{"id":3622,"date":"2026-08-27T15:45:55","date_gmt":"2026-08-27T12:45:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=3622"},"modified":"2026-08-27T15:45:55","modified_gmt":"2026-08-27T12:45:55","slug":"2-2-1789-1908-osmanli-siyasi-askeri-idari-gelismeler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-2-1789-1908-osmanli-siyasi-askeri-idari-gelismeler\/","title":{"rendered":"1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Meydana Gelen Siyasi, Asker\u00ee ve \u0130dari Geli\u015fmeler | 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih &#8211; Maarif Model Tarih Ders Notu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>S\u0131n\u0131f:<\/strong> 11. S\u0131n\u0131f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ders:<\/strong> Tarih<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00dcnite:<\/strong> D\u00d6N\u00dc\u015e\u00dcM S\u00dcREC\u0130NDE OSMANLI (1789-1908)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131:<\/strong> 1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Meydana Gelen Siyasi, Asker\u00ee ve \u0130dari Geli\u015fmeler<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.tk-ders-notu,\n.tk-ders-notu * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n.tk-ders-notu {\n  --tk-lacivert: #173b67;\n  --tk-turkuaz: #087f8c;\n  --tk-bordo: #8a2638;\n  --tk-altin: #d9a514;\n  --tk-acik-mavi: #eef7ff;\n  --tk-acik-turkuaz: #e9fbfa;\n  --tk-acik-sari: #fff8dc;\n  --tk-metin: #1f2937;\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 1100px;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 auto;\n  color: var(--tk-metin);\n  font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\n  font-size: 17px;\n  line-height: 1.72;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n  hyphens: auto;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme-iz {\n  position: sticky;\n  top: 0;\n  z-index: 20;\n  width: 100%;\n  height: 6px;\n  overflow: hidden;\n  border-radius: 999px;\n  background: #dce8f2;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme-cubugu {\n  display: block;\n  width: 0;\n  height: 100%;\n  background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--tk-turkuaz), var(--tk-altin));\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ust-kart {\n  margin: 12px 0 22px;\n  padding: clamp(20px, 4vw, 38px);\n  border-bottom: 6px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  border-radius: 18px;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #173b67, #205684);\n  box-shadow: 0 12px 28px rgba(23, 59, 103, .16);\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kod {\n  margin: 0 0 7px;\n  color: #ffdf75;\n  font-size: .85em;\n  font-weight: 800;\n  letter-spacing: .08em;\n  text-transform: uppercase;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik {\n  margin: 0;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  font-size: clamp(1.55rem, 4vw, 2.35rem);\n  font-weight: 800;\n  line-height: 1.22;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-seo-giris {\n  margin: 18px 0 0;\n  color: #f2f7fb;\n  font-size: 1em;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-eylem-cubugu {\n  display: flex;\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\n  gap: 10px;\n  margin: 0 0 18px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme {\n  min-height: 44px;\n  padding: 9px 16px;\n  border: 2px solid var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  border-radius: 10px;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  font: inherit;\n  font-weight: 700;\n  line-height: 1.25;\n  cursor: pointer;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme:hover { background: #056c76; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme:focus-visible,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a:focus-visible,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don:focus-visible {\n  outline: 4px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  outline-offset: 3px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 0 24px;\n  padding: 18px 20px;\n  border: 1px solid #b9dfe1;\n  border-left: 6px solid var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  border-radius: 14px;\n  background: var(--tk-acik-turkuaz);\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler-baslik {\n  margin: 0 0 8px;\n  color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-size: 1.2em;\n  font-weight: 800;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler ul {\n  margin: 0;\n  padding-left: 1.25em;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler li { margin: 4px 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler .tk-alt-baslik-baglantisi { margin-left: 1em; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a {\n  color: #075f69;\n  font-weight: 700;\n  text-decoration-thickness: 2px;\n  text-underline-offset: 3px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a[aria-current=\"true\"] {\n  color: var(--tk-bordo);\n  background: #fff1f3;\n  border-radius: 5px;\n  box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px #fff1f3;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 0 22px;\n  padding: clamp(17px, 3vw, 28px);\n  border: 1px solid #dbe6ee;\n  border-radius: 16px;\n  background: #ffffff;\n  box-shadow: 0 8px 22px rgba(23, 59, 103, .08);\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart-giris { background: var(--tk-acik-mavi); }\n.tk-ders-notu h2,\n.tk-ders-notu h3 {\n  scroll-margin-top: 24px;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu h2 {\n  margin: 0 0 16px;\n  padding-bottom: 8px;\n  border-bottom: 4px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-size: clamp(1.3rem, 3vw, 1.72rem);\n  font-weight: 800;\n  line-height: 1.3;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu h3 {\n  margin: 24px 0 10px;\n  color: var(--tk-bordo);\n  font-size: clamp(1.1rem, 2.5vw, 1.35rem);\n  font-weight: 800;\n  line-height: 1.35;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-metin,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-gorsel-aciklamasi { margin: 0 0 13px; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-gorsel-aciklamasi {\n  padding: 10px 14px;\n  border-left: 4px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  color: #34495e;\n  background: var(--tk-acik-sari);\n  font-size: .95em;\n  font-style: italic;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-liste {\n  display: grid;\n  gap: 9px;\n  margin: 12px 0 18px;\n  padding: 0;\n  list-style: none;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-liste > li {\n  position: relative;\n  min-width: 0;\n  padding: 10px 12px 10px 42px;\n  border: 1px solid #cfe6e8;\n  border-radius: 10px;\n  background: #f7fcfc;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-liste > li::before {\n  content: \"\u2713\";\n  position: absolute;\n  left: 12px;\n  top: 10px;\n  width: 22px;\n  height: 22px;\n  border-radius: 50%;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  font-size: 13px;\n  font-weight: 900;\n  line-height: 22px;\n  text-align: center;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-alinti {\n  margin: 16px 0;\n  padding: 15px 18px;\n  border-left: 6px solid var(--tk-bordo);\n  border-radius: 10px;\n  color: #5d1b28;\n  background: #fff1f3;\n  font-style: italic;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-kutusu {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 16px 0;\n  padding: 15px 17px;\n  border: 1px solid #ead381;\n  border-left: 6px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  border-radius: 12px;\n  background: var(--tk-acik-sari);\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-etiket {\n  margin: 0 0 5px;\n  color: var(--tk-bordo);\n  font-weight: 900;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-icerik > :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo-kapsayici {\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 18px 0;\n  overflow: visible;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu {\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  border-collapse: collapse;\n  border-spacing: 0;\n  table-layout: fixed;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu th,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu td {\n  min-width: 0;\n  padding: 11px 12px;\n  border: 1px solid #b8c9d6;\n  vertical-align: top;\n  text-align: left;\n  white-space: normal;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n  word-break: normal;\n  hyphens: auto;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu thead th {\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-weight: 800;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu tbody tr:nth-child(even) { background: var(--tk-acik-mavi); }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu tbody td:first-child {\n  color: #6f1e2d;\n  font-weight: 700;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-hucre-metin { margin: 0 0 7px; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-hucre-metin:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don {\n  position: fixed;\n  right: 18px;\n  bottom: 18px;\n  z-index: 30;\n  display: none;\n  min-width: 48px;\n  min-height: 48px;\n  padding: 9px 13px;\n  border: 0;\n  border-radius: 999px;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: var(--tk-bordo);\n  font: inherit;\n  font-weight: 800;\n  box-shadow: 0 8px 22px rgba(86, 20, 34, .28);\n  cursor: pointer;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don.tk-gorunur { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; }\n@media (max-width: 720px) {\n  .tk-ders-notu { font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.65; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ust-kart,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart { border-radius: 12px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme { flex: 1 1 145px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun table,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun thead,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tr,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun th,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun td { display: block; width: 100%; min-width: 0; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun thead { position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0 0 0 0); white-space: nowrap; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody { display: grid; gap: 14px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody tr {\n    overflow: hidden;\n    border: 1px solid #b8c9d6;\n    border-radius: 12px;\n    background: #ffffff;\n    box-shadow: 0 5px 14px rgba(23, 59, 103, .08);\n  }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody td { border: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce6ed; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody td:last-child { border-bottom: 0; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody td::before {\n    content: attr(data-label);\n    display: block;\n    margin: 0 0 4px;\n    color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n    font-weight: 900;\n  }\n}\n@media (max-width: 375px) {\n  .tk-ders-notu { font-size: 15.5px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ust-kart,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler { padding: 15px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-liste > li { padding-left: 38px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu th,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu td { padding: 9px 8px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don { right: 10px; bottom: 10px; }\n}\n@media print {\n  .tk-ders-notu { max-width: none; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.45; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme-iz,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-eylem-cubugu,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don { display: none !important; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ust-kart { color: #000000; background: #ffffff; box-shadow: none; border: 2px solid #173b67; border-bottom: 5px solid #d9a514; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kod,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-seo-giris { color: #000000; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart { break-inside: avoid-page; box-shadow: none; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu { break-inside: auto; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu tr { break-inside: avoid; }\n}\n<\/style>\n<article class=\"tk-ders-notu\" lang=\"tr\" id=\"tk-ders-2-2\">\n<div class=\"tk-ilerleme-iz\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"><\/span><\/div>\n<header class=\"tk-ust-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-ana-baslik\">\n<p class=\"tk-kod\">11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih \u2022 \u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131 2.2<\/p>\n<p class=\"tk-ana-baslik\" id=\"tk-2-2-ana-baslik\">1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Meydana Gelen Siyasi, Asker\u00ee ve \u0130dari Geli\u015fmeler<\/p>\n<p class=\"tk-seo-giris\">11. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersindeki 1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Meydana Gelen Siyasi, Asker\u00ee ve \u0130dari Geli\u015fmeler \u00f6\u011frenme \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131, uzun bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm d\u00f6nemini neden ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla incelemeyi gerektirir. Bu tarih ders notu, T\u00fcrkiye Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 Maarif Modeli do\u011frultusunda belgedeki s\u0131ra korunarak \u015eark Meselesi\u2019ni, Balkan isyanlar\u0131n\u0131, M\u0131s\u0131r ve Bo\u011fazlar sorunlar\u0131n\u0131, sava\u015flar\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerin m\u00fcdahalelerini ele al\u0131r. Tanzimat ve Islahat fermanlar\u0131, Kanun-\u0131 Esasi, I. Me\u015frutiyet, 93 Harbi, g\u00f6\u00e7ler ve mali geli\u015fmeler birbirini izleyen ba\u015fl\u0131klarda a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tablolar, kronolojiler ve dikkat kutular\u0131; antla\u015fmalar\u0131, reformlar\u0131 ve siyasi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Konuyu \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken i\u00e7 geli\u015fmeler ile d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi ve her d\u00fczenlemenin y\u00f6netim yap\u0131s\u0131nda olu\u015fturdu\u011fu de\u011fi\u015fimi birlikte de\u011ferlendirebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"tk-eylem-cubugu\" aria-label=\"Ders notu ara\u00e7lar\u0131\">\n<button class=\"tk-dugme\" type=\"button\" data-tk-action=\"print\" aria-label=\"Ders notunu yazd\u0131r\">Yazd\u0131r<\/button>\n<button class=\"tk-dugme\" type=\"button\" data-tk-action=\"toc\" aria-label=\"\u0130\u00e7indekiler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne git\">\u0130\u00e7indekilere Git<\/button>\n<\/div>\n<nav class=\"tk-icindekiler\" id=\"tk-2-2-icindekiler\" aria-label=\"Ders notu i\u00e7indekiler\">\n<p class=\"tk-icindekiler-baslik\">\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-giris\">Giri\u015f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-osmanli-devletinde-1783-1914-yillari-arasindaki-baslica-siyasi-gelismeler\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde 1783-1914 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ba\u015fl\u0131ca siyasi geli\u015fmeler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-avrupa-da-degisen-guc-dengesi\">Avrupa&#x27;da De\u011fi\u015fen G\u00fc\u00e7 Dengesi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-grek-ve-dakya-projeleri\">Grek ve Dakya Projeleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-grek-ve-dakya-projelerine-gore-avrupa-devletlerinin-belirledigi-sinirlar\">Grek ve Dakya projelerine g\u00f6re Avrupa devletlerinin belirledi\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rlar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-iii-selim-ve-nizam-i-cedit\">III. Selim ve Nizam-\u0131 Cedit<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-osmanli-topraklari-neden-hedefti\">Osmanl\u0131 Topraklar\u0131 Neden Hedefti?