{"id":3525,"date":"2026-08-02T15:07:58","date_gmt":"2026-08-02T12:07:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=3525"},"modified":"2026-08-02T15:14:56","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T12:14:56","slug":"orta-cagdaki-siyasi-ve-askeri-gelismeler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/02\/orta-cagdaki-siyasi-ve-askeri-gelismeler\/","title":{"rendered":"Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019daki Siyasi ve Asker\u00ee Geli\u015fmeler | 9. S\u0131n\u0131f Maarif Model Tarih Ders Notu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>SINIF:<\/strong> 9.S\u0131n\u0131f tarih<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00dcN\u0130TE:<\/strong> 3. \u00dcnite Orta \u00c7a\u011f Medeniyetleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00d6\u011eRENME \u00c7IKTISI:<\/strong> Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019daki Siyasi ve Asker\u00ee Geli\u015fmeler<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.tk-ders-notu {\n  --tk-lacivert: #12355b;\n  --tk-lacivert-koyu: #0b2745;\n  --tk-turkuaz: #008c95;\n  --tk-turkuaz-acik: #e7f8f8;\n  --tk-bordo: #8b1e3f;\n  --tk-bordo-acik: #fff0f4;\n  --tk-altin: #d7a514;\n  --tk-sari-acik: #fff8d9;\n  --tk-mavi-acik: #edf6ff;\n  --tk-metin: #243447;\n  --tk-cizgi: #d8e3ec;\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 auto;\n  color: var(--tk-metin);\n  font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, \"Segoe UI\", Arial, sans-serif;\n  font-size: 17px;\n  line-height: 1.72;\n  overflow-x: clip;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu,\n.tk-ders-notu * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-okuma-ilerleme {\n  position: sticky;\n  z-index: 20;\n  top: 0;\n  width: 100%;\n  height: 5px;\n  margin-bottom: 14px;\n  background: #dfe9ef;\n  border-radius: 999px;\n  overflow: hidden;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-okuma-ilerleme-cubugu {\n  display: block;\n  width: 0;\n  height: 100%;\n  background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--tk-turkuaz), var(--tk-altin));\n  transition: width .12s linear;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik {\n  margin: 0 0 16px;\n  padding: 22px 24px 18px;\n  color: #fff;\n  background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--tk-lacivert-koyu), var(--tk-lacivert));\n  border-bottom: 5px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  border-radius: 18px;\n  font-size: clamp(1.55rem, 4vw, 2.25rem);\n  font-weight: 850;\n  line-height: 1.22;\n  letter-spacing: .01em;\n  text-wrap: balance;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-seo-giris {\n  margin: 0 0 18px;\n  padding: 18px 20px;\n  background: var(--tk-mavi-acik);\n  border-left: 5px solid var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  border-radius: 12px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-araclar {\n  display: flex;\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\n  gap: 10px;\n  margin: 0 0 18px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme {\n  appearance: none;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  padding: 10px 15px;\n  color: #fff;\n  background: var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  border: 2px solid var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  border-radius: 10px;\n  font: inherit;\n  font-weight: 750;\n  line-height: 1.25;\n  cursor: pointer;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme:hover { background: var(--tk-lacivert); border-color: var(--tk-lacivert); }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme:focus-visible,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a:focus-visible,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don:focus-visible {\n  outline: 4px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  outline-offset: 3px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 0 22px;\n  padding: 18px 20px;\n  background: var(--tk-turkuaz-acik);\n  border: 1px solid #a7dfe1;\n  border-radius: 14px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler-baslik {\n  margin: 0 0 10px;\n  color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-size: 1.2rem;\n  font-weight: 850;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler ul {\n  display: grid;\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));\n  gap: 7px 18px;\n  margin: 0;\n  padding: 0;\n  list-style: none;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler li { min-width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a {\n  display: block;\n  min-width: 0;\n  padding: 6px 8px;\n  color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  border-radius: 7px;\n  font-weight: 700;\n  text-decoration: none;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a::before { content: \"\u203a \"; color: var(--tk-bordo); font-weight: 900; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a:hover,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a.tk-etkin { color: #fff; background: var(--tk-turkuaz); }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kaynak-icerik { width: 100%; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart {\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 0 22px;\n  padding: 20px;\n  background: #fff;\n  border: 1px solid var(--tk-cizgi);\n  border-radius: 16px;\n  box-shadow: 0 8px 24px rgba(18, 53, 91, .08);\n  overflow-x: clip;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart > h2,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart > h3 {\n  color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-weight: 850;\n  line-height: 1.3;\n  text-wrap: balance;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart > h2 {\n  margin: 0 0 16px;\n  padding: 0 0 9px;\n  border-bottom: 4px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  font-size: clamp(1.3rem, 3vw, 1.65rem);\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart > h3 { margin: 18px 0 10px; font-size: 1.17rem; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart p { max-width: 100%; margin: 0 0 12px; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-madde-listesi {\n  display: grid;\n  gap: 9px;\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 0 16px;\n  padding: 0;\n  list-style: none;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-madde-listesi > li {\n  position: relative;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0;\n  padding: 10px 12px 10px 40px;\n  background: var(--tk-mavi-acik);\n  border-left: 4px solid var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  border-radius: 9px;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-madde-listesi > li::before {\n  content: \"\u2713\";\n  position: absolute;\n  left: 13px;\n  top: 10px;\n  color: var(--tk-bordo);\n  font-weight: 900;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu strong { color: var(--tk-bordo); font-weight: 850; }\n.tk-ders-notu blockquote {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 14px 0;\n  padding: 17px 20px;\n  color: #5d1730;\n  background: var(--tk-bordo-acik);\n  border-left: 6px solid var(--tk-bordo);\n  border-radius: 12px;\n  font-size: 1.06rem;\n  font-weight: 650;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-kutusu {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 16px 0;\n  padding: 16px 18px;\n  background: var(--tk-sari-acik);\n  border: 2px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  border-left-width: 7px;\n  border-radius: 12px;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-kutusu.tk-osym { background: var(--tk-bordo-acik); border-color: var(--tk-bordo); }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-kutusu.tk-onemli { background: var(--tk-turkuaz-acik); border-color: var(--tk-turkuaz); }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-kutusu p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo-kapsayici {\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 16px 0;\n  overflow-x: clip;\n  border: 1px solid #bfd0dc;\n  border-radius: 12px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo {\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0;\n  table-layout: fixed;\n  border-collapse: collapse;\n  border-spacing: 0;\n  white-space: normal;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo th,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo td {\n  min-width: 0;\n  padding: 11px 10px;\n  border: 1px solid #bfd0dc;\n  vertical-align: top;\n  text-align: left;\n  white-space: normal;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n  hyphens: auto;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo th {\n  color: #fff;\n  background: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-weight: 800;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo td:first-child { color: #65162f; background: #fff7f9; font-weight: 750; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo tbody tr:nth-child(even) td:not(:first-child) { background: #f5fafc; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo p { margin: 0 0 7px; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo p:last-child,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo .tk-madde-listesi:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don {\n  position: fixed;\n  z-index: 30;\n  right: max(14px, env(safe-area-inset-right));\n  bottom: max(14px, env(safe-area-inset-bottom));\n  display: none;\n  max-width: calc(100vw - 28px);\n  padding: 10px 14px;\n  color: #fff;\n  background: var(--tk-bordo);\n  border: 0;\n  border-radius: 999px;\n  box-shadow: 0 6px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);\n  font: inherit;\n  font-weight: 800;\n  cursor: pointer;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don.tk-gorunur { display: inline-flex; }\n@media (max-width: 720px) {\n  .tk-ders-notu { font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.66; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik { padding: 18px 16px 15px; border-radius: 14px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart { padding: 15px; border-radius: 13px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler ul { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo th,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo td { padding: 9px 7px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun tbody,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun tr,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td { display: block; width: 100%; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun thead {\n    position: absolute;\n    width: 1px;\n    height: 1px;\n    padding: 0;\n    margin: -1px;\n    overflow: hidden;\n    clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);\n    white-space: nowrap;\n    border: 0;\n  }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun tbody { padding: 8px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun tr {\n    margin: 0 0 12px;\n    overflow: hidden;\n    border: 2px solid #c9d8e2;\n    border-radius: 10px;\n  }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun tr:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td {\n    display: grid;\n    grid-template-columns: minmax(6.4rem, 34%) minmax(0, 1fr);\n    gap: 9px;\n    border-width: 0 0 1px;\n  }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td::before {\n    content: attr(data-label);\n    min-width: 0;\n    color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n    font-weight: 850;\n    overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n  }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td:last-child { border-bottom: 0; }\n}\n@media (max-width: 375px) {\n  .tk-ders-notu { font-size: 15.5px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-seo-giris,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler { padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 12px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td { grid-template-columns: minmax(5.7rem, 38%) minmax(0, 1fr); padding: 8px 6px; }\n}\n@media print {\n  .tk-ders-notu { color: #111; font-size: 11pt; overflow: visible; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-okuma-ilerleme,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-araclar,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don { display: none !important; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik { color: #000; background: #fff; border: 2px solid #000; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart { box-shadow: none; break-inside: avoid; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo-kapsayici { overflow: visible; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo th { color: #000; background: #e8e8e8; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don { display: none !important; }\n}\n<\/style>\n<article class=\"tk-ders-notu\" lang=\"tr\" data-tk-ready=\"false\">\n<div class=\"tk-okuma-ilerleme\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"tk-okuma-ilerleme-cubugu\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tk-ana-baslik\">ORTA \u00c7A\u011e\u2019DAK\u0130 S\u0130YAS\u0130 VE ASKER\u00ce GEL\u0130\u015eMELER<\/div>\n<p class=\"tk-seo-giris\">9. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersinde Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019daki Siyasi ve Asker\u00ee Geli\u015fmeler \u00f6\u011frenme \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken kavramlar\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 bir arada g\u00f6rmen \u00f6nemlidir. Bu sayfadaki tarih ders notu, T\u00fcrkiye Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 Maarif Modeli do\u011frultusunda kaynak belgede verilen bilgileri s\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 koruyarak sunar. Notta Orta \u00c7a\u011f D\u00fcnyas\u0131na Genel Bak\u0131\u015f, Bat\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Medeniyetleri: Siyasi Yap\u0131 ve Bat\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Medeniyetleri: K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Ekonomi ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131; madde listeleri, bilgi kutular\u0131 ve tablolarla d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u00e7indekiler alan\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak istedi\u011fin b\u00f6l\u00fcme h\u0131zl\u0131ca ge\u00e7ebilir, okuma ilerleme \u00e7ubu\u011fuyla sayfadaki konumunu takip edebilirsin. \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken \u00f6nce ana kavramlar\u0131 incelemen, ard\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131klamalar ile tablolar aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131lara dikkat etmen yararl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Bu 9. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih ders notunu ders \u00f6ncesinde konuya haz\u0131rlanmak, ders s\u0131ras\u0131nda ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 takip etmek veya tekrar yaparken kaynak metindeki bilgileri d\u00fczenli bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in kullanabilirsin.<\/p>\n<div class=\"tk-araclar\" aria-label=\"Ders notu ara\u00e7lar\u0131\">\n<button class=\"tk-dugme tk-yazdir\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunu yazd\u0131r\">Yazd\u0131r<\/button>\n<button class=\"tk-dugme tk-icindekilere-git\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"\u0130\u00e7indekiler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne git\">\u0130\u00e7indekilere git<\/button>\n<\/div>\n<nav class=\"tk-icindekiler\" aria-label=\"Ders notu i\u00e7indekiler\">\n<p class=\"tk-icindekiler-baslik\">\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#orta-cag-dunyasina-genel-bakis\">Orta \u00c7a\u011f D\u00fcnyas\u0131na Genel Bak\u0131\u015f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#bati-ve-dogu-medeniyetleri-siyasi-yapi\">Bat\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Medeniyetleri: Siyasi Yap\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#bati-ve-dogu-medeniyetleri-kultur-ve-ekonomi\">Bat\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Medeniyetleri: K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Ekonomi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#orta-cagdaki-baslica-devletler\">Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019daki Ba\u015fl\u0131ca Devletler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#cin-imparatorlugu-siyasi-yapi\">\u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu: Siyasi Yap\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#cin-toplum-ekonomi-ve-ordu\">\u00c7in: Toplum, Ekonomi ve Ordu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#cin-tarih-seridi\">\u00c7in Tarih \u015eeridi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#hindistan-kast-sistemi-ve-dini-yapi\">Hindistan: Kast Sistemi ve Din\u00ee Yap\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sasani-imparatorlugu-kurulus-ve-ozellikler\">S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu: Kurulu\u015f ve \u00d6zellikler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sasani-gokturk-ittifaki\">S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee-G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk \u0130ttifak\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sasani-dogu-roma-mucadelesi-ve-yonetim\">S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee-Do\u011fu Roma M\u00fccadelesi ve Y\u00f6netim<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sasanilerde-ordu-ve-yikilis\">S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eelerde Ordu ve Y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#dogu-roma-bizans-imparatorlugu\">Do\u011fu Roma \/ Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#avrupa-hunlari-ve-margus-antlasmasi\">Avrupa Hunlar\u0131 ve Margus Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#justinianus-ve-herakleios-donemleri\">Justinianus ve Herakleios D\u00f6nemleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#bizans-yonetim-yapisi\">Bizans Y\u00f6netim Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#bizans-ordusu-thema-ve-tagma\">Bizans Ordusu: Thema ve Tagma<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#gokturkler-kurulus-ve-siyasi-gelismeler\">G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler: Kurulu\u015f ve Siyasi Geli\u015fmeler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#gokturk-kronolojisi\">G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Kronolojisi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#gokturklerde-yonetim\">G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerde Y\u00f6netim<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#gokturklerde-ordu\">G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerde Ordu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#uygurlar-kurulus-ve-siyasi-gelismeler\">Uygurlar: Kurulu\u015f ve Siyasi Geli\u015fmeler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#uygur-kronolojisi\">Uygur Kronolojisi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#uygurlarda-yonetim-ve-toplum\">Uygurlarda Y\u00f6netim ve Toplum<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#gokturk-uygur-karsilastirmasi\">G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk-Uygur Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#katun-hatunun-onemi\">Katun \/ Hatun\u2019un \u00d6nemi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#islamiyetin-dogdugu-donemde-yaygin-dinler\">\u0130slamiyet\u2019in Do\u011fdu\u011fu D\u00f6nemde Yayg\u0131n Dinler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#arap-yarimadasinin-genel-durumu\">Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Genel Durumu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#arap-yarimadasi-tablosu\">Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131 Tablosu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#hz-muhammed-donemi-genel-bilgiler\">Hz. Muhammed D\u00f6nemi: Genel Bilgiler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#hicret-ve-veda-hutbesi\">Hicret ve Veda Hutbesi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#medine-sozlesmesi\">Medine S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#siyasi-ve-askeri-gelismeler\">Siyasi ve Asker\u00ee Geli\u015fmeler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#bedir-uhud-ve-hendek-savaslari\">Bedir, Uhud ve Hendek Sava\u015flar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#hudeybiye-hayber-ve-mute\">Hudeybiye, Hayber ve Mute<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#mekkenin-fethi-huneyn-ve-tebuk\">Mekke\u2019nin Fethi, Huneyn ve Teb\u00fck<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#hz-muhammed-donemi-yonetim-yapisi\">Hz. Muhammed D\u00f6nemi Y\u00f6netim Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#hz-muhammed-donemi-ordu-yapisi\">Hz. Muhammed D\u00f6nemi Ordu Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#dort-halife-donemi-genel-ozellikler\">D\u00f6rt Halife D\u00f6nemi: Genel \u00d6zellikler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#dort-halife-donemi-halifelik-anlayisi\">D\u00f6rt Halife D\u00f6nemi: Halifelik Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#hz-ebubekir-donemi\">Hz. Ebubekir D\u00f6nemi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#hz-omer-donemi-fetihler\">Hz. \u00d6mer D\u00f6nemi: Fetihler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#hz-omer-donemi-kurumsallasma\">Hz. \u00d6mer D\u00f6nemi: Kurumsalla\u015fma<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#hz-osman-donemi\">Hz. Osman D\u00f6nemi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#hz-ali-donemi\">Hz. Ali D\u00f6nemi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#dort-halife-donemi-yonetim-ve-ordu-yapisi\">D\u00f6rt Halife D\u00f6nemi Y\u00f6netim ve Ordu Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#emeviler-donemi-kurulus\">Emev\u00eeler D\u00f6nemi: Kurulu\u015f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#emevi-fetihleri-ve-askeri-gelismeler\">Emev\u00ee Fetihleri ve Asker\u00ee Geli\u015fmeler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#kerbela-olayi\">Kerbela Olay\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#mevali-politikasi-ve-omer-bin-abdulaziz\">Mev\u00e2l\u00ee Politikas\u0131 ve \u00d6mer bin Abd\u00fclaziz<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#emevilerde-yonetim-ve-ordu-yapisi\">Emev\u00eelerde Y\u00f6netim ve Ordu Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#emevilerin-yikilis-nedenleri\">Emev\u00eelerin Y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f Nedenleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#abbasiler-donemi\">Abb\u00e2s\u00eeler D\u00f6nemi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#talas-savasi\">Talas Sava\u015f\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#abbasi-siyasi-gelismeleri\">Abb\u00e2s\u00ee Siyasi Geli\u015fmeleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#abbasilerde-turkler\">Abb\u00e2s\u00eelerde T\u00fcrkler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#abbasilerde-yonetim-ve-ordu-yapisi\">Abb\u00e2s\u00eelerde Y\u00f6netim ve Ordu Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#avasim-samarra-ve-zayiflama\">Av\u00e2s\u0131m, Samarra ve Zay\u0131flama<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#misirda-kurulan-turk-islam-devletleri\">M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Kurulan T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Devletleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tolunogullari-devleti\">Toluno\u011fullar\u0131 Devleti<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#ihsidiler-aksitler\">\u0130h\u015f\u00eed\u00eeler \/ Ak\u015fitler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#eyyubiler\">Eyyubiler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#memluklular\">Meml\u00fbklular<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#memluklular-hilafet-ve-yikilis\">Meml\u00fbklular: Hilafet ve Y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n<div class=\"tk-kaynak-icerik\">\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"orta-cag-dunyasina-genel-bakis\">\n<h2 id=\"orta-cag-dunyasina-genel-bakis\">Orta \u00c7a\u011f D\u00fcnyas\u0131na Genel Bak\u0131\u015f<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>D\u00fcnya siyasetine \u00c7in, S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee ve Do\u011fu Roma y\u00f6n verdi.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda I. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, II. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk ve Uygur devletleri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Hz. Muhammed D\u00f6nemi, D\u00f6rt Halife, Emev\u00eeler ve Abb\u00e2s\u00eeler etkili oldu.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7in, S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee ve Do\u011fu Roma Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019dan Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019a varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Siyasi, asker\u00ee, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fmeler bu g\u00fc\u00e7ler \u00e7evresinde \u015fekillendi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"bati-ve-dogu-medeniyetleri-siyasi-yapi\">\n<h2 id=\"bati-ve-dogu-medeniyetleri-siyasi-yapi\">Bat\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Medeniyetleri: Siyasi Yap\u0131<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Ders notu tablosu 1\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablo tk-cok-sutun\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Alan<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Bat\u0131 Medeniyeti<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Do\u011fu Medeniyeti<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Siyasi yap\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Bat\u0131 Medeniyeti\"><p>Bat\u0131 Roma\u2019n\u0131n 476\u2019da y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131yla Avrupa\u2019da siyasi birlik zay\u0131flad\u0131; feodalite g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Do\u011fu Medeniyeti\"><p>\u00c7in, S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee, Do\u011fu Roma ve \u0130slam devletleri gibi merkeziyet\u00e7i yap\u0131lar varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Siyasi istikrar<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Bat\u0131 Medeniyeti\"><p>Avrupa\u2019da istilalar, derebeylik ve par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f siyasi yap\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Do\u011fu Medeniyeti\"><p>G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc imparatorluklar, \u015fehirle\u015fme ve ticaret yollar\u0131 siyasi istikrar\u0131 destekledi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Genel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Bat\u0131 Medeniyeti\"><p>Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da par\u00e7al\u0131 siyasi yap\u0131 belirginle\u015fti.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Do\u011fu Medeniyeti\"><p>Do\u011fu\u2019da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletler ve ticari canl\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"bati-ve-dogu-medeniyetleri-kultur-ve-ekonomi\">\n<h2 id=\"bati-ve-dogu-medeniyetleri-kultur-ve-ekonomi\">Bat\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Medeniyetleri: K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Ekonomi<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Ders notu tablosu 2\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablo tk-cok-sutun\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Alan<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Bat\u0131 Medeniyeti<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Do\u011fu Medeniyeti<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve bilim<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Bat\u0131 Medeniyeti\"><p>Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da k\u00fclt\u00fcrel durgunluk ve kilise merkezli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce etkili oldu.