Enosis<\/strong><strong> ve EOKA:<\/strong> Rumlar\u0131n aday\u0131 <strong>Yunanistan<\/strong>&#8216;a ba\u011flama hayali (<strong>Enosis<\/strong>) do\u011frultusunda ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc <strong>EOKA (K\u0131br\u0131s M\u00fccadelesi Ulusal \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc)<\/strong> kuruldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"193\"><strong>T\u00fcrk Savunmas\u0131:<\/strong> K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 T\u00fcrkler korunmak i\u00e7in s\u0131ras\u0131yla <strong>Volkan<\/strong> ve ard\u0131ndan <strong>T\u00fcrk Mukavemet Te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 (TMT)<\/strong> kurdu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"194\"><strong>K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhuriyeti (1960):<\/strong> <strong>1959 Z\u00fcrih<\/strong> ve <strong>1960 Londra Antla\u015fmalar\u0131<\/strong> ile garant\u00f6r devletler (<strong>T\u00fcrkiye, Yunanistan, \u0130ngiltere<\/strong>) g\u00fcvencesinde kuruldu. \u0130lk Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 <strong>Makarios<\/strong>, yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 <strong>Dr. Faz\u0131l K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck<\/strong> oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"195\"><strong>Kanl\u0131 Noel ve <\/strong><strong>Akritas<\/strong><strong> Plan\u0131 (1963):<\/strong> 24 T\u00fcrk&#8217;\u00fcn \u015fehit edilmesiyle T\u00fcrkleri adadan silmeyi ama\u00e7layan <strong>Akritas<\/strong><strong> Plan\u0131<\/strong> devreye sokuldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"196\"><strong>K\u0131br\u0131s Ge\u00e7ici T\u00fcrk Y\u00f6netimi:<\/strong> <strong>28 Aral\u0131k 1967<\/strong>&#8216;de Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 <strong>Dr. Faz\u0131l K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck<\/strong>, yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 <strong>Rauf Denkta\u015f<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6netim ilan edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"197\"><strong>15 Temmuz 1974 Darbesi:<\/strong> <strong>Makarios<\/strong>&#8216;u deviren EOKA&#8217;c\u0131 <strong>Nikos Sampson<\/strong>, <strong>K\u0131br\u0131s Elen Cumhuriyeti<\/strong>&#8216;ni ilan ederek <strong>Enosis<\/strong>&#8216;i fiilen ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"198\"><strong>K\u0131br\u0131s Bar\u0131\u015f Harek\u00e2t\u0131 (1974):<\/strong> <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>, <strong>Z\u00fcrih<\/strong> ve <strong>Londra antla\u015fmalar\u0131ndaki<\/strong> garant\u00f6rl\u00fck hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak D\u00f6nemin Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 <strong>B\u00fclent Ecevit<\/strong>&#8216;in talimat\u0131yla, <em>&#8220;Ay\u015fe tatile \u00e7\u0131ks\u0131n&#8221;<\/em> parolas\u0131yla <strong>20 Temmuz<\/strong>&#8216;da I., <strong>14 A\u011fustos<\/strong>&#8216;ta II. Bar\u0131\u015f Harek\u00e2t\u0131&#8217;n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. (Bu hamle <strong>Yunanistan<\/strong>&#8216;daki cunta rejimini de y\u0131karak oraya demokrasi getirdi).<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"199\"><strong>KKTC&#8217;nin Kurulu\u015fu:<\/strong> <strong>BM<\/strong>&#8216;nin Rumlar\u0131 tek yasal h\u00fck\u00fcmet tan\u0131mas\u0131 \u00fczerine <strong>15 Kas\u0131m 1983<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>Kuzey K\u0131br\u0131s T\u00fcrk Cumhuriyeti<\/strong> ilan edildi. \u0130lk Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 <strong>Rauf Denkta\u015f<\/strong> oldu.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-ermeni-diasporasi\" data-tk-source=\"200\"><strong>Ermeni Diasporas\u0131<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"201\"><strong>1965 Etkinlikleri:<\/strong> S\u00f6zde soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n 50. y\u0131l\u0131 bahanesiyle &#8220;B\u00fcy\u00fck Ermenistan&#8221; ve tan\u0131nma talepleri organize hale geldi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"202\"><strong>ASALA Ter\u00f6r \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc:<\/strong> <strong>1970&#8217;li y\u0131llarda<\/strong> kurulan <strong>ASALA (Ermenistan&#8217;\u0131n Kurtulu\u015fu \u0130\u00e7in Gizli Ermeni Ordusu)<\/strong>, T\u00fcrk