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-sark-meselesinin-cercevesi\">\u015eark Meselesinin \u00c7er\u00e7evesi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-misir-isgali-ve-denge-siyaseti\">M\u0131s\u0131r \u0130\u015fgali ve Denge Siyaseti<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-degisen-ittifaklar-1802-1812\">De\u011fi\u015fen \u0130ttifaklar (1802-1812)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-sark-meselesinin-ic-yapiya-etkisi\">\u015eark Meselesinin \u0130\u00e7 Yap\u0131ya Etkisi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-millet-sistemi-ve-gayrimuslimler\">Millet Sistemi ve Gayrim\u00fcslimler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-milliyetcilik-ve-panslavizm\">Milliyet\u00e7ilik ve Panslavizm<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-ilk-sirp-isyani-1804-1813\">\u0130lk S\u0131rp \u0130syan\u0131 (1804-1813)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-ozerklikten-bagimsizliga\">\u00d6zerklikten Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-rumlar-ve-ayrilikci-orgutlenme\">Rumlar ve Ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 \u00d6rg\u00fctlenme<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-rum-isyaninin-baslamasi\">Rum \u0130syan\u0131n\u0131n Ba\u015flamas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-1820-yilinda-mora-yarimadasi-ve-cevresi\">1820 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mora Yar\u0131madas\u0131 ve \u00e7evresi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-avrupa-destegi-filhelenizm\">Avrupa Deste\u011fi: Filhelenizm<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-isyanin-bastirilmasi-ve-vaka-i-hayriye\">\u0130syan\u0131n Bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Vaka-i Hayriye<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-londra-protokolu-ve-navarin\">Londra Protokol\u00fc ve Navarin<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-edirne-antlasmasi-na-giden-savas\">Edirne Antla\u015fmas\u0131&#x27;na Giden Sava\u015f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-kavalali-mehmet-ali-pasa-gucleniyor\">Kavalal\u0131 Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa G\u00fc\u00e7leniyor<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-mehmet-ali-pasa-doneminde-misir-vilayeti\">Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde M\u0131s\u0131r Vilayeti<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-misir-isyaninin-ilk-asamasi\">M\u0131s\u0131r \u0130syan\u0131n\u0131n \u0130lk A\u015famas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-bogazlarda-ilk-taviz-ve-kutahya\">Bo\u011fazlarda \u0130lk Taviz ve K\u00fctahya<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-hunkar-iskelesi-ve-bogazlar-sorunu\">H\u00fcnk\u00e2r \u0130skelesi ve Bo\u011fazlar Sorunu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-nizip-yenilgisi-ve-taht-degisimi\">Nizip Yenilgisi ve Taht De\u011fi\u015fimi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-1840-londra-antlasmasi\">1840 Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-misir-meselesi-ve-bogazlar\">M\u0131s\u0131r Meselesi ve Bo\u011fazlar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-tanzimat-a-giden-yol\">Tanzimat&#x27;a Giden Yol<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-tanzimat-fermani-nin-esaslari\">Tanzimat Ferman\u0131&#x27;n\u0131n Esaslar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-merkezi-yonetim-yeniden-kuruldu\">Merkez\u00ee Y\u00f6netim Yeniden Kuruldu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-tanzimat-toplumu-nasil-degistirdi\">Tanzimat Toplumu Nas\u0131l De\u011fi\u015ftirdi?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-kirim-harbi-nin-nedenleri\">K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi&#x27;nin Nedenleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-savasa-giden-surec-1853\">Sava\u015fa Giden S\u00fcre\u00e7 (1853)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-kirim-savasi-1853-1856\">K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 (1853-1856)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-kirim-harbi-ilk-asama\">K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi: \u0130lk A\u015fama<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-kirim-harbi\">K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi:<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-paris-baris-antlasmasi-1856\">Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1856)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-kirim-harbi-teknoloji-ve-toplum\">K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi: Teknoloji ve Toplum<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-gocler-ve-deniz-gucundeki-kayiplar\">G\u00f6\u00e7ler ve Deniz G\u00fcc\u00fcndeki Kay\u0131plar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-islahat-fermani-na-giden-surec\">Islahat Ferman\u0131&#x27;na Giden S\u00fcre\u00e7<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-islahat-fermani-nin-hukumleri\">Islahat Ferman\u0131&#x27;n\u0131n H\u00fck\u00fcmleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-islahat-fermani-nin-ilk-tepkileri\">Islahat Ferman\u0131&#x27;n\u0131n \u0130lk Tepkileri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-uygulama-ve-toplumsal-yansimalar\">Uygulama ve Toplumsal Yans\u0131malar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-genc-osmanlilar-ve-mesrutiyet\">Gen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar ve Me\u015frutiyet<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-balkan-krizi-ve-taht-degisimleri\">Balkan Krizi ve Taht De\u011fi\u015fimleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-kanun-i-esasi-nin-ilani\">Kanun-\u0131 Esasi&#x27;nin \u0130lan\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-meclis-i-umumi\">Meclis-i Umumi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-kanun-i-esasi-nin-temel-maddeleri\">Kanun-\u0131 Esasi&#x27;nin Temel Maddeleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-93-harbi-nin-nedenleri\">93 Harbi&#x27;nin Nedenleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-tuna-cephesi-ve-plevne\">Tuna Cephesi ve Plevne<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-93-harbinde-tuna-cephesi\">93 Harbi\u2019nde Tuna cephesi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-kafkas-cephesi-ve-aziziye\">Kafkas Cephesi ve Aziziye<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-ayastefanos-antlasmasi\">Ayastefanos Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-berlin-kongresi\">Berlin Kongresi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-berlin-antlasmasi-nin-hukumleri\">Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131&#x27;n\u0131n H\u00fck\u00fcmleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-berlin-antlasmasina-gore-osmanli-devleti\">Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-93-harbi-nin-siyasi-sonuclari\">93 Harbi&#x27;nin Siyasi Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-savas-ve-zorunlu-goc\">Sava\u015f ve Zorunlu G\u00f6\u00e7<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-multeciler-ve-yerlesim-sorunlari\">M\u00fclteciler ve Yerle\u015fim Sorunlar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-mali-bunalimin-temelleri\">Mali Bunal\u0131m\u0131n Temelleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-1846-1854-mali-durum-tablosu\">1846-1854 Mali Durum Tablosu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-dis-borclanma-ve-iflas-esigi\">D\u0131\u015f Bor\u00e7lanma ve \u0130flas E\u015fi\u011fi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-muharrem-kararnamesi-ve-duyun\">Muharrem Kararnamesi ve D\u00fcy\u00fbn<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-borclarin-sonraki-seyri\">Bor\u00e7lar\u0131n Sonraki Seyri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-avrupa-da-antisemitizm-ve-goc\">Avrupa&#x27;da Antisemitizm ve G\u00f6\u00e7<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-osmanli-nin-filistin-politikasi\">Osmanl\u0131&#x27;n\u0131n Filistin Politikas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-siyonist-orgutlenme-ve-herzl\">Siyonist \u00d6rg\u00fctlenme ve Herzl<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-herzl-in-diplomasi-girisimleri\">Herzl&#x27;in Diplomasi Giri\u015fimleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-ii-abdulhamit-doneminin-sonucu\">II. Abd\u00fclhamit D\u00f6neminin Sonucu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-2-aciklamali-tarih-seridi\">A\u00c7IKLAMALI TAR\u0130H \u015eER\u0130D\u0130<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-giris\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-giris\"><strong>Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>\u015eark Meselesi: Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 Avrupa\u2019dan atma ve topraklar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fma rekabetidir.<\/li>\n<li>Balkan isyanlar\u0131: S\u0131rp ve Rum hareketleri zamanla uluslararas\u0131 sorun h\u00e2line geldi.<\/li>\n<li>M\u0131s\u0131r ve Bo\u011fazlar: Kavalal\u0131 isyan\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerin m\u00fcdahalesini art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Fermanlar: Tanzimat ve Islahat, y\u00f6netim ile toplum yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Anayasal s\u00fcre\u00e7: Kanun-\u0131 Esasi ile I. Me\u015frutiyet ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sava\u015f ve g\u00f6\u00e7: 93 Harbi a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131plara ve kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7lere yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Maliye ve Filistin: D\u00fcy\u00fbn-\u0131 Um\u00fbmiye ile siyonist faaliyetler g\u00fcndemi belirledi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-osmanli-devletinde-1783-1914-yillari-arasindaki-baslica-siyasi-gelismeler\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-osmanli-devletinde-1783-1914-yillari-arasindaki-baslica-siyasi-gelismeler\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde 1783-1914 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ba\u015fl\u0131ca siyasi geli\u015fmeler<\/h2>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-avrupa-da-degisen-guc-dengesi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-avrupa-da-degisen-guc-dengesi\">Avrupa&#x27;da De\u011fi\u015fen G\u00fc\u00e7 Dengesi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Sanayi Devrimi: S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik faaliyetlerine h\u0131z kazand\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali: Siyasi ve toplumsal dengeleri etkiledi.<\/li>\n<li>Koalisyon Sava\u015flar\u0131: Uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkileri asker\u00ee ve ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/li>\n<li>1774 sonras\u0131: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Rusya ve Avusturya ile m\u00fccadeleyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>1781 ittifak\u0131: Avusturya ile Rusya, Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fmay\u0131 planlad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Payla\u015f\u0131m tasar\u0131lar\u0131: 1781\u2019de Avusturya ve Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ittifakla Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin bu iki devlet aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik Grek ve Dakya projeleri ortaya kondu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-grek-ve-dakya-projeleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-grek-ve-dakya-projeleri\">Grek ve Dakya Projeleri<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici tk-cok-sutun\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Grek ve Dakya Projeleri - tablo 1\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Grek (Yunan) Projesi<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Dakya Projesi<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Temel ama\u00e7<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Grek (Yunan) Projesi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#x27;ni Avrupa topraklar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karmak<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Dakya Projesi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Rusya ile Avusturya&#x27;ya ba\u011fl\u0131 tampon devlet kurmak<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Alan<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Grek (Yunan) Projesi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Balkanlar ve Do\u011fu Avrupa&#x27;daki Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Dakya Projesi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Eflak-Bo\u011fdan ve Besarabya<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Y\u00f6netim<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Grek (Yunan) Projesi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u0130stanbul ba\u015fkentli Do\u011fu Roma; ba\u015fta Konstantin<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Dakya Projesi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Dakya adl\u0131 devlet; ba\u015fta General Potemkin<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Co\u011frafi not<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Grek (Yunan) Projesi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Avrupa&#x27;daki h\u00e2kimiyet alan\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Dakya Projesi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Dinyester, Turla ve Tuna aras\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lge<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Grek ve Dakya Projeleri - tablo 2\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!: <\/strong>Grek Projesi \u0130stanbul merkezli Do\u011fu Roma&#x27;y\u0131; Dakya Projesi Eflak-Bo\u011fdan ve Besarabya&#x27;da tampon devlet kurmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-grek-ve-dakya-projelerine-gore-avrupa-devletlerinin-belirledigi-sinirlar\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-grek-ve-dakya-projelerine-gore-avrupa-devletlerinin-belirledigi-sinirlar\">Grek ve Dakya projelerine g\u00f6re Avrupa devletlerinin belirledi\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rlar<\/h2>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-iii-selim-ve-nizam-i-cedit\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-iii-selim-ve-nizam-i-cedit\">III. Selim ve Nizam-\u0131 Cedit<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>1783: K\u0131r\u0131m&#x27;\u0131n Rusya taraf\u0131ndan ilhak\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir kay\u0131p oldu.<\/li>\n<li>1787-1792: Osmanl\u0131-Rus ve Avusturya sava\u015flar\u0131 devam etti.<\/li>\n<li>Taht de\u011fi\u015fimi: I. Abd\u00fclhamit&#x27;in ard\u0131ndan III. Selim, 7 Nisan 1789&#x27;da tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1789: Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali Avrupa&#x27;daki g\u00fc\u00e7 dengesini de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Denge siyaseti: III. Selim d\u0131\u015f politikada b\u00fcy\u00fck devletler aras\u0131ndaki rekabetten yararland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Nizam-\u0131 Cedit: Sivil ve asker\u00ee kurumlar\u0131 yenileme hareketi ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131; yeni ordu kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Daim\u00ee el\u00e7ilikler: Londra, Paris, Berlin ve Viyana&#x27;da temsilcilikler a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"III. Selim ve Nizam-\u0131 Cedit - tablo 3\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>III. Selim; denge siyaseti, Nizam-\u0131 Cedit ve daim\u00ee el\u00e7iliklerle ili\u015fkilendirilir.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-osmanli-topraklari-neden-hedefti\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-osmanli-topraklari-neden-hedefti\">Osmanl\u0131 Topraklar\u0131 Neden Hedefti?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Siyasi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, sorunlara ra\u011fmen d\u00fcnya siyasetinde etkisini koruyordu.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dc\u00e7 k\u0131ta: Asya, Avrupa ve Afrika&#x27;da h\u00e2kimiyet s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu.<\/li>\n<li>Stratejik b\u00f6lgeler: K\u0131talar\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flayan ge\u00e7i\u015f alanlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 denetimindeydi.<\/li>\n<li>Ticaret yollar\u0131: \u00d6nemli ticari g\u00fczerg\u00e2hlar Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin ilgisini \u00e7ekiyordu.<\/li>\n<li>Rekabet: Rusya, Avusturya, Fransa ve \u0130ngiltere \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 politikalar izledi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-sark-meselesinin-cercevesi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-sark-meselesinin-cercevesi\">\u015eark Meselesinin \u00c7er\u00e7evesi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Tan\u0131m: Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fma rekabeti Question d&#x27;Orient (\u015eark meselesi) ad\u0131yla an\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk kullan\u0131m: Terimi 1815 Viyana Kongresi&#x27;nde Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 I. Aleksandr kulland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kapsam: Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla ilgili b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bu ba\u015fl\u0131kta ele al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Viyana Kongresi: 1 Kas\u0131m 1814&#x27;te Metternich ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda topland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Etkili devletler: Avusturya, \u0130ngiltere, Rusya ve Prusya kongrede \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 tutumu: \u0130\u00e7 i\u015flerine m\u00fcdahaleyi istemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in davete kat\u0131lmad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 yorumu: \u00c7o\u011fu ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 meseleyi XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"\u015eark Meselesinin \u00c7er\u00e7evesi - tablo 4\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Terim ilk kez 1815 Viyana Kongresi&#x27;nde Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 I. Aleksandr taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131ld\u0131; \u00e7o\u011fu ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 s\u00fcreci XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131r.