{"id":3537,"date":"2026-08-02T16:55:54","date_gmt":"2026-08-02T13:55:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=3537"},"modified":"2026-08-02T16:55:56","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T13:55:56","slug":"eski-cagda-yonetenler-ve-savasanlar-9-sinif-maarif-model-tarih-ders-notu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/02\/eski-cagda-yonetenler-ve-savasanlar-9-sinif-maarif-model-tarih-ders-notu\/","title":{"rendered":"Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da Y\u00f6netenler ve Sava\u015fanlar | 9. S\u0131n\u0131f Maarif Model Tarih Ders Notu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>SINIF:<\/strong> 9.S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00dcN\u0130TE:<\/strong> 2. \u00dcnite Eski \u00c7a\u011f Medeniyetleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00d6\u011eRENME \u00c7IKTISI:<\/strong> Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da Y\u00f6netenler ve Sava\u015fanlar \u00f6zet<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.tk-ders-notu {\n  --tk-lacivert: #12355b;\n  --tk-lacivert-koyu: #0b2745;\n  --tk-turkuaz: #008c95;\n  --tk-turkuaz-acik: #e7f8f8;\n  --tk-bordo: #8b1e3f;\n  --tk-bordo-acik: #fff0f4;\n  --tk-altin: #d7a514;\n  --tk-sari-acik: #fff8d9;\n  --tk-mavi-acik: #edf6ff;\n  --tk-metin: #243447;\n  --tk-cizgi: #d8e3ec;\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 auto;\n  color: var(--tk-metin);\n  font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, \"Segoe UI\", Arial, sans-serif;\n  font-size: 17px;\n  line-height: 1.72;\n  overflow-x: clip;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu,\n.tk-ders-notu * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-okuma-ilerleme {\n  position: sticky;\n  z-index: 20;\n  top: 0;\n  width: 100%;\n  height: 5px;\n  margin-bottom: 14px;\n  background: #dfe9ef;\n  border-radius: 999px;\n  overflow: hidden;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-okuma-ilerleme-cubugu {\n  display: block;\n  width: 0;\n  height: 100%;\n  background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--tk-turkuaz), var(--tk-altin));\n  transition: width .12s linear;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik {\n  margin: 0 0 16px;\n  padding: 22px 24px 18px;\n  color: #fff;\n  background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--tk-lacivert-koyu), var(--tk-lacivert));\n  border-bottom: 5px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  border-radius: 18px;\n  font-size: clamp(1.55rem, 4vw, 2.25rem);\n  font-weight: 850;\n  line-height: 1.22;\n  letter-spacing: .01em;\n  text-wrap: balance;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-seo-giris {\n  margin: 0 0 18px;\n  padding: 18px 20px;\n  background: var(--tk-mavi-acik);\n  border-left: 5px solid var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  border-radius: 12px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-araclar {\n  display: flex;\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\n  gap: 10px;\n  margin: 0 0 18px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme {\n  appearance: none;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  padding: 10px 15px;\n  color: #fff;\n  background: var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  border: 2px solid var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  border-radius: 10px;\n  font: inherit;\n  font-weight: 750;\n  line-height: 1.25;\n  cursor: pointer;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme:hover { background: var(--tk-lacivert); border-color: var(--tk-lacivert); }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme:focus-visible,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a:focus-visible,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don:focus-visible {\n  outline: 4px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  outline-offset: 3px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 0 22px;\n  padding: 18px 20px;\n  background: var(--tk-turkuaz-acik);\n  border: 1px solid #a7dfe1;\n  border-radius: 14px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler-baslik {\n  margin: 0 0 10px;\n  color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-size: 1.2rem;\n  font-weight: 850;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler ul {\n  display: grid;\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));\n  gap: 7px 18px;\n  margin: 0;\n  padding: 0;\n  list-style: none;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler li { min-width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a {\n  display: block;\n  min-width: 0;\n  padding: 6px 8px;\n  color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  border-radius: 7px;\n  font-weight: 700;\n  text-decoration: none;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a::before { content: \"\u203a \"; color: var(--tk-bordo); font-weight: 900; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a:hover,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a.tk-etkin { color: #fff; background: var(--tk-turkuaz); }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kaynak-icerik { width: 100%; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart {\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 0 22px;\n  padding: 20px;\n  background: #fff;\n  border: 1px solid var(--tk-cizgi);\n  border-radius: 16px;\n  box-shadow: 0 8px 24px rgba(18, 53, 91, .08);\n  overflow-x: clip;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart > h2,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart > h3 {\n  color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-weight: 850;\n  line-height: 1.3;\n  text-wrap: balance;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart > h2 {\n  margin: 0 0 16px;\n  padding: 0 0 9px;\n  border-bottom: 4px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  font-size: clamp(1.3rem, 3vw, 1.65rem);\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart > h3 { margin: 18px 0 10px; font-size: 1.17rem; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart p { max-width: 100%; margin: 0 0 12px; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-madde-listesi {\n  display: grid;\n  gap: 9px;\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 0 16px;\n  padding: 0;\n  list-style: none;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-madde-listesi > li {\n  position: relative;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0;\n  padding: 10px 12px 10px 40px;\n  background: var(--tk-mavi-acik);\n  border-left: 4px solid var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  border-radius: 9px;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-madde-listesi > li::before {\n  content: \"\u2713\";\n  position: absolute;\n  left: 13px;\n  top: 10px;\n  color: var(--tk-bordo);\n  font-weight: 900;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu strong { color: var(--tk-bordo); font-weight: 850; }\n.tk-ders-notu blockquote {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 14px 0;\n  padding: 17px 20px;\n  color: #5d1730;\n  background: var(--tk-bordo-acik);\n  border-left: 6px solid var(--tk-bordo);\n  border-radius: 12px;\n  font-size: 1.06rem;\n  font-weight: 650;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-kutusu {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 16px 0;\n  padding: 16px 18px;\n  background: var(--tk-sari-acik);\n  border: 2px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  border-left-width: 7px;\n  border-radius: 12px;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-kutusu.tk-osym { background: var(--tk-bordo-acik); border-color: var(--tk-bordo); }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-kutusu.tk-onemli { background: var(--tk-turkuaz-acik); border-color: var(--tk-turkuaz); }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-kutusu p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo-kapsayici {\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 16px 0;\n  overflow-x: clip;\n  border: 1px solid #bfd0dc;\n  border-radius: 12px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo {\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0;\n  table-layout: fixed;\n  border-collapse: collapse;\n  border-spacing: 0;\n  white-space: normal;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo th,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo td {\n  min-width: 0;\n  padding: 11px 10px;\n  border: 1px solid #bfd0dc;\n  vertical-align: top;\n  text-align: left;\n  white-space: normal;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n  hyphens: auto;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo th {\n  color: #fff;\n  background: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-weight: 800;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo td:first-child { color: #65162f; background: #fff7f9; font-weight: 750; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo tbody tr:nth-child(even) td:not(:first-child) { background: #f5fafc; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo p { margin: 0 0 7px; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo p:last-child,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo .tk-madde-listesi:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don {\n  position: fixed;\n  z-index: 30;\n  right: max(14px, env(safe-area-inset-right));\n  bottom: max(14px, env(safe-area-inset-bottom));\n  display: none;\n  max-width: calc(100vw - 28px);\n  padding: 10px 14px;\n  color: #fff;\n  background: var(--tk-bordo);\n  border: 0;\n  border-radius: 999px;\n  box-shadow: 0 6px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);\n  font: inherit;\n  font-weight: 800;\n  cursor: pointer;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don.tk-gorunur { display: inline-flex; }\n@media (max-width: 720px) {\n  .tk-ders-notu { font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.66; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik { padding: 18px 16px 15px; border-radius: 14px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart { padding: 15px; border-radius: 13px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler ul { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo th,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo td { padding: 9px 7px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun tbody,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun tr,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td { display: block; width: 100%; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun thead {\n    position: absolute;\n    width: 1px;\n    height: 1px;\n    padding: 0;\n    margin: -1px;\n    overflow: hidden;\n    clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);\n    white-space: nowrap;\n    border: 0;\n  }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun tbody { padding: 8px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun tr {\n    margin: 0 0 12px;\n    overflow: hidden;\n    border: 2px solid #c9d8e2;\n    border-radius: 10px;\n  }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun tr:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td {\n    display: grid;\n    grid-template-columns: minmax(6.4rem, 34%) minmax(0, 1fr);\n    gap: 9px;\n    border-width: 0 0 1px;\n  }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td::before {\n    content: attr(data-label);\n    min-width: 0;\n    color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n    font-weight: 850;\n    overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n  }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td:last-child { border-bottom: 0; }\n}\n@media (max-width: 375px) {\n  .tk-ders-notu { font-size: 15.5px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-seo-giris,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler { padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 12px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo.tk-cok-sutun td { grid-template-columns: minmax(5.7rem, 38%) minmax(0, 1fr); padding: 8px 6px; }\n}\n@media print {\n  .tk-ders-notu { color: #111; font-size: 11pt; overflow: visible; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-okuma-ilerleme,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-araclar,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don { display: none !important; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik { color: #000; background: #fff; border: 2px solid #000; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart { box-shadow: none; break-inside: avoid; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo-kapsayici { overflow: visible; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo th { color: #000; background: #e8e8e8; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don { display: none !important; }\n}\n<\/style>\n<article class=\"tk-ders-notu\" lang=\"tr\" data-tk-ready=\"false\">\n<div class=\"tk-okuma-ilerleme\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"tk-okuma-ilerleme-cubugu\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tk-ana-baslik\">ESK\u0130 \u00c7A\u011e\u2019DA Y\u00d6NETENLER VE SAVA\u015eANLAR<\/div>\n<p class=\"tk-seo-giris\">9. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersinde Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da Y\u00f6netenler ve Sava\u015fanlar \u00f6\u011frenme \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken kavramlar\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 bir arada g\u00f6rmen \u00f6nemlidir. Bu sayfadaki tarih ders notu, T\u00fcrkiye Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 Maarif Modeli do\u011frultusunda kaynak belgede verilen bilgileri s\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 koruyarak sunar. Notta Medeniyet \/ Uygarl\u0131k, Medeniyet Havzas\u0131 ve Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n Ba\u015fl\u0131ca Medeniyet Havzalar\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131; madde listeleri, bilgi kutular\u0131 ve tablolarla d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u00e7indekiler alan\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak istedi\u011fin b\u00f6l\u00fcme h\u0131zl\u0131ca ge\u00e7ebilir, okuma ilerleme \u00e7ubu\u011fuyla sayfadaki konumunu takip edebilirsin. \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken \u00f6nce ana kavramlar\u0131 incelemen, ard\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131klamalar ile tablolar aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131lara dikkat etmen yararl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Bu 9. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih ders notunu ders \u00f6ncesinde konuya haz\u0131rlanmak, ders s\u0131ras\u0131nda ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 takip etmek veya tekrar yaparken kaynak metindeki bilgileri d\u00fczenli bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in kullanabilirsin.<\/p>\n<div class=\"tk-araclar\" aria-label=\"Ders notu ara\u00e7lar\u0131\">\n<button class=\"tk-dugme tk-yazdir\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunu yazd\u0131r\">Yazd\u0131r<\/button>\n<button class=\"tk-dugme tk-icindekilere-git\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"\u0130\u00e7indekiler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne git\">\u0130\u00e7indekilere git<\/button>\n<\/div>\n<nav class=\"tk-icindekiler\" aria-label=\"Ders notu i\u00e7indekiler\">\n<p class=\"tk-icindekiler-baslik\">\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#medeniyet-uygarlik\">Medeniyet \/ Uygarl\u0131k<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#medeniyet-havzasi\">Medeniyet Havzas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#eski-cagin-baslica-medeniyet-havzalari\">Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n Ba\u015fl\u0131ca Medeniyet Havzalar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#mezopotamya-medeniyet-havzasi\">Mezopotamya Medeniyet Havzas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#mezopotamyanin-tarihi-onemi\">Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n Tarih\u00ee \u00d6nemi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#misir-medeniyet-havzasi\">M\u0131s\u0131r Medeniyet Havzas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#misir-tarihinin-baslangici\">M\u0131s\u0131r Tarihinin Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#anadolu-medeniyet-havzasi\">Anadolu Medeniyet Havzas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#anadolunun-kaynaklari\">Anadolu\u2019nun Kaynaklar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#anadoludaki-antik-yerlesimler\">Anadolu\u2019daki Antik Yerle\u015fimler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#avrupa-medeniyet-havzasi\">Avrupa Medeniyet Havzas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#avrupa-medeniyetinin-temeli\">Avrupa Medeniyetinin Temeli<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#turkistan-medeniyet-havzasi\">T\u00fcrkistan Medeniyet Havzas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#turkistanda-yasam-ve-teskilat\">T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da Ya\u015fam ve Te\u015fkilat<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#3-mezopotamya-medeniyetleri\">3. Mezopotamya Medeniyetleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sumerler-genel-bilgiler\">S\u00fcmerler: Genel Bilgiler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sumerler-siyasi-yapi\">S\u00fcmerler: Siyasi Yap\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sumerler-rekabet-ve-ordu\">S\u00fcmerler: Rekabet ve Ordu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sumerler-kulturel-ve-bilimsel-katkilar\">S\u00fcmerler: K\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve Bilimsel Katk\u0131lar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sumerler-destanlar-ve-siyasi-guc-kaybi\">S\u00fcmerler: Destanlar ve Siyasi G\u00fc\u00e7 Kayb\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#akadlar-genel-bilgiler\">Akadlar: Genel Bilgiler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#akadlar-siyasi-yapi-ve-unvanlar\">Akadlar: Siyasi Yap\u0131 ve Unvanlar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#akadlar-tarihteki-onemi\">Akadlar: Tarihteki \u00d6nemi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#akadlar-ordu-ve-zayif-yonler\">Akadlar: Ordu ve Zay\u0131f Y\u00f6nler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#asurlular-genel-bilgiler\">Asurlular: Genel Bilgiler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#asurlular-siyasi-yapi-ve-anadolu\">Asurlular: Siyasi Yap\u0131 ve Anadolu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#asurlular-kulturel-katkilar-ve-yikilis\">Asurlular: K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Katk\u0131lar ve Y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#babilliler-genel-bilgiler\">Babilliler: Genel Bilgiler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#babilliler-hukuk-mimari-ve-yikilis\">Babilliler: Hukuk, Mimari ve Y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#elamlilar\">Elaml\u0131lar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#4-misir-medeniyeti\">4. M\u0131s\u0131r Medeniyeti<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#misir-medeniyeti-genel-bilgiler\">M\u0131s\u0131r Medeniyeti: Genel Bilgiler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#misir-yonetim-sistemi\">M\u0131s\u0131r: Y\u00f6netim Sistemi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#misir-eyalet-yonetimi\">M\u0131s\u0131r: Eyalet Y\u00f6netimi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#misir-mimari-ve-inanc\">M\u0131s\u0131r: Mimari ve \u0130nan\u00e7<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#misir-bilim-ve-kultur\">M\u0131s\u0131r: Bilim ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#misir-dis-iliskiler\">M\u0131s\u0131r: D\u0131\u015f \u0130li\u015fkiler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#misir-ordu-sistemi\">M\u0131s\u0131r: Ordu Sistemi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#misir-ordusunun-gorevleri\">M\u0131s\u0131r Ordusunun G\u00f6revleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#5-anadolu-medeniyetleri\">5. Anadolu Medeniyetleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#hititler-genel-bilgiler\">Hititler: Genel Bilgiler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#hititlerin-imparatorluk-ozelligi\">Hititlerin \u0130mparatorluk \u00d6zelli\u011fi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#hititler-yonetim-sistemi\">Hititler: Y\u00f6netim Sistemi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#hititler-pankus-ve-gorevliler\">Hititler: Panku\u015f ve G\u00f6revliler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#hititler-ordu-sistemi\">Hititler: Ordu Sistemi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#hititler-kades-savasi-ve-antlasmasi\">Hititler: Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#iyonyalilar\">\u0130yonyal\u0131lar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#iyonyalilar-ekonomi-ve-kultur\">\u0130yonyal\u0131lar: Ekonomi ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#urartular\">Urartular<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#frigler\">Frigler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#lidyalilar\">Lidyal\u0131lar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#6-avrupa-medeniyetleri\">6. Avrupa Medeniyetleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#yunan-sehir-devletleri\">Yunan \u015eehir Devletleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#atina-sparta-rekabeti-ve-ordu\">Atina-Sparta Rekabeti ve Ordu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#romalilar-genel-bilgiler\">Romal\u0131lar: Genel Bilgiler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#romanin-yonetim-donemleri\">Roma\u2019n\u0131n Y\u00f6netim D\u00f6nemleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#roma-toplumsal-ve-siyasi-yapi\">Roma: Toplumsal ve Siyasi Yap\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#roma-cumhuriyet-ve-imparatorluk\">Roma: Cumhuriyet ve \u0130mparatorluk<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#roma-din-bolunme-ve-yikilis\">Roma: Din, B\u00f6l\u00fcnme ve Y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#roma-ordusu\">Roma Ordusu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#roma-ordusu-testudo-ve-donusum\">Roma Ordusu: Testudo ve D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#makedonlar-ve-buyuk-iskender\">Makedonlar ve B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#buyuk-iskender-donemi\">B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender D\u00f6nemi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#7-turkistan-medeniyetleri\">7. T\u00fcrkistan Medeniyetleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#iskitler-sakalar\">\u0130skitler \/ Sakalar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#iskitlerin-etkisi\">\u0130skitlerin Etkisi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#asya-hun-devleti-genel-bilgiler\">Asya Hun Devleti: Genel Bilgiler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#asya-hunlarinin-siyasi-alani\">Asya Hunlar\u0131n\u0131n Siyasi Alan\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#asya-hunlari-unvanlar-ve-kut\">Asya Hunlar\u0131: Unvanlar ve Kut<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#asya-hunlari-il-ve-kurultay\">Asya Hunlar\u0131: \u0130l ve Kurultay<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#asya-hunlari-kurultay-ve-veraset\">Asya Hunlar\u0131: Kurultay ve Veraset<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#asya-hun-devletinin-yikilisi-ve-ordu-anlayisi\">Asya Hun Devleti\u2019nin Y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve Ordu Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#mete-han-ve-onlu-sistem\">Mete Han ve Onlu Sistem<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#onlu-sistem\">Onlu Sistem<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#hun-savas-taktikleri\">Hun Sava\u015f Taktikleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#turan-taktigi-ve-techizat\">Turan Takti\u011fi ve Te\u00e7hizat<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#asya-hunlarinin-diger-devletlere-etkisi\">Asya Hunlar\u0131n\u0131n Di\u011fer Devletlere Etkisi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#cine-etki-ve-cagdas-medeniyetler\">\u00c7in\u2019e Etki ve \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Medeniyetler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#8-karsilastirmalar\">8. Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#yonetim-sistemleri-karsilastirmasi\">Y\u00f6netim Sistemleri Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#ordu-sistemleri-karsilastirmasi\">Ordu Sistemleri Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n<div class=\"tk-kaynak-icerik\">\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"medeniyet-uygarlik\">\n<h2 id=\"medeniyet-uygarlik\">Medeniyet \/ Uygarl\u0131k<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Medeniyet, bir toplumun belirli d\u00f6nemde ortaya koydu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131 kapsar.<\/li>\n<li>Siyasi \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ve ekonomiyle ili\u015fkilidir.<\/li>\n<li>Sanat, hukuk, bilim ve mimariyi i\u00e7erir.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nan\u00e7 sistemi de medeniyetin par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Uygarl\u0131k kavram\u0131 medeniyetle ayn\u0131 anlamda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"medeniyet-havzasi\">\n<h2 id=\"medeniyet-havzasi\">Medeniyet Havzas\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Benzer k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve tarih\u00ee \u00f6zelliklerin g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc geni\u015f co\u011frafi b\u00f6lgedir.<\/li>\n<li>Toplumlar\u0131n birbirleriyle etkile\u015fim i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan\u0131 ifade eder.<\/li>\n<li>Su kaynaklar\u0131 ve verimli tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 belirleyicidir.