diplomatlar\u0131n\u0131 hedef ald\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"203\"><strong>1973-1984 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda<\/strong> 34 T\u00fcrk diplomat\u0131 ve g\u00f6revlisi \u015fehit edildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"204\"><strong>1983 <\/strong><strong>Orly<\/strong><strong> Olay\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>Paris<\/strong>&#8216;teki <strong>Orly<\/strong> havaliman\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131nda Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n da \u00f6lmesiyle Bat\u0131 kamuoyu <strong>ASALA<\/strong>&#8216;ya deste\u011fini \u00e7ekti ve \u00f6rg\u00fct da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"205\"><strong>Ermenistan&#8217;\u0131n Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (1991):<\/strong> \u0130lk tan\u0131yan \u00fclkelerden biri <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong> olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen diaspora <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong> aleyhine politikalara devam etti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"206\"><strong>Karaba\u011f \u0130\u015fgali (1993):<\/strong> <strong>Ermenistan<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n <strong>Azerbaycan<\/strong> topra\u011f\u0131 olan <strong>Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131 i\u015fgali, diasporan\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"207\"><strong>Parlamento Kararlar\u0131:<\/strong> Ermeni diasporas\u0131 <strong>1965-2000 aras\u0131 Uruguay, Kanada, Yunanistan, Arjantin, Fransa<\/strong> gibi \u00fclkelere s\u00f6zde soyk\u0131r\u0131m iddialar\u0131n\u0131 kabul ettirdi.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-yumusama-donemi-nde-turkiye-de-meydana-gelen-siyasi-sosyokulturel-ve-e\" data-tk-source=\"208\"><strong>YUMU\u015eAMA D\u00d6NEM\u0130\u2019NDE T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE MEYDANA GELEN S\u0130YAS\u0130, SOSYOK\u00dcLT\u00dcREL VE EKONOM\u0130K GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/strong><\/h2><h3 id=\"tk-turkiye-de-gocler-ve-turk-toplumuna-etkileri\" data-tk-source=\"209\"><strong>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de G\u00f6\u00e7ler ve T\u00fcrk Toplumuna Etkileri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"210\"><strong>1950 Sonras\u0131 D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm:<\/strong> Kara yolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00f6ncelik verilmesi, tar\u0131mda makinele\u015fme ve sanayile\u015fme hamleleri g\u00f6\u00e7leri tetikledi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"211\"><strong>\u0130\u00e7 G\u00f6\u00e7ler:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"212\"><strong>Sebepler:<\/strong> Tar\u0131mda makinele\u015fme (i\u015fsizlik), k\u00f6y-kent aras\u0131 gelir adaletsizli\u011fi, e\u011fitim\/sa\u011fl\u0131k imkanlar\u0131n\u0131n cazibesi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"213\"><strong>Y\u00f6nelim:<\/strong> <strong>Trabzon, Rize, Malatya<\/strong> gibi illerden; sanayinin yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>\u0130stanbul, Ankara, \u0130zmir, Bursa, Sakarya<\/strong> gibi illere b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgalar\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"214\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7lar:<\/strong> Gecekondu alanlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi; altyap\u0131, kanalizasyon, trafik ve e\u011fitim yetersizlikleri gibi kronik kent sorunlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"215\"><strong>D\u0131\u015f G\u00f6\u00e7ler (\u0130\u015f\u00e7i G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc):<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"216\"><strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>, Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kapatmak i\u00e7in ikili anla\u015fmalar imzalad\u0131: <strong>Almanya (1961), Avusturya, Bel\u00e7ika, Hollanda (1964), Fransa (1965)<\/strong> ve <strong>\u0130sve\u00e7 (1967)<\/strong>.