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-misir-isgali-ve-denge-siyaseti\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-misir-isgali-ve-denge-siyaseti\">M\u0131s\u0131r \u0130\u015fgali ve Denge Siyaseti<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>1798: Napol\u00e9on&#x27;un M\u0131s\u0131r&#x27;\u0131 i\u015fgali \u015eark Meselesini Avrupa g\u00fcndemine ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130ttifaklar: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti 23 Aral\u0131k&#x27;ta Rusya, 5 Ocak 1799&#x27;da \u0130ngiltere ile anla\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Akka: Napol\u00e9on, Cezzar Ahmet Pa\u015fa&#x27;n\u0131n Nizam-\u0131 Cedit ordusuna yenildi.<\/li>\n<li>Yedi Ada: Osmanl\u0131 ve Rus donanmalar\u0131 Fransa&#x27;y\u0131 b\u00f6lgeden \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130ngiliz deste\u011fi: 8 Mart 1801&#x27;de M\u0131s\u0131r&#x27;a gelen \u0130ngiliz ordusu 21 Mart&#x27;ta Frans\u0131zlar\u0131 yendi.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 harek\u00e2t\u0131: K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck H\u00fcseyin Pa\u015fa&#x27;n\u0131n kuvvetleri de M\u0131s\u0131r&#x27;a girdi.<\/li>\n<li>Sonu\u00e7: Osmanl\u0131 d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131nda denge siyaseti belirginle\u015fti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"M\u0131s\u0131r \u0130\u015fgali ve Denge Siyaseti - tablo 5\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?: <\/strong>1798 M\u0131s\u0131r i\u015fgali \u015eark Meselesini Avrupa g\u00fcndemine ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131nda denge siyasetini belirginle\u015ftirdi.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-degisen-ittifaklar-1802-1812\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-degisen-ittifaklar-1802-1812\">De\u011fi\u015fen \u0130ttifaklar (1802-1812)<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>1802: Rus k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131 ve \u0130ngilizlerin M\u0131s\u0131r&#x27;da kalma iste\u011fi \u00fczerine Fransa ile Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1806: Rusya&#x27;n\u0131n Eflak ve Bo\u011fdan&#x27;\u0131 i\u015fgaliyle Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130ngiliz harek\u00e2t\u0131: \u0130stanbul&#x27;u Fransa kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ittifaka katma giri\u015fimi sonu\u00e7suz kald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Tilsit ve Erfurt: Napol\u00e9on, Rusya&#x27;n\u0131n Eflak-Bo\u011fdan taleplerini kabul etti.<\/li>\n<li>1809: \u0130ngiltere ile Kale-i Sultaniye Antla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131larak yeni ittifak kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>1812: Napol\u00e9on&#x27;un Rusya seferi Fransa-Rusya ittifak\u0131n\u0131 bozdu.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00fckre\u015f: 1806-1812 sava\u015f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131-Rus B\u00fckre\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile sona erdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-sark-meselesinin-ic-yapiya-etkisi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-sark-meselesinin-ic-yapiya-etkisi\">\u015eark Meselesinin \u0130\u00e7 Yap\u0131ya Etkisi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Temel hedef: Osmanl\u0131lar siyasi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve toplumsal b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00fcvel-i muazzama: B\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerin \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130ttifak ve \u0131slahat: D\u0131\u015f politikadaki ittifaklara i\u00e7 reformlar e\u015flik etti.<\/li>\n<li>Asker\u00ee d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm: III. Selim&#x27;in Nizam-\u0131 Cedit hareketi s\u00fcrecin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130dar\u00ee d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm: II. Mahmut&#x27;un d\u00fczenlemeleri Tanzimat&#x27;\u0131n temelini att\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Fermanlar: 1839 Tanzimat ve 1856 Islahat fermanlar\u0131 ilan edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Me\u015frutiyet: 1876 Kanun-\u0131 Esasi ile anayasal d\u00f6nem ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-millet-sistemi-ve-gayrimuslimler\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-millet-sistemi-ve-gayrimuslimler\">Millet Sistemi ve Gayrim\u00fcslimler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Kurucu unsur: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#x27;nin asli ve kurucu unsuru M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrklerdi.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7e\u015fitlilik: S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n geni\u015flemesiyle farkl\u0131 din, dil, \u0131rk ve mezhepler tebaa oldu.<\/li>\n<li>Zimmi stat\u00fcs\u00fc: Gayrim\u00fcslimler zimmet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle himaye alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Millet sistemi: Topluluklar din, dil ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini koruyabildi.<\/li>\n<li>Din\u00ee \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct: Millet kavram\u0131 etnik de\u011fil, din\u00ee cemaat yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ifade ediyordu.<\/li>\n<li>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l: \u015eark Meselesi politikalar\u0131 cemaatleri etnik milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fe y\u00f6neltti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-milliyetcilik-ve-panslavizm\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-milliyetcilik-ve-panslavizm\">Milliyet\u00e7ilik ve Panslavizm<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Balkan sorunlar\u0131: II. Viyana sonras\u0131ndaki sava\u015flar siyasi, asker\u00ee, ekonomik ve sosyal sorunlar do\u011furdu.<\/li>\n<li>Rus politikas\u0131: Ortodokslar k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131ld\u0131; koruyuculuk iddias\u0131yla i\u00e7 i\u015flerine m\u00fcdahale edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Milliyet\u00e7ilik: Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali&#x27;nin fikirleri Balkan halklar\u0131n\u0131 etkiledi.<\/li>\n<li>Avrupa deste\u011fi: B\u00fcy\u00fck devletler \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 hareketleri destekledi.<\/li>\n<li>Panslavizm: Slavlar aras\u0131nda dil ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr birli\u011fi kurma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi olarak do\u011fdu.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeler: Birle\u015fmi\u015f Slavlar Derne\u011fi 1823&#x27;te kuruldu; terim 1826&#x27;da kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kongreler: \u0130lk Slav kongresi 1848&#x27;de Prag&#x27;da, Rusya&#x27;daki kongre 1867&#x27;de Moskova&#x27;da yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-ilk-sirp-isyani-1804-1813\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-ilk-sirp-isyani-1804-1813\">\u0130lk S\u0131rp \u0130syan\u0131 (1804-1813)<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7: \u0130syan 1804&#x27;te Kara Yorgi Petrovi\u00e7 liderli\u011finde \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u00e7 nedenler: Merkez\u00ee otoritenin zay\u0131flamas\u0131, asayi\u015fsizlik ve yerel bask\u0131lar etkiliydi.<\/li>\n<li>D\u0131\u015f etkenler: Milliyet\u00e7ilik ile Rusya&#x27;n\u0131n yay\u0131lma politikas\u0131 isyan\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Asker\u00ee yard\u0131m: Rusya, 1806-1812 sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda isyanc\u0131lar\u0131 destekledi.<\/li>\n<li>Mi\u015far: 1806&#x27;da isyanc\u0131lar Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetlerini yenerek B\u00f6\u011f\u00fcrdelen&#x27;e \u00e7ekilmeye zorlad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00fckre\u015f: 1812 antla\u015fmas\u0131 S\u0131rplara k\u0131smi \u00f6zerklik \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Bast\u0131r\u0131lma: Kara Yorgi 3 Ekim 1813&#x27;te ka\u00e7t\u0131; Osmanl\u0131 ordusu 5 Ekim&#x27;de Belgrad&#x27;a girdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-ozerklikten-bagimsizliga\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-ozerklikten-bagimsizliga\">\u00d6zerklikten Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>1815: Milo\u015f Obrenovi\u00e7 liderli\u011finde yeni bir isyan ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Rus bask\u0131s\u0131: B\u00fckre\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131&#x27;n\u0131n S\u0131rplarla ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131 istendi.<\/li>\n<li>1817: Milo\u015f, Kara Yorgi&#x27;yi \u00f6ld\u00fcrtt\u00fc; direni\u015f ile m\u00fczakereyi birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Diplomasi: B\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerin deste\u011fini arayarak isyan\u0131n y\u00f6ntemini de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/li>\n<li>1829: Edirne Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile S\u0131rplar \u00f6zerklik kazand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1830: Milo\u015f&#x27;a ba\u015fknezlik ve hanedan kurma imtiyaz\u0131 verildi.<\/li>\n<li>1878: Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z S\u0131rp devleti kuruldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"\u00d6zerklikten Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa - tablo 6\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130: <\/strong>1804 ilk isyan \u2192 1815 yeni isyan \u2192 1829 \u00f6zerklik \u2192 1830 hanedan imtiyaz\u0131 \u2192 1878 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-rumlar-ve-ayrilikci-orgutlenme\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-rumlar-ve-ayrilikci-orgutlenme\">Rumlar ve Ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 \u00d6rg\u00fctlenme<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Patrikhane: Fener Rum Patrikhanesi 1454&#x27;te yeniden kuruldu; di\u011fer Ortodokslar da buraya ba\u011fland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yerle\u015fim: Rumlar Balkanlar, Mora, adalar, Anadolu ve imparatorlu\u011fun bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/li>\n<li>Devlet g\u00f6revleri: Fenerli Rumlar terc\u00fcmanl\u0131k yapt\u0131; baz\u0131lar\u0131 Eflak-Bo\u011fdan&#x27;a voyvoda atand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Filik-i Eterya: 1814&#x27;te Odessa&#x27;da gizli bi\u00e7imde kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Ama\u00e7: Rumlar\u0131 isyana te\u015fvik etmek ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Yunan devleti kurmakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Megali \u0130dea: \u0130stanbul ba\u015fkentli B\u00fcy\u00fck Yunanistan hedefini ifade etti. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce 1922&#x27;ye kadar Yunan d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131nda etkili oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Rumlar ve Ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 \u00d6rg\u00fctlenme - tablo 7\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!: <\/strong>Filik-i Eterya ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Yunan devleti kurmay\u0131; Megali \u0130dea \u0130stanbul ba\u015fkentli B\u00fcy\u00fck Yunanistan&#x27;\u0131 hedefledi.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-rum-isyaninin-baslamasi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-rum-isyaninin-baslamasi\">Rum \u0130syan\u0131n\u0131n Ba\u015flamas\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Otorite bo\u015flu\u011fu: Tepedelenli Ali Pa\u015fa&#x27;n\u0131n g\u00f6revden al\u0131nmas\u0131 Rum hareketlerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>22 \u015eubat 1821: Eflak-Bo\u011fdan&#x27;daki ilk isyan destek bulamad\u0131 ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Mart 1821: \u0130syanc\u0131lar Mora&#x27;ya ge\u00e7erek Orta ve G\u00fcney Yunanistan&#x27;\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irdi.<\/li>\n<li>\u015eiddet: Rum \u00e7eteleri b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrkleri ve Osmanl\u0131 g\u00f6revlilerini hedef ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Tripoli\u00e7e: 5 Ekim 1821&#x27;de 40 bin ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Di\u011fer eylemler: \u0130\u015fkence, yakma, k\u00f6lele\u015ftirme ve ya\u011fma olaylar\u0131 aktar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-1820-yilinda-mora-yarimadasi-ve-cevresi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-1820-yilinda-mora-yarimadasi-ve-cevresi\">1820 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mora Yar\u0131madas\u0131 ve \u00e7evresi<\/h2>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-avrupa-destegi-filhelenizm\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-avrupa-destegi-filhelenizm\">Avrupa Deste\u011fi: Filhelenizm<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 gecikmesi: Mora&#x27;daki isyan\u0131n ge\u00e7 bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 Avrupa devletlerine f\u0131rsat verdi.<\/li>\n<li>Filhelenler: Antik Yunan hayran\u0131 Avrupal\u0131 g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcler isyana kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar: Askerler, bilim insanlar\u0131, t\u00fcccarlar ve ayd\u0131nlar destek verdi.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel zemin: Ayd\u0131nlanmac\u0131lar\u0131n Antik Yunan ilgisi Yunan milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fini besledi.<\/li>\n<li>Lord Byron: Londra Komitesi ad\u0131na Yunanistan&#x27;a giderek Rum isyanlar\u0131n\u0131 destekledi.<\/li>\n<li>Sonu\u00e7: Yerel isyan, Avrupa kamuoyunun destekledi\u011fi uluslararas\u0131 bir meseleye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-isyanin-bastirilmasi-ve-vaka-i-hayriye\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-isyanin-bastirilmasi-ve-vaka-i-hayriye\">\u0130syan\u0131n Bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Vaka-i Hayriye<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>M\u0131s\u0131r deste\u011fi: II. Mahmut, Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa&#x27;dan yard\u0131m istedi.<\/li>\n<li>Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k: Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa&#x27;ya Girit ve Mora valilikleri vadedildi.<\/li>\n<li>1825-1826: \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa&#x27;n\u0131n ordusu Girit \u00fczerinden Mora&#x27;ya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131; isyan 23 Nisan 1826&#x27;da bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00fczenli ordu: II. Mahmut, E\u015fkinci Oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 emretti.<\/li>\n<li>Yeni\u00e7eri isyan\u0131: 15 Haziran 1826&#x27;daki ayaklanma halk ve ulema deste\u011fiyle bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Vaka-i Hayriye: Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve k\u0131\u015flalar imha edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Yeni ordu: As\u00e2kir-i Mans\u00fbre-i Muhammediye kuruldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"\u0130syan\u0131n Bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Vaka-i Hayriye - tablo 8\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>Vaka-i Hayriye (1826): Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve As\u00e2kir-i Mans\u00fbre-i Muhammediye kuruldu.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-londra-protokolu-ve-navarin\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-londra-protokolu-ve-navarin\">Londra Protokol\u00fc ve Navarin<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>6 Temmuz 1827: \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya Londra Protokol\u00fc&#x27;n\u00fc imzalad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6zerklik tasar\u0131s\u0131: Yunanistan d\u0131\u015fta Osmanl\u0131&#x27;ya ba\u011fl\u0131, i\u00e7te \u00f6zerk olacak ve vergi verecekti.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 tutumu: II. Mahmut teklifi i\u00e7 i\u015flerine m\u00fcdahale sayarak reddetti.