<\/li>\n<li>Ticaret yollar\u0131 ve maden kaynaklar\u0131 geli\u015fmeyi etkiler.<\/li>\n<li>Co\u011frafi korunakl\u0131l\u0131k ve g\u00f6\u00e7 yollar\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir.<\/li>\n<li>Asker\u00ee rekabet de medeniyetlerin geli\u015fmesinde etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"eski-cagin-baslica-medeniyet-havzalari\">\n<h2 id=\"eski-cagin-baslica-medeniyet-havzalari\">Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n Ba\u015fl\u0131ca Medeniyet Havzalar\u0131<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Ders notu tablosu 1\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablo tk-cok-sutun\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Medeniyet Havzas\u0131<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Co\u011frafi Konum<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan Medeniyetler<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Temel \u00d6zellik<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Medeniyet Havzas\u0131\"><p>Mezopo-tamya<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Co\u011frafi Konum\"><p>F\u0131rat ve Dicle nehirleri aras\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan Medeniyetler\"><p>S\u00fcmer, Akad, Asur, Babil, Elam<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel \u00d6zellik\"><p>Yaz\u0131, \u015fehir devleti, hukuk, imparatorluk fikri<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Medeniyet Havzas\u0131\"><p>M\u0131s\u0131r<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Co\u011frafi Konum\"><p>Nil Nehri \u00e7evresi<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan Medeniyetler\"><p>Antik M\u0131s\u0131r<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel \u00d6zellik\"><p>Teokratik krall\u0131k, piramitler, hiyeroglif, g\u00fcne\u015f takvimi<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Medeniyet Havzas\u0131\"><p>Anadolu<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Co\u011frafi Konum\"><p>Asya\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan Medeniyetler\"><p>Hitit, \u0130yon, Urartu, Frig, Lidya<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel \u00d6zellik\"><p>Ticaret, maden, tar\u0131m, k\u00fclt\u00fcrler aras\u0131 k\u00f6pr\u00fc<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Medeniyet Havzas\u0131\"><p>Avrupa<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Co\u011frafi Konum\"><p>Akdeniz ve Ege \u00e7evresi<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan Medeniyetler\"><p>Yunan, Roma, Makedon<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel \u00d6zellik\"><p>Polis, cumhuriyet, imparatorluk, hukuk, lejyon<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Medeniyet Havzas\u0131\"><p>T\u00fcrkistan<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Co\u011frafi Konum\"><p>Orta Asya<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan Medeniyetler\"><p>\u0130skit, Asya Hun<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel \u00d6zellik\"><p>Konarg\u00f6\u00e7erlik, atl\u0131 sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, kut, kurultay, onlu sistem<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"mezopotamya-medeniyet-havzasi\">\n<h2 id=\"mezopotamya-medeniyet-havzasi\">Mezopotamya Medeniyet Havzas\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Mezopotamya, Eski Yunancada \u201cnehirler aras\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/li>\n<li>F\u0131rat ve Dicle nehirleri aras\u0131nda kalan b\u00f6lgeyi ifade eder.<\/li>\n<li>Su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n bol olmas\u0131 verimli tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Ticaret yollar\u0131 \u00fczerinde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Tarih boyunca bir\u00e7ok medeniyete ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Nil Vadisi ve Levant ile birlikte Bereketli Hilal\u2019in par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"mezopotamyanin-tarihi-onemi\">\n<h2 id=\"mezopotamyanin-tarihi-onemi\">Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n Tarih\u00ee \u00d6nemi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Yerle\u015fik hayat\u0131n geli\u015fti\u011fi \u00f6nemli alanlardan biridir.<\/li>\n<li>Tar\u0131m\u0131n geli\u015fmesinde etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>\u015eehirle\u015fmenin geli\u015fti\u011fi \u00f6nemli merkezlerdendir.<\/li>\n<li>Yaz\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda belirleyici alanlardan biridir.<\/li>\n<li>Devletle\u015fmenin geli\u015fti\u011fi en \u00f6nemli b\u00f6lgelerden biridir.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015fl\u0131ca medeniyetleri: S\u00fcmer, Akad, Asur, Babil ve Elam\u2019d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu tk-onemli\" role=\"note\" data-tk-table-cell=\"1\">\n<p><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?<\/strong><br> Yerle\u015fik hayat\u0131n geli\u015fti\u011fi \u00f6nemli alanlardan biridir.<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"misir-medeniyet-havzasi\">\n<h2 id=\"misir-medeniyet-havzasi\">M\u0131s\u0131r Medeniyet Havzas\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>M\u0131s\u0131r medeniyeti Nil Nehri \u00e7evresinde kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Nil Nehri tar\u0131m\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Nil, hayat\u0131n devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n temel kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesinde Nil Nehri etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Kuzeyde Akdeniz, g\u00fcneyde Nubia bulunur.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fu ve bat\u0131daki \u00e7\u00f6ller M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 d\u0131\u015f sald\u0131r\u0131lardan korumu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"misir-tarihinin-baslangici\">\n<h2 id=\"misir-tarihinin-baslangici\">M\u0131s\u0131r Tarihinin Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Eski M\u0131s\u0131r tarihi Menes \/ Narmer ile ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Menes \/ Narmer kurucu kral kabul edilir.<\/li>\n<li>M\u0131s\u0131r tarihi M\u00d6 3050\u2019den ba\u015flar.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00d6 30\u2019da Roma h\u00e2kimiyetine kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Nil \u00e7evresi, M\u0131s\u0131r medeniyetinin temel geli\u015fim alan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"anadolu-medeniyet-havzasi\">\n<h2 id=\"anadolu-medeniyet-havzasi\">Anadolu Medeniyet Havzas\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Anadolu, Asya\u2019n\u0131n en bat\u0131s\u0131nda yer al\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Romal\u0131lar Anadolu\u2019ya Anatolia ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Anatolia, \u201cg\u00fcne\u015fin do\u011fdu\u011fu yer\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/li>\n<li>Anadolu, Mezopotamya ve M\u0131s\u0131r havzalar\u0131yla etkile\u015fim i\u00e7indedir.<\/li>\n<li>Akdeniz ve Avrupa medeniyet havzalar\u0131yla da ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ticaret yollar\u0131 Anadolu\u2019yu k\u0131talar aras\u0131 k\u00f6pr\u00fc h\u00e2line getirmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"anadolunun-kaynaklari\">\n<h2 id=\"anadolunun-kaynaklari\">Anadolu\u2019nun Kaynaklar\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Anadolu su kaynaklar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengindir.<\/li>\n<li>Tar\u0131m arazileri \u00f6nemli geli\u015fme alanlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yer alt\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengindir.<\/li>\n<li>Madenler Anadolu medeniyetleri i\u00e7in \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bu \u00f6zellikler k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkile\u015fimi art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"anadoludaki-antik-yerlesimler\">\n<h2 id=\"anadoludaki-antik-yerlesimler\">Anadolu\u2019daki Antik Yerle\u015fimler<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Ders notu tablosu 3\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablo tk-cok-sutun\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Yerle\u015fim<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Yeri<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6nemi<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Yerle\u015fim\"><p>G\u00f6beklitepe<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Yeri\"><p>\u015eanl\u0131urfa<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6nemi\"><p>\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinin bilinen en eski b\u00fcy\u00fck tap\u0131nak merkezlerinden biridir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Yerle\u015fim\"><p>\u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Yeri\"><p>Konya<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6nemi\"><p>\u0130lk tar\u0131mc\u0131 yerle\u015fimlerden ve erken \u015fehir yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Yerle\u015fim\"><p>\u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Yeri\"><p>Diyarbak\u0131r<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6nemi\"><p>Anadolu\u2019da tar\u0131ma ge\u00e7i\u015f ve k\u00f6y ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ilk izlerindendir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Yerle\u015fim\"><p>Hattu\u015fa\u015f<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Yeri\"><p>\u00c7orum<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6nemi\"><p>Hititlerin ba\u015fkentidir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Yerle\u015fim\"><p>Gordion<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Yeri\"><p>Ankara<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6nemi\"><p>Friglerin ba\u015fkentidir; Kral Midas ile ili\u015fkilidir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Yerle\u015fim\"><p>Sardes \/ Sardis<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Yeri\"><p>Manisa<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6nemi\"><p>Lidyal\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015fkentidir; paran\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131yla \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Yerle\u015fim\"><p>Tu\u015fpa \/ Van Kalesi<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Yeri\"><p>Van<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6nemi\"><p>Urartular\u0131n ba\u015fkentidir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Yerle\u015fim\"><p>Truva \/ Troya<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Yeri\"><p>\u00c7anakkale<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6nemi\"><p>Homeros\u2019un \u0130lyada destan\u0131yla ili\u015fkilidir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Yerle\u015fim\"><p>Efes<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Yeri\"><p>\u0130zmir<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6nemi\"><p>Antik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nemli metropollerindendir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Yerle\u015fim\"><p>Bergama<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Yeri\"><p>\u0130zmir<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6nemi\"><p>Helenistik d\u00f6nemde bilim, sanat ve sa\u011fl\u0131k merkezidir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Yerle\u015fim\"><p>Zeugma<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Yeri\"><p>Gaziantep<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6nemi\"><p>Roma d\u00f6nemi mozaikleriyle \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Yerle\u015fim\"><p>Milet ve Didim<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Yeri\"><p>Ayd\u0131n<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6nemi\"><p>Felsefe, bilim ve Apollon Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 ile \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"avrupa-medeniyet-havzasi\">\n<h2 id=\"avrupa-medeniyet-havzasi\">Avrupa Medeniyet Havzas\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>\u201cAvrupa\u201d ad\u0131, Sami dillerindeki erep kelimesinden t\u00fcremi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Erep, \u201cg\u00fcne\u015fin batt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/li>\n<li>Yunancada Europa bi\u00e7imini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Avrupa kuzeyde Arktik Okyanusu ile \u00e7evrilidir.<\/li>\n<li>Bat\u0131da Atlantik Okyanusu, g\u00fcneyde Akdeniz bulunur.