{"id":3626,"date":"2026-08-27T15:46:54","date_gmt":"2026-08-27T12:46:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/?p=3626"},"modified":"2026-08-27T15:46:54","modified_gmt":"2026-08-27T12:46:54","slug":"2-4-osmanli-devletinde-sanayilesme-cabalari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-4-osmanli-devletinde-sanayilesme-cabalari\/","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Sanayile\u015fme \u00c7abalar\u0131 | 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih &#8211; Maarif Model Tarih Ders Notu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>S\u0131n\u0131f:<\/strong> 11. S\u0131n\u0131f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ders:<\/strong> Tarih<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00dcnite:<\/strong> D\u00d6N\u00dc\u015e\u00dcM S\u00dcREC\u0130NDE OSMANLI (1789-1908)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Sanayile\u015fme \u00c7abalar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.tk-ders-notu,\n.tk-ders-notu * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n.tk-ders-notu {\n  --tk-lacivert: #173b67;\n  --tk-turkuaz: #087f8c;\n  --tk-bordo: #8a2638;\n  --tk-altin: #d9a514;\n  --tk-acik-mavi: #eef7ff;\n  --tk-acik-turkuaz: #e9fbfa;\n  --tk-acik-sari: #fff8dc;\n  --tk-metin: #1f2937;\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 1100px;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 auto;\n  color: var(--tk-metin);\n  font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\n  font-size: 17px;\n  line-height: 1.72;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n  hyphens: auto;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme-iz {\n  position: sticky;\n  top: 0;\n  z-index: 20;\n  width: 100%;\n  height: 6px;\n  overflow: hidden;\n  border-radius: 999px;\n  background: #dce8f2;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme-cubugu {\n  display: block;\n  width: 0;\n  height: 100%;\n  background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--tk-turkuaz), var(--tk-altin));\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ust-kart {\n  margin: 12px 0 22px;\n  padding: clamp(20px, 4vw, 38px);\n  border-bottom: 6px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  border-radius: 18px;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #173b67, #205684);\n  box-shadow: 0 12px 28px rgba(23, 59, 103, .16);\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kod {\n  margin: 0 0 7px;\n  color: #ffdf75;\n  font-size: .85em;\n  font-weight: 800;\n  letter-spacing: .08em;\n  text-transform: uppercase;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik {\n  margin: 0;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  font-size: clamp(1.55rem, 4vw, 2.35rem);\n  font-weight: 800;\n  line-height: 1.22;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-seo-giris {\n  margin: 18px 0 0;\n  color: #f2f7fb;\n  font-size: 1em;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-eylem-cubugu {\n  display: flex;\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\n  gap: 10px;\n  margin: 0 0 18px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme {\n  min-height: 44px;\n  padding: 9px 16px;\n  border: 2px solid var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  border-radius: 10px;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  font: inherit;\n  font-weight: 700;\n  line-height: 1.25;\n  cursor: pointer;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme:hover { background: #056c76; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme:focus-visible,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a:focus-visible,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don:focus-visible {\n  outline: 4px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  outline-offset: 3px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 0 24px;\n  padding: 18px 20px;\n  border: 1px solid #b9dfe1;\n  border-left: 6px solid var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  border-radius: 14px;\n  background: var(--tk-acik-turkuaz);\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler-baslik {\n  margin: 0 0 8px;\n  color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-size: 1.2em;\n  font-weight: 800;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler ul {\n  margin: 0;\n  padding-left: 1.25em;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler li { margin: 4px 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler .tk-alt-baslik-baglantisi { margin-left: 1em; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a {\n  color: #075f69;\n  font-weight: 700;\n  text-decoration-thickness: 2px;\n  text-underline-offset: 3px;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler a[aria-current=\"true\"] {\n  color: var(--tk-bordo);\n  background: #fff1f3;\n  border-radius: 5px;\n  box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px #fff1f3;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 0 0 22px;\n  padding: clamp(17px, 3vw, 28px);\n  border: 1px solid #dbe6ee;\n  border-radius: 16px;\n  background: #ffffff;\n  box-shadow: 0 8px 22px rgba(23, 59, 103, .08);\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-kart-giris { background: var(--tk-acik-mavi); }\n.tk-ders-notu h2,\n.tk-ders-notu h3 {\n  scroll-margin-top: 24px;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu h2 {\n  margin: 0 0 16px;\n  padding-bottom: 8px;\n  border-bottom: 4px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-size: clamp(1.3rem, 3vw, 1.72rem);\n  font-weight: 800;\n  line-height: 1.3;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu h3 {\n  margin: 24px 0 10px;\n  color: var(--tk-bordo);\n  font-size: clamp(1.1rem, 2.5vw, 1.35rem);\n  font-weight: 800;\n  line-height: 1.35;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-metin,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-gorsel-aciklamasi { margin: 0 0 13px; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-gorsel-aciklamasi {\n  padding: 10px 14px;\n  border-left: 4px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  color: #34495e;\n  background: var(--tk-acik-sari);\n  font-size: .95em;\n  font-style: italic;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-liste {\n  display: grid;\n  gap: 9px;\n  margin: 12px 0 18px;\n  padding: 0;\n  list-style: none;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-liste > li {\n  position: relative;\n  min-width: 0;\n  padding: 10px 12px 10px 42px;\n  border: 1px solid #cfe6e8;\n  border-radius: 10px;\n  background: #f7fcfc;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-liste > li::before {\n  content: \"\u2713\";\n  position: absolute;\n  left: 12px;\n  top: 10px;\n  width: 22px;\n  height: 22px;\n  border-radius: 50%;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: var(--tk-turkuaz);\n  font-size: 13px;\n  font-weight: 900;\n  line-height: 22px;\n  text-align: center;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-alinti {\n  margin: 16px 0;\n  padding: 15px 18px;\n  border-left: 6px solid var(--tk-bordo);\n  border-radius: 10px;\n  color: #5d1b28;\n  background: #fff1f3;\n  font-style: italic;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-kutusu {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 16px 0;\n  padding: 15px 17px;\n  border: 1px solid #ead381;\n  border-left: 6px solid var(--tk-altin);\n  border-radius: 12px;\n  background: var(--tk-acik-sari);\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-etiket {\n  margin: 0 0 5px;\n  color: var(--tk-bordo);\n  font-weight: 900;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-bilgi-icerik > :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablo-kapsayici {\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  margin: 18px 0;\n  overflow: visible;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu {\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  border-collapse: collapse;\n  border-spacing: 0;\n  table-layout: fixed;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu th,\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu td {\n  min-width: 0;\n  padding: 11px 12px;\n  border: 1px solid #b8c9d6;\n  vertical-align: top;\n  text-align: left;\n  white-space: normal;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n  word-break: normal;\n  hyphens: auto;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu thead th {\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: var(--tk-lacivert);\n  font-weight: 