<\/li>\n<li>Abluka: M\u00fcttefik donanmas\u0131 \u00c7anakkale ve Mora&#x27;y\u0131 ku\u015fatt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>20 Ekim 1827: Osmanl\u0131 ile sava\u015f h\u00e2li yokken Navarin&#x27;de ani bask\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kay\u0131p: Osmanl\u0131 ve M\u0131s\u0131r donanmalar\u0131 imha edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Tazminat: Osmanl\u0131&#x27;n\u0131n talebi reddedildi; Yunanistan bask\u0131s\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-edirne-antlasmasi-na-giden-savas\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-edirne-antlasmasi-na-giden-savas\">Edirne Antla\u015fmas\u0131&#x27;na Giden Sava\u015f<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>28 Nisan 1828: Rusya Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#x27;ne sava\u015f ilan etti.<\/li>\n<li>Frans\u0131z i\u015fgali: Fransa Ekim 1828&#x27;de Mora&#x27;y\u0131 i\u015fgal etti; isyan adalara yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130ki cephe: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Balkanlar ve Kafkaslarda Ruslarla sava\u015f\u0131rken Rum isyanlar\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Rus ilerleyi\u015fi: Kars, Ardahan, Erzurum ve Bayburt ele ge\u00e7irildi; Tuna&#x27;da Edirne&#x27;ye ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>14 Eyl\u00fcl 1829: Edirne Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sonu\u00e7lar: Yunan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131nd\u0131; S\u0131rplara \u00f6zerklik verildi; Eflak-Bo\u011fdan ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-kavalali-mehmet-ali-pasa-gucleniyor\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-kavalali-mehmet-ali-pasa-gucleniyor\">Kavalal\u0131 Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa G\u00fc\u00e7leniyor<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>1798: Frans\u0131z i\u015fgali s\u0131ras\u0131nda askerlik yapt\u0131; ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131yla y\u00fckseldi.<\/li>\n<li>1805: M\u0131s\u0131r valili\u011fine atand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Reformlar: \u0130dar\u00ee, asker\u00ee ve iktisad\u00ee d\u00fczenlemeler yapt\u0131; Avrupal\u0131 uzmanlar getirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Ordu ve donanma: Modern asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7 kurdu; tar\u0131m ve sanayiye \u00f6nem verdi.<\/li>\n<li>Maliye: Kendi vergi sistemiyle hazine gelirlerini art\u0131rd\u0131; Meml\u00fbk beylerini etkisizle\u015ftirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Asker\u00ee ba\u015far\u0131: 1807&#x27;de \u0130skenderiye&#x27;ye sald\u0131ran \u0130ngiliz donanmas\u0131n\u0131 yendi.<\/li>\n<li>N\u00fcfuz: 1818&#x27;de Hicaz ve Habe\u015fistan valiliklerini ald\u0131; 1822&#x27;de Sudan&#x27;\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-mehmet-ali-pasa-doneminde-misir-vilayeti\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-mehmet-ali-pasa-doneminde-misir-vilayeti\">Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde M\u0131s\u0131r Vilayeti<\/h2>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-misir-isyaninin-ilk-asamasi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-misir-isyaninin-ilk-asamasi\">M\u0131s\u0131r \u0130syan\u0131n\u0131n \u0130lk A\u015famas\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Suriye talebi: Mora&#x27;n\u0131n kayb\u0131 \u00fczerine Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa 1827&#x27;de Suriye valili\u011fini istedi.<\/li>\n<li>Reddedilme: II. Mahmut onun g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesinden kayg\u0131 duydu\u011fu i\u00e7in talebi kabul etmedi.<\/li>\n<li>1831: Akka Valisi ile anla\u015fmazl\u0131k bahane edilerek Suriye ele ge\u00e7irildi.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130brahim Pa\u015fa: M\u0131s\u0131r ordusu \u0130skenderun, Antakya, Adana ve Tarsus \u00fczerinden Konya&#x27;ya ilerledi.<\/li>\n<li>Konya Sava\u015f\u0131: 21 Aral\u0131k 1832&#x27;de Osmanl\u0131 ordusu yenildi; sadrazam esir al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bursa tehdidi: M\u0131s\u0131r kuvvetleri 2 \u015eubat 1833&#x27;te Bursa&#x27;ya kadar ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Rus yard\u0131m\u0131: \u0130ngiltere isteksiz kal\u0131nca Rus birlikleri H\u00fcnk\u00e2r \u0130skelesi&#x27;nde kararg\u00e2h kurdu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-bogazlarda-ilk-taviz-ve-kutahya\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-bogazlarda-ilk-taviz-ve-kutahya\">Bo\u011fazlarda \u0130lk Taviz ve K\u00fctahya<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Ara buluculuk: \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa, Ruslar\u0131n Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i&#x27;ne yerle\u015fmesinden kayg\u0131 duydu.<\/li>\n<li>14 May\u0131s 1833: K\u00fctahya Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa: M\u0131s\u0131r, Girit ve Suriye valiliklerini ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130brahim Pa\u015fa: Cidde valili\u011fi ve Adana&#x27;da vergi toplama hakk\u0131 kazand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k: M\u0131s\u0131r ordusu Anadolu&#x27;dan \u00e7ekilecek ve Osmanl\u0131&#x27;ya vergi \u00f6denecekti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-hunkar-iskelesi-ve-bogazlar-sorunu\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-hunkar-iskelesi-ve-bogazlar-sorunu\">H\u00fcnk\u00e2r \u0130skelesi ve Bo\u011fazlar Sorunu<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>8 Temmuz 1833: II. Mahmut Rusya ile H\u00fcnk\u00e2r \u0130skelesi Antla\u015fmas\u0131&#x27;n\u0131 imzalad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Rus yard\u0131m\u0131: Osmanl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frarsa masraflar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanarak Rus donanmas\u0131 gelecekti.<\/li>\n<li>Bo\u011faz h\u00fckm\u00fc: Rusya sava\u015f\u0131rsa Rus gemileri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 sava\u015f gemileri ge\u00e7irilmeyecekti.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcre: Antla\u015fma sekiz y\u0131l ge\u00e7erli olacakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fcvence: Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa&#x27;n\u0131n yeni sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Rus yard\u0131m\u0131 garanti edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Rus imtiyaz\u0131: Rusya Bo\u011fazlar \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131k elde etti.<\/li>\n<li>Yeni sorun: \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa&#x27;n\u0131n kayg\u0131s\u0131yla Bo\u011fazlar Sorunu do\u011fdu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"H\u00fcnk\u00e2r \u0130skelesi ve Bo\u011fazlar Sorunu - tablo 9\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Rusya Bo\u011fazlar \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck ayr\u0131cal\u0131k kazand\u0131; \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa&#x27;n\u0131n kayg\u0131s\u0131yla Bo\u011fazlar Sorunu do\u011fdu.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-nizip-yenilgisi-ve-taht-degisimi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-nizip-yenilgisi-ve-taht-degisimi\">Nizip Yenilgisi ve Taht De\u011fi\u015fimi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Kar\u015f\u0131t hedefler: II. Mahmut Suriye&#x27;yi geri almak, Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa M\u0131s\u0131r&#x27;da hanedan kurmak istiyordu.<\/li>\n<li>1838: Balta Liman\u0131 Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile \u0130ngiltere&#x27;nin deste\u011fi arand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>24 Haziran 1839: Osmanl\u0131 ordusu Nizip Sava\u015f\u0131&#x27;nda yenildi.<\/li>\n<li>Donanma: Kaptan\u0131derya Ahmet Fevzi Pa\u015fa donanmay\u0131 Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa&#x27;ya teslim etti.<\/li>\n<li>Taht de\u011fi\u015fimi: II. Mahmut 1 Temmuz 1839&#x27;da \u00f6ld\u00fc; Abd\u00fclmecit tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Islahat s\u00f6z\u00fc: Gen\u00e7 padi\u015fah babas\u0131n\u0131n reformlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrece\u011fini bildirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Tanzimat: 3 Kas\u0131m 1839 ferman\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu olumlu hava \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-1840-londra-antlasmasi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-1840-londra-antlasmasi\">1840 Londra Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Konferans: Avrupa devletleri M\u0131s\u0131r Meselesi i\u00e7in Londra&#x27;da topland\u0131; Fransa ile uzla\u015fma sa\u011flanamad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>15 Temmuz 1840: \u0130ngiltere, Avusturya, Prusya ve Rusya antla\u015fma yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>M\u0131s\u0131r: Valilik babadan o\u011fula ge\u00e7ecek; valilere hidiv unvan\u0131 verilecekti.<\/li>\n<li>Topraklar: Akka ge\u00e7ici olarak Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa&#x27;da; Suriye, Adana ve Girit Osmanl\u0131&#x27;da kalacakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Asker\u00ee bask\u0131: Osmanl\u0131-\u0130ngiliz-Avusturya donanmas\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r kuvvetlerini Suriye&#x27;den \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>25 Kas\u0131m: \u0130ngiliz filosu \u0130skenderiye \u00f6nlerine gelince Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa \u015fartlar\u0131 kabul etti.<\/li>\n<li>Sonu\u00e7: M\u0131s\u0131r valili\u011finin hanedana ge\u00e7mesi kabul edildi ve M\u0131s\u0131r Meselesi sona erdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-misir-meselesi-ve-bogazlar\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-misir-meselesi-ve-bogazlar\">M\u0131s\u0131r Meselesi ve Bo\u011fazlar<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Uluslararas\u0131la\u015fma: Bir i\u00e7 isyan, \u00f6nemli bir Avrupa sorununa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fc\u00e7 kayb\u0131: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti bir valiye kar\u015f\u0131 yabanc\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131 almak zorunda kald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Avrupa etkisi: B\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerin i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f politikadaki a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>M\u0131s\u0131r: Hukuken ba\u011fl\u0131 kalsa da zengin ve stratejik eyalet fiilen kaybedildi.<\/li>\n<li>1841 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi: H\u00fcnk\u00e2r \u0130skelesi Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n s\u00fcresinin dolmas\u0131 \u00fczerine imzaland\u0131. Bar\u0131\u015fta b\u00fct\u00fcn yabanc\u0131 sava\u015f gemilerinin Bo\u011fazlardan ge\u00e7i\u015fi yasakland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Rus etkisi: Bo\u011fazlar \u00fczerindeki \u00f6zel Rus n\u00fcfuzu sona erdi.<\/li>\n<li>Egemenlik: Bo\u011fazlara uluslararas\u0131 stat\u00fc verilmesi Osmanl\u0131 yetkisini s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"M\u0131s\u0131r Meselesi ve Bo\u011fazlar - tablo 10\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!: <\/strong>H\u00fcnk\u00e2r \u0130skelesi Rusya&#x27;ya \u00f6zel ayr\u0131cal\u0131k sa\u011flad\u0131; 1841 Londra Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi bu n\u00fcfuzu sona erdirip Bo\u011fazlara uluslararas\u0131 stat\u00fc verdi.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-tanzimat-a-giden-yol\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-tanzimat-a-giden-yol\">Tanzimat&#x27;a Giden Yol<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>D\u0131\u015f m\u00fcdahale: Uluslararas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7 i\u015flerine daha fazla kar\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Modernle\u015fme: Y\u00f6neticiler m\u00fcdahaleyi \u00f6nlemek ve devleti yenilemek istedi.<\/li>\n<li>II. Mahmut: Rum \u0130syan\u0131, Rus sava\u015f\u0131 ve M\u0131s\u0131r \u0130syan\u0131na ra\u011fmen k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fimler yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Abd\u00fclmecit: Babas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131slahatlar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme karar\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>D\u0131\u015f destek: M\u0131s\u0131r ve Bo\u011fazlar sorunlar\u0131 i\u00e7in siyasi ve ticari antla\u015fmalar yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Mustafa Re\u015fit Pa\u015fa: Balta Liman\u0131&#x27;n\u0131n ve Tanzimat haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli ismiydi.<\/li>\n<li>3 Kas\u0131m 1839: G\u00fclhane Hatt-\u0131 H\u00fcm\u00e2y\u00fbnu, G\u00fclhane Meydan\u0131&#x27;nda ilan edildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-tanzimat-fermani-nin-esaslari\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-tanzimat-fermani-nin-esaslari\">Tanzimat Ferman\u0131&#x27;n\u0131n Esaslar\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Kanun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc: Padi\u015fah, ulema ve devlet adamlar\u0131 kanunlara ayk\u0131r\u0131 davranamayacakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Can g\u00fcvenli\u011fi: Tebaan\u0131n ya\u015fam hakk\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nacakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Mal ve namus: M\u00fclkiyet ile ki\u015filik haklar\u0131 korunacakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Vergi: Vergi sistemi kanunla d\u00fczenlenecekti.<\/li>\n<li>Askerlik: Asker al\u0131m\u0131 belirli kurallara ba\u011flanacakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>E\u015fitlik: Kanunlar M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve gayrim\u00fcslimlere e\u015fit uygulanacakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ama\u00e7: Osmanl\u0131 milleti anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilecek ve da\u011f\u0131lma \u00f6nlenecekti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Tanzimat Ferman\u0131&#x27;n\u0131n Esaslar\u0131 - tablo 11\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>Kanun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc; can, mal ve namus g\u00fcvenli\u011fi; vergi ve askerlikte d\u00fczenleme; M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-gayrim\u00fcslim e\u015fitli\u011fi.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-merkezi-yonetim-yeniden-kuruldu\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-merkezi-yonetim-yeniden-kuruldu\">Merkez\u00ee Y\u00f6netim Yeniden Kuruldu<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Ta\u015fra: Eyalet s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 yeniden belirlendi; baz\u0131 sancaklar eyalete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00e2b\u0131\u00e2li: Devlet y\u00f6netiminde daha etkili h\u00e2le geldi; Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fbmeti anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Meclis-i V\u00fckel\u00e2: Naz\u0131rlardan olu\u015fan Bakanlar Kurulu kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Meclis-i V\u00e2l\u00e2: Kanun ve nizamlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlamak, uygulamay\u0131 denetlemekle g\u00f6revlendirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Yeni meclisler: Abd\u00fclmecit d\u00f6neminde B\u00e2b\u0131\u00e2li i\u015flerine yard\u0131mc\u0131 kurullar olu\u015fturuldu.<\/li>\n<li>1854: Meclis-i \u00c2l\u00ee-i Tanzimat yeni kanunlar haz\u0131rlamak i\u00e7in kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>1861: Meclis-i V\u00e2l\u00e2 ile birle\u015ferek Meclis-i Ahk\u00e2m-\u0131 Adliyye ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-tanzimat-toplumu-nasil-degistirdi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-tanzimat-toplumu-nasil-degistirdi\">Tanzimat Toplumu Nas\u0131l De\u011fi\u015ftirdi?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>E\u015fitlik beklentisi: Gayrim\u00fcslimler hukuki ve m\u00fclki haklar\u0131n g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 bekledi.<\/li>\n<li>Toplumsal diren\u00e7: Baz\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar yerle\u015fik imtiyazlar\u0131n kayb\u0131ndan kayg\u0131 duydu.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00fcsadere: Uygulama kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00fcrokrasi: Modern kurumlar ve \u015fehirli memurlar toplumsal hayat\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Kad\u0131nlar: Sosyal ya\u015famdaki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fckleri artt\u0131; rolleri \u00e7e\u015fitlendi.<\/li>\n<li>E\u011fitim: R\u00fc\u015ftiye ve idadilerle e\u011fitim medrese tekelinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yeni ayd\u0131nlar: Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc tan\u0131yan reform yanl\u0131s\u0131 nesil modernle\u015fmenin itici g\u00fcc\u00fc oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-kirim-harbi-nin-nedenleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-kirim-harbi-nin-nedenleri\">K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi&#x27;nin Nedenleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Rus siyaseti: I. Nikola, 1841&#x27;den sonra Osmanl\u0131&#x27;y\u0131 payla\u015fma politikas\u0131na y\u00f6neldi.