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fuda Asya ile \u00e7evrilidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"avrupa-medeniyetinin-temeli\">\n<h2 id=\"avrupa-medeniyetinin-temeli\">Avrupa Medeniyetinin Temeli<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Yunan medeniyeti Avrupa medeniyetinin temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Roma medeniyeti Avrupa medeniyetinin temel unsurlar\u0131ndand\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Akdeniz ve Ege \u00e7evresi bu havzan\u0131n \u00f6nemli alanlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yunan, Roma ve Makedon medeniyetleri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/li>\n<li>Polis, cumhuriyet, imparatorluk, hukuk ve lejyon \u00f6nemli kavramlard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"turkistan-medeniyet-havzasi\">\n<h2 id=\"turkistan-medeniyet-havzasi\">T\u00fcrkistan Medeniyet Havzas\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>T\u00fcrklerin Orta Asya\u2019da ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lge T\u00fcrkistan olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130ranl\u0131lar ve Araplar bu b\u00f6lgeye \u201cT\u00fcrk yurdu\u201d anlam\u0131nda T\u00fcrkistan demi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Bat\u0131l\u0131lar VI. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren b\u00f6lgeyi Turkhia \/ T\u00fcrkiye olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrkistan geni\u015f bir co\u011frafyay\u0131 ifade eder.<\/li>\n<li>Kuzeydo\u011fuda Baykal G\u00f6l\u00fc \u00e7evresine uzan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fcneybat\u0131da Gobi \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc, bat\u0131da Hazar Denizi \u00e7evresine kadar yay\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"turkistanda-yasam-ve-teskilat\">\n<h2 id=\"turkistanda-yasam-ve-teskilat\">T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da Ya\u015fam ve Te\u015fkilat<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>T\u00fcrkler bu b\u00f6lgede \u00e7o\u011funlukla konarg\u00f6\u00e7er ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131 benimsemi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131 genellikle ka\u011fan\u0131n liderli\u011finde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6rg\u00fctlenme boy federasyonu \u015feklindedir.<\/li>\n<li>Konarg\u00f6\u00e7erlik te\u015fkilat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Asker\u00ee disiplin ve atl\u0131 sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>H\u0131zl\u0131 hareket kabiliyeti \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"3-mezopotamya-medeniyetleri\">\n<h2 id=\"3-mezopotamya-medeniyetleri\">3. Mezopotamya Medeniyetleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li><strong>S\u00fcmerler, Akadlar, Asurlular, Babilliler ve Elaml\u0131lar<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"sumerler-genel-bilgiler\">\n<h2 id=\"sumerler-genel-bilgiler\">S\u00fcmerler: Genel Bilgiler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>S\u00fcmerler M\u00d6 4000-2350 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fcney Mezopotamya\u2019da varl\u0131k g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00fcnya uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na bir\u00e7ok alanda katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00d6 3200 civar\u0131nda \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 icat etmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Yaz\u0131n\u0131n icad\u0131yla tarih\u00ee \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131nda belirleyici rol oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"sumerler-siyasi-yapi\">\n<h2 id=\"sumerler-siyasi-yapi\">S\u00fcmerler: Siyasi Yap\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>S\u00fcmerler \u015fehir devletleri h\u00e2linde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcmer \u015fehir devletlerine site denir.<\/li>\n<li>Her b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehir ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir krall\u0131k gibi yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u015eehir devletlerinin ba\u015f\u0131nda ensi veya patesi bulunur.<\/li>\n<li>Ensi \/ patesi rahip-kral niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcmer krallar\u0131 idare, din, komuta ve yarg\u0131 yetkilerini elinde tutmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"sumerler-rekabet-ve-ordu\">\n<h2 id=\"sumerler-rekabet-ve-ordu\">S\u00fcmerler: Rekabet ve Ordu<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>S\u00fcmer \u015fehir devletleri s\u0131k s\u0131k birbiriyle m\u00fccadele etmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Kentler aras\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131r anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bu sava\u015flar nedeniyle \u015fehirlerin etraf\u0131 surlarla \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>\u015eehirlerin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi savunma ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Savunma ihtiyac\u0131 d\u00fczenli asker\u00ee birliklerin olu\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcmer ordusu piyadelerden ve sava\u015f arabal\u0131 birliklerden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"sumerler-kulturel-ve-bilimsel-katkilar\">\n<h2 id=\"sumerler-kulturel-ve-bilimsel-katkilar\">S\u00fcmerler: K\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve Bilimsel Katk\u0131lar<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>\u00c7ivi yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 icat etmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Ziggurat ad\u0131 verilen \u00e7ok katl\u0131 tap\u0131naklar in\u015fa etmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Zigguratlar tap\u0131nak, depo, okul ve ibadethane i\u015flevi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Zigguratlar g\u00f6zlemevi olarak da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ay y\u0131l\u0131 esasl\u0131 takvimi kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Urgakina reformlar\u0131 en eski yaz\u0131l\u0131 hukuk d\u00fczenlemeleri aras\u0131nda kabul edilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"sumerler-destanlar-ve-siyasi-guc-kaybi\">\n<h2 id=\"sumerler-destanlar-ve-siyasi-guc-kaybi\">S\u00fcmerler: Destanlar ve Siyasi G\u00fc\u00e7 Kayb\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Tufan, Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f ve G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f destanlar\u0131 \u00f6nemli k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00fcr\u00fcnleridir.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcmer askerleri \u00fcniformaya benzeyen k\u0131yafetler giymi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Ayn\u0131 t\u00fcr silah kullanmalar\u0131 orduda disiplin ve d\u00fczeni g\u00f6sterir.<\/li>\n<li>Akad Kral\u0131 Sargon, Uruk Kral\u0131 Lugalzagesi\u2019yi yenmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Bu geli\u015fme sonucunda S\u00fcmerler siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7lerini kaybetmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcmer k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc Mezopotamya\u2019da uzun s\u00fcre etkisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"akadlar-genel-bilgiler\">\n<h2 id=\"akadlar-genel-bilgiler\">Akadlar: Genel Bilgiler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Akadlar M\u00d6 2350-2150 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Mezopotamya\u2019da varl\u0131k g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde kalan b\u00f6lgede kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015fkentleri Agade\u2019dir.<\/li>\n<li>Sami k\u00f6kenli bir topluluktur.<\/li>\n<li>Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n tamam\u0131na h\u00e2kim olarak \u00e7ok uluslu yap\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"akadlar-siyasi-yapi-ve-unvanlar\">\n<h2 id=\"akadlar-siyasi-yapi-ve-unvanlar\">Akadlar: Siyasi Yap\u0131 ve Unvanlar<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Akadlar krall\u0131kla y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>\u015eehir devleti modelinden b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet \/ imparatorluk modeline ge\u00e7i\u015fin \u00f6nc\u00fcleridir.<\/li>\n<li>Tarihte ilk imparatorluk sisteminin temellerini atan medeniyetlerdendir.<\/li>\n<li>Akad krallar\u0131 \u201cD\u00fcnya h\u00e2kimi\u201d unvan\u0131n\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u201cD\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131\u201d ve \u201cEvrenin kral\u0131\u201d unvanlar\u0131 da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Akad Devleti \u201cd\u00fcnya imparatorlu\u011fu\u201d ve \u201ctanr\u0131 krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d olarak nitelendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu tk-osym\" role=\"note\" data-tk-table-cell=\"1\">\n<p><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT<\/strong><br> Tarihte ilk imparatorluk sisteminin temellerini atan medeniyetlerdendir.<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"akadlar-tarihteki-onemi\">\n<h2 id=\"akadlar-tarihteki-onemi\">Akadlar: Tarihteki \u00d6nemi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Akadlar \u015fehir devleti anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan imparatorluk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015fin temelini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Sargon ve Naramsin\u2019in Anadolu seferlerine ili\u015fkin kay\u0131tlar \u00f6nemlidir.<\/li>\n<li>Bu kay\u0131tlar Anadolu tarihi hakk\u0131ndaki ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 belgeler aras\u0131nda kabul edilir.<\/li>\n<li>Akad krallar\u0131n\u0131n uzak b\u00f6lgelere sefer d\u00fczenlemesi imparatorluk niteli\u011fini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ordu ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc y\u00f6netim organizasyonu Akadlar\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"akadlar-ordu-ve-zayif-yonler\">\n<h2 id=\"akadlar-ordu-ve-zayif-yonler\">Akadlar: Ordu ve Zay\u0131f Y\u00f6nler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Akadlar Mezopotamya\u2019da ilk daim\u00ee \/ s\u00fcrekli orduyu kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ordular\u0131 piyade ve sava\u015f arabal\u0131 birliklerden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>H\u0131zl\u0131 hareket kabiliyeti uzak seferleri kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ordu ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00fczenli bir sistem kuramam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7ok uluslu yap\u0131 s\u0131k s\u0131k isyanlara neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Akad \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Zagros Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019ndan gelen Gutiler taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"asurlular-genel-bilgiler\">\n<h2 id=\"asurlular-genel-bilgiler\">Asurlular: Genel Bilgiler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Asurlular M\u00d6 21. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kent devleti olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Tanr\u0131 A\u015f\u015fur ad\u0131na kurduklar\u0131 \u015fehirden dolay\u0131 bu ad\u0131 alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kuzey Irak \u00e7evresinde h\u00e2kimiyet kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015fkentleri Ninova\u2019d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6nemli krallar\u0131ndan biri Asurbanipal\u2019dir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"asurlular-siyasi-yapi-ve-anadolu\">\n<h2 id=\"asurlular-siyasi-yapi-ve-anadolu\">Asurlular: Siyasi Yap\u0131 ve Anadolu<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta kent devleti iken zamanla imparatorlu\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Sava\u015f ve diplomasiyi etkili kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00f6nemin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc imparatorluklar\u0131ndan biri h\u00e2line gelmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Saray duvarlar\u0131ndaki r\u00f6lyefler Asur asker\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yans\u0131t\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bu r\u00f6lyefler sert y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6sterir.<\/li>\n<li>Anadolu\u2019da karum ad\u0131 verilen ticaret kolonileri kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"asurlular-kulturel-katkilar-ve-yikilis\">\n<h2 id=\"asurlular-kulturel-katkilar-ve-yikilis\">Asurlular: K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Katk\u0131lar ve Y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Kayseri K\u00fcltepe\u2019de Asurlulara ait kil tabletler bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Asurlular Anadolu\u2019ya yaz\u0131y\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Anadolu\u2019da tarih\u00ee \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ninova\u2019da \u00f6nemli bir k\u00fct\u00fcphane kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ticaret kolonileri k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkile\u015fimi art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00d6 612\u2019de Med ve Babil sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 sonucunda Asur Devleti y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"babilliler-genel-bilgiler\">\n<h2 id=\"babilliler-genel-bilgiler\">Babilliler: Genel Bilgiler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Babilliler M\u00d6 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Babil kenti \u00e7evresinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015fkentleri Babil\u2019dir.