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Do\u011fu Medeniyeti\"><p>\u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ve Do\u011fu medeniyetlerinde bilimsel merak, \u00e7eviri faaliyetleri ve ticaret canl\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Ekonomi<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Bat\u0131 Medeniyeti\"><p>Feodal \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri ve kapal\u0131 ekonomik yap\u0131 yayg\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Do\u011fu Medeniyeti\"><p>\u0130pek, Baharat ve K\u00fcrk yollar\u0131 ekonomik canl\u0131l\u0131k sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>\u015eehirle\u015fme<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Bat\u0131 Medeniyeti\"><p>Bat\u0131 Avrupa \u015fehirleri ekonomik durgunluktan etkilendi.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Do\u011fu Medeniyeti\"><p>Ba\u011fdat, \u015eam, Kahire ve Semerkant ticaret, bilim, k\u00fct\u00fcphane ve mimariyle geli\u015fti.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Temel <\/strong><strong>Kavramlar<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Ders notu tablosu 3\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablo\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Kavram<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>A\u00e7\u0131klama<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Divan<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>\u0130slam ve T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam devletlerinde asker\u00ee, mali ve idari i\u015flerin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u00f6netim kuruludur.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Hicret<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Hz. Muhammed ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n 622\u2019de Mekke\u2019den Medine\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesidir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Hilafet<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Hz. Muhammed\u2019den sonra \u0130slam toplumunun din\u00ee ve siyasi liderli\u011fini temsil eden makamd\u0131r.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Halife<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Hilafet makam\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Kale<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Stratejik b\u00f6lgeleri savunmak i\u00e7in kal\u0131n surlarla \u00e7evrili asker\u00ee yap\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Mev\u00e2l\u00ee<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Emev\u00eeler d\u00f6neminde Arap olmayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kavramd\u0131r.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Otokrasi<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Y\u00f6netim yetkisinin tek ki\u015finin elinde topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imidir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Veliaht<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>H\u00fck\u00fcmdardan sonra tahta ge\u00e7ece\u011fi \u00f6nceden belirlenen ki\u015fidir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Veraset<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Taht\u0131n hanedan \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda miras yoluyla el de\u011fi\u015ftirmesidir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Yabgu<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>\u0130lk T\u00fcrk devletlerinde \u00e7o\u011funlukla bat\u0131 kanad\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6neten, ka\u011fandan sonra gelen \u00fcst d\u00fczey y\u00f6neticidir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Kut<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>T\u00fcrklerde h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k yetkisinin Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan verildi\u011fine inan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Toy<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>\u0130lk T\u00fcrk devletlerinde devlet i\u015flerinin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc meclistir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>T\u00f6re<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>\u0130lk T\u00fcrk devletlerinde yaz\u0131s\u0131z hukuk kurallar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Thema<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Bizans\u2019ta asker\u00ee-idari eyalet sistemidir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Tagma<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Bizans\u2019ta ba\u015fkent \u0130stanbul\u2019da bulunan profesyonel asker\u00ee birliklerdir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>C\u00fcnd<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Hz. \u00d6mer D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde kurulan asker\u00ee ordug\u00e2h merkezleridir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>Av\u00e2s\u0131m \/ Sug\u00fbr<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>Abb\u00e2s\u00eelerde Bizans s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in kurulan asker\u00ee s\u0131n\u0131r hatt\u0131 ve garnizon b\u00f6lgeleridir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kavram\"><p>\u015eahan\u015fah \/ Satrap<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131klama\"><p>\u015eahan\u015fah S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmdar unvan\u0131; satrap eyalet y\u00f6neticisi \/ validir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"orta-cagdaki-baslica-devletler\">\n<h2 id=\"orta-cagdaki-baslica-devletler\">Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019daki Ba\u015fl\u0131ca Devletler<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Ders notu tablosu 4\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablo\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Devlet \/ <\/strong><strong>D\u00f6nem<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Tarih Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p>\u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131\"><p>M\u00d6 221 &#8211; MS 1912<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p>S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131\"><p>226 &#8211; 651<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p>Do\u011fu Roma \/ Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131\"><p>330 &#8211; 1453<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p>I. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131\"><p>552 &#8211; 630<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p>Hz. Muhammed D\u00f6nemi \u0130slam Devleti<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131\"><p>622 &#8211; 632<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p>D\u00f6rt Halife D\u00f6nemi \u0130slam Devleti<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131\"><p>632 &#8211; 661<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p>Emev\u00ee Devleti<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131\"><p>661 &#8211; 750<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p>II. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk \/ Kutluk Devleti<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131\"><p>682 &#8211; 745<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p>Uygur Devleti<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131\"><p>744 &#8211; 840<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p>Abb\u00e2s\u00ee Devleti<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131\"><p>750 &#8211; 1258<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"cin-imparatorlugu-siyasi-yapi\">\n<h2 id=\"cin-imparatorlugu-siyasi-yapi\">\u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu: Siyasi Yap\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>\u00c7in\u2019de farkl\u0131 hanedanl\u0131klar h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130pek Yolu ticareti ve T\u00fcrkistan h\u00e2kimiyeti i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck ahlak ve toplum d\u00fczeninde etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 G\u00f6k\u2019\u00fcn yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki temsilcisi ve G\u00f6k\u2019\u00fcn O\u011flu kabul edilirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Veraset sisteminde h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k babadan o\u011fula ge\u00e7erdi.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015f kad\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu veliaht kabul edilirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Tang Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130pek Yolu g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek istemi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"cin-toplum-ekonomi-ve-ordu\">\n<h2 id=\"cin-toplum-ekonomi-ve-ordu\">\u00c7in: Toplum, Ekonomi ve Ordu<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Toplum \u015fe\u2019ler, nong\u2019lar ve k\u00f6leler gibi sosyal tabakalara ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7in\u2019in \u00f6nemli hedeflerinden biri T\u00fcrkistan ve \u0130pek Yolu h\u00e2kimiyetiydi.<\/li>\n<li>751 Talas Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda \u00c7in yenildi ve T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki n\u00fcfuzu zay\u0131flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Geleneksel \u00c7in ordusunda piyadeler say\u0131ca \u00e7o\u011funluktayd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrklerin h\u0131zl\u0131 atl\u0131 s\u00fcvarileri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00c7in ordusu zorlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7inliler T\u00fcrk ordu yap\u0131s\u0131ndan etkilenerek hafif s\u00fcvari birlikleri kurmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Tuntian sistemi asker\u00ee tar\u0131m topluluklar\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"cin-tarih-seridi\">\n<h2 id=\"cin-tarih-seridi\">\u00c7in Tarih \u015eeridi<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Ders notu tablosu 5\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablo\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Tarih \/ D\u00f6nem<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Geli\u015fme<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p>M\u00d6 221<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>Qin Shi Huangdi taraf\u0131ndan \u00c7in\u2019de ilk siyasi birlik kuruldu.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p>MS 220<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>Hanedan m\u00fccadeleleriyle merkez\u00ee otorite bozuldu.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p>580<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>Sui Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019i yeniden birle\u015ftirdi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p>618<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>Tang Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuruldu.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p>618-906<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>Tang Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019in parlak d\u00f6nemlerinden birini ya\u015fatt\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p>712-756<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>Xuanzong D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde T\u00fcrkler ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Araplarla T\u00fcrkistan h\u00e2kimiyeti i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele edildi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p>751<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>Talas Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda \u00c7in yenildi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p>906<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>Tang Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sona erdi; siyasi birlik yeniden bozuldu.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"hindistan-kast-sistemi-ve-dini-yapi\">\n<h2 id=\"hindistan-kast-sistemi-ve-dini-yapi\">Hindistan: Kast Sistemi ve Din\u00ee Yap\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da Hindistan\u2019da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir siyasi birlik yoktu.<\/li>\n<li>Kast sistemi ki\u015finin toplumsal konumunu do\u011fu\u015ftan belirlerdi.<\/li>\n<li>Ki\u015fi kendi kast\u0131 i\u00e7inde do\u011far, evlenir, meslek yapar, ya\u015far ve \u00f6l\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Brahmanlar din adamlar\u0131; K\u015fatriyalar askerler ve y\u00f6neticilerdi.<\/li>\n<li>Vaisyalar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar, t\u00fcccarlar ve \u00fcreticilerdi.<\/li>\n<li>Sudralar i\u015f\u00e7iler ve k\u00f6lelerdi.<\/li>\n<li>Kast sistemi toplumsal hareketlili\u011fi engellemi\u015f ve siyasi birli\u011fi zorla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"sasani-imparatorlugu-kurulus-ve-ozellikler\">\n<h2 id=\"sasani-imparatorlugu-kurulus-ve-ozellikler\">S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu: Kurulu\u015f ve \u00d6zellikler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu 226\u2019da Erde\u015fir taraf\u0131ndan \u0130ran\u2019da kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131na \u015fahan\u015fah yani \u201c\u015fahlar\u0131n \u015fah\u0131\u201d denirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Resm\u00ee dinleri Zerd\u00fc\u015ftl\u00fck \/ Mecusilik idi.