<\/li>\n<li>Hasta adam: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#x27;ni b\u00f6yle niteleyerek \u0130ngiltere ile anla\u015fmak istedi.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130ngiliz tutumu: Rusya umdu\u011fu deste\u011fi bulamad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kutsal Yerler: Rusya Kud\u00fcs&#x27;teki Mak\u00e2m\u00e2t-\u0131 M\u00fcb\u00e2reke \u00fczerinden bask\u0131 kurdu.<\/li>\n<li>Hamilik: Rusya Ortodokslar\u0131, Fransa Katolikleri koruma iddias\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1852: III. Napol\u00e9on Katoliklere daha fazla hak istedi; Rusya mevcut durumu savundu.<\/li>\n<li>Gerginlik: Din\u00ee mek\u00e2nlar \u00fczerindeki talepler devletler aras\u0131 krizi b\u00fcy\u00fctt\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-savasa-giden-surec-1853\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-savasa-giden-surec-1853\">Sava\u015fa Giden S\u00fcre\u00e7 (1853)<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Men\u00e7ikof: 23 \u015eubat 1853&#x27;te \u0130stanbul&#x27;a gelerek egemenlik haklar\u0131n\u0131 ihlal eden istekler sundu.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 ferman\u0131: Ortodokslar\u0131n mevcut durumunun korunaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Rus tehdidi: \u0130stekler reddedilirse Eflak ve Bo\u011fdan&#x27;\u0131n i\u015fgal edilece\u011fi bildirildi.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015fgal: Rus ordusu Prut&#x27;u ge\u00e7erek Tuna&#x27;ya kadar b\u00f6lgeyi ele ge\u00e7irdi.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk tepki: Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi \u0130ngiliz etkisiyle diplomatik protestoyla yetindi.<\/li>\n<li>4 Ekim 1853: Avusturya&#x27;n\u0131n giri\u015fimi sonu\u00e7suz kal\u0131nca Rusya&#x27;ya sava\u015f ilan edildi.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00fcttefik filolar: \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa 23 Ekim&#x27;de Bo\u011fazlar\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in \u0130stanbul&#x27;a geldi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-kirim-savasi-1853-1856\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-kirim-savasi-1853-1856\">K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 (1853-1856)<\/h2>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-kirim-harbi-ilk-asama\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-kirim-harbi-ilk-asama\">K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi: \u0130lk A\u015fama<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi: \u0130lk A\u015fama - tablo 12\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Tarih<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Geli\u015fme<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>11 Kas\u0131m 1853<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u00d6mer Pa\u015fa, Oltani\u00e7e&#x27;de Rus ordusunu yendi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>30 Kas\u0131m 1853<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Rus donanmas\u0131 Sinop&#x27;ta Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131na a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131p verdirdi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>12 Mart 1854<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Osmanl\u0131, \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa \u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile ittifak kurdu.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>23 Haziran 1854<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Silistre ku\u015fatmas\u0131nda tutunamayan Ruslar geri \u00e7ekildi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>20 A\u011fustos 1854<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Avusturya Eflak-Bo\u011fdan&#x27;\u0131 ge\u00e7ici olarak i\u015fgal etti.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>14 Eyl\u00fcl 1854<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">30 bin Frans\u0131z, 20 bin \u0130ngiliz ve 7 bin Osmanl\u0131 askeri K\u0131r\u0131m&#x27;a \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-kirim-harbi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-kirim-harbi\">K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi:<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi: - tablo 13\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Tarih<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Geli\u015fme<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>25 Ekim 1854<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Ruslar\u0131n Balaklava bask\u0131n\u0131 geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>5 Kas\u0131m 1854<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Osmanl\u0131 ve Frans\u0131z deste\u011fiyle \u0130nkerman&#x27;da zafer kazan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>17 \u015eubat 1855<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u00d6mer Pa\u015fa, G\u00f6zleve&#x27;de Rus ordusunu a\u011f\u0131r yenilgiye u\u011fratt\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>2 Mart 1855<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">I. Nikola \u00f6ld\u00fc; II. Aleksandr tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>15 Mart 1855<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Sardinya-Piyemonte m\u00fcttefiklere kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>8 Eyl\u00fcl 1855<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Malakof istihk\u00e2mlar\u0131 Frans\u0131zlar taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irildi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>25 Kas\u0131m 1855<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Kars; so\u011fuk, k\u0131tl\u0131k ve kolera nedeniyle teslim oldu.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-paris-baris-antlasmasi-1856\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-paris-baris-antlasmasi-1856\">Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1856)<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Bar\u0131\u015f yolu: Sivastopol&#x27;dan sonra K\u0131lburun ve \u00d6zi al\u0131nd\u0131; 25 \u015eubat&#x27;ta Paris Kongresi topland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>30 Mart 1856: Osmanl\u0131, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Rusya, Avusturya, Prusya ve Sardinya-Piyemonte imzalad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Avrupa devleti: Osmanl\u0131 Avrupa hukukundan yararlanacak; b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ortak garanti alt\u0131nda olacakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bo\u011fazlar: 1841 Londra Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi h\u00fck\u00fcmleri s\u00fcrecekti.<\/li>\n<li>Karadeniz: Ticaret gemilerine a\u00e7\u0131k, sava\u015f gemilerine kapal\u0131 olacakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Asker\u00ee s\u0131n\u0131rlama: Osmanl\u0131 ve Rusya Karadeniz&#x27;de tersane ve donanma bulunduramayacakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6zerklik ve Islahat: Eflak-Bo\u011fdan ve S\u0131rbistan d\u00fczenlendi; ferman m\u00fcdahale hakk\u0131 vermeyecekti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1856) - tablo 14\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>Osmanl\u0131 Avrupa devleti say\u0131ld\u0131; Karadeniz sava\u015f gemilerine kapat\u0131ld\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 ile Rusya&#x27;n\u0131n burada tersane ve donanma bulundurmas\u0131 yasakland\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-kirim-harbi-teknoloji-ve-toplum\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-kirim-harbi-teknoloji-ve-toplum\">K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi: Teknoloji ve Toplum<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>\u0130lkler: Telgraf ve buharl\u0131 sava\u015f gemisi ilk kez bir sava\u015fta kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ula\u015f\u0131m: Silah ve malzeme ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in yeni demir yolu hatlar\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sava\u015f habercili\u011fi: Gazeteci ve sanat\u00e7\u0131lar geli\u015fmeleri b\u00f6lgeden izledi.<\/li>\n<li>Kamuoyu: Avrupa halk\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n seyrini anl\u0131k haber ve resimlerle takip etti.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 bas\u0131n\u0131: Avrupa gazeteleriyle birlikte Takvim-i Vekayi ve Ceride-i Havadis&#x27;e yenileri eklendi.<\/li>\n<li>Florence Nightingale: \u00dcsk\u00fcdar&#x27;da yaral\u0131larla ilgilendi; 1860&#x27;ta modern hem\u015firelik okulunu kurdu.<\/li>\n<li>Ekonomi ve n\u00fcfus: \u0130lk d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 al\u0131nd\u0131; sava\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7leri Anadolu&#x27;nun demografisini de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi: Teknoloji ve Toplum - tablo 15\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Telgraf ve buharl\u0131 sava\u015f gemisi ilk kez bir sava\u015fta kullan\u0131ld\u0131; Osmanl\u0131 ilk d\u0131\u015f borcu K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi s\u0131ras\u0131nda ald\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-gocler-ve-deniz-gucundeki-kayiplar\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-gocler-ve-deniz-gucundeki-kayiplar\">G\u00f6\u00e7ler ve Deniz G\u00fcc\u00fcndeki Kay\u0131plar<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>K\u0131r\u0131m g\u00f6\u00e7leri: M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar Rus bask\u0131s\u0131 ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcn korkusuyla Rumeli&#x27;ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etti.<\/li>\n<li>Silistre: G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bu b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015ftirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Kafkasya: \u015eeyh \u015eamil&#x27;in 1859&#x27;da tesliminden sonra Rusya denetimi art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Zorlama: A\u015firetleri Kuban&#x27;a yerle\u015ftirme ve Hristiyanla\u015ft\u0131rma giri\u015fimi, g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlama siyasetine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Islahatlar: Sava\u015f, devlet kurumlar\u0131 ile tersane ve donanma reformlar\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz etkiledi.<\/li>\n<li>Deniz kayb\u0131: Sinop Bask\u0131n\u0131, Navarin&#x27;den sonra Osmanl\u0131 denizcili\u011fine yeni bir darbe vurdu.<\/li>\n<li>Sonraki ad\u0131m: Abd\u00fclaziz d\u00f6neminde denizcilik i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir nezaret kurulmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-islahat-fermani-na-giden-surec\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-islahat-fermani-na-giden-surec\">Islahat Ferman\u0131&#x27;na Giden S\u00fcre\u00e7<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Tanzimat&#x27;\u0131n amac\u0131: Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin i\u00e7 i\u015flerine m\u00fcdahalesini \u00f6nlemekti.<\/li>\n<li>Avrupa bask\u0131s\u0131: Uygulamadan memnun kalmayan devletler m\u00fcdahaleyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Talepler: Tanzimat h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131 ve gayrim\u00fcslim haklar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015fletilmesi istendi.<\/li>\n<li>1855 Viyana: Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 antla\u015fma esaslar\u0131 ve Hristiyan tebaan\u0131n durumu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Komisyon: Osmanl\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131 ile \u0130ngiliz, Frans\u0131z ve Avusturyal\u0131 el\u00e7iler \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>18 \u015eubat 1856: Ferman Paris Kongresi s\u00fcrerken haz\u0131rland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lan: Sadrazam Mehmet Emin \u00c2li Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul&#x27;da duyuruldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-islahat-fermani-nin-hukumleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-islahat-fermani-nin-hukumleri\">Islahat Ferman\u0131&#x27;n\u0131n H\u00fck\u00fcmleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Kanun \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fitlik: M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve gayrim\u00fcslim tebaa e\u015fit kabul edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Din ve mezhep: B\u00fct\u00fcn topluluklar\u0131n hak ve imtiyazlar\u0131 yenilendi.<\/li>\n<li>Patrikhaneler: Y\u00f6netim ve patrik se\u00e7imiyle ilgili yasal d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Devlet hizmeti: B\u00fct\u00fcn tebaa g\u00f6revlerde ve okullarda e\u015fit say\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>E\u011fitim: Topluluklara okul a\u00e7ma izni verildi.<\/li>\n<li>Karma mahkemeler: M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-gayrim\u00fcslim hukuki anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in kurulacakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Mali ve ticari haklar: Vergi verme ve ticari hayata kat\u0131lmada e\u015fitlik \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Islahat Ferman\u0131&#x27;n\u0131n H\u00fck\u00fcmleri - tablo 16\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!: <\/strong>Tanzimat temel hak ve kanun g\u00fcvencelerini; Islahat \u00f6zellikle gayrim\u00fcslim haklar\u0131 ile e\u015fitli\u011fin geni\u015fletilmesini \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-islahat-fermani-nin-ilk-tepkileri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-islahat-fermani-nin-ilk-tepkileri\">Islahat Ferman\u0131&#x27;n\u0131n \u0130lk Tepkileri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>M\u00fcsl\u00fcman tepkisi: Yeni hak ve imtiyazlar baz\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman gruplarca olumsuz kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Cidde Olaylar\u0131: Toplumsal gerilim 1857&#x27;de olaylara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Kuleli Vakas\u0131: 1859&#x27;da padi\u015faha suikast ve halk\u0131 ayakland\u0131rma plan\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00f6lgesel kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k: Rumeli, L\u00fcbnan ve Girit&#x27;te i\u00e7 sorunlar ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00fcrzi-Maruni \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131: 1860&#x27;taki \u015fiddetli olaylar Avrupa m\u00fcdahalesine zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Paris&#x27;e ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k: Avrupa devletleri antla\u015fma h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine ra\u011fmen i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sonu\u00e7: E\u015fitlik hedefi toplumsal birlik kurmakta beklenen etkiyi g\u00f6steremedi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-uygulama-ve-toplumsal-yansimalar\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-uygulama-ve-toplumsal-yansimalar\">Uygulama ve Toplumsal Yans\u0131malar<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>1861: Abd\u00fclaziz ferman\u0131 uygulayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ta\u015fray\u0131 Fransa modeline g\u00f6re d\u00fczenleyece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Cemaatler: Kiliseler ve gayrim\u00fcslim y\u00f6netimleri nizamnamelerle yeniden te\u015fkilatland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bedel-i asker\u00ee: 1857 kanunuyla askerlikten muaf gayrim\u00fcslimlerden vergi al\u0131nmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Hukuki tart\u0131\u015fma: Baz\u0131 davalar\u0131n patrikhanelerde g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi adl\u00ee ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131kla \u00e7eli\u015fti.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00fclkiyet: Yabanc\u0131lara m\u00fclk izni ve vak\u0131flar\u0131n m\u00fclke \u00e7evrilmesi toplumda yank\u0131 uyand\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Din adamlar\u0131: Ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kaybedeceklerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri i\u00e7in fermana mesafeli kald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Farkl\u0131 rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar: M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar gayrim\u00fcslimlerle, baz\u0131 Hristiyanlar Yahudilerle e\u015fitlikten ho\u015fnut olmad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-genc-osmanlilar-ve-mesrutiyet\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-genc-osmanlilar-ve-mesrutiyet\">Gen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar ve Me\u015frutiyet<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>1865: Gen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar bir muhalefet hareketi olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ele\u015ftiri: B\u00fcrokrasinin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesini ve \u0131slahatlar\u0131n y\u00fczeysel kalmas\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirdiler.<\/li>\n<li>Fikirler: Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma, Osmanl\u0131l\u0131k ve temsil\u00ee y\u00f6netim \u00fczerine g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f geli\u015ftirdiler.<\/li>\n<li>Hedef: Padi\u015fah yetkileri s\u0131n\u0131rlanmal\u0131 ve se\u00e7imle olu\u015fan meclis a\u00e7\u0131lmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Temsilciler: Nam\u0131k Kemal, Ziya Pa\u015fa, Ali Suavi ve Mustafa Faz\u0131l \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Avrupa: Bask\u0131lar nedeniyle 1867&#x27;den itibaren yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na giderek T\u00fcrk\u00e7e gazeteler \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar.<\/li>\n<li>Bas\u0131n: Muhbir ve H\u00fcrriyet gazeteleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda etkili oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-balkan-krizi-ve-taht-degisimleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-balkan-krizi-ve-taht-degisimleri\">Balkan Krizi ve Taht De\u011fi\u015fimleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>1875: Bosna-Hersek isyan\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman k\u00f6yl\u00fcler \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc; Osmanl\u0131 isyan\u0131 bast\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sava\u015f: S\u0131rbistan ve Karada\u011f Osmanl\u0131 Devleti&#x27;ne sava\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131; Rusya ate\u015fkes istedi.<\/li>\n<li>1876 Bulgaristan: \u0130syanc\u0131lar T\u00fcrk k\u00f6ylerine sald\u0131rd\u0131; Avrupa bas\u0131n\u0131 olaylar\u0131 tersine yans\u0131tt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Darbe: H\u00fcseyin Avni, Mithat ve S\u00fcleyman Pa\u015falar Abd\u00fclaziz&#x27;i tahttan indirdi.<\/li>\n<li>V. Murat: 30 May\u0131s 1876&#x27;da tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131; sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 nedeniyle y\u00f6netimde kalamad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>II. Abd\u00fclhamit: Anayasa s\u00f6z\u00fc vererek 31 A\u011fustos&#x27;ta tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Komisyon: 30 Eyl\u00fcl&#x27;de anayasa ve meclis i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma heyeti g\u00f6revlendirildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-kanun-i-esasi-nin-ilani\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-kanun-i-esasi-nin-ilani\">Kanun-\u0131 Esasi&#x27;nin \u0130lan\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Haz\u0131rl\u0131k: Mithat Pa\u015fa ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki komisyon Bel\u00e7ika, Prusya ve Polonya anayasalar\u0131n\u0131 inceledi.<\/li>\n<li>Tersane Konferans\u0131: 23 Aral\u0131k 1876&#x27;da Balkan reformlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek i\u00e7in \u0130stanbul&#x27;da topland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Balkan krizi: Hersek ve Bulgar isyanlar\u0131 ile S\u0131rp-Karada\u011f sava\u015flar\u0131 ele al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00fcdahaleyi \u00f6nleme: Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fbmeti ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn Kanun-\u0131 Esasi&#x27;yi ilan etti.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk anayasa: B\u00f6ylece I. Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Meclis: Anayasaya g\u00f6re kurulan Meclis-i Umumi 19 Mart 1877&#x27;de a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f: Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamit meclisin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Kanun-\u0131 Esasi&#x27;nin \u0130lan\u0131 - tablo 17\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>23 Aral\u0131k 1876&#x27;da ilk anayasa ilan edildi ve I. Me\u015frutiyet ba\u015flad\u0131; Meclis-i Umumi 19 Mart 1877&#x27;de a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-meclis-i-umumi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-meclis-i-umumi\">Meclis-i Umumi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>\u0130ki kanat: Meclis-i Umumi, \u00c2yan ve Meb\u00fbsan meclislerinden olu\u015ftu.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk se\u00e7im: Mebuslar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya h\u0131zla ba\u015flamak i\u00e7in vilayet meclislerinden se\u00e7ildi.<\/li>\n<li>Temsil: \u0130lk milletvekillerinin 71&#x27;i M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, 44&#x27;\u00fc Hristiyan, 4&#x27;\u00fc Museviydi.<\/li>\n<li>I. d\u00f6nem: 19 Mart-28 Haziran 1877 aras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>II. d\u00f6nem: 13 Aral\u0131k 1877-14 \u015eubat 1878 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Tatil: II. Abd\u00fclhamit sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek meclisi kapatt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Anayasa: Kanun-\u0131 Esasi, II. Me\u015frutiyet&#x27;e kadar y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte kald\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-kanun-i-esasi-nin-temel-maddeleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-kanun-i-esasi-nin-temel-maddeleri\">Kanun-\u0131 Esasi&#x27;nin Temel Maddeleri<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Kanun-\u0131 Esasi&#x27;nin Temel Maddeleri - tablo 18\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Madde \/ Alan<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>D\u00fczenleme<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Madde \/ Alan\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Genel yap\u0131<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00fczenleme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">119 madde; haklar, vekiller, meclisler, mahkemeler, maliye ve vilayetler<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Madde \/ Alan\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>2. madde<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00fczenleme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Devletin ba\u015fkenti \u0130stanbul&#x27;dur.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Madde \/ Alan\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>3. madde<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00fczenleme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Saltanat Osmano\u011fullar\u0131na aittir; padi\u015fah ayn\u0131 zamanda halifedir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Madde \/ Alan\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>8. madde<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00fczenleme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Milleti ne olursa olsun halk Osmanl\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Madde \/ Alan\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>10. madde<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00fczenleme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Devletin dini \u0130slam&#x27;d\u0131r.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Madde \/ Alan\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>12. madde<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00fczenleme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Bas\u0131n kanun dairesinde serbesttir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Madde \/ Alan\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>113. madde<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00fczenleme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u0130htilal belirtisinde \u00f6rfi idare ilan edilip anayasa ask\u0131ya al\u0131nabilir.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Kanun-\u0131 Esasi&#x27;nin Temel Maddeleri - tablo 19\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>113. madde, ihtilal belirtisinde \u00f6rfi idare ilan edilmesine ve anayasan\u0131n ask\u0131ya al\u0131nmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n veriyordu.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-93-harbi-nin-nedenleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-93-harbi-nin-nedenleri\">93 Harbi&#x27;nin Nedenleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Adland\u0131rma: 1877-1878 sava\u015f\u0131 Rumi 1293 y\u0131l\u0131na rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in 93 Harbi denildi.<\/li>\n<li>Tersane kararlar\u0131: S\u0131rbistan ve Karada\u011f geni\u015fleyecek; Bosna-Hersek \u00f6zerkle\u015fecekti.<\/li>\n<li>Bulgaristan: \u0130ki eyalete ayr\u0131lacak ve Hristiyan valilerce y\u00f6netilecekti.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 tutumu: Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc tehdit eden \u015fartlar reddedildi.<\/li>\n<li>Londra giri\u015fimi: Benzer h\u00fck\u00fcmler i\u00e7eren yeni kararlar da kabul edilmedi.<\/li>\n<li>Avrupa tavr\u0131: Bulgar olaylar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131&#x27;ya verilen destek sona erdi.<\/li>\n<li>24 Nisan 1877: Rusya a\u00e7\u0131k deniz ve Panslavist hedeflerle sava\u015f ilan etti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"93 Harbi&#x27;nin Nedenleri - tablo 20\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>1877-1878 sava\u015f\u0131 Rumi 1293 y\u0131l\u0131na rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in 93 Harbi ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-tuna-cephesi-ve-plevne\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-tuna-cephesi-ve-plevne\">Tuna Cephesi ve Plevne<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>\u0130lk hareket: Rus ordusu Romanya \u00fczerinden Tuna cephesine girdi.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 geri \u00e7ekili\u015fi: H\u0131zl\u0131 Rus ilerleyi\u015fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ordular Edirne y\u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7ekildi.<\/li>\n<li>Komuta: Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa ve S\u00fcleyman Pa\u015fa g\u00f6revlendirildi; s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>18 Temmuz 1877: Osman Pa\u015fa Plevne&#x27;yi geri ald\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc savunma hatt\u0131 kurdu.<\/li>\n<li>Rus sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131: \u0130ki giri\u015fim a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131plarla sonu\u00e7land\u0131; Rumen deste\u011fi de yeterli olmad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>13 Eyl\u00fcl: Plevne ku\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131; Osman Pa\u015fa&#x27;ya gazi unvan\u0131 verildi.<\/li>\n<li>10 Aral\u0131k: M\u00fchimmat ve yiyecek s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 sonras\u0131 yaralanan Osman Pa\u015fa teslim oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-93-harbinde-tuna-cephesi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-93-harbinde-tuna-cephesi\">93 Harbi\u2019nde Tuna cephesi<\/h2>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-kafkas-cephesi-ve-aziziye\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-kafkas-cephesi-ve-aziziye\">Kafkas Cephesi ve Aziziye<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Rus ilerleyi\u015fi: 30 Nisan&#x27;da Do\u011fubayaz\u0131t, 19 Haziran&#x27;da Ardahan ele ge\u00e7irildi.<\/li>\n<li>25 A\u011fustos: Gazi Ahmet Muhtar Pa\u015fa Gedikler&#x27;de Rus ordusunu durdurdu.<\/li>\n<li>15 Ekim: Alacada\u011f yenilgisi ve k\u0131\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 ordusunu geri \u00e7ekilmeye zorlad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>18 Kas\u0131m: Rus ordusu Kars&#x27;\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi.<\/li>\n<li>Aziziye: Erzurum halk\u0131 savunmaya kat\u0131ld\u0131; Nene Hatun m\u00fccadelenin simgesi oldu.<\/li>\n<li>24 Ekim: Yahni Da\u011f\u0131 Muharebesi kazan\u0131ld\u0131; Ahmet Muhtar Pa\u015fa&#x27;ya gazi unvan\u0131 verildi.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130stanbul y\u00f6n\u00fc: Ruslar Sofya, Filibe ve Edirne&#x27;yi alarak Ye\u015filk\u00f6y&#x27;e kadar ilerledi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-ayastefanos-antlasmasi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-ayastefanos-antlasmasi\">Ayastefanos Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>3 Mart 1878: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Rusya aras\u0131nda imzaland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z devletler: Karada\u011f, S\u0131rbistan ve Romanya tan\u0131nd\u0131; s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 geni\u015fledi.<\/li>\n<li>Bulgaristan: Adriyatik&#x27;e uzanan \u00f6zerk prenslik kurulacakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Islahat: Bosna-Hersek, Ermeni b\u00f6lgeleri, Girit, Teselya ve Arnavutluk i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlemeler \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Toprak ve tazminat: \u0130ran&#x27;a toprak, Rusya&#x27;ya tazminat verilecekti.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131: Ardahan, Kars, Batum ve Do\u011fubayaz\u0131t Rusya&#x27;ya b\u0131rak\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fc\u00e7 dengesi: Rusya lehine de\u011fi\u015fen \u015fartlar Berlin Kongresi karar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furdu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-berlin-kongresi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-berlin-kongresi\">Berlin Kongresi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>13 Haziran 1878: Kongre Bismarck ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda topland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 aray\u0131\u015f\u0131: Ayastefanos&#x27;un a\u011f\u0131r h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinden kurtulmak i\u00e7in destek istendi.<\/li>\n<li>K\u0131br\u0131s: Kongre s\u00fcrerken adan\u0131n idaresi \u0130ngiltere&#x27;ye b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Rusya&#x27;n\u0131n kabul\u00fc: \u0130ngiliz donanmas\u0131 ve Avrupa devletlerinin bask\u0131s\u0131yla \u015fartlar yeniden g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>13 Temmuz 1878: Osmanl\u0131, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Rusya, Almanya, Avusturya ve \u0130talya antla\u015fmay\u0131 imzalad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sonu\u00e7: Kongre kararlar\u0131 sonraki y\u0131llarda Avrupa devletleri aras\u0131nda yeni anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar do\u011furdu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-berlin-antlasmasi-nin-hukumleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-berlin-antlasmasi-nin-hukumleri\">Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131&#x27;n\u0131n H\u00fck\u00fcmleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Bulgar topraklar\u0131: \u00d6zerk Bulgar Prensli\u011fi, Do\u011fu Rumeli ve Osmanl\u0131&#x27;da kalan Makedonya olarak \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fu Rumeli: Hristiyan vali y\u00f6netiminde; siyas\u00ee ve asker\u00ee bak\u0131mdan Osmanl\u0131&#x27;ya ba\u011fl\u0131 olacakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k: Karada\u011f, S\u0131rbistan ve Eflak-Bo\u011fdan geni\u015fleyerek ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z oldu.<\/li>\n<li>Bosna-Hersek: Avusturya&#x27;n\u0131n i\u015fgali kabul edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131: Kars, Ardahan ve Batum Rusya&#x27;ya; Do\u011fubayaz\u0131t Osmanl\u0131&#x27;ya b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Islahat: Ermeni b\u00f6lgelerinde reform ve Girit Rumlar\u0131na ek imtiyaz \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Bo\u011fazlar: 1856 Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131&#x27;n\u0131n H\u00fck\u00fcmleri - tablo 21\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!: <\/strong>Ayastefanos&#x27;taki b\u00fcy\u00fck Bulgaristan Berlin&#x27;de \u00fc\u00e7 par\u00e7aya ayr\u0131ld\u0131; Do\u011fubayaz\u0131t Rusya&#x27;dan al\u0131narak Osmanl\u0131&#x27;ya b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-berlin-antlasmasina-gore-osmanli-devleti\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-berlin-antlasmasina-gore-osmanli-devleti\">Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/h2>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-93-harbi-nin-siyasi-sonuclari\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-93-harbi-nin-siyasi-sonuclari\">93 Harbi&#x27;nin Siyasi Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Paris d\u00fczeni: 1856&#x27;da Osmanl\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc koruyan kararlar Berlin ile ihlal edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Devlet yap\u0131s\u0131: Ordu ve b\u00fcrokraside cesaret kayb\u0131, \u00fclkede karamsarl\u0131k olu\u015ftu.