<\/li>\n<li>Krall\u0131k sistemiyle y\u00f6netilmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>En \u00f6nemli h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131ndan biri Hammurabi\u2019dir.<\/li>\n<li>Hammurabi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 reformlar ve kanunlarla tan\u0131n\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"babilliler-hukuk-mimari-ve-yikilis\">\n<h2 id=\"babilliler-hukuk-mimari-ve-yikilis\">Babilliler: Hukuk, Mimari ve Y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Hammurabi Kanunlar\u0131 Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nemli yaz\u0131l\u0131 hukuk metinlerindendir.<\/li>\n<li>Kanunlar devlet otoritesini ve toplumsal d\u00fczeni g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Kral\u0131n adalet sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 rol\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/li>\n<li>Babil\u2019in Asma Bah\u00e7eleri \u00f6nemli eserleri aras\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilir.<\/li>\n<li>Babil Kulesi de Babil medeniyetiyle ili\u015fkilendirilen yap\u0131lardand\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00d6 539\u2019da Persler taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"elamlilar\">\n<h2 id=\"elamlilar\">Elaml\u0131lar<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Elaml\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Sus\u2019tur.<\/li>\n<li>Madencilik alan\u0131nda geli\u015fmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Seramik alan\u0131nda geli\u015fmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Mezopotamya \u00e7evresindeki k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkile\u015fim alanlar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"4-misir-medeniyeti\">\n<h2 id=\"4-misir-medeniyeti\">4. M\u0131s\u0131r Medeniyeti<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li><strong>Nil \u00e7evresinde teokratik monar\u015fi ve ordu sistemi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"misir-medeniyeti-genel-bilgiler\">\n<h2 id=\"misir-medeniyeti-genel-bilgiler\">M\u0131s\u0131r Medeniyeti: Genel Bilgiler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>M\u0131s\u0131r medeniyeti Nil Nehri \u00e7evresinde geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Nil Nehri\u2019nin ta\u015fk\u0131nlar\u0131 tar\u0131m\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fu ve bat\u0131daki \u00e7\u00f6ller d\u0131\u015f sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 korunakl\u0131l\u0131k sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r ve Yukar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n birle\u015fmesiyle b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Otuzun \u00fczerinde hanedan\u0131n y\u00f6netimi ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi d\u00f6nemler ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>M\u0131s\u0131r tarihi M\u00d6 3050\u2019de Menes \/ Narmer ile ba\u015flar; M\u00d6 30\u2019da Roma h\u00e2kimiyetiyle sona erer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"misir-yonetim-sistemi\">\n<h2 id=\"misir-yonetim-sistemi\">M\u0131s\u0131r: Y\u00f6netim Sistemi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>M\u0131s\u0131r krall\u0131kla y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi teokratik monar\u015fidir.<\/li>\n<li>M\u0131s\u0131r krallar\u0131 tanr\u0131n\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki temsilcisi kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00d6 15. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren M\u0131s\u0131r krallar\u0131na Firavun unvan\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Firavun kelimesi \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck ev\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/li>\n<li>Firavun mutlak g\u00fcce ve tanr\u0131sal niteli\u011fe sahiptir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"misir-eyalet-yonetimi\">\n<h2 id=\"misir-eyalet-yonetimi\">M\u0131s\u0131r: Eyalet Y\u00f6netimi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta eyalet valileri kral ad\u0131na vergi toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Gerekti\u011finde kral ad\u0131na asker g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Valiler zaman zaman merkezden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareket edebilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Daha sonra valilerin asker\u00ee, mahkeme ve tap\u0131nak g\u00f6revleri azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Eyaletlerin ba\u015f\u0131na kral taraf\u0131ndan atanan g\u00f6revliler getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dcst d\u00fczey sivil ve asker\u00ee g\u00f6revlere hanedan \u00fcyesi soylular atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"misir-mimari-ve-inanc\">\n<h2 id=\"misir-mimari-ve-inanc\">M\u0131s\u0131r: Mimari ve \u0130nan\u00e7<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Firavunlar ad\u0131na piramit ad\u0131 verilen an\u0131tsal mezarlar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Giza piramitleri IV. Hanedan zaman\u0131nda in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Piramitlerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonraki ya\u015fama inan\u0131lmas\u0131 etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Firavunun tanr\u0131sal g\u00fcc\u00fc vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Mumyalanm\u0131\u015f bedenin ve hazinelerin korunmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Piramitlerin sivri bi\u00e7imi, ruhun g\u00f6\u011fe ve G\u00fcne\u015f Tanr\u0131s\u0131 Ra\u2019ya y\u00fckselmesiyle ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"misir-bilim-ve-kultur\">\n<h2 id=\"misir-bilim-ve-kultur\">M\u0131s\u0131r: Bilim ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Hiyeroglif yaz\u0131s\u0131 ve papir\u00fcs k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fcne\u015f y\u0131l\u0131 esasl\u0131 takvim geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Alan ve hacim hesaplar\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Matematik, geometri ve pi say\u0131s\u0131 alanlar\u0131nda geli\u015filmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>T\u0131p, eczac\u0131l\u0131k ve mumyalama geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Piramit mimarisi ve labirent tipi mezarlar \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"misir-dis-iliskiler\">\n<h2 id=\"misir-dis-iliskiler\">M\u0131s\u0131r: D\u0131\u015f \u0130li\u015fkiler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Yeni Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde M\u0131s\u0131r bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lgeyi fethederek imparatorluk h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Mezopotamya ile ticari ve asker\u00ee ili\u015fkiler artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hititler ve Asurlularla rekabet etmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Hititlerle M\u00d6 1274\u2019te Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Sava\u015fta taraflar kesin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flayamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kade\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 tarihte bilinen ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"misir-ordu-sistemi\">\n<h2 id=\"misir-ordu-sistemi\">M\u0131s\u0131r: Ordu Sistemi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>M\u0131s\u0131r ordusu ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta valilerin toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 milis kuvvetlerden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Devlet s\u00fcrekli sava\u015f h\u00e2linde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta d\u00fczenli orduya ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u00e7 karga\u015fa ve isyanlardan ders al\u0131narak gen\u00e7lerden olu\u015fan d\u00fczenli ordu kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Orduda paral\u0131 askerler kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>K\u00f6le sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar ve konarg\u00f6\u00e7er sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Metal silah \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in bak\u0131r bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin b\u00f6lgeler ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"misir-ordusunun-gorevleri\">\n<h2 id=\"misir-ordusunun-gorevleri\">M\u0131s\u0131r Ordusunun G\u00f6revleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Firavunun g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak.<\/li>\n<li>Kral\u0131n otoritesini kabul etmeyen valileri itaat alt\u0131na almak.<\/li>\n<li>Ticaret kervanlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131n\u0131r g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak.<\/li>\n<li>K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz\u2019de g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flamak.<\/li>\n<li>Askerlik hayat\u0131 s\u0131radan askerler i\u00e7in zor ko\u015fullar i\u00e7erebilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"5-anadolu-medeniyetleri\">\n<h2 id=\"5-anadolu-medeniyetleri\">5. Anadolu Medeniyetleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li><strong>Hititler,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130yonyal\u0131lar, <\/strong>,<\/li>\n<li><strong>Urartular, <\/strong>,<\/li>\n<li><strong>Frigler <\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Lidyal\u0131lar<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"hititler-genel-bilgiler\">\n<h2 id=\"hititler-genel-bilgiler\">Hititler: Genel Bilgiler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Hititlerin ilk izlerine Ne\u015fa \/ K\u00fcltepe\u2019de rastlan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>K\u00f6kenleri Anadolu\u2019nun en eski toplumlar\u0131ndan Hattilere dayan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00d6 1650-1190 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019da varl\u0131k g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015fkentleri Hattu\u015fa\u015f\u2019t\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hattu\u015fa\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00c7orum yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Topraklar\u0131n\u0131 Mezopotamya\u2019ya kadar geni\u015fleterek b\u00fcy\u00fck bir imparatorluk kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"hititlerin-imparatorluk-ozelligi\">\n<h2 id=\"hititlerin-imparatorluk-ozelligi\">Hititlerin \u0130mparatorluk \u00d6zelli\u011fi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Merkez\u00ee iktidar geni\u015f topraklara h\u00e2kim olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Birden fazla toplum y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Asker\u00ee fetihlerle geni\u015fleme g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Uyruk alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerin \u00fcretim fazlas\u0131ndan yararlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Geli\u015fmi\u015f bir idari \u00e7er\u00e7eveye sahiptir.<\/li>\n<li>Bu nedenlerle Hititler imparatorluk olarak nitelendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"hititler-yonetim-sistemi\">\n<h2 id=\"hititler-yonetim-sistemi\">Hititler: Y\u00f6netim Sistemi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Hititler krall\u0131kla y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Hitit krallar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra tanr\u0131 olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6len krallar\u0131n ruhlar\u0131na kurbanlar sunulmu\u015f ve ayinler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kral \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde yerine soyundan gelen varisi ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Hitit krallar\u0131 B\u00fcy\u00fck kral, \u0130mparator ve Tanr\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zdesi unvanlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kral ayn\u0131 zamanda ba\u015frahip ve ba\u015fkomutand\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"hititler-pankus-ve-gorevliler\">\n<h2 id=\"hititler-pankus-ve-gorevliler\">Hititler: Panku\u015f ve G\u00f6revliler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Hititlerde \u00fcst d\u00fczey g\u00f6revlilerin bulundu\u011fu Panku\u015f adl\u0131 meclis vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Panku\u015f, kral\u0131n yan\u0131nda dan\u0131\u015fma niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan aristokratik unsurdur.