{"id":3624,"date":"2026-08-27T15:46:34","date_gmt":"2026-08-27T12:46:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=3624"},"modified":"2026-08-27T15:46:34","modified_gmt":"2026-08-27T12:46:34","slug":"2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\/","title":{"rendered":"1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Bilim, Sanat ve Teknoloji | 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih &#8211; Maarif Model Tarih Ders Notu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>S\u0131n\u0131f:<\/strong> 11. S\u0131n\u0131f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ders:<\/strong> Tarih<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00dcnite:<\/strong> D\u00d6N\u00dc\u015e\u00dcM S\u00dcREC\u0130NDE OSMANLI (1789-1908)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131:<\/strong> 1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Bilim, Sanat ve Teknoloji<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.tk-ders-notu,\n.tk-ders-notu * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n.tk-ders-notu {\n  --tk-lacivert: #173b67;\n  --tk-turkuaz: #087f8c;\n  --tk-bordo: #8a2638;\n  --tk-altin: #d9a514;\n  --tk-acik-mavi: #eef7ff;\n  --tk-acik-turkuaz: #e9fbfa;\n  --tk-acik-sari: #fff8dc;\n  --tk-metin: #1f2937;\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 1100px;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 auto;\n  color: var(--tk-metin);\n  font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\n  font-size: 17px;\n  line-height: 1.72;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n  hyphens: auto;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme-iz {\n  position: sticky;\n  top: 0;\n  z-index: 20;\n  width: 100%;\n  height: 6px;\n  overflow: hidden;\n  border-radius: 999px;\n  background: #dce8f2;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme-cubugu {\n  display: block;\n  width: 0;\n  height: 100%;\n  background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--tk-turkuaz), var(--tk-altin));\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ust-kart {\n  margin: 12px 0 22px;\n  padding: clamp(20px, 4vw, 38px);\n  border-bottom: 6px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  border-radius: 18px;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #173b67, #205684);\n  box-shadow: 0 12px 28px rgba(23, 59, 103, .16);\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kod {\n  margin: 0 0 7px;\n  color: #ffdf75;\n  font-size: .85em;\n  font-weight: 800;\n  letter-spacing: .08em;\n  text-transform: uppercase;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik {\n  margin: 0;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  font-size: clamp(1.55rem, 4vw, 2.35rem);\n  font-weight: 800;\n  line-height: 1.22;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-seo-giris {\n  margin: 18px 0 0;\n  color: #f2f7fb;\n  font-size: 1em;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-eylem-cubugu {\n  display: flex;\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\n  gap: 10px;\n  margin: 0 0 18px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme {\n  min-height: 44px;\n  padding: 9px 16px;\n  border: 2px solid var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  border-radius: 10px;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  font: inherit;\n  font-weight: 700;\n  line-height: 1.25;\n  cursor: pointer;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme:hover { background: #056c76; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme:focus-visible,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a:focus-visible,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don:focus-visible {\n  outline: 4px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  outline-offset: 3px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 0 24px;\n  padding: 18px 20px;\n  border: 1px solid #b9dfe1;\n  border-left: 6px solid var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  border-radius: 14px;\n  background: var(--tk-acik-turkuaz);\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler-baslik {\n  margin: 0 0 8px;\n  color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-size: 1.2em;\n  font-weight: 800;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler ul {\n  margin: 0;\n  padding-left: 1.25em;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler li { margin: 4px 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler .tk-alt-baslik-baglantisi { margin-left: 1em; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a {\n  color: #075f69;\n  font-weight: 700;\n  text-decoration-thickness: 2px;\n  text-underline-offset: 3px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a[aria-current=\"true\"] {\n  color: var(--tk-bordo);\n  background: #fff1f3;\n  border-radius: 5px;\n  box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px #fff1f3;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 0 22px;\n  padding: clamp(17px, 3vw, 28px);\n  border: 1px solid #dbe6ee;\n  border-radius: 16px;\n  background: #ffffff;\n  box-shadow: 0 8px 22px rgba(23, 59, 103, .08);\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart-giris { background: var(--tk-acik-mavi); }\n.tk-ders-notu h2,\n.tk-ders-notu h3 {\n  scroll-margin-top: 24px;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu h2 {\n  margin: 0 0 16px;\n  padding-bottom: 8px;\n  border-bottom: 4px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-size: clamp(1.3rem, 3vw, 1.72rem);\n  font-weight: 800;\n  line-height: 1.3;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu h3 {\n  margin: 24px 0 10px;\n  color: var(--tk-bordo);\n  font-size: clamp(1.1rem, 2.5vw, 1.35rem);\n  font-weight: 800;\n  line-height: 1.35;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-metin,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-gorsel-aciklamasi { margin: 0 0 13px; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-gorsel-aciklamasi {\n  padding: 10px 14px;\n  border-left: 4px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  color: #34495e;\n  background: var(--tk-acik-sari);\n  font-size: .95em;\n  font-style: italic;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-liste {\n  display: grid;\n  gap: 9px;\n  margin: 12px 0 18px;\n  padding: 0;\n  list-style: none;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-liste > li {\n  position: relative;\n  min-width: 0;\n  padding: 10px 12px 10px 42px;\n  border: 1px solid #cfe6e8;\n  border-radius: 10px;\n  background: #f7fcfc;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-liste > li::before {\n  content: \"\u2713\";\n  position: absolute;\n  left: 12px;\n  top: 10px;\n  width: 22px;\n  height: 22px;\n  border-radius: 50%;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  font-size: 13px;\n  font-weight: 900;\n  line-height: 22px;\n  text-align: center;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-alinti {\n  margin: 16px 0;\n  padding: 15px 18px;\n  border-left: 6px solid var(--tk-bordo);\n  border-radius: 10px;\n  color: #5d1b28;\n  background: #fff1f3;\n  font-style: italic;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-kutusu {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 16px 0;\n  padding: 15px 17px;\n  border: 1px solid #ead381;\n  border-left: 6px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  border-radius: 12px;\n  background: var(--tk-acik-sari);\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-etiket {\n  margin: 0 0 5px;\n  color: var(--tk-bordo);\n  font-weight: 900;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-icerik > :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo-kapsayici {\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 18px 0;\n  overflow: visible;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu {\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  border-collapse: collapse;\n  border-spacing: 0;\n  table-layout: fixed;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu th,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu td {\n  min-width: 0;\n  padding: 11px 12px;\n  border: 1px solid #b8c9d6;\n  vertical-align: top;\n  text-align: left;\n  white-space: normal;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n  word-break: normal;\n  hyphens: auto;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu thead th {\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-weight: 800;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu tbody tr:nth-child(even) { background: var(--tk-acik-mavi); }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu tbody td:first-child {\n  color: #6f1e2d;\n  font-weight: 700;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-hucre-metin { margin: 0 0 7px; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-hucre-metin:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don {\n  position: fixed;\n  right: 18px;\n  bottom: 18px;\n  z-index: 30;\n  display: none;\n  min-width: 48px;\n  min-height: 48px;\n  padding: 9px 13px;\n  border: 0;\n  border-radius: 999px;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: var(--tk-bordo);\n  font: inherit;\n  font-weight: 800;\n  box-shadow: 0 8px 22px rgba(86, 20, 34, .28);\n  cursor: pointer;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don.tk-gorunur { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; }\n@media (max-width: 720px) {\n  .tk-ders-notu { font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.65; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ust-kart,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart { border-radius: 12px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme { flex: 1 1 145px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun table,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun thead,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tr,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun th,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun td { display: block; width: 100%; min-width: 0; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun thead { position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0 0 0 0); white-space: nowrap; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody { display: grid; gap: 14px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody tr {\n    overflow: hidden;\n    border: 1px solid #b8c9d6;\n    border-radius: 12px;\n    background: #ffffff;\n    box-shadow: 0 5px 14px rgba(23, 59, 103, .08);\n  }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody td { border: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce6ed; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody td:last-child { border-bottom: 0; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody td::before {\n    content: attr(data-label);\n    display: block;\n    margin: 0 0 4px;\n    color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n    font-weight: 900;\n  }\n}\n@media (max-width: 375px) {\n  .tk-ders-notu { font-size: 15.5px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ust-kart,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler { padding: 15px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-liste > li { padding-left: 38px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu th,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu td { padding: 9px 8px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don { right: 10px; bottom: 10px; }\n}\n@media print {\n  .tk-ders-notu { max-width: none; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.45; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme-iz,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-eylem-cubugu,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don { display: none !important; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ust-kart { color: #000000; background: #ffffff; box-shadow: none; border: 2px solid #173b67; border-bottom: 5px solid #d9a514; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kod,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-seo-giris { color: #000000; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart { break-inside: avoid-page; box-shadow: none; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu { break-inside: auto; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu tr { break-inside: avoid; }\n}\n<\/style>\n<article class=\"tk-ders-notu\" lang=\"tr\" id=\"tk-ders-2-3\">\n<div class=\"tk-ilerleme-iz\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"><\/span><\/div>\n<header class=\"tk-ust-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-ana-baslik\">\n<p class=\"tk-kod\">11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih \u2022 \u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131 2.3<\/p>\n<p class=\"tk-ana-baslik\" id=\"tk-2-3-ana-baslik\">1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Bilim, Sanat ve Teknoloji<\/p>\n<p class=\"tk-seo-giris\">11. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersindeki 1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Bilim, Sanat ve Teknoloji \u00f6\u011frenme \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131, modernle\u015fmenin farkl\u0131 alanlarda nas\u0131l ilerledi\u011fini incelemeye y\u00f6neliktir. Bu tarih ders notu, T\u00fcrkiye Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 Maarif Modeli kapsam\u0131nda belgedeki s\u0131ralamay\u0131 koruyarak asker\u00ee kurumlarda ba\u015flayan de\u011fi\u015fimin sivil kurumlara yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131r. E\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131, bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, rasathane, ula\u015f\u0131m ve haberle\u015fme ara\u00e7lar\u0131, demir yollar\u0131, telgraf, foto\u011fraf, m\u00fczecilik, resim, heykel ve m\u00fczik alan\u0131ndaki geli\u015fmeler ayr\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde sunulmu\u015ftur. S\u0131nav notlar\u0131, kronoloji kutular\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma tablolar\u0131; kurumlar\u0131n g\u00f6revlerini, ilkleri ve benzer kavramlar\u0131n farklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Konuyu \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken her yenili\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7, ilgili kurum ve toplum hayat\u0131ndaki etkisiyle birlikte de\u011ferlendirerek ilerleyebilirsiniz. B\u00f6ylece alanlar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki belirginle\u015fir.<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"tk-eylem-cubugu\" aria-label=\"Ders notu ara\u00e7lar\u0131\">\n<button class=\"tk-dugme\" type=\"button\" data-tk-action=\"print\" aria-label=\"Ders notunu yazd\u0131r\">Yazd\u0131r<\/button>\n<button class=\"tk-dugme\" type=\"button\" data-tk-action=\"toc\" aria-label=\"\u0130\u00e7indekiler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne git\">\u0130\u00e7indekilere Git<\/button>\n<\/div>\n<nav class=\"tk-icindekiler\" id=\"tk-2-3-icindekiler\" aria-label=\"Ders notu i\u00e7indekiler\">\n<p class=\"tk-icindekiler-baslik\">\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-konuya-giris\">Konuya Giri\u015f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-iletisim-araclarinin-gelisimi\">\u0130leti\u015fim Ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-bilimsel-arka-plan\">Bilimsel Arka Plan<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-turkce-bilim-dili-ve-kutuphane\">T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Bilim Dili ve K\u00fct\u00fcphane<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-bilimde-bati-ile-temas\">Bilimde Bat\u0131 ile Temas<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-askeri-egitimde-ilk-adimlar\">Asker\u00ee E\u011fitimde \u0130lk Ad\u0131mlar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-muhendishaneler-ve-pozitif-bilimler\">M\u00fchendishaneler ve Pozitif Bilimler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-askeri-okullar\">Asker\u00ee Okullar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-modern-tip-egitimi\">Modern T\u0131p E\u011fitimi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-tipta-uygulamali-yenilikler\">T\u0131pta Uygulamal\u0131 Yenilikler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-sivil-bilim-kurumlari\">Sivil Bilim Kurumlar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-encumen-i-danis-ve-darulfunun\">Enc\u00fcmen-i Dani\u015f ve Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-doga-bilimleri-ve-deney\">Do\u011fa Bilimleri ve Deney<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-astronomi-ve-rasathane-i-amire\">Astronomi ve Rasathane-i \u00c2mire<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-teknolojiye-gecis\">Teknolojiye Ge\u00e7i\u015f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-buharli-gemiler-ve-deniz-ulasimi\">Buharl\u0131 Gemiler ve Deniz Ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-demir-yolu-teknolojisinin-onemi\">Demir Yolu Teknolojisinin \u00d6nemi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-osmanli-demir-yollari\">Osmanl\u0131 Demir Yollar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-hicaz-demir-yolu\">Hicaz Demir Yolu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-1908de-osmanli-demir-yolu-hatlari\">1908\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 Demir Yolu Hatlar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-telgraf-ve-haberlesme\">Telgraf ve Haberle\u015fme<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-fotografciligin-yayginlasmasi\">Foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-teknolojik-icatlar-ilk-kullanim\">Teknolojik \u0130catlar: \u0130lk Kullan\u0131m<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-sanatta-degisim\">Sanatta De\u011fi\u015fim<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-osman-hamdi-bey-ve-muzecilik\">Osman Hamdi Bey ve M\u00fczecilik<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-heykel-anit-ve-saat-kuleleri\">Heykel, An\u0131t ve Saat Kuleleri<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-mimari-donusum-ve-saraylar\">Mimari D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ve Saraylar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-muzik-ve-sahne-sanatlari\">M\u00fczik ve Sahne Sanatlar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-es-zamanli-tarih-seridi-1789-1868\">E\u015e ZAMANLI TAR\u0130H \u015eER\u0130D\u0130: 1789-1868<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-3-es-zamanli-tarih-seridi-1869-1908\">E\u015e ZAMANLI TAR\u0130H \u015eER\u0130D\u0130: 1869-1908<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-konuya-giris\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-konuya-giris\"><strong>Konuya<\/strong><strong> Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ba\u015flayan Sanayi Devrimi k\u00f6kl\u00fc d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlere yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Avrupa\u2019daki de\u011fi\u015fimi yak\u0131ndan izledi.<\/li>\n<li>1789-1908 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bilim, sanat ve teknoloji alanlar\u0131nda reformlar yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk de\u011fi\u015fiklikler asker\u00ee kurumlarda ve ordu sisteminde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Asker\u00ee ihtiya\u00e7larla ba\u015flayan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm zamanla sivil kurumlara yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bilimsel ve teknolojik yenilikler akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n geli\u015fmesine ortam haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Konuya Giri\u015f - tablo 1\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-etiket\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>SINAV NOTU<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Osmanl\u0131\u2019daki de\u011fi\u015fim ilk olarak asker\u00ee kurumlarda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, zamanla sivil kurumlara yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-iletisim-araclarinin-gelisimi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-iletisim-araclarinin-gelisimi\">\u0130leti\u015fim Ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Eski Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131: ma\u011fara resimleri ve dumanla haberle\u015fme.