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eeler kendilerini eski Pers \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Pers s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015fma hedefi Do\u011fu Roma ile uzun sava\u015flara neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Ak Hun \/ Eftalit, Do\u011fu Roma ve \u0130slam Devleti ile m\u00fccadele etmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>I. H\u00fcsrev D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde asker\u00ee, siyasi, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ilerleme g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"sasani-gokturk-ittifaki\">\n<h2 id=\"sasani-gokturk-ittifaki\">S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee-G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk \u0130ttifak\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Ak Hunlar \/ Eftalitler \u0130pek transit ticaretini kontrol ediyordu.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130stemi Yabgu, Ak Hunlara kar\u015f\u0131 S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 An\u00fb\u015f\u00eerv\u00e2n ile ittifak kurdu.<\/li>\n<li>557\u2019de Ak Hun Devleti y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ak Hun topraklar\u0131 Ceyhun Nehri s\u0131n\u0131r kabul edilerek payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u00e7 Asya kervan yolu yeniden T\u00fcrklerin kontrol\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eelerin ipek ticaretini engellemesi ili\u015fkileri bozdu.<\/li>\n<li>567\u2019de \u0130stanbul\u2019a g\u00f6nderilen heyet, Do\u011fu Roma\u2019ya giden ilk resm\u00ee T\u00fcrk heyeti kabul edilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"sasani-dogu-roma-mucadelesi-ve-yonetim\">\n<h2 id=\"sasani-dogu-roma-mucadelesi-ve-yonetim\">S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee-Do\u011fu Roma M\u00fccadelesi ve Y\u00f6netim<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eeler Anadolu\u2019ya h\u00e2kim olmak istemi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Anadolu Do\u011fu Roma egemenli\u011findeydi.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130ki devlet aras\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 400 y\u0131l s\u00fcren m\u00fccadeleler ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eeler d\u00f6nem d\u00f6nem Anadolu, Suriye, Filistin ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Herakleios D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eeler Anadolu\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Devletin ba\u015f\u0131nda \u015fahan\u015fah bulunurdu; devlet i\u015fleri divanlarda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dclke satrapl\u0131k ad\u0131 verilen d\u00f6rt ana eyalete ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"sasanilerde-ordu-ve-yikilis\">\n<h2 id=\"sasanilerde-ordu-ve-yikilis\">S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eelerde Ordu ve Y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee ordusu s\u00fcvariler ve piyadeler olmak \u00fczere iki ana s\u0131n\u0131fa ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcvariler piyadelerden daha sayg\u0131n kabul edilir ve daha y\u00fcksek maa\u015f al\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Hafif ok\u00e7u s\u00fcvariler ve a\u011f\u0131r z\u0131rhl\u0131 m\u0131zrakl\u0131 s\u00fcvariler bulunurdu.<\/li>\n<li>Sava\u015f filleri ordunun dikkat \u00e7ekici unsurlar\u0131ndand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ordu birlikleri onluk sisteme benzer bir d\u00fczenle \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Kadisiye, Celula ve Nihavend sava\u015flar\u0131 S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eeleri zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>651\u2019de \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n tamam\u0131 \u0130slam h\u00e2kimiyetine girmi\u015f ve S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eeler sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"dogu-roma-bizans-imparatorlugu\">\n<h2 id=\"dogu-roma-bizans-imparatorlugu\">Do\u011fu Roma \/ Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun devam\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>330 y\u0131l\u0131nda I. Konstantin taraf\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul merkezli kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>\u201cBizans\u201d ad\u0131 daha sonraki tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Orta \u00c7a\u011f boyunca varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilen en uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc devletlerden biridir.<\/li>\n<li>1453\u2019te \u0130stanbul\u2019un T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan fethedilmesiyle tarih sahnesinden \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Resm\u00ee dini Hristiyanl\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Avrupa Hunlar\u0131, S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eeler, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Araplar, Emev\u00eeler, Abb\u00e2s\u00eeler ve T\u00fcrk devletleriyle m\u00fccadele etmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"avrupa-hunlari-ve-margus-antlasmasi\">\n<h2 id=\"avrupa-hunlari-ve-margus-antlasmasi\">Avrupa Hunlar\u0131 ve Margus Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Do\u011fu Roma V. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Avrupa Hun Devleti ile m\u00fccadele etti.<\/li>\n<li>Attila, Do\u011fu Roma ile Margus Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bizans Hun ka\u00e7aklar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmeyecek ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131nanlar\u0131 geri verecekti.<\/li>\n<li>Bizans Hunlar\u0131n sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 kavimlerle ittifak kurmayacakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Hunlara Bizans \u015fehirlerinde ticaret hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nacakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bizans\u2019\u0131n Hunlara \u00f6dedi\u011fi vergi art\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>441 ve 447 Balkan Seferleri Tuna boyundaki Do\u011fu Roma savunmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6kertti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"justinianus-ve-herakleios-donemleri\">\n<h2 id=\"justinianus-ve-herakleios-donemleri\">Justinianus ve Herakleios D\u00f6nemleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Do\u011fu Roma alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 I. Justinianus \/ Justinyanus D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bu d\u00f6nemde imparatorluk en geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Hukuk yeniden d\u00fczenlendi ve Justinianus Kanunlar\u0131 haz\u0131rland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>532 Nika \u0130syan\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yanan Ayasofya yeniden in\u015fa ettirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Herakleios D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eelerle uzun sava\u015flar yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eeler Anadolu\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131; Suriye, Filistin ve M\u0131s\u0131r geri al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130slam Devleti k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra Do\u011fu Roma i\u00e7in yeni tehdit h\u00e2line geldi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"bizans-yonetim-yapisi\">\n<h2 id=\"bizans-yonetim-yapisi\">Bizans Y\u00f6netim Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Bizans imparatoru mutlak otoriteye sahipti.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130mparator ba\u015f kanun koyucu ve en y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131\u00e7 kabul edilirdi.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130dari, mali ve asker\u00ee otorite imparatorun elindeydi.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130mparator kilisenin ba\u015f\u0131 kabul edilirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Otoritenin kayna\u011f\u0131 tanr\u0131sal irade olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Y\u00f6netim otokratik nitelik ta\u015f\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kilise, senato, y\u00fcksek memurlar ve toprak aristokrasisi imparatorun yetkilerini dengeleyen unsurlard\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"bizans-ordusu-thema-ve-tagma\">\n<h2 id=\"bizans-ordusu-thema-ve-tagma\">Bizans Ordusu: Thema ve Tagma<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Bizans ordusunun as\u0131l g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc uzun s\u00fcre eyalet birlikleri olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee ve \u0130slam ordular\u0131n\u0131n tehdidiyle s\u00fcvari s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>XI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren \u00fccretli askerler temel unsurlardan biri h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Thema sistemi, Herakleios D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Arap sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 durdurmak amac\u0131yla geli\u015ftirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Thema hem asker\u00ee eyalet hem de yerel ordu anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Tagma, \u0130stanbul\u2019da bulunan profesyonel asker\u00ee birliklerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Tagma birlikleri ba\u015fkent savunmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"gokturkler-kurulus-ve-siyasi-gelismeler\">\n<h2 id=\"gokturkler-kurulus-ve-siyasi-gelismeler\">G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler: Kurulu\u015f ve Siyasi Geli\u015fmeler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler, T\u00fcrk ad\u0131n\u0131 devlet ad\u0131 olarak kullanan ilk T\u00fcrk devletidir.<\/li>\n<li>I. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti 552\u2019de Bumin Ka\u011fan taraf\u0131ndan \u00d6t\u00fcken merkezli kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Mukan Ka\u011fan D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde devlet en parlak d\u00f6nemlerinden birini ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Devletin bat\u0131 kanad\u0131n\u0131 \u0130stemi Yabgu y\u00f6netmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>582\u2019de taht kavgalar\u0131 ve \u00c7in entrikalar\u0131 nedeniyle G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 olarak ikiye ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>630\u2019da \u00c7in, Do\u011fu G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019ne son verdi.<\/li>\n<li>682\u2019de Kutluk \/ \u0130lteri\u015f Ka\u011fan \u00f6nderli\u011finde II. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk \/ Kutluk Devleti kuruldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu tk-osym\" role=\"note\" data-tk-table-cell=\"1\">\n<p><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT<\/strong><br> G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler, T\u00fcrk ad\u0131n\u0131 devlet ad\u0131 olarak kullanan ilk T\u00fcrk devletidir.<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"gokturk-kronolojisi\">\n<h2 id=\"gokturk-kronolojisi\">G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Kronolojisi<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Ders notu tablosu 7\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablo\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Tarih<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Geli\u015fme<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p>552<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>Bumin Ka\u011fan \u00f6nderli\u011finde I. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti kuruldu.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p>553-573<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>Mukan Ka\u011fan D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde devlet g\u00fc\u00e7lendi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p>557<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk-S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee ittifak\u0131yla Ak Hun Devleti y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p>567<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>\u0130stemi Yabgu Bizans\u2019a el\u00e7i g\u00f6nderdi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p>582<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler do\u011fu-bat\u0131 olarak ikiye ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p>630<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>\u00c7in, I. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019ne son verdi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p>682<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>Kutluk Ka\u011fan II. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019ni kurdu.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p>692-716<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>Kapgan Ka\u011fan D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131 birle\u015ftirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p>745<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>II. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"gokturklerde-yonetim\">\n<h2 id=\"gokturklerde-yonetim\">G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerde Y\u00f6netim<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Devletin ba\u015f\u0131nda ka\u011fan bulunurdu.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k yetkisi kut anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na dayan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ka\u011fan milletine kar\u015f\u0131 sorumluydu.<\/li>\n<li>Halk\u0131n\u0131 doyurmak, giydirmek, korumak ve zengin k\u0131lmak ka\u011fan\u0131n g\u00f6revi kabul edilirdi.