<\/li>\n<li>Hitit y\u00f6netiminde kral g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Memurlar idari, asker\u00ee ve din\u00ee i\u015flerden sorumludur.<\/li>\n<li>Saray g\u00f6revlileri kral ad\u0131na uzak s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgelerini y\u00f6netmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Bu g\u00f6revliler vergi, asayi\u015f, bak\u0131m ve muhaf\u0131z alay\u0131 komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revleri \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"hititler-ordu-sistemi\">\n<h2 id=\"hititler-ordu-sistemi\">Hititler: Ordu Sistemi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Hitit ordusunun temel unsurlar\u0131 piyadeler ve sava\u015f arabal\u0131 askerlerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Piyadeler sava\u015f arabal\u0131 askerlere g\u00f6re daha kalabal\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Piyadeler h\u00fcr erkekler aras\u0131ndan askerlik mesle\u011fine girenlerden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130mparatorlu\u011fun \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerinden askere al\u0131nanlar da piyadeler i\u00e7inde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Piyadeler sava\u015fta as\u0131l vurucu unsur olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131n\u0131r kalelerinin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve isyanlar\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00f6revlerini \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"hititler-kades-savasi-ve-antlasmasi\">\n<h2 id=\"hititler-kades-savasi-ve-antlasmasi\">Hititler: Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Hititler ile M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda M\u00d6 1274\u2019te Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Taraflar birbirine kesin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flayamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda ili\u015fkiler yumu\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hititler ve M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda Kade\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kade\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 tarihte bilinen ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"iyonyalilar\">\n<h2 id=\"iyonyalilar\">\u0130yonyal\u0131lar<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>\u0130yonyal\u0131lar M\u00d6 13. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Anadolu\u2019nun bat\u0131s\u0131nda kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00fcy\u00fck ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes havzalar\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Avrupa medeniyet havzas\u0131ndan etkilenmi\u015f bir Anadolu medeniyeti kabul edilirler.<\/li>\n<li>\u015eehir devletleri \u015feklinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Bu \u015fehir devletlerine polis denir.<\/li>\n<li>Efes, Milet, Teos, Fo\u00e7a, \u0130zmir, Sisam ve Sak\u0131z \u00f6nemli \u0130yonya kentleridir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"iyonyalilar-ekonomi-ve-kultur\">\n<h2 id=\"iyonyalilar-ekonomi-ve-kultur\">\u0130yonyal\u0131lar: Ekonomi ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Uzak b\u00f6lgelerde deniz ticareti kolonileri kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Deniz ticareti sayesinde zenginle\u015fmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Bilim alan\u0131nda ilerlemi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Felsefe alan\u0131nda ilerlemi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da bir\u00e7ok imar faaliyeti ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"urartular\">\n<h2 id=\"urartular\">Urartular<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Urartular Hurri k\u00f6kenli bir topluluktur.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Uruatri ve Nairi ad\u0131 verilen bir\u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck krall\u0131ktan olu\u015fuyordu.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00d6 9. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Do\u011fu Anadolu, G\u00fcney Kafkaslar ve Kuzey \u0130ran\u2019da devlet kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015fkentleri Tu\u015fpa\u2019d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Tu\u015fpa g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Van\u2019dad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Asurlular ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00fc\u015fmanlarla m\u00fccadele etmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kaleler in\u015fa ederek savunma sistemlerini geli\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Kaleler g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan eserler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Saraylar, tap\u0131naklar ve su kanallar\u0131 in\u015fa etmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Menua \/ \u015eamran Kanal\u0131, Urartu su mimarisinin \u00f6nemli \u00f6rneklerindendir.<\/li>\n<li>Urartu Devleti M\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ran\u2019dan gelen Medler taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"frigler\">\n<h2 id=\"frigler\">Frigler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Frigler Ege g\u00f6\u00e7leri sonucunda Anadolu\u2019ya gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00d6 8. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Sakarya Nehri \u00e7evresinde Frig Devleti\u2019ni kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015fkentleri Gordion\u2019dur.<\/li>\n<li>Gordion ad\u0131n\u0131 kurucu kral Gordios\u2019tan alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>En \u00f6nemli krallar\u0131 efsanelere konu olan Midas\u2019t\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>En \u00f6nemli tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131 Kybele\u2019dir.<\/li>\n<li>Frigler tar\u0131ma \u00e7ok \u00f6nem vermi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Tar\u0131m\u0131 koruyan sert kanunlar uygulamalar\u0131yla bilinirler.<\/li>\n<li>Frig Devleti M\u00d6 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kimmerler taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"lidyalilar\">\n<h2 id=\"lidyalilar\">Lidyal\u0131lar<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Lidyal\u0131lar M\u00d6 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Gediz Ovas\u0131 \u00e7evresinde kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015fkentleri Sardes \/ Sardis\u2019tir.<\/li>\n<li>Sardes g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Manisa \/ Salihli yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Lidyal\u0131lar tarihte madeni paray\u0131 ilk kullanan topluluk kabul edilir.<\/li>\n<li>Zengin alt\u0131n kaynaklar\u0131na sahiptirler.<\/li>\n<li>Kral Yolu \u00fczerinde etkili olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ticaret sayesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir refaha ula\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00d6 546\u2019da Pers Kral\u0131 Kyros \/ Kiros taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"6-avrupa-medeniyetleri\">\n<h2 id=\"6-avrupa-medeniyetleri\">6. Avrupa Medeniyetleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li><strong>Yunan \u015fehir devletleri, Roma ve Makedonlar<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"yunan-sehir-devletleri\">\n<h2 id=\"yunan-sehir-devletleri\">Yunan \u015eehir Devletleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Yunan \u015fehir devletleri Ege Denizi \u00e7evresinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u015eehir devletlerine polis denir.<\/li>\n<li>Avrupa medeniyetinin olu\u015fmas\u0131na \u00f6nemli katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Atina g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc donanma \/ deniz g\u00fcc\u00fcyle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/li>\n<li>Sparta g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kara ordusu \/ piyade g\u00fcc\u00fcyle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/li>\n<li>Atina ve Sparta d\u0131\u015f tehditlere kar\u015f\u0131 zaman zaman birlikte hareket etmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"atina-sparta-rekabeti-ve-ordu\">\n<h2 id=\"atina-sparta-rekabeti-ve-ordu\">Atina-Sparta Rekabeti ve Ordu<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Bar\u0131\u015f d\u00f6nemlerinde genellikle birbirleriyle rekabet etmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Bu rekabet siyasi birli\u011fin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 uzun s\u00fcre engellemi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Atina-Sparta rekabeti bir\u00e7ok sava\u015fa neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Yunan askerleri kalkan duvar\u0131 arkas\u0131nda m\u0131zraklarla ilerlemi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Omuz omuza ilerleme disiplinli ve taktiksel piyade ordusunu g\u00f6sterir.<\/li>\n<li>Bu d\u00fczen falanks anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ili\u015fkilidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"romalilar-genel-bilgiler\">\n<h2 id=\"romalilar-genel-bilgiler\">Romal\u0131lar: Genel Bilgiler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Roma Devleti M\u00d6 753\u2019te \u0130talya\u2019da Roma \u015fehrinde kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bir \u015fehir devletidir.<\/li>\n<li>Zamanla \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir alana h\u00e2kim olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Akdeniz Havzas\u0131\u2019na h\u00e2kim olarak k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte devlet h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Sahip oldu\u011fu topraklarla ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in geli\u015fmi\u015f yollar in\u015fa etmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"romanin-yonetim-donemleri\">\n<h2 id=\"romanin-yonetim-donemleri\">Roma\u2019n\u0131n Y\u00f6netim D\u00f6nemleri<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Ders notu tablosu 5\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablo tk-cok-sutun\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>D\u00f6nem<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Tarih<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6zellik<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p>Krall\u0131k<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p>M\u00d6 753 &#8211; M\u00d6 509<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Roma \u015fehir devleti olarak krall\u0131kla y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p>Cumhuriyet<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p>M\u00d6 509 &#8211; M\u00d6 27<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>Aristokratlar\u0131n egemen oldu\u011fu sistemdir; kons\u00fcller ve senato etkilidir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p>\u0130mparatorluk<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p>M\u00d6 27\u2019den itibaren<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6zellik\"><p>H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n yetkileri artm\u0131\u015f, senatonun etkisi azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"roma-toplumsal-ve-siyasi-yapi\">\n<h2 id=\"roma-toplumsal-ve-siyasi-yapi\">Roma: Toplumsal ve Siyasi Yap\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Roma ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta 300 klandan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Klanlardan birine \u00fcye olan yeti\u015fkin erkekler yurtta\u015fl\u0131k haklar\u0131na sahipti.<\/li>\n<li>Klanlardan birine mensup olmayanlar\u0131n siyasi haklar\u0131 yoktu.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta askerlik hakk\u0131 yurtta\u015fl\u0131kla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00d6 509\u2019da cumhuriyet idaresine ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi aristokratlar\u0131n egemen oldu\u011fu bir sistemdir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"roma-cumhuriyet-ve-imparatorluk\">\n<h2 id=\"roma-cumhuriyet-ve-imparatorluk\">Roma: Cumhuriyet ve \u0130mparatorluk<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde kral\u0131n yetkileri iki y\u00fcksek devlet memurunda toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bu g\u00f6revlilere kons\u00fcl denmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Kons\u00fcller idari konularda senatoya dan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00d6 27\u2019de imparatorluk d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n yetkileri artm\u0131\u015f, senatonun etkisi azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Y\u00f6netim zamanla mutlak monar\u015fiye benzer bir h\u00e2l alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"roma-din-bolunme-ve-yikilis\">\n<h2 id=\"roma-din-bolunme-ve-yikilis\">Roma: Din, B\u00f6l\u00fcnme ve Y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Roma h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 Sezar \/ Caesar unvan\u0131n\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Pagan inanc\u0131n\u0131n h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar din\u00ee yetkiler de ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hristiyanl\u0131k ilk ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Roma y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>MS 380\u2019de resm\u00ee din olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc sonras\u0131nda Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu MS 395\u2019te ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bat\u0131 Roma MS 476\u2019da; Do\u011fu Roma \/ Bizans 1453\u2019te sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"roma-ordusu\">\n<h2 id=\"roma-ordusu\">Roma Ordusu<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Roma g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, d\u00fczenli ve disiplinli bir orduya sahipti.