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"217\"><strong>Devletin Amac\u0131:<\/strong> Giden i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kalifiye eleman olarak \u00fclkeye d\u00f6nmesi ve d\u00f6viz girdisi sa\u011flamas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-12-mart-muhtirasi-ve-12-eylul-darbesi\" data-tk-source=\"218\"><strong>12 Mart Muht\u0131ras\u0131 ve 12 Eyl\u00fcl Darbesi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"219\"><strong>Genel Durum (1960-1980):<\/strong> H\u0131zl\u0131 kentle\u015fme, sanayile\u015fme, sol-sa\u011f, laik-\u0130slamc\u0131, Alevi-S\u00fcnni gibi ideolojik ve inan\u00e7sal fay hatlar\u0131 \u00fczerinden toplumsal kutupla\u015fmalara sebep oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"220\"><strong>12 Mart 1971 Muht\u0131ras\u0131:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"221\"><strong>Geli\u015fimi:<\/strong> Sokak olaylar\u0131, \u00fcniversite i\u015fgalleri, ekonomik krizler ve parti i\u00e7i b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeler (<strong>AP<\/strong> i\u00e7indeki <strong>41&#8217;ler Grubu<\/strong> gibi) siyaseti kilitledi. <strong>1970 B\u00fct\u00e7esi<\/strong> ge\u00e7meyince Ba\u015fbakan <strong>S\u00fcleyman Demirel<\/strong> istifa e\u015fi\u011fine geldi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"222\"><strong>M\u00fcdahale:<\/strong> Kuvvet komutanlar\u0131, daha radikal bir asker\u00ee darbeyi \u00f6nlemek gerek\u00e7esiyle <strong>12 Mart 1971<\/strong>&#8216;de h\u00fck\u00fbmete muht\u0131ra verdi. <strong>Demirel<\/strong> istifa etti.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"223\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>Nihat Erim<\/strong> ve <strong>Ferit Melen<\/strong> liderli\u011finde partiler \u00fcst\u00fc &#8220;teknokratlar h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri&#8221; kuruldu ancak istikrar sa\u011flanamad\u0131. \u0130srail Ba\u015fkonsolosu <strong>Efraim<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Elrom<\/strong>&#8216;un \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, <strong>K\u0131z\u0131ldere Olay\u0131<\/strong> ve <strong>Deniz Gezmi\u015flerin idam\u0131<\/strong> gerilimi t\u0131rmand\u0131rd\u0131. <strong>1961 Anayasas\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;ndaki \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler k\u0131s\u0131tlanarak devlet otoritesi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"224\"><strong>12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980 Darbesi:<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"225\"><strong>Geli\u015fimi:<\/strong> 70&#8217;lerin sonunda kurulan koalisyon ve <strong>Milliyet\u00e7i Cephe H\u00fck\u00fbmetleri<\/strong> krizi \u00e7\u00f6zemedi. Ekonomik iflas (kuyruklar, karaborsa), artan anar\u015fi, g\u00fcnde 20-30 ki\u015finin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sokak \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6netilemez hale getirdi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"226\"><strong>M\u00fcdahale:<\/strong> <strong>TSK<\/strong>, <strong>Bayrak Harek\u00e2t\u0131<\/strong> koduyla <strong>12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980<\/strong>&#8216;de y\u00f6netime el koydu. Darbe bildirisini <strong>Mill\u00ee G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Kenan Evren<\/strong> okudu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"227\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/strong> Partiler kapat\u0131ld\u0131, siyasi liderler tutukland\u0131 (<strong>Hamzakoy<\/strong> ve <strong>Uzunada<\/strong>&#8216;ya s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc). H\u00fck\u00fcmeti emekli amiral <strong>B\u00fclent Ulusu<\/strong> kurdu, <strong>Kenan Evren<\/strong> Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"228\"><strong>PKK Ter\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn Ba\u015flamas\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>15 A\u011fustos 1984<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>Eruh<\/strong> ve <strong>\u015eemdinli<\/strong> bask\u0131nlar\u0131yla ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 ter\u00f6r eylemleri ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi tk-alt-seviye\" data-tk-source=\"229\"><strong>Yeni Anayasa:<\/strong> Darbe y\u00f6netiminin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>1982 Anayasas\u0131<\/strong> %92 evet oyuyla kabul edildi.