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6revini yapmayan ka\u011fan\u0131n kutunun geri al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k sembolleri ota\u011f, taht, tu\u011f, davul ve yay idi.<\/li>\n<li>Devlet t\u00f6re ile y\u00f6netilirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Ka\u011fan t\u00f6reyi uygulard\u0131; kendisi de t\u00f6reye uymak zorundayd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00f6renin de\u011fi\u015fmez ilkeleri k\u00f6nilik, uzluk ve ki\u015filikti.<\/li>\n<li>Devletin do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 \u015feklinde y\u00f6netilmesi ikili te\u015fkilat\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerde meclise toy denirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Toy, ka\u011fan\u0131n icraatlar\u0131n\u0131 denetleyebilirdi.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00fck\u00fcmet kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak ayuk kavram\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yargu g\u00f6revlileri t\u00f6re ve \u00f6rfi hukuku uygulard\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"gokturklerde-ordu\">\n<h2 id=\"gokturklerde-ordu\">G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerde Ordu<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>T\u00fcrklerde ordu-millet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Askerlik ayr\u0131 bir meslek de\u011fil, toplumun do\u011fal g\u00f6revi kabul edilirdi.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrk ordusu \u00fccretli de\u011fildi ve daim\u00eeydi.<\/li>\n<li>Ordu temelde atl\u0131 birliklerden olu\u015furdu.<\/li>\n<li>Vur-ka\u00e7 takti\u011fi ve at \u00fczerinde ok kullanma becerisi \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrk ordusu 10\u2019lu sisteme g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131navda \u00e7\u0131kar: T\u00fcrk ad\u0131n\u0131 devlet ad\u0131 olarak kullanan ilk T\u00fcrk devleti G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerdir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"uygurlar-kurulus-ve-siyasi-gelismeler\">\n<h2 id=\"uygurlar-kurulus-ve-siyasi-gelismeler\">Uygurlar: Kurulu\u015f ve Siyasi Geli\u015fmeler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>II. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019nin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Basm\u0131llar\u2019\u0131n idaresinde yeni bir ka\u011fanl\u0131k kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Uygurlar sol \/ do\u011fu yabgulu\u011fu, Karluklar sa\u011f \/ bat\u0131 yabgulu\u011fu g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlendi.<\/li>\n<li>744 \/ 745\u2019te Uygur yabgusu Basm\u0131l ka\u011fan\u0131n\u0131 yenerek ka\u011fan ilan edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Uygur h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Kutlu\u011f Bilge K\u00fcl Ka\u011fan unvan\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Uygur Devleti\u2019nin merkezi Karabalgasun \/ Karabalasagun idi.<\/li>\n<li>Uygurlar G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019nin bozk\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc miras\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerde kullan\u0131lan unvanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu Uygurlar taraf\u0131ndan da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"uygur-kronolojisi\">\n<h2 id=\"uygur-kronolojisi\">Uygur Kronolojisi<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Ders notu tablosu 8\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablo\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Tarih<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Geli\u015fme<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p>744 \/ 745<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>Kutlu\u011f Bilge K\u00fcl Ka\u011fan \u00f6nderli\u011finde Uygur Devleti kuruldu.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p>747<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>Moyen-\u00c7or \/ Bayan-\u00c7or Ka\u011fan D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde devlet g\u00fc\u00e7lendi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p>759<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>B\u00f6g\u00fc Ka\u011fan tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p>764<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>B\u00f6g\u00fc Ka\u011fan D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Maniheizm resm\u00ee din olarak kabul edildi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p>821<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>Uygurlarda gerileme s\u00fcreci ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p>840<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>K\u0131rg\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131yla Uygur Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p>840 sonras\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>Sar\u0131 \/ Kansu Uygurlar\u0131 ve Turfan Uygur Devleti ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p>911<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p>Turfan Uygurlar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z h\u00e2le geldi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"uygurlarda-yonetim-ve-toplum\">\n<h2 id=\"uygurlarda-yonetim-ve-toplum\">Uygurlarda Y\u00f6netim ve Toplum<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Uygurlar, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerden gelen ka\u011fanl\u0131k sistemini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Devletin ba\u015f\u0131nda ka\u011fan bulunurdu.<\/li>\n<li>Hatun \/ katun y\u00f6netimde s\u00f6z sahibiydi.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7in k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve Maniheizm y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Diplomatik ili\u015fkiler geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00f6g\u00fc Ka\u011fan D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Maniheizm kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Maniheizm yerle\u015fik hayat\u0131, ticareti, \u015fehirle\u015fmeyi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel faaliyetleri geli\u015ftirmi\u015f; sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ruhu zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"gokturk-uygur-karsilastirmasi\">\n<h2 id=\"gokturk-uygur-karsilastirmasi\">G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk-Uygur Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Ders notu tablosu 9\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablo tk-cok-sutun\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Alan<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Uygurlar<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Ya\u015fam tarz\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler\"><p>G\u00f6\u00e7ebe \/ bozk\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Uygurlar\"><p>Yerle\u015fik hayat g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Din<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler\"><p>G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131 etkilidir.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Uygurlar\"><p>Maniheizm resm\u00ee din olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Ordu<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler\"><p>Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 yap\u0131 \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Uygurlar\"><p>G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk miras\u0131 s\u00fcrse de Maniheizm ve yerle\u015fik hayat asker\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fc zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Ekonomi<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler\"><p>Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ve bozk\u0131r ekonomisi \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Uygurlar\"><p>Ticaret, \u015fehirle\u015fme ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel faaliyetler geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler\"><p>T\u00fcrk siyasi gelene\u011finin temellerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Uygurlar\"><p>Yerle\u015fik T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"katun-hatunun-onemi\">\n<h2 id=\"katun-hatunun-onemi\">Katun \/ Hatun\u2019un \u00d6nemi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>T\u00fcrk devletlerinde ka\u011fandan sonra en \u00f6nemli ki\u015filerden biri katun \/ hatundur.<\/li>\n<li>Katunlar da t\u00f6re gere\u011fi makam sahibi olurdu.<\/li>\n<li>Katunlar sava\u015flarda ka\u011fan\u0131n yan\u0131nda yer alabilir ve ordulara komuta edebilirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Kad\u0131nlar devlet meclislerine kat\u0131labilir ve oy sahibi olabilirdi.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7in el\u00e7ilerini kar\u015f\u0131layan heyetlerde hatunlar yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hazar \u00f6rne\u011finde Bars Bike \u00fclke y\u00f6netimini \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Fermanlar\u0131n \u201cHakan ile hatun buyurur ki&#8230;\u201d \u015feklinde ba\u015flamas\u0131, hatunun siyasi otoritesini g\u00f6sterir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu tk-onemli\" role=\"note\" data-tk-table-cell=\"1\">\n<p><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?<\/strong><br> T\u00fcrk devletlerinde ka\u011fandan sonra en \u00f6nemli ki\u015filerden biri katun \/ hatundur.<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"islamiyetin-dogdugu-donemde-yaygin-dinler\">\n<h2 id=\"islamiyetin-dogdugu-donemde-yaygin-dinler\">\u0130slamiyet\u2019in Do\u011fdu\u011fu D\u00f6nemde Yayg\u0131n Dinler<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Ders notu tablosu 11\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablo\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Din \/ \u0130nan\u00e7<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Yayg\u0131n Oldu\u011fu Alan<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Din \/ \u0130nan\u00e7\"><p>Hristiyanl\u0131k<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Yayg\u0131n Oldu\u011fu Alan\"><p>Anadolu, Suriye, Filistin, M\u0131s\u0131r, Kuzey Afrika ve Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n geni\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Din \/ \u0130nan\u00e7\"><p>Zerd\u00fc\u015ftl\u00fck \/ Mecusilik<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Yayg\u0131n Oldu\u011fu Alan\"><p>S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eelerin resm\u00ee dini; \u0130ran, Irak ve \u00e7evresi<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Din \/ \u0130nan\u00e7\"><p>Budizm<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Yayg\u0131n Oldu\u011fu Alan\"><p>Hindistan, \u00c7in, Tibet ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya \u00e7evresi<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Din \/ \u0130nan\u00e7\"><p>Hinduizm<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Yayg\u0131n Oldu\u011fu Alan\"><p>Hindistan alt k\u0131tas\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Din \/ \u0130nan\u00e7\"><p>G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 \u0130nanc\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Yayg\u0131n Oldu\u011fu Alan\"><p>Orta Asya bozk\u0131rlar\u0131, T\u00fcrk ve di\u011fer g\u00f6\u00e7ebe topluluklar<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Din \/ \u0130nan\u00e7\"><p>Musevilik<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Yayg\u0131n Oldu\u011fu Alan\"><p>Orta Do\u011fu, Kuzey Afrika, Avrupa ve Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019nda da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k topluluklar<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Din \/ \u0130nan\u00e7\"><p>Putperestlik<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Yayg\u0131n Oldu\u011fu Alan\"><p>Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131, \u00f6zellikle Mekke \u00e7evresi<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"arap-yarimadasinin-genel-durumu\">\n<h2 id=\"arap-yarimadasinin-genel-durumu\">Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Genel Durumu<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Hz. Muhammed\u2019in do\u011fdu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde siyasi birlik yoktu.<\/li>\n<li>Kabilecilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Soy \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iddias\u0131 ve kan davalar\u0131 sava\u015flara neden olurdu.<\/li>\n<li>Toplum h\u00fcrler, k\u00f6leler ve mev\u00e2l\u00ee \/ azatl\u0131lar \u015feklinde s\u0131n\u0131flara ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n toplumdaki konumu zay\u0131ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Baz\u0131 kabilelerde kad\u0131n, \u00e7ocuk sahibi olduktan sonra aile i\u00e7inde kabul g\u00f6r\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Hicaz B\u00f6lgesi, Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli b\u00f6lgesiydi.<\/li>\n<li>Hicaz\u2019daki \u00f6nemli \u015fehirler Mekke, Medine ve Taif\u2019ti.<\/li>\n<li>Mekke, ticaret yollar\u0131 \u00fczerinde bulunuyordu.<\/li>\n<li>K\u00e2be nedeniyle Mekke din\u00ee merkezdi.<\/li>\n<li>Mekke ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemliydi.<\/li>\n<li>Yar\u0131mada genelinde putperestlik h\u00e2kimdi; K\u00e2be putperestli\u011fin merkezi olmu\u015ftu.