<\/li>\n<li>Roma\u2019da her yurtta\u015f erkek asker kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Zamanla askere daha fazla ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011fu i\u00e7in paral\u0131 askerler kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Roma ordusu lejyon ad\u0131 verilen asker\u00ee birliklerden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Lejyon askerlerine lejyoner denir.<\/li>\n<li>Lejyonerler d\u00fczenli maa\u015f alan askerlerdir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"roma-ordusu-testudo-ve-donusum\">\n<h2 id=\"roma-ordusu-testudo-ve-donusum\">Roma Ordusu: Testudo ve D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Roma piyadeleri kalkanlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak \u00fcstten ve yanlardan gelen sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 korunmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Bu savunma d\u00fczenine kaplumba\u011fa d\u00fczeni denir.<\/li>\n<li>Avantaj\u0131 askerleri ok ve m\u0131zrak sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 korumas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Savunma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Dezavantaj\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r te\u00e7hizat ve s\u0131k\u0131 dizili\u015fin hareket kabiliyetini azaltmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>MS 2. y\u00fczy\u0131lda taarruz, MS 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda savunma a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"makedonlar-ve-buyuk-iskender\">\n<h2 id=\"makedonlar-ve-buyuk-iskender\">Makedonlar ve B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Makedon Devleti\u2019nin temelleri M\u00d6 12. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki Dor g\u00f6\u00e7leriyle at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>II. Philip g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ordu kurmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>II. Philip Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne h\u00e2kim olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>II. Philip\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra isyanlar \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender M\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Yunan \u015fehir devletlerinde yeniden d\u00fczeni sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ard\u0131ndan do\u011fuya y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"buyuk-iskender-donemi\">\n<h2 id=\"buyuk-iskender-donemi\">B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender D\u00f6nemi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender Pers \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na son vermi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Asya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde \u0130ndus Vadisi\u2019ne kadar ilerlemi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Afrika\u2019da M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini birle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Helenistik k\u00fclt\u00fcr ad\u0131 verilen sentez k\u00fclt\u00fcr meydana gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra topraklar\u0131 Diadohlar denilen komutanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"7-turkistan-medeniyetleri\">\n<h2 id=\"7-turkistan-medeniyetleri\">7. T\u00fcrkistan Medeniyetleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li><strong>\u0130skitler \/ Sakalar ve Asya Hun Devleti<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"iskitler-sakalar\">\n<h2 id=\"iskitler-sakalar\">\u0130skitler \/ Sakalar<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>\u0130skitler M\u00d6 9. y\u00fczy\u0131lda T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Konarg\u00f6\u00e7er bir topluluktur.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da ya\u015fanan k\u0131tl\u0131k ve kurakl\u0131k g\u00f6\u00e7lerinde etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Hunlarla \/ Hiung-nularla m\u00fccadeleleri kaybetmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6nce Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyine g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>At\u0131 sava\u015f alan\u0131nda \u00e7ok etkili kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"iskitlerin-etkisi\">\n<h2 id=\"iskitlerin-etkisi\">\u0130skitlerin Etkisi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Bat\u0131ya ve g\u00fcneye do\u011fru hareket etmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Anadolu\u2019da s\u00fcvari birliklerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Mezopotamya\u2019da s\u00fcvari birliklerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Anadolu\u2019nun siyasi ve demografik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 etkilemi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n siyasi ve demografik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 etkilemi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"asya-hun-devleti-genel-bilgiler\">\n<h2 id=\"asya-hun-devleti-genel-bilgiler\">Asya Hun Devleti: Genel Bilgiler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Asya Hun Devleti M\u00d6 220 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrklerin \u0130\u00e7 Asya\u2019da kurdu\u011fu bilinen ilk devlettir.<\/li>\n<li>Bilinen ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Teoman\u2019d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131na g\u00f6re Hunlara ait ilk bilgiler M\u00d6 318 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar gider.<\/li>\n<li>Bu d\u00f6neme ait bilgilerin \u00e7o\u011fu \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131na dayan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00d6 209\u2019da Mete Han\u2019\u0131n ka\u011fan olmas\u0131yla Asya Hunlar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"asya-hunlarinin-siyasi-alani\">\n<h2 id=\"asya-hunlarinin-siyasi-alani\">Asya Hunlar\u0131n\u0131n Siyasi Alan\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Mete Han d\u00f6neminde \u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Asya Hunlar\u0131 devlet te\u015fkilat\u0131 ve ordu yap\u0131lanmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bir\u00e7ok ilkin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemdir.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131n\u0131rlar bat\u0131da Hazar Denizi\u2019ne kadar geni\u015flemi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fuda \u00c7in, g\u00fcneyde Tibet \u00e7evresine kadar uzanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kuzeyde Sibirya \u00e7evresine kadar yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bu durum Asya Hunlar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk siyasi birli\u011fini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"asya-hunlari-unvanlar-ve-kut\">\n<h2 id=\"asya-hunlari-unvanlar-ve-kut\">Asya Hunlar\u0131: Unvanlar ve Kut<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Asya Hun h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 \u015eany\u00fc unvan\u0131n\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ka\u011fan, Han ve Tanhu unvanlar\u0131 da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Eski T\u00fcrklerde \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6netme yetkisinin Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan verildi\u011fine inan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bu inanca kut denir.<\/li>\n<li>Asya Hun h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kut verdi\u011fi ki\u015fi kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Kut anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n me\u015fruiyetini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"asya-hunlari-il-ve-kurultay\">\n<h2 id=\"asya-hunlari-il-ve-kurultay\">Asya Hunlar\u0131: \u0130l ve Kurultay<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede devlet i\u00e7in il terimi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130l \/ devletin d\u00f6rt temel unsuru ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, vatan, halk ve t\u00f6redir.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00fck\u00fcmdar y\u00f6netimle ilgili kararlar al\u0131rken toy veya kurultaya dan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kurultay devlet meselelerini g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Savunma stratejilerini de\u011ferlendirir.<\/li>\n<li>Hakana ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n sunuldu\u011fu yerdir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"asya-hunlari-kurultay-ve-veraset\">\n<h2 id=\"asya-hunlari-kurultay-ve-veraset\">Asya Hunlar\u0131: Kurultay ve Veraset<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Kurultay insan ve hayvan say\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 idari merkez i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Say\u0131mlar defterlere kaydedilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Kurultay h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n mutlak g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc dengeleyen dan\u0131\u015fma organlar\u0131ndand\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u015eany\u00fc \u00f6l\u00fcnce yerine genellikle en b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu veya karde\u015fi ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Veraset sistemindeki belirsizlik taht kavgalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7in entrikalar\u0131 ve taht kavgalar\u0131 sonucunda Asya Hunlar\u0131 kuzey ve g\u00fcney olarak ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"asya-hun-devletinin-yikilisi-ve-ordu-anlayisi\">\n<h2 id=\"asya-hun-devletinin-yikilisi-ve-ordu-anlayisi\">Asya Hun Devleti\u2019nin Y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve Ordu Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Devlet kom\u015fular\u0131yla ve \u00c7in\u2019le yap\u0131lan m\u00fccadeleler sonucunda MS 216\u2019da y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Asya Hunlar\u0131nda askerlik \u00f6zel bir meslek olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Orduda \u00fccretli asker kullan\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00fct\u00fcn idari g\u00f6revliler ayn\u0131 zamanda orduda komutanl\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Asker\u00ee disiplin devlet mekanizmas\u0131na da yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bu yap\u0131 ordu-millet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"mete-han-ve-onlu-sistem\">\n<h2 id=\"mete-han-ve-onlu-sistem\">Mete Han ve Onlu Sistem<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Mete Han M\u00d6 209\u2019da devletin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Ordu sisteminde reform yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00d6 209 y\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde T\u00fcrk Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetleri\u2019nin sembolik kurulu\u015f y\u0131l\u0131 kabul edilir.