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk \u00c7a\u011f: mektupla ve posta g\u00fcverciniyle haberle\u015fme.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00d6 3200: yaz\u0131n\u0131n icad\u0131 ileti\u015fimde kal\u0131c\u0131 kay\u0131t sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1605: gazete; 1800\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131: foto\u011fraf makinesi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1837: telgraf; 1876: telefon; 1895: radyo geli\u015fti.<\/li>\n<li>1927\u2019den sonra televizyon, bilgisayar, internet, e-posta ve cep telefonu yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"\u0130leti\u015fim Ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi - tablo 2\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-etiket\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">M\u00d6 3200 yaz\u0131 \u2192 1605 gazete \u2192 1837 telgraf \u2192 1876 telefon \u2192 1895 radyo.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-bilimsel-arka-plan\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-bilimsel-arka-plan\">Bilimsel Arka Plan<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Osmanl\u0131\u2019da ilim faaliyetlerinin en \u00f6nemli kayna\u011f\u0131 uzun s\u00fcre medreselerdi.<\/li>\n<li>Klasik medreselerde e\u011fitim alan ulema ve devlet g\u00f6revlileri reformlar\u0131 destekledi.<\/li>\n<li>Baz\u0131 ulema ve g\u00f6revliler bilimsel, sanatsal ve teknolojik reformlara \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 b\u00fcrokrasisi Bat\u0131\u2019daki de\u011fi\u015fime uyum sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Avrupa\u2019daki bilimsel geli\u015fmeler do\u011frultusunda ordunun teknik altyap\u0131s\u0131 yenilendi.<\/li>\n<li>Asker\u00ee yenilikler sivil kurumlar\u0131n geli\u015fmesine de zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-turkce-bilim-dili-ve-kutuphane\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-turkce-bilim-dili-ve-kutuphane\">T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Bilim Dili ve K\u00fct\u00fcphane<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar bilimsel kaynaklar\u0131n dili a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Arap\u00e7ayd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bilim dili h\u00e2line gelmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sadele\u015ftirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e k\u00f6kenli bilimsel terimler \u00fcretildi.<\/li>\n<li>Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u00e7o\u011funlukla orta ve y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim ders kitaplar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Kurumsal d\u00fczenlemeler modern k\u00fct\u00fcphanecili\u011fin temellerini att\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>II. Abd\u00fclhamid, Y\u0131ld\u0131z Saray\u0131\u2019nda d\u00f6nemin kapsaml\u0131 k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerinden birini kurdu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Bilim Dili ve K\u00fct\u00fcphane - tablo 3\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-etiket\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bilim dili olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sadele\u015ftirme ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bilim terimleri \u00fcretme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-bilimde-bati-ile-temas\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-bilimde-bati-ile-temas\">Bilimde Bat\u0131 ile Temas<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Osmanl\u0131, Avrupa\u2019daki geli\u015fmeleri se\u00e7ici bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla takip etti.<\/li>\n<li>Harp teknolojisi, madencilik, co\u011frafya ve t\u0131p alanlar\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ate\u015fli silahlar, haritac\u0131l\u0131k ve madencilik teknikleri erken d\u00f6nemlerden itibaren aktar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Avrupa ile co\u011frafi yak\u0131nl\u0131k Bat\u0131 bilimiyle temas\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00fchendishaneler Avrupa\u00ee teknik e\u011fitimin yeni a\u015famas\u0131 oldu.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c2limin yan\u0131nda \u201cm\u00fchendis\u201d, \u201ctabip\u201d, \u201cfen\u201d ve \u201cm\u00fctefennin\u201d kavramlar\u0131 \u00f6nem kazand\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-askeri-egitimde-ilk-adimlar\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-askeri-egitimde-ilk-adimlar\">Asker\u00ee E\u011fitimde \u0130lk Ad\u0131mlar<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Sultan I. Mahmut D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Humbarac\u0131lar Oca\u011f\u0131 kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Bu kurum, Osmanl\u0131 e\u011fitim sisteminin modernle\u015fmesine y\u00f6nelik ilk ad\u0131m kabul edilir.<\/li>\n<li>Ocak b\u00fcnyesindeki hendesehane Bat\u0131l\u0131 tarzda matematik e\u011fitimi verdi.<\/li>\n<li>Hendesehane, Bat\u0131l\u0131 matematik e\u011fitimi verilen ilk e\u011fitim kurumuydu.<\/li>\n<li>Humbarahane ad\u0131yla da an\u0131lan bu okul, m\u00fchendishanelere \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti.<\/li>\n<li>III. Mustafa ve III. Selim d\u00f6nemlerinde a\u00e7\u0131lacak kurumlar i\u00e7in temel olu\u015fturdu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Asker\u00ee E\u011fitimde \u0130lk Ad\u0131mlar - tablo 4\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-etiket\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Humbarac\u0131lar Oca\u011f\u0131 \/ Hendesehane, modernle\u015fmenin ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 ve Bat\u0131l\u0131 matematik e\u011fitimi verilen ilk kurum olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-muhendishaneler-ve-pozitif-bilimler\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-muhendishaneler-ve-pozitif-bilimler\">M\u00fchendishaneler ve Pozitif Bilimler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>III. Mustafa\u2019n\u0131n emriyle \u0130stanbul\u2019da ilk top\u00e7u mektebi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcrat Top\u00e7ular\u0131 Oca\u011f\u0131 kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>1770 \u00c7e\u015fme Bask\u0131n\u0131 sonras\u0131nda denizcilik e\u011fitimi alan\u0131ndaki yenilikler h\u0131zland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Tersanede bahriye m\u00fchendisi yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in yeni bir okul a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1775\u2019te bu okul M\u00fchendishane-i Bahr\u00ee-i H\u00fcmayun ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1795\u2019te M\u00fchendishane-i Berr\u00ee-i H\u00fcmayun a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 ve pozitif bilimler \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"M\u00fchendishaneler ve Pozitif Bilimler - tablo 5\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-etiket\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">M\u00fchendishane-i Bahr\u00ee denizcilik; M\u00fchendishane-i Berr\u00ee top\u00e7uluk, istihk\u00e2m ve haritac\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-askeri-okullar\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-askeri-okullar\">Asker\u00ee Okullar <\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici tk-cok-sutun\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Asker\u00ee Okullar - tablo 6\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Kurum<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>D\u00f6nem \/ Alan<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Temel \u00d6zellik<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kurum\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Humbarac\u0131lar Oca\u011f\u0131 \/ Hendesehane<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Alan\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Sultan I. Mahmut d\u00f6nemi; matematik ve hendese<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel \u00d6zellik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Modernle\u015fmenin ilk ad\u0131m\u0131; m\u00fchendishanelere \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kurum\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">M\u00fchendishane-i Bahr\u00ee-i H\u00fcmayun<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Alan\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Sultan I. Abd\u00fclhamid d\u00f6nemi; denizcilik<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel \u00d6zellik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Bahriye m\u00fchendisi yeti\u015ftirdi; Deniz Harp Okulu olarak an\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kurum\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">M\u00fchendishane-i Berr\u00ee-i H\u00fcmayun<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"D\u00f6nem \/ Alan\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1795, III. Selim d\u00f6nemi; top\u00e7uluk, istihk\u00e2m, haritac\u0131l\u0131k<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Temel \u00d6zellik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u0130lk teknik okul; Bat\u0131 dilleri zorunlu; \u0130stanbul Teknik \u00dcniversitesinin temelini olu\u015fturdu.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-modern-tip-egitimi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-modern-tip-egitimi\">Modern T\u0131p E\u011fitimi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Bat\u0131l\u0131 tarzda asker\u00ee e\u011fitim ba\u015flay\u0131nca t\u0131p e\u011fitiminin de modernle\u015fmesi gerekti.