<\/li>\n<li>Hristiyanl\u0131k ve Musevilik de b\u00f6lgede mevcuttu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"arap-yarimadasi-tablosu\">\n<h2 id=\"arap-yarimadasi-tablosu\">Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131 Tablosu<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Ders notu tablosu 12\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablo\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Alan<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6zellik<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Siyasi yap\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Merkezi siyasi birlik yoktu; kabilecilik h\u00e2kimdi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Sosyal yap\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>H\u00fcrler, k\u00f6leler ve mev\u00e2l\u00ee gibi s\u0131n\u0131flar vard\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Ekonomik yap\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Ticaret \u00f6nemliydi; Mekke ticaret yollar\u0131 \u00fczerinde bulunuyordu.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>K\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>\u015eiir, panay\u0131rlar ve s\u00f6zl\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcr geli\u015fmi\u015fti.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Din\u00ee yap\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Putperestlik yayg\u0131nd\u0131; Hristiyanl\u0131k ve Musevilik de bulunuyordu.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Hicaz \u015fehirleri<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Mekke, Medine, Taif<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"hz-muhammed-donemi-genel-bilgiler\">\n<h2 id=\"hz-muhammed-donemi-genel-bilgiler\">Hz. Muhammed D\u00f6nemi: Genel Bilgiler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Hz. Muhammed 571 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mekke\u2019de do\u011fdu.<\/li>\n<li>610 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nur Da\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki Hira Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019nda ilk vahiy geldi.<\/li>\n<li>Peygamberlik g\u00f6revi b\u00f6ylece ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130slamiyet Mekke\u2019de yay\u0131l\u0131nca m\u00fc\u015frikler M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara bask\u0131 uygulad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u00f6nce Habe\u015fistan\u2019a hicret etti.<\/li>\n<li>Hz. Muhammed Mekke\u2019de \u0130slamiyet\u2019i yaymaya devam etti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"hicret-ve-veda-hutbesi\">\n<h2 id=\"hicret-ve-veda-hutbesi\">Hicret ve Veda Hutbesi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>M\u00fc\u015friklerin \u00f6ld\u00fcrme karar\u0131 \u00fczerine Hz. Muhammed ve Hz. Ebubekir 622\u2019de Medine\u2019ye hicret etti.<\/li>\n<li>Hicret, \u0130slam Devleti\u2019nin temellerinin at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 olayd\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hicret, hicr\u00ee takvimin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Hz. Muhammed 632\u2019de Veda Hutbesi\u2019ni okudu.<\/li>\n<li>Hz. Muhammed ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Medine\u2019de vefat etti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"medine-sozlesmesi\">\n<h2 id=\"medine-sozlesmesi\">Medine S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Hicretten sonra Medine\u2019de bir \u015fehir devleti kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, Yahudiler ve di\u011fer gruplar aras\u0131nda yaz\u0131l\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bu metin Medine S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi \/ Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k Antla\u015fmas\u0131 olarak bilinir.<\/li>\n<li>\u015eehir devletinin temel esaslar\u0131n\u0131 belirledi.<\/li>\n<li>Medine\u2019deki farkl\u0131 gruplar\u0131 siyasi b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u00e7inde toplad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Hz. Muhammed\u2019i devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 ve anayasal otorite h\u00e2line getirdi.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130slam tarihinde devletin kurulu\u015f esaslar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 metinlerden biri kabul edilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"siyasi-ve-askeri-gelismeler\">\n<h2 id=\"siyasi-ve-askeri-gelismeler\">Siyasi ve Asker\u00ee Geli\u015fmeler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>610: \u0130lk vahiy geldi; peygamberlik g\u00f6revi ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>622: Hicret ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti; \u0130slam Devleti\u2019nin temelleri at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>624: Bedir Sava\u015f\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n m\u00fc\u015friklere kar\u015f\u0131 ilk asker\u00ee zaferidir.<\/li>\n<li>625: Uhud Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda ok\u00e7ular\u0131n yerlerini terk etmesi M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 zor duruma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>627: Hendek Sava\u015f\u0131, Mekkeli m\u00fc\u015friklerin Medine\u2019ye son sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>628: Hudeybiye Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Mekkeli m\u00fc\u015frikler \u0130slam Devleti\u2019ni resmen tan\u0131d\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>629: Hayber\u2019in Fethi ile \u015eam ticaret yolunun g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>629: Mute Sava\u015f\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla Do\u011fu Roma aras\u0131ndaki ilk sava\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>630: Mekke\u2019nin Fethi ile Hicaz\u2019da \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>630: Huneyn Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Taif Seferi\u2019nde putperest kabilelerle m\u00fccadele edildi.<\/li>\n<li>631: Teb\u00fck Seferi, Arabistan d\u0131\u015f\u0131na yap\u0131lan ilk seferdir.<\/li>\n<li>632: Veda Hutbesi okundu ve Hz. Muhammed vefat etti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"bedir-uhud-ve-hendek-savaslari\">\n<h2 id=\"bedir-uhud-ve-hendek-savaslari\">Bedir, Uhud ve Hendek Sava\u015flar\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Bedir\u2019de m\u00fc\u015friklerin ekonomik ambargosu ve el koydu\u011fu mallar etkili oldu.<\/li>\n<li>624\u2019te Bedir kuyular\u0131 yak\u0131n\u0131nda sava\u015f yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar kazand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bedir, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n m\u00fc\u015friklere kar\u015f\u0131 ilk asker\u00ee zaferidir.<\/li>\n<li>625 Uhud Sava\u015f\u0131, Bedir\u2019in intikam\u0131 amac\u0131yla yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ayneyn Ge\u00e7idi\u2019ndeki ok\u00e7ular\u0131n yerlerini terk etmesi sava\u015f\u0131n seyrini de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/li>\n<li>627 Hendek Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Medine \u00e7evresine hendek kaz\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Hendek\u2019ten sonra m\u00fc\u015friklerin sald\u0131r\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"hudeybiye-hayber-ve-mute\">\n<h2 id=\"hudeybiye-hayber-ve-mute\">Hudeybiye, Hayber ve Mute<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>628\u2019de M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar K\u00e2be\u2019yi ziyaret etmek istedi.<\/li>\n<li>Hudeybiye Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar o y\u0131l Mekke\u2019ye giremedi.<\/li>\n<li>Ancak Mekkeli m\u00fc\u015frikler \u0130slam Devleti\u2019ni resmen tan\u0131d\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>629\u2019da Hayber fethedildi; \u015eam ticaret yolunun g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Hayber\u2019de m\u00fc\u015friklerle i\u015f birli\u011fi yapan Yahudi gruplar bulunuyordu.<\/li>\n<li>Mute, el\u00e7inin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u00fczerine 629\u2019da yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Mute, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla Do\u011fu Roma aras\u0131ndaki ilk sava\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"mekkenin-fethi-huneyn-ve-tebuk\">\n<h2 id=\"mekkenin-fethi-huneyn-ve-tebuk\">Mekke\u2019nin Fethi, Huneyn ve Teb\u00fck<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Mekkeli m\u00fc\u015friklerin Hudeybiye\u2019ye uymamas\u0131 \u00fczerine Mekke \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>630\u2019da Mekke b\u00fcy\u00fck bir direni\u015f olmadan fethedildi.<\/li>\n<li>Fetih b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kan d\u00f6k\u00fclmeden ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/li>\n<li>Mekke ve Medine aras\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k sona erdi.<\/li>\n<li>Huneyn\u2019de Taif \u00e7evresindeki putperest kabileler bozguna u\u011frad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Taif ku\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131; Taifliler bir y\u0131l sonra kendili\u011finden M\u00fcsl\u00fcman oldu.<\/li>\n<li>631 Teb\u00fck Seferi s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok kabile \u0130slamiyet\u2019i kabul etti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"hz-muhammed-donemi-yonetim-yapisi\">\n<h2 id=\"hz-muhammed-donemi-yonetim-yapisi\">Hz. Muhammed D\u00f6nemi Y\u00f6netim Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Hz. Muhammed, \u0130slam Devleti\u2019nin ilk devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hem din\u00ee hem siyasi liderdir.<\/li>\n<li>Y\u00f6netimde adalet ve e\u015fitlik esast\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kararlar \u015fura \/ isti\u015fare ile al\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Valiler, kad\u0131lar, komutanlar, vergi memurlar\u0131, el\u00e7iler ve \u00f6\u011fretim g\u00f6revlileri g\u00f6revlendirirdi.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7evre devletlere ve h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlara \u0130slam\u2019a davet mektuplar\u0131 g\u00f6nderildi.<\/li>\n<li>Ama\u00e7 \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 yaymak, huzur ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flamak, adaleti tesis etmekti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"hz-muhammed-donemi-ordu-yapisi\">\n<h2 id=\"hz-muhammed-donemi-ordu-yapisi\">Hz. Muhammed D\u00f6nemi Ordu Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>D\u00fczenli ve maa\u015fl\u0131 bir ordu yoktu.<\/li>\n<li>Eli silah tutan her M\u00fcsl\u00fcman asker say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ordu g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck esas\u0131na dayan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kad\u0131nlar da orduya destek vermi\u015f ve baz\u0131 seferlerde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ordunun ba\u015fkomutan\u0131 Hz. Muhammed\u2019dir.<\/li>\n<li>Ordu piyade ve s\u00fcvari birliklerinden olu\u015furdu.<\/li>\n<li>Ku\u015fatmalarda manc\u0131n\u0131k kullan\u0131m\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"dort-halife-donemi-genel-ozellikler\">\n<h2 id=\"dort-halife-donemi-genel-ozellikler\">D\u00f6rt Halife D\u00f6nemi: Genel \u00d6zellikler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Hz. Muhammed\u2019in 632\u2019de vefat\u0131ndan sonra Hz. Ebubekir\u2019e biat edilmesiyle ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131ras\u0131yla Hz. Ebubekir, Hz. \u00d6mer, Hz. Osman ve Hz. Ali halife oldu.<\/li>\n<li>Hz. Ali\u2019nin 661\u2019de \u015fehit edilmesiyle d\u00f6nem sona erdi.<\/li>\n<li>Halifeler se\u00e7im, isti\u015fare ve biat yoluyla belirlendi.<\/li>\n<li>Bu d\u00f6nem MEB kaynaklar\u0131nda Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Fethedilen yerlerde halka inan\u00e7 ve ibadet \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tan\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Zorla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131 takip edilmedi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"dort-halife-donemi-halifelik-anlayisi\">\n<h2 id=\"dort-halife-donemi-halifelik-anlayisi\">D\u00f6rt Halife D\u00f6nemi: Halifelik Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Halifeler iktidar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcmmetin biati olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Bu d\u00f6nemde halifelerin \u201cAllah\u2019\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki temsilcisi\u201d oldu\u011fu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmez.<\/li>\n<li>Halifelerin yetkileri Kur\u2019an ve S\u00fcnnet ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Merkezde halife, vilayetlerde valiler vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ordu ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc yap\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Fetihlerle ordu daha d\u00fczenli ve maa\u015fl\u0131 h\u00e2le gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"hz-ebubekir-donemi\">\n<h2 id=\"hz-ebubekir-donemi\">Hz. Ebubekir D\u00f6nemi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Hz. Ebubekir 632-634 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda halifelik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130slamiyet\u2019ten d\u00f6nen ve devlete isyan eden kabilelerle m\u00fccadele edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Bu m\u00fccadelelere Ridde Sava\u015flar\u0131 denir.<\/li>\n<li>Ridde Sava\u015flar\u0131 ile i\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve siyasi birlik sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>634 Ecn\u00e2deyn Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Bizans ordusu ma\u011flup edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Bu sava\u015fla Filistin ve Suriye kap\u0131lar\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kur\u2019an ayetleri bir araya getirilmi\u015f ve Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim kitap h\u00e2line getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"hz-omer-donemi-fetihler\">\n<h2 id=\"hz-omer-donemi-fetihler\">Hz. \u00d6mer D\u00f6nemi: Fetihler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Hz. \u00d6mer 634-644 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda halifelik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Fetihlerin en h\u0131zl\u0131 ilerledi\u011fi d\u00f6nemlerden biridir.