<\/li>\n<li>Mete Han orduyu onlu sisteme g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Boylar\u0131n asker\u00ee kuvvetleri sava\u015f zaman\u0131nda d\u00fczenli ordu h\u00e2line getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015fkomutan taraf\u0131ndan disiplinli \u015fekilde y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"onlu-sistem\">\n<h2 id=\"onlu-sistem\">Onlu Sistem<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Ders notu tablosu 6\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablo\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Birlik<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Yakla\u015f\u0131k Asker Say\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Birlik\"><p>Manga<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Yakla\u015f\u0131k Asker Say\u0131s\u0131\"><p>10<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Birlik\"><p>Y\u00fczl\u00fck<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Yakla\u015f\u0131k Asker Say\u0131s\u0131\"><p>100<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Birlik\"><p>Binlik<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Yakla\u015f\u0131k Asker Say\u0131s\u0131\"><p>1000<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Birlik\"><p>T\u00fcmen<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Yakla\u015f\u0131k Asker Say\u0131s\u0131\"><p>10.000<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Birlik\"><p>Hun ordusu<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Yakla\u015f\u0131k Asker Say\u0131s\u0131\"><p>40 t\u00fcmen \/ 400.000 ki\u015fi<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"hun-savas-taktikleri\">\n<h2 id=\"hun-savas-taktikleri\">Hun Sava\u015f Taktikleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>Asya Hunlar\u0131 tamamen atl\u0131 s\u00fcvari a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 bir orduya sahiptir.<\/li>\n<li>Atl\u0131 ok\u00e7ulukta \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131d\u0131rlar.<\/li>\n<li>Mete Han \u0131sl\u0131k \u00e7alan oku kullanarak ok\u00e7ular\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Sava\u015flarda genellikle Turan takti\u011fi \/ hilal takti\u011fi uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00fc\u015fman \u00fczerine sald\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ard\u0131ndan sahte geri \u00e7ekilme uygulan\u0131r ve d\u00fc\u015fman pusu alan\u0131na \u00e7ekilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"turan-taktigi-ve-techizat\">\n<h2 id=\"turan-taktigi-ve-techizat\">Turan Takti\u011fi ve Te\u00e7hizat<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>D\u00fc\u015fman ordusu \u00e7evrelenir.<\/li>\n<li>Atl\u0131 ok\u00e7ularla uzaktan vurulur.<\/li>\n<li>Isl\u0131kl\u0131 ok, ok ve yay kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7ift kavisli \/ kompozit yay kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, hafif k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, k\u0131sa m\u0131zrak, s\u00fcng\u00fc ve kalkan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kement, hafif z\u0131rh ve h\u0131zl\u0131 atlar \u00f6nemli ara\u00e7 gere\u00e7lerdendir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"asya-hunlarinin-diger-devletlere-etkisi\">\n<h2 id=\"asya-hunlarinin-diger-devletlere-etkisi\">Asya Hunlar\u0131n\u0131n Di\u011fer Devletlere Etkisi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>T\u00fcrkler demircilikte geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Demiri silahlar\u0131n etki g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Asya Hunlar\u0131 sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6zellikleriyle bir\u00e7ok devleti etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda Hunlar\u0131n ok\u00e7uluktaki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Boynuzdan yap\u0131lan yaylar \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7inliler T\u00fcrk sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00c7in Seddi\u2019ni in\u015fa etmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"cine-etki-ve-cagdas-medeniyetler\">\n<h2 id=\"cine-etki-ve-cagdas-medeniyetler\">\u00c7in\u2019e Etki ve \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Medeniyetler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-madde-listesi\">\n<li>\u00c7inliler ordular\u0131n\u0131 giyim, te\u00e7hizat ve sistem bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Hun tarz\u0131nda d\u00fczenlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Chou \/ Zhou Kral\u0131 Wu-ling\u2019in M\u00d6 307 tarihli emriyle at k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc \u00c7inlilere ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Kompozit yay da \u00c7inlilere ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Asya Hunlar\u0131yla ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u0130skitler ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Makedonlar, Romal\u0131lar ve Yunan \u015fehir devletleri ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemdedir.<\/li>\n<li>M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar da ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f medeniyetlerdendir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"8-karsilastirmalar\">\n<h2 id=\"8-karsilastirmalar\">8. Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar<\/h2>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"yonetim-sistemleri-karsilastirmasi\">\n<h2 id=\"yonetim-sistemleri-karsilastirmasi\">Y\u00f6netim Sistemleri Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Ders notu tablosu 7\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablo tk-cok-sutun\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Devlet<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Y\u00f6netim Bi\u00e7imi<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Egemenlik \/ Me\u015fruiyet Kayna\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>\u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan \u00d6zellik<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet\"><p>S\u00fcmerler<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Y\u00f6netim Bi\u00e7imi\"><p>Teokratik monar\u015fi \/ \u015fehir devletleri<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Egemenlik \/ Me\u015fruiyet Kayna\u011f\u0131\"><p>Din, tanr\u0131sal hak, rahip-kral<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan \u00d6zellik\"><p>Ensi \/ patesi, site<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet\"><p>M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Y\u00f6netim Bi\u00e7imi\"><p>Teokratik monar\u015fi<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Egemenlik \/ Me\u015fruiyet Kayna\u011f\u0131\"><p>Firavunun tanr\u0131sal g\u00fcc\u00fc, din, soy<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan \u00d6zellik\"><p>Firavun tanr\u0131n\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki temsilcisidir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet\"><p>Akadlar<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Y\u00f6netim Bi\u00e7imi\"><p>Mutlak monar\u015fi<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Egemenlik \/ Me\u015fruiyet Kayna\u011f\u0131\"><p>Asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7, krall\u0131k otoritesi, tanr\u0131sal me\u015fruiyet<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan \u00d6zellik\"><p>\u0130lk imparatorluk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet\"><p>Hititler<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Y\u00f6netim Bi\u00e7imi\"><p>Teokratik monar\u015fi, aristokratik dan\u0131\u015fma unsuru<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Egemenlik \/ Me\u015fruiyet Kayna\u011f\u0131\"><p>Din, soy, kral, Panku\u015f<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan \u00d6zellik\"><p>Kral ba\u015frahip ve ba\u015fkomutand\u0131r.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet\"><p>Romal\u0131lar<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Y\u00f6netim Bi\u00e7imi\"><p>Krall\u0131k, cumhuriyet, imparatorluk<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Egemenlik \/ Me\u015fruiyet Kayna\u011f\u0131\"><p>Halk, senato, yasa, h\u00fck\u00fcmdar g\u00fcc\u00fc<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan \u00d6zellik\"><p>Kons\u00fcl, senato, lejyon, hukuk<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet\"><p>Asya Hunlar\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Y\u00f6netim Bi\u00e7imi\"><p>Ka\u011fanl\u0131k \/ boy federasyonu<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Egemenlik \/ Me\u015fruiyet Kayna\u011f\u0131\"><p>Kut, G\u00f6k Tanr\u0131, soy, t\u00f6re, asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan \u00d6zellik\"><p>Kurultay, il, onlu sistem<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"ordu-sistemleri-karsilastirmasi\">\n<h2 id=\"ordu-sistemleri-karsilastirmasi\">Ordu Sistemleri Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Ders notu tablosu 8\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablo tk-cok-sutun\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Devlet<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Asker\u00ee Te\u015fkilat<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Te\u00e7hizat<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Y\u00f6n<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p><strong>Zay\u0131f Y\u00f6n<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet\"><p>S\u00fcmerler<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Asker\u00ee Te\u015fkilat\"><p>Piyadeler ve sava\u015f arabal\u0131 birlikler<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Te\u00e7hizat\"><p>Ok, yay, m\u0131zrak, balta, kalkan, mi\u011ffer, han\u00e7er<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Y\u00f6n\"><p>D\u00fczenli birlikler ve \u015fehir savunmas\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Zay\u0131f Y\u00f6n\"><p>\u015eehir devletleri aras\u0131ndaki rekabet<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet\"><p>M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Asker\u00ee Te\u015fkilat\"><p>D\u00fczenli yaya ordusu, sava\u015f arabalar\u0131, donanma<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Te\u00e7hizat\"><p>Ok, yay, m\u0131zrak, kama, kalkan, k\u0131sa k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, karg\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Y\u00f6n\"><p>Co\u011frafi korunakl\u0131l\u0131k, metal silahlar, sava\u015f arabalar\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Zay\u0131f Y\u00f6n\"><p>Askerlik hayat\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r ko\u015fullar\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet\"><p>Akadlar<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Asker\u00ee Te\u015fkilat\"><p>\u0130lk daim\u00ee ordu, piyade ve sava\u015f arabalar\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Te\u00e7hizat\"><p>Ok, yay, m\u0131zrak, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, balta, kalkan, mi\u011ffer<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Y\u00f6n\"><p>H\u0131zl\u0131 seferler, imparatorluk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Zay\u0131f Y\u00f6n\"><p>Ordu ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrekli kar\u015f\u0131layama-ma, isyanlar<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet\"><p>Hititler<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Asker\u00ee Te\u015fkilat\"><p>Piyadeler ve sava\u015f arabalar\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Te\u00e7hizat\"><p>Pala, balta, uzun m\u0131zrak, kalkan, bronz ve demir i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Y\u00f6n\"><p>Sava\u015f arabas\u0131 + piyade takti\u011fi<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Zay\u0131f Y\u00f6n\"><p>Farkl\u0131 topluluklar\u0131 y\u00f6netmenin getirdi\u011fi riskler<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet\"><p>Romal\u0131lar<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Asker\u00ee Te\u015fkilat\"><p>Lejyon sistemi, disiplinli piyade, donanma<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Te\u00e7hizat\"><p>Gladius, pilum, scutum, z\u0131rh, mi\u011ffer<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Y\u00f6n\"><p>Disiplin, yollar, testudo, ku\u015fatma g\u00fcc\u00fc<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Zay\u0131f Y\u00f6n\"><p>A\u011f\u0131r te\u00e7hizat hareketi yava\u015flat\u0131r<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Devlet\"><p>Asya Hunlar\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Asker\u00ee Te\u015fkilat\"><p>Onlu sistem, atl\u0131 s\u00fcvari, ordu-millet<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Te\u00e7hizat\"><p>Isl\u0131kl\u0131 ok, kompozit yay, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, m\u0131zrak, kalkan, kement<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Y\u00f6n\"><p>H\u0131z, manevra, Turan takti\u011fi<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Zay\u0131f Y\u00f6n\"><p>Veraset kavgalar\u0131 ve i\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeler<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<button class=\"tk-basa-don\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunun ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\">Ba\u015fa d\u00f6n<\/button>\n<\/article>\n<script>\n(function () {\n  \"use strict\";\n  var notes = document.querySelectorAll('.tk-ders-notu:not([data-tk-ready=\"true\"])');\n  notes.forEach(function (note) {\n    note.setAttribute('data-tk-ready', 'true');\n    var toc = note.querySelector('.tk-icindekiler');\n    var printButton = note.querySelector('.tk-yazdir');\n    var tocButton = note.querySelector('.tk-icindekilere-git');\n    var backButton = note.querySelector('.tk-basa-don');\n    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