<\/li>\n<li>Yaln\u0131zla\u015fma: Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131n fiil\u00ee payla\u015f\u0131m s\u00fcreci h\u0131zland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kuzey Afrika: Tunus 1881, M\u0131s\u0131r 1882, Trablusgarp 1911&#x27;de i\u015fgal edildi.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00fcy\u00fck devletler: Avusturya Ege&#x27;ye, Rusya Do\u011fu Anadolu&#x27;ya y\u00f6neldi.<\/li>\n<li>Balkanlar: Yeni devletlerin yay\u0131lmac\u0131 faaliyetleri artt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k: Gayrim\u00fcslim hareketlerin yan\u0131nda baz\u0131 Arnavut ve Arap gruplar\u0131nda da e\u011filimler g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"93 Harbi&#x27;nin Siyasi Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 - tablo 22\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?: <\/strong>Berlin d\u00fczeni Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131n fiil\u00ee payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131; Kuzey Afrika i\u015fgalleri ve Balkan devletlerinin yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-savas-ve-zorunlu-goc\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-savas-ve-zorunlu-goc\">Sava\u015f ve Zorunlu G\u00f6\u00e7<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Katliamlar: Balkanlar, Kafkaslar ve Do\u011fu Anadolu&#x27;da binlerce M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Balkan \u00e7eteleri: Rus, Bulgar ve Don Kazak g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden ka\u00e7an halk topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 terk etti.<\/li>\n<li>Topluluklar: G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin \u00e7o\u011fu T\u00fcrk; aralar\u0131nda Pomak, Tatar ve \u00c7erkezler de vard\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bosna-Hersek: Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131 sonras\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar g\u00f6\u00e7 kafilelerine kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yahudiler: Balkan Yahudileri de \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fu b\u00f6lgeleri: M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar Rus askerleri ve Ermeni \u00e7etelerinin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6\u00e7 yollar\u0131: Sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra a\u00e7l\u0131k ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar b\u00fcy\u00fck can kayb\u0131 do\u011furdu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-multeciler-ve-yerlesim-sorunlari\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-multeciler-ve-yerlesim-sorunlari\">M\u00fclteciler ve Yerle\u015fim Sorunlar\u0131<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"M\u00fclteciler ve Yerle\u015fim Sorunlar\u0131 - tablo 23\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesi<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>1879&#x27;a kadar sa\u011f kalan tahmin\u00ee m\u00fclteci<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Edirne Vilayeti<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"1879&#x27;a kadar sa\u011f kalan tahmin\u00ee m\u00fclteci\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">105.000<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Selanik Vilayeti<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"1879&#x27;a kadar sa\u011f kalan tahmin\u00ee m\u00fclteci\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">60.000<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Kosova ve Manast\u0131r<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"1879&#x27;a kadar sa\u011f kalan tahmin\u00ee m\u00fclteci\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">140.000<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u0130stanbul (Anadolu yakas\u0131 d\u00e2hil)<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"1879&#x27;a kadar sa\u011f kalan tahmin\u00ee m\u00fclteci\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">120.000<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131&#x27;n\u0131n Asya topraklar\u0131<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"1879&#x27;a kadar sa\u011f kalan tahmin\u00ee m\u00fclteci\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">90.000<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Toplam<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"1879&#x27;a kadar sa\u011f kalan tahmin\u00ee m\u00fclteci\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">515.000<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Demografik etki: G\u00f6\u00e7ler Osmanl\u0131 n\u00fcfus yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Yerle\u015fim: G\u00f6\u00e7menler \u00e7o\u011funlukla Bat\u0131 ve Orta Anadolu&#x27;ya yerle\u015ftirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Sorun: Arazi kanunlar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m ve k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar yerli halkla \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-mali-bunalimin-temelleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-mali-bunalimin-temelleri\">Mali Bunal\u0131m\u0131n Temelleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Nedenler: Sava\u015f harcamalar\u0131, toprak kay\u0131plar\u0131 ve artan giderler b\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011furdu.<\/li>\n<li>Esham: 1775-1860 aras\u0131nda i\u00e7 bor\u00e7lanma sistemi uyguland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Vergi d\u00fczenlemeleri: Hazine gelirleri art\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>K\u0131smi iyile\u015fme: Tanzimat sonras\u0131nda bir s\u00fcre ekonomik toparlanma g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Mali disiplin: Plans\u0131z ve denetimsiz harcamalar nedeniyle sa\u011flanamad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcrekli a\u00e7\u0131k: 1846-1854 tablolar\u0131nda tahsisatlar her y\u0131l gelirleri a\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sonu\u00e7: B\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7 bor\u00e7 ve daha sonra d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-1846-1854-mali-durum-tablosu\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-1846-1854-mali-durum-tablosu\">1846-1854 Mali Durum Tablosu<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici tk-cok-sutun\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"1846-1854 Mali Durum Tablosu - tablo 24\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Mali y\u0131l<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Gelir (kuru\u015f)<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Tahsisat (kuru\u015f)<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>B\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 (kuru\u015f)<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>A\u00e7\u0131k \/ gelir (%)<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Mali y\u0131l\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>1846-1847<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Gelir (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">625.000.000<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tahsisat (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">633.212.899<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"B\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">-8.212.899<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131k \/ gelir (%)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">-1,3<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Mali y\u0131l\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>1847-1848<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Gelir (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">653.500.000<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tahsisat (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">678.668.435<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"B\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">-25.168.435<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131k \/ gelir (%)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">-3,7<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Mali y\u0131l\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>1848-1849<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Gelir (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">666.230.000<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tahsisat (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">754.455.456<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"B\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">-88.225.456<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131k \/ gelir (%)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">-11,7<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Mali y\u0131l\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>1849-1850<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Gelir (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">710.000.000<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tahsisat (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">788.893.647<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"B\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">-78.893.647<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131k \/ gelir (%)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">-10<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Mali y\u0131l\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>1850-1851<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Gelir (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">702.129.312<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tahsisat (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">801.029.061<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"B\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">-98.899.749<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131k \/ gelir (%)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">-12,3<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Mali y\u0131l\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>1851-1852<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Gelir (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">724.400.000<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tahsisat (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">778.025.831<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"B\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">-53.625.831<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131k \/ gelir (%)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">-6,9<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Mali y\u0131l\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>1852-1853<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Gelir (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">772.971.628<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tahsisat (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">794.392.424<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"B\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">-21.420.796<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131k \/ gelir (%)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">-2,7<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Mali y\u0131l\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>1853-1854<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Gelir (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">757.459.670<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Tahsisat (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">779.117.205<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"B\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 (kuru\u015f)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">-21.657.535<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"A\u00e7\u0131k \/ gelir (%)\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">-2,8<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-dis-borclanma-ve-iflas-esigi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-dis-borclanma-ve-iflas-esigi\">D\u0131\u015f Bor\u00e7lanma ve \u0130flas E\u015fi\u011fi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Galata bankerleri: B\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve nakit ihtiyac\u0131 \u00f6nce i\u00e7 bor\u00e7la kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7: K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi giderleri nedeniyle 1854&#x27;te al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1875&#x27;e kadar: Avrupa arac\u0131lar\u0131 ve bankerlerinden y\u00fcksek faizle bor\u00e7lan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kullan\u0131m: Memur maa\u015flar\u0131, bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k hizmetleri ve donanma i\u00e7in harcand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bor\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fc: 1875&#x27;te gelirlerin \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerine gidiyor; faizler bile \u00f6denemiyordu.<\/li>\n<li>6 Ekim 1875: Taksitin yar\u0131s\u0131 nakit, yar\u0131s\u0131 be\u015f y\u0131l vadeli %5 faizli senetle \u00f6denecekti.<\/li>\n<li>1876: S\u0131rbistan sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6demeler durdu; alacakl\u0131larla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-muharrem-kararnamesi-ve-duyun\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-muharrem-kararnamesi-ve-duyun\">Muharrem Kararnamesi ve D\u00fcy\u00fbn<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler: 93 Harbi sonras\u0131nda alacakl\u0131 temsilciler ve Osmanl\u0131 b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131 yeniden topland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>20 Aral\u0131k 1881: Muharrem Kararnamesi ile D\u00fcy\u00fbn-\u0131 Um\u00fbmiye \u0130daresi kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Bor\u00e7 indirimi: 219.938.559 liradan 125.250.943 liraya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Yetki: Vergi gelirlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc toplama ve baz\u0131 i\u015fletmeleri y\u00f6netme hakk\u0131 verildi.<\/li>\n<li>Faaliyet: Gelirlerle i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar \u00f6dendi; sanayi, ticaret ve altyap\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yabanc\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131: \u0130dare Avrupal\u0131 alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6nceliklerine g\u00f6re \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sonu\u00e7: Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisi ve egemenlik haklar\u0131 olumsuz etkilendi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Muharrem Kararnamesi ve D\u00fcy\u00fbn - tablo 25\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?: <\/strong>D\u00fcy\u00fbn-\u0131 Um\u00fbmiye&#x27;nin vergi gelirlerini toplamas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisini ve mali egemenli\u011fini olumsuz etkiledi.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-borclarin-sonraki-seyri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-borclarin-sonraki-seyri\">Bor\u00e7lar\u0131n Sonraki Seyri<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici tk-cok-sutun\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Bor\u00e7lar\u0131n Sonraki Seyri - tablo 26\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>D\u00f6nem<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Bor\u00e7 tutar\u0131<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Sa\u011flanan net tutar<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Abd\u00fclmecit (1839-1861)<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Bor\u00e7 tutar\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">16.541.000<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Sa\u011flanan net tutar\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">13.358.000<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Abd\u00fclaziz (1862-1876)<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Bor\u00e7 tutar\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">214.932.000<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Sa\u011flanan net tutar\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">109.139.000<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Abd\u00fclhamit (1876-1909)<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Bor\u00e7 tutar\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">82.347.000<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Sa\u011flanan net tutar\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">80.882.000<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Bor\u00e7 ko\u015fullar\u0131: II. Abd\u00fclhamit d\u00f6neminde daha elveri\u015fli bor\u00e7lan\u0131ld\u0131; para yat\u0131r\u0131mlara y\u00f6neldi.