<\/li>\n<li>Orduda asker\u00ee tabip say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 modern t\u0131p e\u011fitimini h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>III. Selim\u2019in Nizam-\u0131 Cedit \u0131slahatlar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde Tersane T\u0131p Mektebi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bu okul yeni hekim ve cerrahlar yeti\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Modern t\u0131p tekniklerinin Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya aktar\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti.<\/li>\n<li>T\u0131p e\u011fitimi asker\u00ee ihtiyac\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7erek halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olumlu etkiledi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Modern T\u0131p E\u011fitimi - tablo 7\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-etiket\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>SINAV NOTU<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Tersane T\u0131p Mektebi, III. Selim\u2019in Nizam-\u0131 Cedit \u0131slahatlar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-tipta-uygulamali-yenilikler\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-tipta-uygulamali-yenilikler\">T\u0131pta Uygulamal\u0131 Yenilikler<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Asker\u00ee ve sivil alanda e\u011fitim veren yeni t\u0131p mektepleri kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>T\u0131p okullar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131yla yeni hastaneler a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klarla m\u00fccadele i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131 uygulamas\u0131na ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Koruyucu sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinde \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Avrupa\u2019daki t\u0131p kitaplar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131caya \u00e7evrildi ve bas\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1895\u2019te r\u00f6ntgen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n duyurulmas\u0131ndan k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra \u0130stanbul\u2019da basit bir r\u00f6ntgen cihaz\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Hamidiye Etfal Hastahanesi Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki ilk \u00e7ocuk hastanesiydi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-sivil-bilim-kurumlari\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-sivil-bilim-kurumlari\">Sivil Bilim Kurumlar\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar Bat\u0131l\u0131 okullar \u00e7o\u011funlukla asker\u00ee ihtiya\u00e7lara y\u00f6nelikti.<\/li>\n<li>Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde farkl\u0131 d\u00fczeylerde Bat\u0131l\u0131 tarzda okullar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lkokul, ortaokul, y\u00fcksekokul ve mesleki e\u011fitim seviyelerinde kurumlar kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Akademik dernekler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Modern bilimlerin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>1851\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131lan Enc\u00fcmen-i Dani\u015f ders kitaplar\u0131 haz\u0131rlayarak bilimsel literat\u00fcre katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Sivil Bilim Kurumlar\u0131 - tablo 8\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-etiket\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Enc\u00fcmen-i Dani\u015f ders kitab\u0131 ve bilimsel literat\u00fcr; Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun ise Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 sivil \u00fcniversite ve modern bilim e\u011fitimiyle ili\u015fkilidir.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-encumen-i-danis-ve-darulfunun\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-encumen-i-danis-ve-darulfunun\">Enc\u00fcmen-i Dani\u015f ve Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici tk-cok-sutun\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Enc\u00fcmen-i Dani\u015f ve Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun - tablo 9\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Kurum<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Kurulu\u015f Amac\u0131<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Modern Bilimlere Katk\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kurum\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Enc\u00fcmen-i Dani\u015f<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Kurulu\u015f Amac\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">E\u011fitimde ikili\u011fe son vermek; b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmeyi sa\u011flamak; bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Modern Bilimlere Katk\u0131s\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Ders kitaplar\u0131 haz\u0131rlad\u0131; tarih, dil ve edebiyat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etti; bilimsel literat\u00fcre katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Kurum\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Kurulu\u015f Amac\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 ilk sivil \u00fcniversiteyi kurmak; modern y\u00f6ntemlerle bilimsel e\u011fitim vermek.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Modern Bilimlere Katk\u0131s\u0131\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Halka a\u00e7\u0131k dersler verdi; fizik deneyleriyle modern bilim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-doga-bilimleri-ve-deney\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-doga-bilimleri-ve-deney\">Do\u011fa Bilimleri ve Deney<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda Osmanl\u0131 b\u00fcrokrat ve ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 Bat\u0131\u2019daki matematik ve fizik geli\u015fmelerini izledi.<\/li>\n<li>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ilgi kimya, biyoloji ve t\u0131p gibi do\u011fa bilimlerine y\u00f6neldi.<\/li>\n<li>Modern bilim asker\u00ee ve teknik alanlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015farak \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131 h\u00e2line geldi.<\/li>\n<li>Fizik ve kimya derslerine deney y\u00f6ntemi d\u00e2hil edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Uygulamal\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretime verilen \u00f6nem artt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>A\u00e7\u0131lan laboratuvarlar modern bilim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesine b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-astronomi-ve-rasathane-i-amire\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-astronomi-ve-rasathane-i-amire\">Astronomi ve Rasathane-i \u00c2mire<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Asker\u00ee m\u00fchendislik okullar\u0131 modern astronominin kurumsal temellerini att\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>III. Mustafa, Paris \u0130limler Akademisindeki astronomi kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fclkeye getirtti.<\/li>\n<li>Bu kitaplar modern g\u00f6k bilimi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 e\u011fitim sistemine aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1868\u2019de \u0130stanbul Beyo\u011flu\u2019nda Rasathane-i \u00c2mire a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Rasathane ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda meteorolojik de\u011fi\u015fimler ve saat ayarlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Avrupa\u2019daki rasathanelerle i\u015f birli\u011fi yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve ileti\u015fim telgrafla sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Astronomi ve Rasathane-i \u00c2mire - tablo 10\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-etiket\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Rasathane-i \u00c2mire 1868\u2019de Beyo\u011flu\u2019nda a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131; ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar meteorolojik de\u011fi\u015fimler ve saat ayarlar\u0131 \u00fczerindeydi.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-teknolojiye-gecis\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-teknolojiye-gecis\">Teknolojiye Ge\u00e7i\u015f<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Sanayi Devrimi\u2019yle bilimsel bilgi ve teknolojiler makinele\u015fmeyi h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti teknik ve ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n gerisinde kald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Buna ra\u011fmen yeni geli\u015fmeler yak\u0131ndan takip edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Uzmanlar g\u00f6zlem yapmak ve e\u011fitim almak i\u00e7in Avrupa\u2019ya g\u00f6nderildi.<\/li>\n<li>Sermaye azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve hazine yetersizli\u011fi nedeniyle Bat\u0131 icatlar\u0131 yerli imk\u00e2nlarla \u00fcretilemedi.<\/li>\n<li>Teknolojik ihtiya\u00e7lar Avrupal\u0131 t\u00fcccarlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla getirildi veya do\u011frudan sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Teknolojiye Ge\u00e7i\u015f - tablo 11\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-etiket\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Sermaye ve hazine yetersizli\u011fi, Bat\u0131 icatlar\u0131n\u0131n yerli \u00fcretimini s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f; teknoloji \u00e7o\u011funlukla d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-buharli-gemiler-ve-deniz-ulasimi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-buharli-gemiler-ve-deniz-ulasimi\">Buharl\u0131 Gemiler ve Deniz Ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Buharl\u0131 gemi teknolojisinin icad\u0131 Osmanl\u0131\u2019da modern gemi in\u015fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>II. Mahmut, Amerikal\u0131 m\u00fchendislerle i\u015f birli\u011fi yaparak buharl\u0131 gemi in\u015fas\u0131na giri\u015fti.