800;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu tbody tr:nth-child(even) { background: var(--tk-acik-mavi); }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu tbody td:first-child {\n  color: #6f1e2d;\n  font-weight: 700;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-hucre-metin { margin: 0 0 7px; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-hucre-metin:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don {\n  position: fixed;\n  right: 18px;\n  bottom: 18px;\n  z-index: 30;\n  display: none;\n  min-width: 48px;\n  min-height: 48px;\n  padding: 9px 13px;\n  border: 0;\n  border-radius: 999px;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: var(--tk-bordo);\n  font: inherit;\n  font-weight: 800;\n  box-shadow: 0 8px 22px rgba(86, 20, 34, .28);\n  cursor: pointer;\n}\n.tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don.tk-gorunur { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; }\n@media (max-width: 720px) {\n  .tk-ders-notu { font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.65; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ust-kart,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart { border-radius: 12px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-dugme { flex: 1 1 145px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun table,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun thead,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tr,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun th,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun td { display: block; width: 100%; min-width: 0; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun thead { position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0 0 0 0); white-space: nowrap; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody { display: grid; gap: 14px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody tr {\n    overflow: hidden;\n    border: 1px solid #b8c9d6;\n    border-radius: 12px;\n    background: #ffffff;\n    box-shadow: 0 5px 14px rgba(23, 59, 103, .08);\n  }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody td { border: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce6ed; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody td:last-child { border-bottom: 0; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-cok-sutun tbody td::before {\n    content: attr(data-label);\n    display: block;\n    margin: 0 0 4px;\n    color: var(--tk-lacivert);\n    font-weight: 900;\n  }\n}\n@media (max-width: 375px) {\n  .tk-ders-notu { font-size: 15.5px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ust-kart,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-icindekiler { padding: 15px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-liste > li { padding-left: 38px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu th,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu td { padding: 9px 8px; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don { right: 10px; bottom: 10px; }\n}\n@media print {\n  .tk-ders-notu { max-width: none; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.45; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ilerleme-iz,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-eylem-cubugu,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-basa-don { display: none !important; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ust-kart { color: #000000; background: #ffffff; box-shadow: none; border: 2px solid #173b67; border-bottom: 5px solid #d9a514; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kod,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-ana-baslik,\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-seo-giris { color: #000000; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-kart { break-inside: avoid-page; box-shadow: none; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu { break-inside: auto; }\n  .tk-ders-notu .tk-tablosu tr { break-inside: avoid; }\n}\n<\/style>\n<article class=\"tk-ders-notu\" lang=\"tr\" id=\"tk-ders-2-4\">\n<div class=\"tk-ilerleme-iz\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"tk-ilerleme-cubugu\"><\/span><\/div>\n<header class=\"tk-ust-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-ana-baslik\">\n<p class=\"tk-kod\">11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih \u2022 \u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131 2.4<\/p>\n<p class=\"tk-ana-baslik\" id=\"tk-2-4-ana-baslik\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Sanayile\u015fme \u00c7abalar\u0131<\/p>\n<p class=\"tk-seo-giris\">11. s\u0131n\u0131f tarih dersindeki Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Sanayile\u015fme \u00c7abalar\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenme \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131, devletin de\u011fi\u015fen d\u00fcnya ekonomisine uyum sa\u011flama giri\u015fimlerini b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc bi\u00e7imde ele al\u0131r. Bu tarih ders notu, T\u00fcrkiye Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 Maarif Modeli do\u011frultusunda belgedeki konu s\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 koruyarak tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimi, zanaatlar\u0131, asker\u00ee ihtiya\u00e7lar i\u00e7in kurulan fabrikalar\u0131 ve \u00fcretimi geli\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelik uygulamalar\u0131 inceler. Ticaret antla\u015fmalar\u0131, yerli \u00fcretimin rekabet durumu, demir yollar\u0131, yabanc\u0131 sermaye ve ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k gibi ba\u015fl\u0131klar sanayile\u015fme s\u00fcreciyle ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir. Bilgi kutular\u0131 ve tablolar, kurumlar ile ekonomik geli\u015fmelerin neden ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Konuyu \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken her giri\u015fimin amac\u0131, finansman bi\u00e7imi ve \u00fcretim \u00fczerindeki etkisini birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek Osmanl\u0131 sanayile\u015fmesinin imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 takip edebilirsiniz. B\u00f6ylece giri\u015fimler kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir h\u00e2le gelir.<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"tk-eylem-cubugu\" aria-label=\"Ders notu ara\u00e7lar\u0131\">\n<button class=\"tk-dugme\" type=\"button\" data-tk-action=\"print\" aria-label=\"Ders notunu yazd\u0131r\">Yazd\u0131r<\/button>\n<button class=\"tk-dugme\" type=\"button\" data-tk-action=\"toc\" aria-label=\"\u0130\u00e7indekiler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne git\">\u0130\u00e7indekilere Git<\/button>\n<\/div>\n<nav class=\"tk-icindekiler\" id=\"tk-2-4-icindekiler\" aria-label=\"Ders notu i\u00e7indekiler\">\n<p class=\"tk-icindekiler-baslik\">\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-konuya-hazirlik\">Konuya Haz\u0131rl\u0131k<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-genel-cerceve\">Genel \u00c7er\u00e7eve<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-sanayilesme-takvimi\">Sanayile\u015fme Takvimi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-sanayi-devrimi-ve-dunya-ekonomisi\">Sanayi Devrimi ve D\u00fcnya Ekonomisi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-osmanli-ekonomisinin-temel-yapisi\">Osmanl\u0131 Ekonomisinin Temel Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-tarimda-ticarilesme\">Tar\u0131mda Ticarile\u015fme<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-gocler-ve-demiryollari\">G\u00f6\u00e7ler ve Demiryollar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-buyuk-ciftlik-sorunu\">B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7iftlik Sorunu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-tarim-politikalari-ve-sinirli-modernlesme\">Tar\u0131m Politikalar\u0131 ve S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 Modernle\u015fme<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-nufus-okuryazarlik-ve-emek-acigi\">N\u00fcfus, Okuryazarl\u0131k ve Emek A\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-ulasim-sorunu\">Ula\u015f\u0131m Sorunu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-savaslar-toprak-kayiplari-ve-ticaret\">Sava\u015flar, Toprak Kay\u0131plar\u0131 ve Ticaret<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-fiskalizm-provizyonizm-ve-kapitulasyonlar\">Fiskalizm, Provizyonizm ve Kapit\u00fclasyonlar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-gumrukler-ve-serbest-ticaret\">G\u00fcmr\u00fckler ve Serbest Ticaret<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-16-agustos-1838-baltalimani-ticaret-antlasmasi\">16 A\u011fustos 1838 Baltaliman\u0131 Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-1838-baltalimani-ticaret-antlasmasi-osmanli-ekonomisini-nasil-etkilemistir\">1838 Baltaliman\u0131 Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisini nas\u0131l etkilemi\u015ftir?