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-televizyon-yayinlarinin-turk-toplumuna-etkileri\" data-tk-source=\"230\"><strong>Televizyon Yay\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk Toplumuna Etkileri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"231\"><strong>\u0130lk Yay\u0131n:<\/strong> T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de ilk televizyon yay\u0131n\u0131 <strong>1952<\/strong>&#8216;de <strong>\u0130T\u00dc (\u0130stanbul Teknik \u00dcniversitesi)<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"232\"><strong>TRT D\u00f6nemi:<\/strong> T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin ilk kurumsal ve d\u00fczenli yay\u0131n\u0131 <strong>1968<\/strong>&#8216;de <strong>TRT (T\u00fcrkiye Radyo Televizyon Kurumu)<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"233\"><strong>Canl\u0131 Yay\u0131n &amp; Renkli TV:<\/strong> \u0130lk uzun canl\u0131 yay\u0131n <strong>1971 Akdeniz Oyunlar\u0131<\/strong>&#8216;nda yap\u0131ld\u0131. <strong>1984<\/strong>&#8216;te ise tamamen renkli yay\u0131na ge\u00e7ildi.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-1970-80-yillari-arasinda-turkiye-de-kultur-ve-sanat\" data-tk-source=\"234\"><strong>1970-80 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Sanat<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"235\">Televizyonun yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, sinema sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc ekonomik krize soktu.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"236\">Toplumsal kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ve ideolojik kampla\u015fmalar edebiyat ve sinemaya politik s\u00f6ylem olarak yans\u0131d\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"237\">K\u00f6yden kente g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcp tutunamayan, ekonomik zorluk \u00e7eken y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n ruh halini yans\u0131tan <strong>arabesk m\u00fczik<\/strong> bu d\u00f6nemde y\u00fckseli\u015fe ge\u00e7ti.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"tk-kart\"><h2 id=\"tk-1980-li-yillarda-turkiye-deki-ic-ve-dis-gelismeler\" data-tk-source=\"238\"><strong>1980\u2019L\u0130 YILLARDA T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DEK\u0130 \u0130\u00c7 VE DI\u015e GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/strong><\/h2><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"239\">Darbenin ard\u0131ndan <strong>1983 <\/strong><strong>Se\u00e7imleri<\/strong>&#8216;ne izin verilen 3 partiden (<strong>MDP, HP, ANAP<\/strong>) <strong>Anavatan Partisi (ANAP)<\/strong> tek ba\u015f\u0131na iktidar oldu. Ba\u015fbakan <strong>Turgut \u00d6zal<\/strong> d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-siyasi-yasamin-liberallesmesi\" data-tk-source=\"240\"><strong>Siyasi Ya\u015fam\u0131n Liberalle\u015fmesi<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"241\">Sivil y\u00f6netime ge\u00e7i\u015f yapan <strong>ANAP<\/strong> iktidar\u0131, darbenin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 temizlemeye ve d\u0131\u015f izolasyonu k\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"242\"><strong>Siyasi Yasaklar\u0131n Kalkmas\u0131:<\/strong> <strong>1987 Referandumu<\/strong> ile <strong>12 Eyl\u00fcl<\/strong>&#8216;\u00fcn yasaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 eski siyasi liderler politikaya geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"243\"><strong>ABD ile Yak\u0131nla\u015fma:<\/strong> <strong>\u0130ran \u0130slam Devrimi (1979)<\/strong> ve <strong>SSCB<\/strong>&#8216;nin <strong>Afganistan<\/strong> i\u015fgali <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>&#8216;nin stratejik \u00f6nemini art\u0131rd\u0131. <strong>ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Reagan<\/strong> ile <strong>Turgut \u00d6zal<\/strong>&#8216;\u0131n liberal-muhafazakar vizyonlar\u0131 uyu\u015ftu, ihracat odakl\u0131 ili\u015fkiler geli\u015fti.