<\/li>\n<li>636 Yerm\u00fck Sava\u015f\u0131 ile Suriye\u2019nin fethi tamamland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>638\u2019de Kud\u00fcs teslim al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>642\u2019de \u0130skenderiye fethedildi.<\/li>\n<li>M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131yla Kuzey Afrika\u2019ya ge\u00e7i\u015f kolayla\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kadisiye, Celula ve Nihavend sava\u015flar\u0131yla S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eelere kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131lar kazan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"hz-omer-donemi-kurumsallasma\">\n<h2 id=\"hz-omer-donemi-kurumsallasma\">Hz. \u00d6mer D\u00f6nemi: Kurumsalla\u015fma<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Irak\u2019\u0131n fethi tamamland\u0131; \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar Horasan\u2019a kadar ilerledi ve T\u00fcrklerle kom\u015fu oldu.<\/li>\n<li>651\u2019de \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n tamam\u0131 \u0130slam h\u00e2kimiyetine girdi.<\/li>\n<li>Ordug\u00e2h \u015fehirler ve c\u00fcnd ad\u0131 verilen asker\u00ee merkezler kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Divan te\u015fkilat\u0131 kuruldu; kad\u0131lar ve \u00e2miller g\u00f6revlendirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Hicret ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 kabul edilerek hicr\u00ee takvim d\u00fczenlendi.<\/li>\n<li>Manc\u0131n\u0131klar ku\u015fatmalarda yayg\u0131n bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"hz-osman-donemi\">\n<h2 id=\"hz-osman-donemi\">Hz. Osman D\u00f6nemi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Hz. Osman 644-656 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda halifelik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130slam Devleti D\u00f6rt Halife D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde en geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na bu d\u00f6nemde ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Horasan ve Azerbaycan ele ge\u00e7irildi.<\/li>\n<li>Suriye Valisi Muaviye, Anadolu\u2019da Kayseri\u2019ye kadar sefer d\u00fczenledi.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk \u0130slam donanmas\u0131 kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>649\u2019da K\u0131br\u0131s al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \/ vergiye ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>655 Z\u00e2t\u00fc\u2019s-sav\u00e2r\u00ee Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Do\u011fu Roma\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck deniz zaferi kazan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kur\u2019an n\u00fcshalar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131ld\u0131; d\u00f6nemin sonunda Hz. Osman \u015fehit edildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"hz-ali-donemi\">\n<h2 id=\"hz-ali-donemi\">Hz. Ali D\u00f6nemi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Hz. Ali 656-661 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda halifelik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hz. Osman\u2019\u0131n \u015fehit edilmesinden sonra siyasi kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bu d\u00f6nemde fetih hareketleri durdu.<\/li>\n<li>656 Cemel Vakas\u0131, Hz. Ali taraftarlar\u0131 ile Hz. \u00c2i\u015fe, Talha ve Z\u00fcbeyir\u2019in bulundu\u011fu grup aras\u0131nda ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>657 S\u0131ff\u00een Sava\u015f\u0131, Hz. Ali ile \u015eam Valisi Muaviye aras\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131ff\u00een sonras\u0131nda Hakem Olay\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130slam toplumu Hz. Ali taraftarlar\u0131, Muaviye taraftarlar\u0131 ve Hariciler olarak \u00fc\u00e7 gruba ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Hz. Ali 661\u2019de bir Harici taraf\u0131ndan \u015fehit edildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"dort-halife-donemi-yonetim-ve-ordu-yapisi\">\n<h2 id=\"dort-halife-donemi-yonetim-ve-ordu-yapisi\">D\u00f6rt Halife D\u00f6nemi Y\u00f6netim ve Ordu Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Ders notu tablosu 13\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablo\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Alan<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6zellik<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Y\u00f6netim merkezi<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Merkezde halife, vilayetlerde valiler vard\u0131r.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Halifenin belirlenmesi<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Se\u00e7im, \u015fura, biat veya \u00f6nceki halifenin \u00f6nerisiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Me\u015fruiyet<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Halifeler iktidar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcmmetin biati olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Hukuki s\u0131n\u0131r<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Halifelerin yetkileri Kur\u2019an ve S\u00fcnnet ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Kurumsalla\u015fma<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Hz. \u00d6mer D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde divan, kad\u0131l\u0131k, \u00e2miller ve c\u00fcnd merkezleri olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Donanma<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Hz. Osman D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde donanma kurulmu\u015f ve deniz zaferi kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Alan\"><p>Silah teknolojisi<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Manc\u0131n\u0131k kullan\u0131m\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"emeviler-donemi-kurulus\">\n<h2 id=\"emeviler-donemi-kurulus\">Emev\u00eeler D\u00f6nemi: Kurulu\u015f<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Emev\u00ee Devleti, 661 y\u0131l\u0131nda Muaviye taraf\u0131ndan \u015eam merkezli kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00f6rt Halife D\u00f6nemi\u2019nden sonra kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk \u0130slam hanedan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Muaviye, o\u011flu Yezid\u2019i veliaht ilan ederek halifeli\u011fi saltanata d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Halifelik se\u00e7im esas\u0131ndan uzakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, hanedan y\u00f6netimi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015fkent \u015eam\u2019d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Emev\u00eeler d\u00f6neminde fetih hareketleri yeniden h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"emevi-fetihleri-ve-askeri-gelismeler\">\n<h2 id=\"emevi-fetihleri-ve-askeri-gelismeler\">Emev\u00ee Fetihleri ve Asker\u00ee Geli\u015fmeler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ordular\u0131 T\u00fcrkistan, Anadolu, Kuzey Afrika ve \u0130spanya y\u00f6nlerinde ilerledi.<\/li>\n<li>663\u2019ten itibaren Emev\u00ee ordular\u0131 her y\u0131l Anadolu\u2019ya ak\u0131nlar d\u00fczenledi.<\/li>\n<li>668\u2019de Kad\u0131k\u00f6y\u2019e kadar ilerlediler.<\/li>\n<li>669\u2019dan itibaren \u0130stanbul ku\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yedi y\u0131l s\u00fcren ku\u015fatma Grek ate\u015fi ve \u0130stanbul surlar\u0131 nedeniyle ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130stanbul Emev\u00eeler d\u00f6neminde birka\u00e7 kez ku\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>717\u2019de Emev\u00eeler \u0130stanbul\u2019u son kez ku\u015fatt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kuzey Afrika\u2019da fetihler ilerledi.<\/li>\n<li>Kayrevan adl\u0131 asker\u00ee \u015fehir kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Tar\u0131k bin Ziyad, 711\u2019de Rio Guadalete\u2019de Vizigotlar\u0131 ma\u011flup etti.<\/li>\n<li>Bu zaferden sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 fethetti.<\/li>\n<li>Emev\u00eelerin Avrupa\u2019daki ilerleyi\u015fi 732 Puvatya Sava\u015f\u0131 ile Franklar taraf\u0131ndan durduruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Emev\u00ee seferlerinin amac\u0131 \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 yaymak ve ele ge\u00e7irilen b\u00f6lgelerde \u0130slam y\u00f6netimini kurmakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"kerbela-olayi\">\n<h2 id=\"kerbela-olayi\">Kerbela Olay\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Muaviye\u2019nin 680\u2019de \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine Yezid\u2019e biat edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Hz. H\u00fcseyin ve Abdullah b. Z\u00fcbeyr, Yezid\u2019in halifeli\u011fini tan\u0131mad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Hz. H\u00fcseyin, K\u00fbfelilerin daveti \u00fczerine yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yezid\u2019in g\u00f6revlendirdi\u011fi Ubeydullah b. Ziyad, Hz. H\u00fcseyin\u2019in yolunu kestirdi.<\/li>\n<li>10 Muharrem 61 \/ 10 Ekim 680\u2019de Kerbela\u2019da Hz. H\u00fcseyin ve beraberindekilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 \u015fehit edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Kerbela Olay\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 derinle\u015ftirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Emev\u00eelere kar\u015f\u0131 isyanlar\u0131n artmas\u0131nda etkili oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"mevali-politikasi-ve-omer-bin-abdulaziz\">\n<h2 id=\"mevali-politikasi-ve-omer-bin-abdulaziz\">Mev\u00e2l\u00ee Politikas\u0131 ve \u00d6mer bin Abd\u00fclaziz<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Mev\u00e2l\u00ee, Arap olmayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Baz\u0131 y\u00f6neticiler Araplar\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcn g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Mev\u00e2l\u00eeye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck stat\u00fc ve ek vergiler y\u00fcklendi.<\/li>\n<li>Asker\u00ee maa\u015f divan\u0131na kaydedilmeme ve az maa\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Bu politika toplumsal ayr\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>717-720 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda halifelik yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk d\u00f6rt halifeyi \u00f6rnek alan uygulamalar\u0131yla tan\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>L\u00fcks e\u015fyalar\u0131 beyt\u00fclmale koydurdu.<\/li>\n<li>K\u00f6le ve cariyeleri azat etti.<\/li>\n<li>Mev\u00e2l\u00eeyi Arap M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla e\u015fit kabul etti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"emevilerde-yonetim-ve-ordu-yapisi\">\n<h2 id=\"emevilerde-yonetim-ve-ordu-yapisi\">Emev\u00eelerde Y\u00f6netim ve Ordu Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Halifelik babadan o\u011fula ge\u00e7en saltanat sistemine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Halife devletin en yetkili y\u00f6neticisidir.<\/li>\n<li>Muaviye D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde merasimler ve protokoller ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00e2ciblik makam\u0131 kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dclke eyaletlere ayr\u0131ld\u0131; valiler halife taraf\u0131ndan atand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Arap\u00e7a devlet i\u015flerinde resm\u00ee dil oldu.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk d\u00f6nemlerde ordunun \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu Araplar olu\u015fturdu.<\/li>\n<li>Fetihlerle Arap olmayan unsurlar ve T\u00fcrkler de orduya al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Askerler maa\u015fl\u0131 h\u00e2le getirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Ordu piyade, s\u00fcvari ve deniz kuvvetlerinden olu\u015ftu.<\/li>\n<li>Donanma kuruldu; deniz seferleri yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgelerinde asker\u00ee garnizon \u015fehirleri kuruldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"emevilerin-yikilis-nedenleri\">\n<h2 id=\"emevilerin-yikilis-nedenleri\">Emev\u00eelerin Y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f Nedenleri <\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Taht m\u00fccadeleleri<\/li>\n<li>Halifelerin k\u00f6t\u00fc y\u00f6netimi<\/li>\n<li>Merkezi otoritenin zay\u0131flamas\u0131<\/li>\n<li>Kerbela Olay\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 tepkiler<\/li>\n<li>Mev\u00e2l\u00ee politikas\u0131<\/li>\n<li>Arap milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi<\/li>\n<li>\u015eii ve Harici isyanlar\u0131<\/li>\n<li>Kabile \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/li>\n<li>Abb\u00e2s\u00ee ailesinin Horasan\u2019da e\u015fitlik ve adalet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle isyan ba\u015flatmas\u0131<\/li>\n<li>Emev\u00ee kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 gruplar\u0131n Abb\u00e2s\u00eelerle birlikte hareket etmesi<\/li>\n<li>750\u2019de Abb\u00e2s\u00eelerin Emev\u00ee Devleti\u2019ne son vermesi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"abbasiler-donemi\">\n<h2 id=\"abbasiler-donemi\">Abb\u00e2s\u00eeler D\u00f6nemi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Abb\u00e2s\u00ee Devleti, 750 y\u0131l\u0131nda Eb\u00fc\u2019l Abbas es-Seffah taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Emev\u00ee hanedan\u0131na son verilerek kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Kurulu\u015f yeri K\u00fbfe\u2019dir.