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-dunya-guc-dengeleri-ve-disa-acilma\">D\u00fcnya G\u00fc\u00e7 Dengeleri ve D\u0131\u015fa A\u00e7\u0131lma<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-ic-dis-ticaret-ve-imalat\">\u0130\u00e7-D\u0131\u015f Ticaret ve \u0130malat<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-imalatin-uyum-kapasitesi\">\u0130malat\u0131n Uyum Kapasitesi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-burjuva-tuketim-ve-kapitalizm\">Burjuva, T\u00fcketim ve Kapitalizm<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-kirsal-uretimden-devlet-fabrikalarina\">K\u0131rsal \u00dcretimden Devlet Fabrikalar\u0131na<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-askeri-sanayi-ve-teknoloji-transferi\">Asker\u00ee Sanayi ve Teknoloji Transferi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-buhar-gucu-ve-avrupadan-uzmanlar\">Buhar G\u00fcc\u00fc ve Avrupa\u2019dan Uzmanlar<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-tanzimat-sanayi-programi\">Tanzimat Sanayi Program\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-programin-zorluklari\">Program\u0131n Zorluklar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-finansman-sirketlesme-ve-bankacilik\">Finansman, \u015eirketle\u015fme ve Bankac\u0131l\u0131k<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-islah-i-sanayi-komisyonu-ve-egitim\">Islah-\u0131 Sanayi Komisyonu ve E\u011fitim<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-yabanci-sermaye-demiryollari-ve-ii-abdulhamit\">Yabanc\u0131 Sermaye, Demiryollar\u0131 ve II. Abd\u00fclhamit<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tk-2-4-rusya-ve-japonyanin-sanayilesmesi\">Rusya ve Japonya\u2019n\u0131n Sanayile\u015fmesi<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-konuya-hazirlik\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-konuya-hazirlik\"><strong>Konuya<\/strong><strong> Haz\u0131rl\u0131k<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda tar\u0131mda makinele\u015fme ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dcretim genel olarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck arazilerde geleneksel y\u00f6ntemlerle s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Baz\u0131 zanaatk\u00e2rlar Avrupa sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine ra\u011fmen \u00fcretime devam etti.<\/li>\n<li>Asker\u00ee ihtiya\u00e7lar i\u00e7in fabrikalar kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Bu fabrikalarda Avrupal\u0131 m\u00fchendis ve uzmanlar e\u011fitim verdi.<\/li>\n<li>Demir yollar\u0131 idari, asker\u00ee ve ticari ama\u00e7larla \u00f6nemli ad\u0131m oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Konuya Haz\u0131rl\u0131k - tablo 1\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>S\u0131navda \u00c7\u0131kar: <\/strong>De\u011fi\u015fim ve s\u00fcreklilik birlikte g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-genel-cerceve\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-genel-cerceve\">Genel \u00c7er\u00e7eve<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>Fabrika giri\u015fimleri:<\/strong> Feshane ve asker\u00ee \u00fcretim \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ticaret antla\u015fmalar\u0131:<\/strong> Yabanc\u0131 mallar\u0131n giri\u015fi h\u0131zland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tanzimat:<\/strong> Sanayile\u015fme program\u0131 h\u0131zla y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kondu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>E\u011fitim:<\/strong> Sanayi mektepleri nitelikli i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc hedefledi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Maliye:<\/strong> D\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar kaynak sorununu derinle\u015ftirdi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ula\u015f\u0131m:<\/strong> Demir yollar\u0131 sanayile\u015fmenin \u00f6nemli par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-sanayilesme-takvimi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-sanayilesme-takvimi\"><strong>Sanayile\u015fme<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Takvimi<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Sanayile\u015fme Takvimi - tablo 2\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Tarih \/ D\u00f6nem<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Geli\u015fme<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1833<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Feshane: buhar g\u00fcc\u00fcyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ilk modern fabrika.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1838<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Baltaliman\u0131: i\u00e7 g\u00fcmr\u00fckler kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131; serbest ticaret geni\u015fledi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1839-1850<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Tanzimat sanayi program\u0131 ve ipekli dokuma giri\u015fimleri.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1850-1867<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">\u015eirket-i Hayriye, yabanc\u0131 sermaye ve Islah-\u0131 Sanayi Komisyonu.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Tarih \/ D\u00f6nem\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1881-1914<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Geli\u015fme\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">D\u00fcy\u00fbn-u Um\u00fbmiyye, Hamidiye K\u00e2\u011f\u0131t Fabrikas\u0131 ve i\u00e7-d\u0131\u015f ticaret.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Sanayile\u015fme Takvimi - tablo 3\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130: <\/strong>1833 Feshane \u2192 1838 Baltaliman\u0131 \u2192 1839-1850 Tanzimat sanayi program\u0131 \u2192 1850-1867 \u015firketle\u015fme ve Islah-\u0131 Sanayi \u2192 1881-1914 D\u00fcy\u00fbn-u Um\u00fbmiyye ve ticaret.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-sanayi-devrimi-ve-dunya-ekonomisi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-sanayi-devrimi-ve-dunya-ekonomisi\">Sanayi Devrimi ve D\u00fcnya Ekonomisi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7:<\/strong> Sanayi Devrimi XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130lk evre:<\/strong> 1870\u2019lerde tamamland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130kinci evre:<\/strong> Bat\u0131 Avrupa ve ABD \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Teknoloji:<\/strong> M\u00fchendislik bilgisi geli\u015ftik\u00e7e makineler karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aktar\u0131m:<\/strong> Yeni teknolojilerin Bat\u0131 Avrupa d\u0131\u015f\u0131na aktar\u0131m\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 oldu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Di\u011fer b\u00f6lgeler ham madde kayna\u011f\u0131 ve pazar h\u00e2line geldi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Sanayi Devrimi ve D\u00fcnya Ekonomisi - tablo 4\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Sanayi Devrimi \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ba\u015flad\u0131; ilk evre 1870\u2019lerde tamamland\u0131. \u0130kinci evrede Bat\u0131 Avrupa ve ABD \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-osmanli-ekonomisinin-temel-yapisi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-osmanli-ekonomisinin-temel-yapisi\"><strong>Osmanl\u0131<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Ekonomisinin<\/strong><strong> Temel <\/strong><strong>Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>Tar\u0131m ekonomisi:<\/strong> \u0130\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131, toprak zengin, sermaye yetersizdi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ana gelir:<\/strong> Tar\u0131m devletin temel gelir kayna\u011f\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vergiler:<\/strong> XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortas\u0131nda