<\/li>\n<li>Avrupa\u2019dan getirilecek motorlar\u0131n pahal\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle gemiler do\u011frudan sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Gemiler ilk kez asker\u00ee ama\u00e7lar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Sivil limanlar aras\u0131nda d\u00fczenli yolcu ve \u00fcr\u00fcn nakliyesi yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Feribotlar \u0130stanbul\u2019un iki yakas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u015eirket-i Hayriye Bo\u011fazlar ve Hali\u00e7\u2019te feribot hatlar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturdu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-demir-yolu-teknolojisinin-onemi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-demir-yolu-teknolojisinin-onemi\">Demir Yolu Teknolojisinin \u00d6nemi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Buhar g\u00fcc\u00fc kara ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm olu\u015fturdu.<\/li>\n<li>1830\u2019da Liverpool-Manchester aras\u0131nda ilk buharl\u0131 tren seferi yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Demir yolu k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede Avrupa ve Amerika\u2019da yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti tren hatlar\u0131 in\u015fa ederek bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme uyum sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Demir yollar\u0131 d\u00f6nemin en h\u0131zl\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenilir ula\u015f\u0131m arac\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Siyasi, asker\u00ee ve ekonomik hedefler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yabanc\u0131 sermaye i\u00e7in pazar ve n\u00fcfuz alanlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletme anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-osmanli-demir-yollari\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-osmanli-demir-yollari\">Osmanl\u0131 Demir Yollar\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Ekonomik yetersizlikler nedeniyle 1830\u2019lardaki ilk projeler uygulanamad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Demir yolu in\u015fas\u0131 imtiyazl\u0131 yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlere b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk tren yolu hatt\u0131 1851\u2019de Kahire ile \u0130skenderiye aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Anadolu\u2019daki ilk hat \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan \u0130zmir-Ayd\u0131n aras\u0131nda in\u015fa edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Abd\u00fclaziz D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Anadolu ve Rumeli\u2019de yeni hatlarla ula\u015f\u0131m a\u011f\u0131 geni\u015fletilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>II. Abd\u00fclhamit D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde demir yolu yap\u0131m\u0131 devlet politikas\u0131 h\u00e2line geldi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Osmanl\u0131 Demir Yollar\u0131 - tablo 12\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-etiket\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131ndaki ilk hat Kahire-\u0130skenderiye; Anadolu\u2019daki ilk hat \u0130zmir-Ayd\u0131n\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-hicaz-demir-yolu\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-hicaz-demir-yolu\">Hicaz Demir Yolu<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>\u0130stanbul-Ba\u011fdat demir yolu projesi Alman sermayesinin katk\u0131lar\u0131yla tamamland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Hicaz demir yolu 1900-1908 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda tamam\u0131 mill\u00ee sermaye ile in\u015fa edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in \u00f6zel gayretleriyle 1 Eyl\u00fcl 1908\u2019de tamamland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Hatt\u0131n toplam uzunlu\u011fu 1464 kilometreydi.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00fclkiyeti Osmanl\u0131larda bulunan ve Osmanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletilen bir te\u015febb\u00fcst\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrkler ve di\u011fer M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Merkez\u00ee otoriteyi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme, ta\u015fraya h\u00e2kim olma ve \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131na mesaj verme y\u00f6nleri vard\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Hicaz Demir Yolu - tablo 13\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-etiket\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Hicaz Demir Yolu 1900-1908\u2019de mill\u00ee sermaye ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Osmanl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyetinde i\u015fletilmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-1908de-osmanli-demir-yolu-hatlari\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-1908de-osmanli-demir-yolu-hatlari\">1908\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 Demir Yolu Hatlar\u0131<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"1908\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 Demir Yolu Hatlar\u0131 - tablo 14\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Hat<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Haritada Yer Alan Ba\u015fl\u0131ca G\u00fczerg\u00e2h \/ Alan<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Hat\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Kahire-\u0130skenderiye hatt\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Haritada Yer Alan Ba\u015fl\u0131ca G\u00fczerg\u00e2h \/ Alan\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Kahire ile \u0130skenderiye aras\u0131nda.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Hat\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u0130zmir-Ayd\u0131n hatt\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Haritada Yer Alan Ba\u015fl\u0131ca G\u00fczerg\u00e2h \/ Alan\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u0130zmir, Tire, Ayd\u0131n, S\u00f6ke, Denizli \u00e7evresi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Hat\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u0130zmir-Manisa hatt\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Haritada Yer Alan Ba\u015fl\u0131ca G\u00fczerg\u00e2h \/ Alan\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u0130zmir, Manisa, Soma, Ala\u015fehir, Afyon hatt\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Hat\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Mudanya-Bursa hatt\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Haritada Yer Alan Ba\u015fl\u0131ca G\u00fczerg\u00e2h \/ Alan\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Mudanya ile Bursa aras\u0131nda.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Hat\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Rumeli hatt\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Haritada Yer Alan Ba\u015fl\u0131ca G\u00fczerg\u00e2h \/ Alan\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u0130stanbul, Edirne, Sel\u00e2nik, Manast\u0131r, \u00dcsk\u00fcp \u00e7evresi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Hat\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Anadolu \/ Anadolu-Ba\u011fdat hatt\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Haritada Yer Alan Ba\u015fl\u0131ca G\u00fczerg\u00e2h \/ Alan\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Haydarpa\u015fa, Eski\u015fehir, Ankara, Konya, Adana, Halep, Musul, Ba\u011fdat hatt\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Hat\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Hicaz hatt\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Haritada Yer Alan Ba\u015fl\u0131ca G\u00fczerg\u00e2h \/ Alan\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u015eam, Amman, Maan, Teb\u00fck, el-\u00dbl\u00e2, Medine g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-telgraf-ve-haberlesme\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-telgraf-ve-haberlesme\">Telgraf ve Haberle\u015fme<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en \u00f6nemli haberle\u015fme arac\u0131 telgraft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1828-1829 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda optik telgraf denendi; istenen ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flanamad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1847\u2019de Beylerbeyi Saray\u0131\u2019nda ilk telgraf g\u00f6nderme denemeleri yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk telgraf hatt\u0131 K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130stanbul-Edirne ve Edirne-\u015eumnu aras\u0131nda kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>1855\u2019te Osmanl\u0131 Telgraf \u0130daresi kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Telgraf y\u00f6netimin \u00fclkedeki geli\u015fmeleri h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmesini, sava\u015f bilgilerini merkeze iletmesini ve halk-t\u00fcccar haberle\u015fmesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk telsiz telgraf 1905\u2019te Derne ile Antalya aras\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Telgraf ve Haberle\u015fme - tablo 15\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-etiket\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1847 ilk deneme \u2192 K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda ilk hat \u2192 1855 Telgraf \u0130daresi \u2192 1905 ilk telsiz telgraf.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-fotografciligin-yayginlasmasi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-fotografciligin-yayginlasmasi\">Foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Foto\u011fraf makinesi Sanayi Devrimi sonras\u0131nda insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen \u00f6nemli teknolojik geli\u015fmelerden biriydi.