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-turkiye-deki-ekonomik-gelismeler\" data-tk-source=\"244\"><strong>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Ekonomik Geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"245\"><strong>24 Ocak Kararlar\u0131 (1980):<\/strong> <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>&#8216;yi d\u0131\u015fa kapal\u0131 karma ekonomiden, k\u00fcresel serbest piyasa ekonomisine entegre eden d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r. S\u0131k\u0131 mali disiplin, zamlar ve \u00fccretlerin dondurulmas\u0131yla ac\u0131 re\u00e7ete uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00f6viz kuru serbestle\u015fmi\u015f, ihracat te\u015fvik edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"246\"><strong>Serbest Piyasa Ekonomisi:<\/strong> Devletin ekonomideki pay\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, bireysel giri\u015fimcilik te\u015fvik edilmi\u015ftir. <strong>Sermaye Piyasas\u0131 Kurulu (SPK)<\/strong> ve <strong>\u0130stanbul Menkul K\u0131ymetler Borsas\u0131 (\u0130MKB)<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"247\"><strong>\u0130hracat-\u0130thalat Politikas\u0131:<\/strong> D\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lma sayesinde <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>, <strong>1984 y\u0131l\u0131nda<\/strong> ihracat art\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131nda d\u00fcnyada birinci s\u0131raya y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Yabanc\u0131 sermaye \u00fclkeye davet edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"248\"><strong>\u00d6zelle\u015ftirme ve Vergi Reformu:<\/strong> <strong>K\u0130T<\/strong>&#8216;lerin (<strong>Kamu \u0130ktisadi Te\u015febb\u00fcsleri<\/strong>) \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi resmi devlet politikas\u0131 haline geldi. Kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ekonomiyi engellemek i\u00e7in <strong>1985<\/strong>&#8216;te <strong>Katma De\u011fer Vergisi (KDV)<\/strong> uygulamas\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><h3 id=\"tk-ertugrul-firkateyni-olayindan-gunumuze-turk-japon-iliskileri\" data-tk-source=\"249\"><strong>Ertu\u011frul F<\/strong><strong>\u0131rkateyni<\/strong><strong> Olay\u0131ndan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze T\u00fcrk-Japon \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"tk-liste\"><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"250\"><strong>Ertu\u011frul <\/strong><strong>F\u0131rkateyni<\/strong><strong> Facias\u0131 (1890):<\/strong> <strong>Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamit<\/strong>&#8216;in Japon \u0130mparatoru <strong>Meiji<\/strong>&#8216;ye g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi f\u0131rkateyn, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yolunda <strong>Ku\u015fimoto<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda batm\u0131\u015f, 532 denizcimiz \u015fehit olmu\u015ftur. Japonlar\u0131n yard\u0131mlar\u0131 tarihi dostlu\u011fun temelini att\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"251\"><strong>Diplomatik ve Ticari Antla\u015fmalar:<\/strong> <strong>1929<\/strong> buhran\u0131 d\u00f6neminde ilk ticaret antla\u015fmas\u0131, <strong>1930<\/strong>&#8216;da <strong>T\u00fcrk-Japon Ticaret ve Denizcilik Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> imzaland\u0131. <strong>II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> sonras\u0131nda <strong>1951 San Francisco Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> imzaland\u0131.<\/li><li class=\"tk-liste-maddesi\" data-tk-source=\"252\"><strong>Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 Destek:<\/strong> <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>, <strong>1956<\/strong>&#8216;da <strong>Japonya<\/strong>&#8216;n\u0131n <strong>BM<\/strong>&#8216;ye \u00fcye olmas\u0131n\u0131 destekledi. <strong>2003 Japonya<\/strong>&#8216;da, <strong>2010 T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>&#8216;de kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr y\u0131llar\u0131 ilan edildi.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"tk-paragraf\" data-tk-source=\"253\">&#8220;Bu ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n her hakk\u0131 sakl\u0131d\u0131r. Hangi ama\u00e7la olursa olsun, ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n veya bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n <strong>www.tarihkursu.com<\/strong><strong> <\/strong>sitesinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 izni olmadan sosyal medyada ve internet ortam\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, kopya edilmesi, foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesi, herhangi bir yolla \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131, yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ya da kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yasakt\u0131r. 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