gelirlerin yakla\u015f\u0131k %40\u2019\u0131 \u00f6\u015f\u00fcr ve arazi vergisiydi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kontrol:<\/strong> Devlet, tar\u0131m arazileri ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00fcretimine dayal\u0131 gelirleri denetledi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>G\u00fcmr\u00fck:<\/strong> XVIII ve XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda g\u00fcmr\u00fck gelirlerinin \u00e7o\u011fu tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerden geldi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ge\u00e7imlik \u00fcretim:<\/strong> Halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck arazilerde kendi ihtiyac\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fcretim yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Osmanl\u0131 Ekonomisinin Temel Yap\u0131s\u0131 - tablo 5\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>S\u0131navda \u00c7\u0131kar: <\/strong>Ge\u00e7imlik \u00fcretim, sanayile\u015fme i\u00e7in gerekli art\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Osmanl\u0131 Ekonomisinin Temel Yap\u0131s\u0131 - tablo 6\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?: <\/strong>Ge\u00e7imlik \u00fcretim, sanayile\u015fme i\u00e7in gerekli art\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ve sermaye birikimini s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-tarimda-ticarilesme\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-tarimda-ticarilesme\">Tar\u0131mda Ticarile\u015fme<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>Art\u0131\u015f:<\/strong> XVIII ve XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda \u00fcretim ve t\u00fcketim art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ticarile\u015fmeyi ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pazar:<\/strong> \u0130\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f pazar i\u00e7in \u00fcretim yapan k\u00f6yl\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131 k\u0131smen artt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130hracat:<\/strong> \u00dcz\u00fcm, incir, pamuk, t\u00fct\u00fcn, ham ipek, tiftik, afyon, f\u0131nd\u0131k ve zeytinya\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Demir yollar\u0131:<\/strong> 1850\u2019lerden itibaren i\u00e7 ticareti canland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nakdi vergi:<\/strong> K\u00f6yl\u00fcleri daha fazla ticari \u00fcretime y\u00f6neltti.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Olumsuz etki:<\/strong> Kapit\u00fclasyonlar ve ucuz ithal \u00fcr\u00fcnler imalat sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc zorlad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-gocler-ve-demiryollari\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-gocler-ve-demiryollari\"><strong>G\u00f6\u00e7ler<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>ve<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Demiryollar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>G\u00f6\u00e7ler:<\/strong> K\u0131r\u0131m, Balkan ve Kafkaslardan gelen M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar Anadolu\u2019ya yerle\u015ftirildi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Bo\u015f \u00fcretim alanlar\u0131n\u0131n yeniden i\u015flenmesi hedeflendi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tah\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Balkan kay\u0131plar\u0131ndan do\u011fan ihtiya\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7men \u00fcretimiyle kapat\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Demiryolu:<\/strong> Konya-\u0130stanbul ve Ankara-Eski\u015fehir hatlar\u0131 tah\u0131l \u00fcretimini art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u00f6lgesel fark:<\/strong> Bat\u0131 Anadolu, Do\u011fu Karadeniz ve Adana d\u0131\u015f pazara y\u00f6neldi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131k:<\/strong> Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu pazar imk\u00e2nlar\u0131ndan yeterince yararlanamad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"G\u00f6\u00e7ler ve Demiryollar\u0131 - tablo 7\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin Anadolu\u2019ya yerle\u015ftirilmesiyle bo\u015f \u00fcretim alanlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flenmesi ve Balkan kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011furdu\u011fu tah\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 hedeflendi.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-buyuk-ciftlik-sorunu\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-buyuk-ciftlik-sorunu\">B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7iftlik Sorunu<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>Ko\u015ful:<\/strong> Tar\u0131m\u0131n ticarile\u015fmesi i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7iftliklerin geli\u015fmesi \u00f6nemliydi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ger\u00e7eklik:<\/strong> XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda arazilerin \u00e7ok az\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7iftliklere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tercih:<\/strong> B\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri ortak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k y\u00f6ntemiyle kiralamay\u0131 se\u00e7ti.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Ticari tar\u0131m k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli i\u015fletmelerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Merkeziyet\u00e7ilik:<\/strong> Miri arazi ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc haneleri kolay vergilendirilen mali kaynak oldu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sermaye:<\/strong> Tar\u0131msal sermaye birikimi yava\u015f ilerledi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-tarim-politikalari-ve-sinirli-modernlesme\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-tarim-politikalari-ve-sinirli-modernlesme\">Tar\u0131m Politikalar\u0131 ve S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 Modernle\u015fme<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>Tar\u0131msal b\u00fcrokrasi:<\/strong> Tar\u0131m\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in politika \u00fcretecek yap\u0131lar kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hedef:<\/strong> \u00dcretimi art\u0131rmak, \u00e7e\u015fitlendirmek ve ara\u00e7lar\u0131 modernle\u015ftirmekti.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Destekler:<\/strong> Kredi kurumlar\u0131, e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 ve model \u00e7iftlikler kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Te\u015fvik:<\/strong> \u00d6\u015f\u00fcr muafiyetleri, yar\u0131\u015fmalar ve ara\u00e7 gere\u00e7lere g\u00fcmr\u00fck muafiyeti uyguland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Art\u0131\u015f:<\/strong> 1848-1876 aras\u0131nda \u00f6\u015f\u00fcr gelirleri yakla\u015f\u0131k 4 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131k:<\/strong> \u00dcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131 daha \u00e7ok yeni topraklar\u0131n tar\u0131ma a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Tar\u0131m Politikalar\u0131 ve S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 Modernle\u015fme - tablo 8\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>1848-1876 aras\u0131nda \u00f6\u015f\u00fcr gelirleri yakla\u015f\u0131k 4 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131; \u00fcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131 daha \u00e7ok yeni topraklar\u0131n tar\u0131ma a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-nufus-okuryazarlik-ve-emek-acigi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-nufus-okuryazarlik-ve-emek-acigi\">N\u00fcfus, Okuryazarl\u0131k ve Emek A\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"N\u00fcfus, Okuryazarl\u0131k ve Emek A\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 - tablo 9\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Ba\u015fl\u0131k<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Kaynakta Verilen Bilgi<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131k\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1831 say\u0131m\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Kaynakta Verilen Bilgi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Erkek n\u00fcfus 3.722.738; toplam yakla\u015f\u0131k 7,5 milyon.