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc sabitleme fikri Aristoteles ve \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l-Heysem\u2019in karanl\u0131k oda denemeleriyle ili\u015fkilendirildi.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk kal\u0131c\u0131 foto\u011fraf 1839\u2019da Frans\u0131z bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi y\u00f6ntemlerle elde edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam, sanat, bilim ve bas\u0131n alanlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda foto\u011fraf teknolojisi Osmanl\u0131 saray\u0131na girdi.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130stanbul\u2019da bir\u00e7ok Avrupal\u0131 foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131 faaliyet g\u00f6sterdi.<\/li>\n<li>K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 foto\u011fraflar\u0131 sava\u015f foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00f6rnekleri aras\u0131nda kabul edildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 - tablo 16\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-etiket\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>SINAV NOTU<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Foto\u011fraf 1839\u2019da kal\u0131c\u0131 h\u00e2le geldi; XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 saray\u0131na girdi; K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00f6rneklerindendir.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-teknolojik-icatlar-ilk-kullanim\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-teknolojik-icatlar-ilk-kullanim\">Teknolojik \u0130catlar: \u0130lk Kullan\u0131m<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici tk-cok-sutun\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Teknolojik \u0130catlar: \u0130lk Kullan\u0131m - tablo 17\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u0130cat<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131\u2019da \u0130lk Kullan\u0131m<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Kullan\u0131m Amac\u0131 \/ Etkisi<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"\u0130cat\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Elektrikli telgraf (1837)<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Osmanl\u0131\u2019da \u0130lk Kullan\u0131m\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Denemeler 1847\u2019de yap\u0131ld\u0131; ilk hat K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda kuruldu; 1855\u2019te Telgraf \u0130daresi kuruldu.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Kullan\u0131m Amac\u0131 \/ Etkisi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Asker\u00ee, siyas\u00ee ve ekonomik haberle\u015fmeyi h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131; merkez\u00ee otoriteyi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"\u0130cat\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Foto\u011fraf (1839)<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Osmanl\u0131\u2019da \u0130lk Kullan\u0131m\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 saray\u0131na girdi; \u0130stanbul\u2019da yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Kullan\u0131m Amac\u0131 \/ Etkisi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">G\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam, sanat, bilim, bas\u0131n ve devlet propagandas\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131; belge niteli\u011fi kazand\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-sanatta-degisim\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-sanatta-degisim\">Sanatta De\u011fi\u015fim<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 belirgin \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Lale Devri\u2019nde Bat\u0131 sanat\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle ya\u011fl\u0131 boya resim teknikleri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>III. Selim D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde padi\u015fah portreleri ve ya\u011fl\u0131 boya tablolar yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>II. Mahmut D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde devlet dairelerine ilk kez padi\u015fah resimleri as\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Abd\u00fclmecit ve Abd\u00fclaziz d\u00f6nemlerinde Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma hareketi h\u0131zland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ressam olan Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz resim sanat\u0131n\u0131n saray \u00e7evresinde geli\u015fmesinde etkili oldu.<\/li>\n<li>II. Abd\u00fclhamit D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde sanat faaliyetlerinin kapsam\u0131 geni\u015fletildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-osman-hamdi-bey-ve-muzecilik\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-osman-hamdi-bey-ve-muzecilik\">Osman Hamdi Bey ve M\u00fczecilik<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Mekteb-i Sanayi-i Nef\u00eese-i \u015eahane y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011frenim d\u00fczeyinde resim ve mimarl\u0131k e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Sanayi-i Nef\u00eese Mektebinde resim, heykel, mimarl\u0131k ve kakmac\u0131l\u0131k alanlar\u0131nda sanat\u00e7\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011fretmenler yeti\u015ftirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Osman Hamdi Bey 1881\u2019de M\u00fcze-i H\u00fcmayun\u2019a m\u00fcd\u00fcr olarak atand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1883\u2019te a\u00e7\u0131lan Sanayi-i Nef\u00eese Mektebinde kurucu m\u00fcd\u00fcr oldu.<\/li>\n<li>K\u0131ymetli eserler bilimsel y\u00f6ntemlerle koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Yabanc\u0131 uzmanlar getirtilerek modern m\u00fczecilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 yerle\u015ftirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Osman Hamdi Bey \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk m\u00fczecili\u011finin kurucusu ve ilk T\u00fcrk arkeolo\u011fu kabul edildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Osman Hamdi Bey ve M\u00fczecilik - tablo 18\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-etiket\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>SINAV NOTU<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Osman Hamdi Bey, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk m\u00fczecili\u011finin kurucusu ve ilk T\u00fcrk arkeolo\u011fu kabul edilir.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-heykel-anit-ve-saat-kuleleri\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-heykel-anit-ve-saat-kuleleri\">Heykel, An\u0131t ve Saat Kuleleri<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130stanbul\u2019a yerle\u015fen Avrupal\u0131lar artt\u0131k\u00e7a Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve sanat\u0131yla ili\u015fki geli\u015fti.<\/li>\n<li>Heykel sanat\u0131na bak\u0131\u015fta \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fimler ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 ziyaret eden ilk Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131 Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz meydanlardaki heykellerden etkilendi.<\/li>\n<li>Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz \u0130stanbul\u2019a d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde kendi heykelini yapt\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u015eehirlerde kamusal alanlara an\u0131t dikme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Saat kulesi yapma gelene\u011fi XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Anadolu \u015fehirlerine yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Saat kuleleri devletin h\u00e2kimiyetini ve padi\u015fah\u0131n simgesel varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 temsil etti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Heykel, An\u0131t ve Saat Kuleleri - tablo 19\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-etiket\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 ziyaret eden ilk Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131 Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz\u2019dir; d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde kendi heykelini yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-mimari-donusum-ve-saraylar\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-mimari-donusum-ve-saraylar\">Mimari D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ve Saraylar<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015flayan mimari modernle\u015fme XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda doru\u011fa ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Tanzimat\u2019tan I. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019e kadar \u0130stanbul\u2019un mimari \u00e7ehresi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015fti.<\/li>\n<li>Asker\u00ee bina, resm\u00ee kurum, okul, sanayi tesisi ve fabrika yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>K\u00f6\u015fkler, kas\u0131rlar ve saraylar onar\u0131ld\u0131 veya yeniden in\u015fa edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Dolmabah\u00e7e, Beylerbeyi, \u00c7\u0131ra\u011fan ve Y\u0131ld\u0131z saraylar\u0131 Avrupa etkisinin belirgin oldu\u011fu yap\u0131lard\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Dolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131 deniz doldurularak elde edilen alan \u00fczerine in\u015fa edildi.<\/li>\n<li>Sarayda geleneksel Osmanl\u0131 mimarisiyle barok, rokoko ve neoklasik \u00fcsluplar birlikte kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-muzik-ve-sahne-sanatlari\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-muzik-ve-sahne-sanatlari\">M\u00fczik ve Sahne Sanatlar\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 saray \u00e7evresinin Bat\u0131 m\u00fczi\u011fine ilgisi artt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>III. Selim D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde yabanc\u0131 opera topluluklar\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019a gelerek konserler verdi.