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00fcy\u00fbn etkisi: Risk azald\u0131; fakat \u00f6demeler yeni bor\u00e7lar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k iki kat\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sona eri\u015f: Lozan&#x27;la hukuken, 13 Haziran 1928 Paris S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile fiilen sona erdi.<\/li>\n<li>Payla\u015f\u0131m: T\u00fcrkiye 129,6 milyon liran\u0131n 84,6 milyonunu \u00fcstlendi; kalan bor\u00e7lar ayr\u0131lan \u00fclkelere ge\u00e7ti.<\/li>\n<li>1954: T\u00fcrkiye, Osmanl\u0131&#x27;dan kalan d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerini tamamlad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Bor\u00e7lar\u0131n Sonraki Seyri - tablo 27\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130: <\/strong>1881 D\u00fcy\u00fbn-\u0131 Um\u00fbmiye \u2192 Lozan&#x27;la hukuken sona eri\u015f \u2192 1928 Paris S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile fiil\u00ee sona eri\u015f \u2192 1954 son \u00f6deme.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-avrupa-da-antisemitizm-ve-goc\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-avrupa-da-antisemitizm-ve-goc\">Avrupa&#x27;da Antisemitizm ve G\u00f6\u00e7<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Antisemitizm: Rusya, Avusturya-Macaristan, Fransa ve Almanya&#x27;da Yahudilere bask\u0131 uyguland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sonu\u00e7: Hak gasb\u0131, d\u0131\u015flanma, katliam ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7 do\u011furdu.<\/li>\n<li>1870&#x27;ler: Baz\u0131 Avrupal\u0131lar \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc Yahudilere ayr\u0131 yurt ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z devlet kurulmas\u0131nda g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Oliphant teklifi: 1879&#x27;da Belka Sanca\u011f\u0131&#x27;nda \u00f6zerk arazi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda para \u00f6nerildi.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 cevab\u0131: Mali s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131ya ra\u011fmen otuz \u00fc\u00e7 maddelik teklif reddedildi.<\/li>\n<li>93 Harbi: Yahudiler de zul\u00fcm g\u00f6rd\u00fc; Osmanl\u0131&#x27;ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nanlar Filistin&#x27;den uzak yerlere yerle\u015ftirildi.<\/li>\n<li>1881 sonras\u0131: Rusya&#x27;daki \u015fiddet g\u00f6\u00e7leri Amerika, \u0130ngiltere, Kanada ve Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na y\u00f6neltti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-osmanli-nin-filistin-politikasi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-osmanli-nin-filistin-politikasi\">Osmanl\u0131&#x27;n\u0131n Filistin Politikas\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Siyonizm: 1890&#x27;lardan itibaren Filistin&#x27;e d\u00f6nme ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z devlet kurma hedefini ifade etti.<\/li>\n<li>Yerle\u015fim karar\u0131: Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi g\u00f6\u00e7menleri yaln\u0131zca uygun g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc b\u00f6lgelere yerle\u015ftirmek istedi.<\/li>\n<li>Arazi al\u0131m\u0131: Baz\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menler kimliklerini gizleyerek y\u00fcksek bedelle Filistin&#x27;de toprak ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yard\u0131m: \u0130ngilizler ve Osmanl\u0131 Yahudileri sat\u0131n alma i\u015flemlerini destekledi.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130dar\u00ee \u00f6nlem: Suriye&#x27;ye gelenler geri g\u00f6nderilecek; Yahudilerin arazi almas\u0131 yasaklanacakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>N\u00fcfus politikas\u0131: Rumeli ve Kafkasya&#x27;dan gelen M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015ftirilecekti.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nsani yakla\u015f\u0131m: S\u0131k\u0131 takibe ra\u011fmen bar\u0131nma, beslenme ve sa\u011fl\u0131k ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-siyonist-orgutlenme-ve-herzl\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-siyonist-orgutlenme-ve-herzl\">Siyonist \u00d6rg\u00fctlenme ve Herzl<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Ka\u00e7ak yerle\u015fim: Baz\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menler \u00f6nlemleri a\u015farak Filistin ve \u00e7evresine yerle\u015fti.<\/li>\n<li>Siyon \u00c2\u015f\u0131klar\u0131: Dernekler ve Edmond Rothschild gibi zenginler yerle\u015fimi destekledi.<\/li>\n<li>Arjantin se\u00e7ene\u011fi: Yahudi Kolonizasyon Birli\u011fi baz\u0131 aileleri burada sat\u0131n al\u0131nan topraklara yerle\u015ftirdi.<\/li>\n<li>Theodor Herzl: Paris&#x27;te gazeteciydi; siyasi siyonizmin kurucusu kabul edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Hedef: Da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k Yahudilerin Filistin&#x27;de toplan\u0131p devlet kurmas\u0131n\u0131 savundu.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130ngiltere: Destek arad\u0131 ancak bekledi\u011fi ilgiyi g\u00f6remedi.<\/li>\n<li>1896: II. Abd\u00fclhamit&#x27;i ikna etmek amac\u0131yla \u0130stanbul&#x27;a geldi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Siyonist \u00d6rg\u00fctlenme ve Herzl - tablo 28\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Theodor Herzl siyasi siyonizmin kurucusu kabul edilir; 1896&#x27;da II. Abd\u00fclhamit&#x27;i ikna etmek amac\u0131yla \u0130stanbul&#x27;a geldi.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-herzl-in-diplomasi-girisimleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-herzl-in-diplomasi-girisimleri\">Herzl&#x27;in Diplomasi Giri\u015fimleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>\u0130lk giri\u015fim: Do\u011frudan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme iste\u011fi reddedildi.<\/li>\n<li>Bor\u00e7 teklifi: Osmanl\u0131 d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deme \u00f6nerisi de kabul edilmedi.<\/li>\n<li>1897 Basel: Birinci Siyonist Kongresi yol haritas\u0131n\u0131 belirledi.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6rg\u00fct: D\u00fcnya Siyonist \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc kuruldu; ekonomik yap\u0131lanma i\u00e7in yeni kongreler topland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>II. Wilhelm: Herzl, 1898 \u0130stanbul ve Kud\u00fcs gezilerinde Alman imparatorundan yard\u0131m istedi.<\/li>\n<li>17 May\u0131s 1901: Y\u00fcz y\u00fcze g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede yaln\u0131z bor\u00e7lar ve maden i\u015fletmeleri konu\u015fuldu.<\/li>\n<li>Israr: Filistin teklifi arac\u0131lar ve mektuplarla sonraki y\u0131llarda da tekrarland\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Herzl&#x27;in Diplomasi Giri\u015fimleri - tablo 29\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130: <\/strong>1896 \u0130stanbul \u2192 1897 Basel Kongresi ve D\u00fcnya Siyonist \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc \u2192 1898 II. Wilhelm giri\u015fimi \u2192 1901 II. Abd\u00fclhamit&#x27;le g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-ii-abdulhamit-doneminin-sonucu\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-ii-abdulhamit-doneminin-sonucu\">II. Abd\u00fclhamit D\u00f6neminin Sonucu<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici tk-cok-sutun\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"II. Abd\u00fclhamit D\u00f6neminin Sonucu - tablo 30\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>D\u00f6nem<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>M\u00fcsl\u00fcman %<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Yahudi %<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Hristiyan %<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>1860-1861<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"M\u00fcsl\u00fcman %\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">88<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Yahudi %\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">4<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Hristiyan %\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">8<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>1882-1883<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"M\u00fcsl\u00fcman %\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">87<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Yahudi %\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">3<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Hristiyan %\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">10<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>1895-1896<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"M\u00fcsl\u00fcman %\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">86<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Yahudi %\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">4<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Hristiyan %\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">10<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>1905-1906<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"M\u00fcsl\u00fcman %\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">85<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Yahudi %\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">4<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Hristiyan %\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">11<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>1914-1915<\/strong><\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"M\u00fcsl\u00fcman %\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">83<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Yahudi %\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">6<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Hristiyan %\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">11<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>1904 sonras\u0131: David Wolffsohn&#x27;un teklifleri de II. Abd\u00fclhamit taraf\u0131ndan reddedildi.<\/li>\n<li>N\u00fcfus: G\u00f6\u00e7lere ra\u011fmen Yahudi n\u00fcfus oran\u0131nda di\u011fer gruplara g\u00f6re dikkat \u00e7ekici art\u0131\u015f olmad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>II. Me\u015frutiyet: K\u0131s\u0131tlamalar ge\u00e7ici kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131; \u0130ttihat ve Terakki daha sonra yeniden uygulad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"II. Abd\u00fclhamit D\u00f6neminin Sonucu - tablo 31\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>1904 sonras\u0131 teklifler reddedildi; g\u00f6\u00e7lere ra\u011fmen Yahudi n\u00fcfus oran\u0131nda di\u011fer gruplara g\u00f6re dikkat \u00e7ekici art\u0131\u015f olmad\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-2-aciklamali-tarih-seridi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-2-aciklamali-tarih-seridi\">A\u00c7IKLAMALI TAR\u0130H \u015eER\u0130D\u0130<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>1789 &#8211; III. Selim: Nizam-\u0131 Cedit yenilikleri ve daim\u00ee el\u00e7iliklerle ordu ve diplomasi yenilenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1804 &#8211; S\u0131rp \u0130syan\u0131: Milliyet\u00e7ilik ve Rus deste\u011fi Balkanlardaki ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 hareketleri g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/li>\n<li>1821 &#8211; Mora \u0130syan\u0131: Yunan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na uzanan s\u00fcre\u00e7 toplumsal kay\u0131plara ve d\u0131\u015f m\u00fcdahaleye yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1826 &#8211; Vaka-i Hayriye: Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, As\u00e2kir-i Mans\u00fbre-i Muhammediye kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>1833 &#8211; H\u00fcnk\u00e2r \u0130skelesi: Rusya ile ittifak Bo\u011fazlar Meselesi\u2019ni uluslararas\u0131 bir soruna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>1839 &#8211; Tanzimat Ferman\u0131: Kanun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, can-mal g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve e\u015fitlik y\u00f6n\u00fcnde yeni d\u00f6nem ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1841 &#8211; Londra Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi: Bo\u011fazlar uluslararas\u0131 stat\u00fc kazand\u0131; egemenlik yetkisi s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1853-1856 &#8211; K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi: \u0130lk d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 al\u0131nd\u0131; sava\u015f teknolojisi, bas\u0131n ve g\u00f6\u00e7ler toplumu etkiledi.<\/li>\n<li>1856 &#8211; Islahat Ferman\u0131: Gayrim\u00fcslimlere yeni haklar verildi; e\u015fitlik geni\u015flerken toplumsal tepkiler artt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1876 &#8211; Kanun-\u0131 Esasi: \u0130lk anayasa ilan edildi, Meclis-i Umumi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 ve I. Me\u015frutiyet ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1877-1878 &#8211; 93 Harbi: B\u00fcy\u00fck toprak kay\u0131plar\u0131 ve Anadolu\u2019ya yo\u011fun M\u00fcsl\u00fcman g\u00f6\u00e7leri ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1881 &#8211; D\u00fcy\u00fbn-\u0131 Um\u00fbmiye: Devlet gelirleri yabanc\u0131 denetimine girdi ve mali egemenlik zay\u0131flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1908 &#8211; II. Me\u015frutiyet: Anayasal ve meclisli y\u00f6netim yeniden i\u015flerlik kazand\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<button class=\"tk-basa-don\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunun ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\">Ba\u015fa D\u00f6n<\/button>\n<\/article>\n<script>\n(() => {\n  'use strict';\n  document.querySelectorAll('.tk-ders-notu').forEach((root) => {\n    if (root.dataset.tkReady === 'true') return;\n    root.dataset.tkReady = 'true';\n    const printButton = root.querySelector('[data-tk-action=\"print\"]');\n    const tocButton = root.querySelector('[data-tk-action=\"toc\"]');\n    const toc = root.querySelector('.tk-icindekiler');\n    const topButton = root.querySelector('.tk-basa-don');\n    const progress = root.querySelector('.tk-ilerleme-cubugu');\n    const headings = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('h2[id], h3[id]'));\n    const tocLinks = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('.tk-icindekiler a[href^=\"#\"]'));\n\n    if (printButton) printButton.addEventListener('click', () => window.print());\n    if (tocButton && toc) tocButton.addEventListener('click', () => toc.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' }));\n    if (topButton) topButton.addEventListener('click', () => root.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' }));\n\n    tocLinks.forEach((link) => {\n      link.addEventListener('click', (event) => {\n        const id = link.getAttribute('href').slice(1);\n        const target = root.querySelector(`#${id}`);\n        if (!target) return;\n        event.preventDefault();\n        target.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' });\n        if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) window.history.replaceState(null, '', `#${id}`);\n      });\n    });\n\n    const update = () => {\n      const start = root.getBoundingClientRect().top + window.scrollY;\n      const distance = Math.max(root.scrollHeight - window.innerHeight, 1);\n      const percent = Math.min(100, Math.max(0, ((window.scrollY - start) \/ distance) * 100));\n      if (progress) progress.style.width = `${percent}%`;\n      if (topButton) topButton.classList.toggle('tk-gorunur', window.scrollY > start + 500);\n\n      let active = headings[0] || null;\n      headings.forEach((heading) => {\n        if (heading.getBoundingClientRect().top <= 150) active = heading;\n      });\n      tocLinks.forEach((link) => {\n        const current = Boolean(active && link.getAttribute('href') === `#${active.id}`);\n        if (current) link.setAttribute('aria-current', 'true');\n        else link.removeAttribute('aria-current');\n      });\n    };\n\n    let ticking = false;\n    const requestUpdate = () => {\n      if (ticking) return;\n      ticking = true;\n      window.requestAnimationFrame(() => {\n        update();\n        ticking = false;\n      });\n    };\n    window.addEventListener('scroll', requestUpdate, { passive: true });\n    window.addEventListener('resize', requestUpdate);\n    update();\n  });\n})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>S\u0131n\u0131f: 11. 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S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih &#8211; Maarif Model Tarih Ders Notu\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1340,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[160],"tags":[231],"class_list":["post-3622","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-11-sinif-tarih-ders-notlari","tag-11-sinif-tarih-3"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Meydana Gelen Siyasi, Asker\u00ee ve \u0130dari Geli\u015fmeler | 11. 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