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131k\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1893 say\u0131m\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Kaynakta Verilen Bilgi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Toplam n\u00fcfus 20.488.562\u2019ye y\u00fckseldi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131k\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1914<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Kaynakta Verilen Bilgi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">N\u00fcfus 26 milyon; Anadolu 16-17 milyon.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131k\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Okuryazarl\u0131k<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Kaynakta Verilen Bilgi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda %2-3, sonunda yakla\u015f\u0131k %15.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131k\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Emek a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Kaynakta Verilen Bilgi\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Art\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn ve \u015fehirle\u015fmeye y\u00f6nelebilecek emek s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kald\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-ulasim-sorunu\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-ulasim-sorunu\"><strong>Ula\u015f\u0131m<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Sorunu<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>Yetersizlik:<\/strong> Ula\u015f\u0131m olanaklar\u0131 tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimi ve i\u00e7 pazar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kervan:<\/strong> Anadolu\u2019nun i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgeleri pazarlara kervan ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ba\u011fland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Maliyet:<\/strong> Yava\u015f ve pahal\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ma kazan\u00e7lar\u0131 azaltt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sermaye:<\/strong> \u00dcr\u00fcnlerin pazara ula\u015fmas\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in birikim s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modernle\u015fme:<\/strong> XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kara yolu yap\u0131m\u0131nda modern usuller ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Demiryolu etkisi:<\/strong> Demir yollar\u0131 \u00e7evresinde kara yollar\u0131 daha \u00f6zenli onar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-savaslar-toprak-kayiplari-ve-ticaret\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-savaslar-toprak-kayiplari-ve-ticaret\">Sava\u015flar, Toprak Kay\u0131plar\u0131 ve Ticaret<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>\u0130ki unsur:<\/strong> Ticarette sava\u015flar ve devlet politikalar\u0131 belirleyici oldu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sava\u015flar:<\/strong> Mal sevkiyat\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeye soktu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kesinti:<\/strong> B\u00f6lgesel ticaret ili\u015fkileri zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Toprak kayb\u0131:<\/strong> Ticari a\u011flar par\u00e7aland\u0131 ve iktisadi birlik zedelendi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pazar kayb\u0131:<\/strong> Rusya\u2019n\u0131n kuzeye ilerlemesi Anadolu tekstil pazarlar\u0131n\u0131 daraltt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Maliye:<\/strong> S\u0131k sava\u015flar ticaret gelirlerinde kay\u0131plara ve gider y\u00fck\u00fcne yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-fiskalizm-provizyonizm-ve-kapitulasyonlar\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-fiskalizm-provizyonizm-ve-kapitulasyonlar\">Fiskalizm, Provizyonizm ve Kapit\u00fclasyonlar<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>Fiskalizm:<\/strong> Hazine gelirlerini art\u0131rmaya dayal\u0131 maliye politikas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Provizyonizm:<\/strong> Temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n d\u00fczenli ve uygun fiyatla sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7lar.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kapit\u00fclasyonlar:<\/strong> Yabanc\u0131lara ticari izin ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar tan\u0131d\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7:<\/strong> \u0130\u00e7 ticaret g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, d\u0131\u015f ticaret s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in devlet daha rahat hareket etti.<\/li>\n<li><strong>De\u011fi\u015fim:<\/strong> Bu durum 1740\u2019lardan itibaren de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rekabet:<\/strong> Yabanc\u0131 \u015firketler yerli \u00fcretici ve zanaatk\u00e2rlar\u0131n durumunu zorla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Fiskalizm, Provizyonizm ve Kapit\u00fclasyonlar - tablo 10\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!:<\/strong><strong> <\/strong>Fiskalizm hazine gelirlerini art\u0131rmay\u0131; provizyonizm temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n d\u00fczenli ve uygun fiyatla sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7lar.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-gumrukler-ve-serbest-ticaret\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-gumrukler-ve-serbest-ticaret\">G\u00fcmr\u00fckler ve Serbest Ticaret<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>\u0130\u00e7 g\u00fcmr\u00fck:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131nan mallardan al\u0131nan vergiydi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Ticaretin geli\u015fmesini ve sermaye birikimini engelledi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u0131\u015f g\u00fcmr\u00fck:<\/strong> \u0130thalat ve ihracat \u00fczerinden al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcccar:<\/strong> Uzun s\u00fcre yaln\u0131zca %3 vergiyle d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya mal sevk etti.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kay\u0131p:<\/strong> Kapit\u00fclasyonlar nedeniyle hazine gelir kayb\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Serbest ticaret:<\/strong> 1826, 1838 ve 1839 geli\u015fmeleriyle daha belirgin h\u00e2le geldi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"G\u00fcmr\u00fckler ve Serbest Ticaret - tablo 11\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!:<\/strong><strong> <\/strong>\u0130\u00e7 g\u00fcmr\u00fck Osmanl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ta\u015f\u0131nan mallardan, d\u0131\u015f g\u00fcmr\u00fck ise ithalat ve ihracat \u00fczerinden al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-16-agustos-1838-baltalimani-ticaret-antlasmasi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-16-agustos-1838-baltalimani-ticaret-antlasmasi\"><strong>16 <\/strong><strong>A\u011fustos<\/strong><strong> 1838 <\/strong><strong>Baltaliman\u0131<\/strong><strong> Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>Yed-i vahid:<\/strong> \u0130ngiltere ile yap\u0131lan bu antla\u015fma ile b\u00f6lgesel d\u0131\u015f ticaret tekeline dayanan sistem kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u0131n\u0131rlamalar:<\/strong> K\u0131tl\u0131k ve sava\u015f d\u00f6nemlerindeki ihracat yasaklar\u0131 sona erdi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gelir kayb\u0131:<\/strong> Devlet ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u0131\u015f ticaret vergisi koyma hakk\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>G\u00fcmr\u00fck:<\/strong> \u0130hracat vergisi %12\u2019ye, ithalat vergisi %5\u2019e \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ayr\u0131cal\u0131k:<\/strong> Yerli t\u00fcccar i\u00e7 g\u00fcmr\u00fck \u00f6derken yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcccar muaf tutuldu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Ham madde ihracat\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z d\u0131\u015f ticaret politikas\u0131 zay\u0131flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"16 A\u011fustos 1838 Baltaliman\u0131 Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131 - tablo 12\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Baltaliman\u0131 ile yed-i vahid kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, ihracat yasaklar\u0131 sona erdi ve devlet ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u0131\u015f ticaret vergisi koyma hakk\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-1838-baltalimani-ticaret-antlasmasi-osmanli-ekonomisini-nasil-etkilemistir\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-1838-baltalimani-ticaret-antlasmasi-osmanli-ekonomisini-nasil-etkilemistir\">1838 Baltaliman\u0131 Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisini nas\u0131l etkilemi\u015ftir?