<\/li>\n<li>III. Selim \u201c\u0130lham\u00ee\u201d mahlas\u0131yla \u015fiirler yazd\u0131 ve besteler yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>II. Mahmut D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde opera ve bale g\u00f6sterilerine yo\u011fun ilgi g\u00f6sterildi.<\/li>\n<li>Geleneksel mehter tak\u0131m\u0131 yerine Muz\u0131ka-y\u0131 H\u00fcmayun adl\u0131 modern bando kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Bando ve orkestrayla Bat\u0131 m\u00fczi\u011finin saray ve toplum taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ama\u00e7land\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Karag\u00f6z, orta oyunu ve kukla yan\u0131nda Bat\u0131l\u0131 tarzda tiyatro g\u00f6sterileri sergilenmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"M\u00fczik ve Sahne Sanatlar\u0131 - tablo 20\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-etiket\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Mehter geleneksel asker\u00ee m\u00fczik toplulu\u011fu; Muz\u0131ka-y\u0131 H\u00fcmayun ise II. Mahmut D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde kurulan modern bandodur.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-es-zamanli-tarih-seridi-1789-1868\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-es-zamanli-tarih-seridi-1789-1868\">E\u015e ZAMANLI TAR\u0130H \u015eER\u0130D\u0130: 1789-1868<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici tk-cok-sutun\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"E\u015e ZAMANLI TAR\u0130H \u015eER\u0130D\u0130: 1789-1868 - tablo 21\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Bilim<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Sanat<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Teknoloji<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Bilim\"><ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>1795 &#8211; M\u00fchendishane-i Berr\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1806 &#8211; Tersane T\u0131p Mektebi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1851 &#8211; Enc\u00fcmen-i Dani\u015f kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>1863 &#8211; Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnunda deneyli fizik dersleri ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1868 &#8211; Rasathane-i \u00c2mire a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Sanat\"><ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>III. Selim D\u00f6nemi &#8211; Opera topluluklar\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019a geldi.<\/li>\n<li>II. Mahmut D\u00f6nemi &#8211; Devlet dairelerine padi\u015fah resimleri as\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>II. Mahmut D\u00f6nemi &#8211; Muz\u0131ka-y\u0131 H\u00fcmayun kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Abd\u00fclmecit D\u00f6nemi &#8211; Dolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131 in\u015fa edildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Teknoloji\"><ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>1829 &#8211; Mahmudiye kalyonu \u0130stanbul\u2019da in\u015fa edildi.<\/li>\n<li>1851 &#8211; Kahire-\u0130skenderiye demir yolu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1853-1856 &#8211; Telgraf ve sava\u015f foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1855 &#8211; Osmanl\u0131 Telgraf \u0130daresi kuruldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-3-es-zamanli-tarih-seridi-1869-1908\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-3-es-zamanli-tarih-seridi-1869-1908\">E\u015e ZAMANLI TAR\u0130H \u015eER\u0130D\u0130: 1869-1908<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici tk-cok-sutun\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"E\u015e ZAMANLI TAR\u0130H \u015eER\u0130D\u0130: 1869-1908 - tablo 22\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Bilim<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Sanat<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Teknoloji<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Bilim\"><ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonu &#8211; Okullarda fizik ve kimya laboratuvarlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1895 &#8211; R\u00f6ntgen ke\u015ffinden birka\u00e7 ay sonra \u0130stanbul\u2019da cihaz yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1900 &#8211; Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun yeniden \u00f6\u011fretime ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Sanat\"><ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>1869 &#8211; M\u00fcze-i H\u00fcmayunun temeli at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1881 &#8211; Osman Hamdi Bey m\u00fcze m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc oldu.<\/li>\n<li>1883 &#8211; Sanayi-i Nef\u00eese Mektebi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1890-1895 &#8211; Dolmabah\u00e7e Saat Kulesi yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1906 &#8211; Kaplumba\u011fa Terbiyecisi resmedildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Teknoloji\"><ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>1888 &#8211; Sirkeci Gar\u0131 i\u015fletmeye a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1893 &#8211; II. Abd\u00fclhamit foto\u011fraf alb\u00fcmlerini yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6nderdi.<\/li>\n<li>1900-1908 &#8211; Hicaz demir yolu tamamland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>1905 &#8211; \u0130lk telsiz telgraf Derne-Antalya aras\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<button class=\"tk-basa-don\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunun ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\">Ba\u015fa D\u00f6n<\/button>\n<\/article>\n<script>\n(() => {\n  'use strict';\n  document.querySelectorAll('.tk-ders-notu').forEach((root) => {\n    if (root.dataset.tkReady === 'true') return;\n    root.dataset.tkReady = 'true';\n    const printButton = root.querySelector('[data-tk-action=\"print\"]');\n    const tocButton = root.querySelector('[data-tk-action=\"toc\"]');\n    const toc = root.querySelector('.tk-icindekiler');\n    const topButton = root.querySelector('.tk-basa-don');\n    const progress = root.querySelector('.tk-ilerleme-cubugu');\n    const headings = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('h2[id], h3[id]'));\n    const tocLinks = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('.tk-icindekiler a[href^=\"#\"]'));\n\n    if (printButton) printButton.addEventListener('click', () => window.print());\n    if (tocButton && toc) tocButton.addEventListener('click', () => toc.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' }));\n    if (topButton) topButton.addEventListener('click', () => root.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' }));\n\n    tocLinks.forEach((link) => {\n      link.addEventListener('click', (event) => {\n        const id = link.getAttribute('href').slice(1);\n        const target = root.querySelector(`#${id}`);\n        if (!target) return;\n        event.preventDefault();\n        target.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' });\n        if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) window.history.replaceState(null, '', `#${id}`);\n      });\n    });\n\n    const update = () => {\n      const start = root.getBoundingClientRect().top + window.scrollY;\n      const distance = Math.max(root.scrollHeight - window.innerHeight, 1);\n      const percent = Math.min(100, Math.max(0, ((window.scrollY - start) \/ distance) * 100));\n      if (progress) progress.style.width = `${percent}%`;\n      if (topButton) topButton.classList.toggle('tk-gorunur', window.scrollY > start + 500);\n\n      let active = headings[0] || null;\n      headings.forEach((heading) => {\n        if (heading.getBoundingClientRect().top <= 150) active = heading;\n      });\n      tocLinks.forEach((link) => {\n        const current = Boolean(active && link.getAttribute('href') === `#${active.id}`);\n        if (current) link.setAttribute('aria-current', 'true');\n        else link.removeAttribute('aria-current');\n      });\n    };\n\n    let ticking = false;\n    const requestUpdate = () => {\n      if (ticking) return;\n      ticking = true;\n      window.requestAnimationFrame(() => {\n        update();\n        ticking = false;\n      });\n    };\n    window.addEventListener('scroll', requestUpdate, { passive: true });\n    window.addEventListener('resize', requestUpdate);\n    update();\n  });\n})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>S\u0131n\u0131f: 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Ders: Tarih \u00dcnite: D\u00d6N\u00dc\u015e\u00dcM S\u00dcREC\u0130NDE OSMANLI (1789-1908) \u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131: 1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Bilim, Sanat ve Teknoloji 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih \u2022 <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\/\" title=\"1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Bilim, Sanat ve Teknoloji | 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih &#8211; Maarif Model Tarih Ders Notu\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1340,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[160],"tags":[231],"class_list":["post-3624","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-11-sinif-tarih-ders-notlari","tag-11-sinif-tarih-3"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-150x150.png",150,150,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square_large":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-1200x720.png",1200,720,true],"post_slider_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x400.png",600,400,true],"post_slider_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x720.png",600,720,true],"post_slider_layout_square":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR-600x600.png",600,600,true],"full":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR.png",1280,720,false]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Bilim, Sanat ve Teknoloji | 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih - Maarif Model Tarih Ders Notu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"1789-1908 Osmanl\u0131 bilim, sanat ve teknoloji geli\u015fmelerini kurumlar ve yenilikler \u00fczerinden ele alan tarih ders notu.