<\/li>\n<li>Halife Mansur D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Ba\u011fdat kurularak ba\u015fkent yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Abb\u00e2s\u00eeler, Emev\u00eelerin Arap milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fine dayal\u0131 mev\u00e2l\u00ee politikas\u0131n\u0131 terk etmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Arap olmayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara daha e\u015fitlik\u00e7i yakla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bu durum \u00f6zellikle T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slamiyet\u2019i benimsemesini h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"talas-savasi\">\n<h2 id=\"talas-savasi\">Talas Sava\u015f\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>751\u2019de Abb\u00e2s\u00eeler ile \u00c7in \/ Tang Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131nda Talas Sava\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131ndan Karluklar Abb\u00e2s\u00eeleri destekledi.<\/li>\n<li>Abb\u00e2s\u00eeler ve T\u00fcrklerin deste\u011fiyle \u00c7in ordusu yenildi.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7in\u2019in Orta Asya\u2019daki yay\u0131lmas\u0131 durdu.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7in\u2019in T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki n\u00fcfuzu zay\u0131flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrkler ile M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Araplar aras\u0131nda yak\u0131nla\u015fma ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slamiyet\u2019i kabul s\u00fcreci h\u0131zland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>K\u00e2\u011f\u0131t yap\u0131m tekni\u011finin \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131na yay\u0131lmas\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"abbasi-siyasi-gelismeleri\">\n<h2 id=\"abbasi-siyasi-gelismeleri\">Abb\u00e2s\u00ee Siyasi Geli\u015fmeleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>750: Abb\u00e2s\u00ee Devleti kuruldu; Emev\u00ee Devleti y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>751: Talas Sava\u015f\u0131 kazan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>754-775: Mansur D\u00f6nemi; Ba\u011fdat kuruldu, merkezi otorite g\u00fc\u00e7lendirildi.<\/li>\n<li>786-809: Harun Re\u015fid D\u00f6nemi; Abb\u00e2s\u00eelerin en parlak d\u00f6nemidir.<\/li>\n<li>833-842: Mu\u2019tas\u0131m D\u00f6nemi; T\u00fcrk askerlerine dayal\u0131 ordu sistemi g\u00fc\u00e7lendi.<\/li>\n<li>836-892: Samarra D\u00f6nemi; T\u00fcrk komutanlar siyasette etkili oldu.<\/li>\n<li>945: B\u00fcveyh\u00eeler Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi; Abb\u00e2s\u00ee halifeleri siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybetti.<\/li>\n<li>1258: Mo\u011follar \/ \u0130lhanl\u0131lar Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131 alarak Abb\u00e2s\u00ee Devleti\u2019ne son verdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"abbasilerde-turkler\">\n<h2 id=\"abbasilerde-turkler\">Abb\u00e2s\u00eelerde T\u00fcrkler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Abb\u00e2s\u00eelerin mev\u00e2l\u00ee politikas\u0131n\u0131 terk etmesi T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slamiyet\u2019e yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrkler \u0130slamiyet\u2019i k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 zoruyla de\u011fil, uzun s\u00fcreli temaslar ve kendi iradeleriyle benimsedi.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131 ile \u0130slamiyet aras\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 benzerlikler ge\u00e7i\u015fi kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130slamiyet T\u00fcrklerin mill\u00ee varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 korumalar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrkler Abb\u00e2s\u00ee ordusunda \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revler ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Mu\u2019tas\u0131m D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde T\u00fcrk askerlerinden muhaf\u0131z birlikleri kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrk askerleri i\u00e7in Samarra \u015fehri kuruldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"abbasilerde-yonetim-ve-ordu-yapisi\">\n<h2 id=\"abbasilerde-yonetim-ve-ordu-yapisi\">Abb\u00e2s\u00eelerde Y\u00f6netim ve Ordu Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Merkez\u00ee y\u00f6netimde halife, vezir ve h\u00e2cib \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Halife siyasi ve din\u00ee otoritenin ba\u015f\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Abb\u00e2s\u00ee halifeleri kendilerini Allah\u2019\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki temsilcileri olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Veliahtl\u0131k sistemi devam etti.<\/li>\n<li>Vezirlik S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eelerden etkilenilerek devlet yap\u0131lanmas\u0131na girdi.<\/li>\n<li>Halk havas ve avam olarak iki ana s\u0131n\u0131fa ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ordunun temelini \u00fccretli askerler olu\u015fturdu.<\/li>\n<li>Askerler devlet b\u00fct\u00e7esinden maa\u015f ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ordu daim\u00ee ve nizam\u00ee bir yap\u0131ya kavu\u015ftu.<\/li>\n<li>Muhaf\u0131z birli\u011fi, vilayet kuvvetleri, s\u0131n\u0131r garnizonlar\u0131 ve yard\u0131mc\u0131 kuvvetler vard\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrk birliklerinin kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla onlu sistemden etkilenildi.<\/li>\n<li>Kara kuvvetlerinin yan\u0131nda deniz kuvvetlerine de \u00f6nem verildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"avasim-samarra-ve-zayiflama\">\n<h2 id=\"avasim-samarra-ve-zayiflama\">Av\u00e2s\u0131m, Samarra ve Zay\u0131flama<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Do\u011fu Roma s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndaki kaleler g\u00fc\u00e7lendirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Tarsus, Mara\u015f ve Malatya\u2019ya asker\u00ee valiler atand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bu s\u0131n\u0131r hatt\u0131 av\u00e2s\u0131m ad\u0131yla te\u015fkilatland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrklerden olu\u015fan asker\u00ee birlikler bu b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015ftirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Mu\u2019tas\u0131m otoritesini T\u00fcrk askerlerine dayand\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Samarra \u015fehri T\u00fcrk askerleri i\u00e7in kuruldu; hilafet merkezi bir s\u00fcre buraya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>X. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren merkezi otorite zay\u0131flad\u0131; 1258\u2019de Abb\u00e2s\u00ee Devleti y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"misirda-kurulan-turk-islam-devletleri\">\n<h2 id=\"misirda-kurulan-turk-islam-devletleri\">M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Kurulan T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Devletleri<\/h2>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tolunogullari-devleti\">\n<h2 id=\"tolunogullari-devleti\">Toluno\u011fullar\u0131 Devleti<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>868-905 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Ahmed bin Tolun taraf\u0131ndan M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da kurulan ilk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk devletidir.<\/li>\n<li>Abb\u00e2s\u00ee Devleti\u2019ndeki siyasi istikrars\u0131zl\u0131ktan yararlanarak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Hum\u00e2reveyh D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde en parlak d\u00f6nemini ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Taht kavgalar\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>905\u2019te Abb\u00e2s\u00ee ordusu Toluno\u011fullar\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetine son vermi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Tul\u00fbniyye Camisi M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da T\u00fcrk usul\u00fc yapt\u0131r\u0131lan ilk camidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"ihsidiler-aksitler\">\n<h2 id=\"ihsidiler-aksitler\">\u0130h\u015f\u00eed\u00eeler \/ Ak\u015fitler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>935-969 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da kurulmu\u015f ve Suriye\u2019de h\u00e2kimiyet kurmu\u015f M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk devletidir.<\/li>\n<li>Devletin ad\u0131, Muhammed bin Tu\u011f\u00e7\u2019a verilen ih\u015f\u00eed unvan\u0131ndan gelir.<\/li>\n<li>Muhammed bin Tu\u011f\u00e7, 935\u2019te M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a vali olarak tayin edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrkler ilk kez bu d\u00f6nemde kutsal topraklar \/ Hicaz \u00fczerinde h\u00e2kimiyet kurmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>969\u2019da Fat\u0131m\u00eeler Fustat\u2019a girmi\u015f ve \u0130h\u015f\u00eed\u00eeler Devleti\u2019ne son vermi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>K\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olmalar\u0131n\u0131n nedenlerinden biri y\u00f6neticilerin T\u00fcrk, halk\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun Arap olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"eyyubiler\">\n<h2 id=\"eyyubiler\">Eyyubiler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>1174-1250 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Selahaddin Eyyubi, Fat\u0131m\u00ee Devleti\u2019nde vezirlik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>1169-1171 aras\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki Fat\u0131m\u00ee rejimini etkisiz h\u00e2le getirmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>1171\u2019de Fat\u0131m\u00ee hilafetine son vererek M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Abb\u00e2s\u00eeler ad\u0131na hutbe okutmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>1174\u2019te Suriye\u2019ye h\u00e2kim olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>3-4 Temmuz 1187\u2019de H\u0131ttin Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r yenilgiye u\u011fratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>H\u0131ttin Zaferi\u2019nden sonra Kud\u00fcs fethedilmi\u015f; III. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Selahaddin Eyyubi, III. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yla savunmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"memluklular\">\n<h2 id=\"memluklular\">Meml\u00fbklular<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>1250-1517 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da kurulmu\u015f, Suriye ve Hicaz\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk devletidir.<\/li>\n<li>Meml\u00fbklulara K\u00f6lemenler de denir.<\/li>\n<li>Eyyubi ordusundaki T\u00fcrk as\u0131ll\u0131 azatl\u0131 emirler taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Aybek\u2019tir.<\/li>\n<li>Asker\u00ee karakterli bir y\u00f6netim kurmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Meml\u00fbklularda genel olarak h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k babadan o\u011fula ge\u00e7mezdi.<\/li>\n<li>1260 Aynic\u00e2lut Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Mo\u011follar ma\u011flup edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"memluklular-hilafet-ve-yikilis\">\n<h2 id=\"memluklular-hilafet-ve-yikilis\">Meml\u00fbklular: Hilafet ve Y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Aynic\u00e2lut\u2019tan sonra Suriye\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 Meml\u00fbklular\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ti.<\/li>\n<li>Meml\u00fbklular \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletlerinden biri h\u00e2line geldi.<\/li>\n<li>1258\u2019de Abb\u00e2s\u00ee Devleti y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131nca Sultan I. Baybars 1261\u2019de Abb\u00e2s\u00ee ailesinden birini halife ilan etti.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00f6ylece Abb\u00e2s\u00ee hilafeti M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da yeniden kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Meml\u00fbklular hilafetin koruyucusu s\u0131fat\u0131yla \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda n\u00fcfuz kazand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sultan Baybars, \u0130lhanl\u0131lar ve Ha\u00e7l\u0131larla ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fccadeleler yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Meml\u00fbk Devleti, Yavuz Sultan Selim\u2019in M\u0131s\u0131r Seferi sonucunda 1517\u2019de sona erdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<button class=\"tk-basa-don\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunun ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\">Ba\u015fa d\u00f6n<\/button>\n<\/article>\n<script>\n(function () {\n  \"use strict\";\n  var notes = document.querySelectorAll('.tk-ders-notu:not([data-tk-ready=\"true\"])');\n  notes.forEach(function (note) {\n    note.setAttribute('data-tk-ready', 'true');\n    var toc = note.querySelector('.tk-icindekiler');\n    var printButton = note.querySelector('.tk-yazdir');\n    var tocButton = note.querySelector('.tk-icindekilere-git');\n    var backButton = note.querySelector('.tk-basa-don');\n    var bar = note.querySelector('.tk-okuma-ilerleme-cubugu');\n    var links = Array.prototype.slice.call(note.querySelectorAll('.tk-icindekiler a[href^=\"#\"]'));\n    var headings = links.map(function (link) {\n      var id = link.getAttribute('href').slice(1);\n      return note.querySelector('#' + (window.CSS && CSS.escape ? 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