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 pazar\u0131 Avrupa mallar\u0131na daha a\u00e7\u0131k h\u00e2le gelmi\u015f ve ithalat artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015fta dokuma olmak \u00fczere yerli \u00fcretim dallar\u0131nda gerileme ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Baz\u0131 tezg\u00e2h ve imalathaneler kapanm\u0131\u015f, zanaatk\u00e2rlar i\u015fsiz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisinin Avrupa \u00fcretimiyle rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fc azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>D\u0131\u015f ticaret b\u00fcy\u00fcrken \u00fclke, Avrupa sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bir pazara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"1838 Baltaliman\u0131 Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisini nas\u0131l etkilemi\u015ftir? - tablo 13\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>NEDEN \u00d6NEML\u0130?: <\/strong>Osmanl\u0131 pazar\u0131 Avrupa mallar\u0131na daha a\u00e7\u0131k h\u00e2le geldi; yerli \u00fcretimin rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fc azald\u0131 ve \u00fclke a\u00e7\u0131k pazara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-dunya-guc-dengeleri-ve-disa-acilma\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-dunya-guc-dengeleri-ve-disa-acilma\"><strong>D\u00fcnya G\u00fc\u00e7 <\/strong><strong>Dengeleri<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>ve<\/strong><strong> D\u0131\u015fa A\u00e7\u0131lma<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>Arka plan:<\/strong> XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l d\u00fcnya g\u00fc\u00e7 dengeleri antla\u015fmada etkiliydi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130ngiltere:<\/strong> Sanayi Devrimi\u2019ni tamamlayarak d\u00fcnya pazarlar\u0131nda \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck kurdu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Korumac\u0131l\u0131k:<\/strong> Baz\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkeleri pazarlar\u0131n\u0131 \u0130ngiliz mallar\u0131na kapatt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Y\u00f6neli\u015f:<\/strong> \u0130ngiliz sermayesi Avrupa d\u0131\u015f\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rekabet:<\/strong> \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Almanya rekabeti Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya manevra alan\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Miras:<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisi tar\u0131ma dayal\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131k bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme modeli g\u00f6sterdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-ic-dis-ticaret-ve-imalat\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-ic-dis-ticaret-ve-imalat\">\u0130\u00e7-D\u0131\u015f Ticaret ve \u0130malat<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>D\u0131\u015f ticaret:<\/strong> 1840-1914 aras\u0131nda hacim h\u0131zla artt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130hracat:<\/strong> Genellikle tar\u0131msal ham maddeler \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mamul ihracat:<\/strong> Hal\u0131 ve ham ipek 1850 sonras\u0131nda \u00f6nem kazand\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130thalat:<\/strong> Avrupa sanayi mallar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle pamuklu ve y\u00fcnl\u00fc dokumalar artt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130\u00e7 ticaret:<\/strong> D\u0131\u015f ticaretten daha b\u00fcy\u00fck hacme sahip olmaya devam etti.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130malat:<\/strong> Loncalara ba\u011fl\u0131 sekt\u00f6rler ucuz Bat\u0131 mallar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda geriledi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"\u0130\u00e7-D\u0131\u015f Ticaret ve \u0130malat - tablo 14\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>SINAV NOTU: <\/strong>1840-1914 aras\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f ticaret h\u0131zla artt\u0131. \u0130hracatta tar\u0131msal ham maddeler, ithalatta Avrupa sanayi mallar\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-imalatin-uyum-kapasitesi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-imalatin-uyum-kapasitesi\"><strong>\u0130malat\u0131n<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Uyum<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Kapasitesi<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>Rekabet:<\/strong> Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ucuz ve kaliteli \u00fcr\u00fcnleri Osmanl\u0131 imalat\u0131n\u0131 zorlad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dayanma:<\/strong> \u0130\u00e7 pazar\u0131n canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve el eme\u011fi \u00fcretim sekt\u00f6r\u00fc tamamen yok etmedi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ucuz \u00fcretim:<\/strong> Zanaatk\u00e2rlar orta ve alt gelir gruplar\u0131na mal \u00fcretti.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Denge:<\/strong> Demir yollar\u0131ndan uzak i\u00e7 pazarlar yerli \u00fcretime alan a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131k:<\/strong> K\u00e2r oranlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kalmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck imalathaneleri zorla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Neden:<\/strong> Sermaye birikimi, burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131 zay\u0131ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-burjuva-tuketim-ve-kapitalizm\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-burjuva-tuketim-ve-kapitalizm\">Burjuva, T\u00fcketim ve Kapitalizm<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>Kapitalist ekonomi:<\/strong> \u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete dayan\u0131r ve ama\u00e7 k\u00e2rd\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sanayi kapitalizmi:<\/strong> XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ticaret ve finans a\u011flar\u0131yla k\u00fcreselle\u015fti.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Burjuva:<\/strong> \u0130stanbul\u2019da Bat\u0131 ile ili\u015fkiler yeni orta s\u0131n\u0131f katmanlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>T\u00fcketim:<\/strong> Bat\u0131 normlar\u0131n\u0131 izleyen yeni t\u00fcketim \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc olu\u015ftu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ma\u011fazalar:<\/strong> Bonmar\u015feler ve reklamlar \u015fehir hayat\u0131nda yer edindi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131k:<\/strong> Bu de\u011fi\u015fim Bat\u0131 tipi sanayile\u015fme dinami\u011fini tek ba\u015f\u0131na olu\u015fturmad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-kirsal-uretimden-devlet-fabrikalarina\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-kirsal-uretimden-devlet-fabrikalarina\"><strong>K\u0131rsal<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>\u00dcretimden<\/strong><strong> Devlet <\/strong><strong>Fabrikalar\u0131na<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>K\u0131rsal \u00fcretim:<\/strong> \u0130plik e\u011firme, kuma\u015f, hal\u0131 ve kilim dokuma ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zanaatk\u00e2rlar:<\/strong> K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck imalathanelerde ve loncalar i\u00e7inde \u00fcretim yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Yeni i\u015f\u00e7iler:<\/strong> Sanayi Devrimi\u2019nden sonra ithal makineli fabrikalarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar eklendi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Talep:<\/strong> \u0130\u00e7 ticaretin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 el eme\u011fi ve ithal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong> Sanayile\u015fme ve makinele\u015fmeye y\u00f6nelim k\u0131s\u0131tland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Devlet rol\u00fc:<\/strong> Sanayi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 yenile\u015fme politikalar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-askeri-sanayi-ve-teknoloji-transferi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-askeri-sanayi-ve-teknoloji-transferi\">Asker\u00ee Sanayi ve Teknoloji Transferi<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>\u0130tici g\u00fc\u00e7:<\/strong> Ordunun ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak temel ama\u00e7t\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>III. Selim:<\/strong> 1793\u2019te yenile\u015fme hareketi i\u00e7inde teknoloji ithaline karar verdi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00d6ncelik:<\/strong> Top, t\u00fcfek, barut gibi asker\u00ee malzemeler \u00fcretmekti.