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Bilim, Sanat ve Teknoloji | 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih - Maarif Model Tarih Ders Notu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"1789-1908 Osmanl\u0131 bilim, sanat ve teknoloji geli\u015fmelerini kurumlar ve yenilikler \u00fczerinden ele alan tarih ders notu.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"tarihkursu.com\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-08-27T12:46:34+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"720\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"tarihkursu\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"tarihkursu\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"15 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/08\\\/27\\\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/08\\\/27\\\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"tarihkursu\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d0f9105e31352dbe9f08d098ffb8c878\"},\"headline\":\"1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Bilim, Sanat ve Teknoloji | 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih &#8211; Maarif Model Tarih Ders Notu\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-27T12:46:34+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/08\\\/27\\\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":3524,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4d7bdc3b79e9f5198455474c0f203f3c\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/08\\\/27\\\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR.png\",\"keywords\":[\"11.s\u0131n\u0131f tarih\"],\"articleSection\":[\"11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih DERS NOTLARI\"],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/08\\\/27\\\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/08\\\/27\\\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/08\\\/27\\\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\\\/\",\"name\":\"1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Bilim, Sanat ve Teknoloji | 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih - Maarif Model Tarih Ders Notu\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/08\\\/27\\\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/08\\\/27\\\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-27T12:46:34+00:00\",\"description\":\"1789-1908 Osmanl\u0131 bilim, sanat ve teknoloji geli\u015fmelerini kurumlar ve yenilikler \u00fczerinden ele alan tarih ders notu.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/08\\\/27\\\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/08\\\/27\\\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/08\\\/27\\\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR.png\",\"width\":1280,\"height\":720,\"caption\":\"11. s\u0131n\u0131f ders notlar\u0131\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/08\\\/27\\\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Anasayfa\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Bilim, Sanat ve Teknoloji | 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih &#8211; Maarif Model Tarih Ders Notu\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"Tarih Kursu\",\"description\":\"\u0130\u015fimiz G\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcz Tarih\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4d7bdc3b79e9f5198455474c0f203f3c\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4d7bdc3b79e9f5198455474c0f203f3c\",\"name\":\"admin\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png\",\"width\":1080,\"height\":1080,\"caption\":\"admin\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d0f9105e31352dbe9f08d098ffb8c878\",\"name\":\"tarihkursu\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1354763acbc865faa7650c3e1e4431f187276d71f132349411302a546cdeae54?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1354763acbc865faa7650c3e1e4431f187276d71f132349411302a546cdeae54?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1354763acbc865faa7650c3e1e4431f187276d71f132349411302a546cdeae54?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"tarihkursu\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tarihkursu.com\\\/index.php\\\/author\\\/tarihkursu\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Bilim, Sanat ve Teknoloji | 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih - Maarif Model Tarih Ders Notu","description":"1789-1908 Osmanl\u0131 bilim, sanat ve teknoloji geli\u015fmelerini kurumlar ve yenilikler \u00fczerinden ele alan tarih ders notu.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\/","og_locale":"tr_TR","og_type":"article","og_title":"1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Bilim, Sanat ve Teknoloji | 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih - Maarif Model Tarih Ders Notu","og_description":"1789-1908 Osmanl\u0131 bilim, sanat ve teknoloji geli\u015fmelerini kurumlar ve yenilikler \u00fczerinden ele alan tarih ders notu.","og_url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\/","og_site_name":"tarihkursu.com","article_published_time":"2026-08-27T12:46:34+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1280,"height":720,"url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"tarihkursu","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Yazan:":"tarihkursu","Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi":"15 dakika"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\/"},"author":{"name":"tarihkursu","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/#\/schema\/person\/d0f9105e31352dbe9f08d098ffb8c878"},"headline":"1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Bilim, Sanat ve Teknoloji | 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih &#8211; Maarif Model Tarih Ders Notu","datePublished":"2026-08-27T12:46:34+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\/"},"wordCount":3524,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/#\/schema\/person\/4d7bdc3b79e9f5198455474c0f203f3c"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR.png","keywords":["11.s\u0131n\u0131f tarih"],"articleSection":["11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih DERS NOTLARI"],"inLanguage":"tr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\/","url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\/","name":"1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Bilim, Sanat ve Teknoloji | 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih - Maarif Model Tarih Ders Notu","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR.png","datePublished":"2026-08-27T12:46:34+00:00","description":"1789-1908 Osmanl\u0131 bilim, sanat ve teknoloji geli\u015fmelerini kurumlar ve yenilikler \u00fczerinden ele alan tarih ders notu.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"tr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/11.SINIF-TARIH-NOTLAR.png","width":1280,"height":720,"caption":"11. s\u0131n\u0131f ders notlar\u0131"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-3-1789-1908-osmanli-bilim-sanat-teknoloji\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Anasayfa","item":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"1789-1908 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Bilim, Sanat ve Teknoloji | 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih &#8211; Maarif Model Tarih Ders Notu"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/","name":"Tarih Kursu","description":"\u0130\u015fimiz G\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcz Tarih","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/#\/schema\/person\/4d7bdc3b79e9f5198455474c0f203f3c"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"tr"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/#\/schema\/person\/4d7bdc3b79e9f5198455474c0f203f3c","name":"admin","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png","url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png","width":1080,"height":1080,"caption":"admin"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/TARIHKURSU-Kopyasi.png"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/tarihkursu.com"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/#\/schema\/person\/d0f9105e31352dbe9f08d098ffb8c878","name":"tarihkursu","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1354763acbc865faa7650c3e1e4431f187276d71f132349411302a546cdeae54?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1354763acbc865faa7650c3e1e4431f187276d71f132349411302a546cdeae54?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1354763acbc865faa7650c3e1e4431f187276d71f132349411302a546cdeae54?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"tarihkursu"},"url":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/author\/tarihkursu\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3624","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3624"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3624\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3625,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3624\/revisions\/3625"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1340"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3624"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3624"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3624"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}