<\/li>\n<li><strong>T\u00fcketim mallar\u0131:<\/strong> K\u00e2\u011f\u0131t, ipek ve \u00e7uha \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in de giri\u015fimler yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>II. Mahmud:<\/strong> 1826\u2019dan itibaren reformlar\u0131 canland\u0131rmay\u0131 hedefledi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Destek:<\/strong> Makine, alet, m\u00fchendis ve ustalar i\u00e7in Avrupa\u2019dan yard\u0131m arand\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Asker\u00ee Sanayi ve Teknoloji Transferi - tablo 15\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130: <\/strong>1793 III. Selim \u2192 1826 II. Mahmud \u2192 1830\u2019larda buhar makinesi sipari\u015fleri \u2192 1842 Zeytinburnu kompleksi \u2192 1850 \u015eirket-i Hayriye \u2192 1864 Islah-\u0131 Sanayi Komisyonu.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-buhar-gucu-ve-avrupadan-uzmanlar\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-buhar-gucu-ve-avrupadan-uzmanlar\"><strong>Buhar <\/strong><strong>G\u00fcc\u00fc<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>ve<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Avrupa\u2019dan<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Uzmanlar<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>Fabrika ad\u0131:<\/strong> XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda imalathaneler i\u00e7in \u201cfabrika\u201d denmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Buhar g\u00fcc\u00fc:<\/strong> Var olan tesisler buharla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan yap\u0131lara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u0131n\u0131r:<\/strong> Pahal\u0131 teknoloji t\u00fcm \u00fcretim dallar\u0131na yay\u0131lamad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sipari\u015f:<\/strong> 1830\u2019larda ilk buhar makineleri \u0130ngiltere\u2019den istendi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Uzmanlar:<\/strong> M\u00fchendis, mimar, teknisyen ve ustalar da talep edildi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>E\u011fitim:<\/strong> Avrupa\u2019ya g\u00f6nderilen \u00f6\u011frenciler ve ekiplerle teknik bilgi kazan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-tanzimat-sanayi-programi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-tanzimat-sanayi-programi\">Tanzimat Sanayi Program\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>Yo\u011fun program:<\/strong> Tanzimat\u2019ta 1850\u2019ye kadar \u00f6nemli sanayi giri\u015fimleri y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u00fct\u00e7e:<\/strong> Program i\u00e7in devlet b\u00fct\u00e7esinden \u00f6nemli pay ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Teknoloji:<\/strong> B\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi kompleksleri Avrupa\u2019dan getirilen uzmanlarla kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zeytinburnu:<\/strong> 1842\u2019den itibaren b\u00fcy\u00fck fabrika kompleksi in\u015fa edildi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00dcr\u00fcnler:<\/strong> Demir, \u00e7elik ray, pulluk, silah, kuma\u015f ve pamuklu \u00fcr\u00fcnler \u00fcretildi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Model \u00e7iftlik:<\/strong> Ye\u015filk\u00f6y\u2019de modern \u00e7iftlik ve pamuk \u0131slah\u0131 giri\u015fimleri yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-programin-zorluklari\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-programin-zorluklari\"><strong>Program\u0131n<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Zorluklar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>Do\u011fal afet:<\/strong> Bursa ipek haddehanesi depremle y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Eksiklik:<\/strong> Pamuk, \u00e7\u0131r\u00e7\u0131r makinesi ve sulama sorunlar\u0131 nedeniyle i\u015flenemedi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Y\u00f6netim:<\/strong> Merinos koyunu projesi k\u00f6t\u00fc y\u00f6netildi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ula\u015f\u0131m:<\/strong> Eri\u015fim yollar\u0131 ve madencilik ekipman\u0131 yetersiz kald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>E\u015fg\u00fcd\u00fcm:<\/strong> Ham madde, donat\u0131m, bak\u0131m ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m karma\u015f\u0131k bir y\u00f6netim gerektirdi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00d6ncelik sorunu:<\/strong> Tar\u0131m, ticaret ve sanayi \u00f6nceliklerinde belirsizlik ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-finansman-sirketlesme-ve-bankacilik\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-finansman-sirketlesme-ve-bankacilik\">Finansman, \u015eirketle\u015fme ve Bankac\u0131l\u0131k<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>Yava\u015flama:<\/strong> Tanzimat program\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclememesinin temel nedeni mali kaynak yetersizli\u011fiydi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Layiha:<\/strong> B\u00fcrokratlar gelir-gider dengesi, vergi kay\u0131plar\u0131 ve tasarruf hedefledi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bor\u00e7lanma:<\/strong> K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lanma ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Galata bankerleri:<\/strong> 1853\u2019e kadar ba\u015fl\u0131ca finansman kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u015eirketle\u015fme:<\/strong> 1850\u2019de \u015eirket-i Hayriye \u00f6rnek anonim giri\u015fim olarak kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bankac\u0131l\u0131k:<\/strong> Dersaadet Bankas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131 ve Bank-\u0131 Osman\u00ee-i \u015eahane \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Finansman, \u015eirketle\u015fme ve Bankac\u0131l\u0131k - tablo 16\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KARI\u015eTIRMA!:<\/strong><strong> <\/strong>Galata bankerleri 1853\u2019e kadar ba\u015fl\u0131ca finansman kayna\u011f\u0131yd\u0131; K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lanma ba\u015flad\u0131; \u015eirket-i Hayriye 1850\u2019de kuruldu.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-islah-i-sanayi-komisyonu-ve-egitim\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-islah-i-sanayi-komisyonu-ve-egitim\"><strong>Islah-\u0131 Sanayi <\/strong><strong>Komisyonu<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>ve<\/strong><strong> E\u011fitim<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>Komisyon:<\/strong> 1864\u2019te Islah-\u0131 Sanayi Komisyonu kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclen imalat sekt\u00f6rlerini \u015firketler h\u00e2line getirerek daralmay\u0131 \u00f6nlemekti.<\/li>\n<li><strong>G\u00f6revler:<\/strong> G\u00fcmr\u00fck art\u0131\u015f\u0131, fuarlara kat\u0131l\u0131m, esnaf \u015firketleri ve sanayi okullar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fuarlar:<\/strong> 1851 Londra Fuar\u0131 ve sonraki fuarlar Bat\u0131 sanayi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterdi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Esnaf \u015firketleri:<\/strong> Simke\u015f, debba\u011f, sara\u00e7, kuma\u015f\u00e7\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcmc\u00fc ve demirciler birle\u015fti.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sanayi mektepleri:<\/strong> 1864\u2019ten itibaren \u0130stanbul ve ta\u015frada mesleki e\u011fitim verdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Islah-\u0131 Sanayi Komisyonu ve E\u011fitim - tablo 17\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>\u00d6SYM D\u0130KKAT: <\/strong>Islah-\u0131 Sanayi Komisyonu 1864\u2019te kuruldu. Daralan imalat\u0131 \u015firketle\u015ftirme; g\u00fcmr\u00fck, fuar, esnaf \u015firketleri ve sanayi okullar\u0131 temel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-yabanci-sermaye-demiryollari-ve-ii-abdulhamit\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-yabanci-sermaye-demiryollari-ve-ii-abdulhamit\">Yabanc\u0131 Sermaye, Demiryollar\u0131 ve II. Abd\u00fclhamit<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"tk-liste\">\n<li><strong>Yabanc\u0131 sermaye:<\/strong> Liman ve demir yolu gibi altyap\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131na y\u00f6neldi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7:<\/strong> 1854\u2019te d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lanma ve demir yolu imtiyazlar\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 oldu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Demiryolu amac\u0131:<\/strong> Ticari, asker\u00ee ve siyasi hedefler ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130lk hatlar:<\/strong> 1856\u2019da K\u00f6stence-\u00c7ernavoda, \u0130zmir-Ayd\u0131n ve \u0130zmir-Turgutlu ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>II. Abd\u00fclhamit:<\/strong> Demir yolu yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131nda Almanlarla i\u015f birli\u011fi \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00fcy\u00fbn-u Um\u00fbmiyye:<\/strong> 1881\u2019den sonra mali sistem Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin denetimine girdi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<aside class=\"tk-bilgi-kutusu\" role=\"note\" aria-label=\"Yabanc\u0131 Sermaye, Demiryollar\u0131 ve II. Abd\u00fclhamit - tablo 18\">\n<div class=\"tk-bilgi-icerik\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>KRONOLOJ\u0130: <\/strong>1854 d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lanma ve demir yolu imtiyazlar\u0131 \u2192 1856 ilk demir yolu hatlar\u0131 \u2192 1881 D\u00fcy\u00fbn-u Um\u00fbmiyye.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"tk-kart\" aria-labelledby=\"tk-2-4-rusya-ve-japonyanin-sanayilesmesi\">\n<h2 id=\"tk-2-4-rusya-ve-japonyanin-sanayilesmesi\"><strong>Rusya<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>ve<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Japonya\u2019n\u0131n<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>Sanayile\u015fmesi<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"tk-tablo-kapsayici\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Rusya ve Japonya\u2019n\u0131n Sanayile\u015fmesi - tablo 19\">\n<table class=\"tk-tablosu\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Rusya<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\"><strong>Japonya<\/strong><\/p><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Rusya\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">K\u0131r\u0131m yenilgisi reform ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Japonya\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1853 Perry geli\u015fi \u00fclkeyi ticarete a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Rusya\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1861 serf reformu; k\u00f6yl\u00fc n\u00fcfus a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Japonya\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1868 Meiji merkezi devleti g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Rusya\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Witte ile demir yolu a\u011f\u0131 58.000 km\u2019ye ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Japonya\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">1872 demir yolu; 1907 lokomotif \u00fcretimi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Rusya\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Yabanc\u0131 sermaye ve teknolojiyle a\u011f\u0131r sanayi geli\u015fti.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Japonya\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">Vergiler, ipek ihracat\u0131 ve tasarrufla finanse edildi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-label=\"Rusya\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck okuryazarl\u0131k ve zay\u0131f burjuvazi s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p><\/td>\n<td data-label=\"Japonya\"><p class=\"tk-hucre-metin\">E\u011fitim, teknoloji transferi ve zaibatsu destekledi.<\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<button class=\"tk-basa-don\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ders notunun ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\">Ba\u015fa D\u00f6n<\/button>\n<\/article>\n<script>\n(() => {\n  'use strict';\n  document.querySelectorAll('.tk-ders-notu').forEach((root) => {\n    if (root.dataset.tkReady === 'true') return;\n    root.dataset.tkReady = 'true';\n    const printButton = root.querySelector('[data-tk-action=\"print\"]');\n    const tocButton = root.querySelector('[data-tk-action=\"toc\"]');\n    const toc = root.querySelector('.tk-icindekiler');\n    const topButton = root.querySelector('.tk-basa-don');\n    const progress = root.querySelector('.tk-ilerleme-cubugu');\n    const headings = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('h2[id], h3[id]'));\n    const tocLinks = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('.tk-icindekiler a[href^=\"#\"]'));\n\n    if (printButton) printButton.addEventListener('click', () => window.print());\n    if (tocButton && toc) tocButton.addEventListener('click', () => toc.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' }));\n    if (topButton) topButton.addEventListener('click', () => root.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' }));\n\n    tocLinks.forEach((link) => {\n      link.addEventListener('click', (event) => {\n        const id = link.getAttribute('href').slice(1);\n        const target = root.querySelector(`#${id}`);\n        if (!target) return;\n        event.preventDefault();\n        target.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' });\n        if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) window.history.replaceState(null, '', `#${id}`);\n      });\n    });\n\n    const update = () => {\n      const start = root.getBoundingClientRect().top + window.scrollY;\n      const distance = Math.max(root.scrollHeight - window.innerHeight, 1);\n      const percent = Math.min(100, Math.max(0, ((window.scrollY - start) \/ distance) * 100));\n      if (progress) progress.style.width = `${percent}%`;\n      if (topButton) topButton.classList.toggle('tk-gorunur', window.scrollY > start + 500);\n\n      let active = headings[0] || null;\n      headings.forEach((heading) => {\n        if (heading.getBoundingClientRect().top <= 150) active = heading;\n      });\n      tocLinks.forEach((link) => {\n        const current = Boolean(active && link.getAttribute('href') === `#${active.id}`);\n        if (current) link.setAttribute('aria-current', 'true');\n        else link.removeAttribute('aria-current');\n      });\n    };\n\n    let ticking = false;\n    const requestUpdate = () => {\n      if (ticking) return;\n      ticking = true;\n      window.requestAnimationFrame(() => {\n        update();\n        ticking = false;\n      });\n    };\n    window.addEventListener('scroll', requestUpdate, { passive: true });\n    window.addEventListener('resize', requestUpdate);\n    update();\n  });\n})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>S\u0131n\u0131f: 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Ders: Tarih \u00dcnite: D\u00d6N\u00dc\u015e\u00dcM S\u00dcREC\u0130NDE OSMANLI (1789-1908) \u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Sanayile\u015fme \u00c7abalar\u0131 11. S\u0131n\u0131f Tarih \u2022 \u00d6\u011frenme \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131 2.4 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tarihkursu.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/27\/2-4-osmanli-devletinde-sanayilesme-cabalari\/\" title=\"Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Sanayile\u015fme \u00c7abalar\u0131 | 11. 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